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Vargas VMF, da Silva Júnior FMR, Silva Pereira TD, Silva CSD, Coronas MV. A comprehensive overview of genotoxicity and mutagenicity associated with outdoor air pollution exposure in Brazil. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:172-199. [PMID: 36775848 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2175092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review examined the mutagenicity and genotoxicity associated with exposure to outdoor air pollutants in Brazil. A search was performed on the Web of Science database using a combination of keywords that resulted in 134 articles. After applying exclusion criteria, a total of 75 articles were obtained. The articles were classified into three categories: (1) studies with plants and animals, (2) in vitro studies, and (3) human biomonitoring. The investigations were conducted in 11 of 27 Brazilian states with the highest prevalence in the southeast and south regions. Only 5 investigations focused on the effects of burning biomass on the quality of outdoor air. Plants, especially Tradescantia pallida, were the main air pollution biomonitoring tool. When available, a significant association between levels of air pollutants and genetic damage was described. Among the in vitro studies, Salmonella/microsome is the most used test to evaluate mutagenesis of outdoor air in Brazil (n = 26). Human biomonitoring studies were the least frequent category (n = 18). Most of the investigations utilized micronucleus bioassay, in oral mucosa cells (n = 15) and lymphocytes (n = 5), and the comet assay (n = 6). The analysis in this study points to the existence of gaps in genotoxicity studies and our findings indicate that future studies need to address the variety of potential sources of pollution existing in Brazil. In addition to extent of the impacts, consideration should be given to the enormous Brazilian biodiversity, as well as the determination of the role of socioeconomic inequality of the population in the observed outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana da Silva Pereira
- Laboratório de Aquicultura de Peixes Ornamentais do Xingu, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Altamira, PA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Silva da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciênciae Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Vieira Coronas
- Coordenaç'ão Acad"êmica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Cachoeira do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Caumo S, Yera AB, Vicente A, Alves C, Roubicek DA, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Particulate matter-bound organic compounds: levels, mutagenicity, and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31293-31310. [PMID: 35001282 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased industrialization and consumption of fossil fuels in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, have caused a growth of the particulate matter emissions to the atmosphere and an increase in population health problems. Particulate and gaseous phase samples were collected in different short campaigns (2015, 2016, and 2017) near an urban-industrial area. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and its derivatives (nitro and oxy-PAH), n-alkanes, hopanes, and pesticides were determined. The Salmonella/microsome test confirmed the mutagenic activity of these samples. Among PAH, benzo(a)pyrene was detected as one of the most abundant compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations for PAH and nitro-PAH, and the associated risk of lung cancer, showed values above those recommended in the literature. The profile of n-alkanes confirmed the predominance of anthropogenic sources. Pesticide concentrations and estimated risks, such as the daily inhalation exposure and hazard quotient, suggest that exposure to these compounds in this area may be dangerous to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caumo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Aleinnys B Yera
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Deborah A Roubicek
- Dept. Environmental Analyses, São Paulo State Environmental Agency, CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maselli BS, Cunha V, Lim H, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Dreij K, Watanabe T, Cardoso AA, Pozza SA, Umbuzeiro GA, Kummrow F. Similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and genotoxicity profiles of atmospheric particulate matter from cities on three different continents. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:560-573. [PMID: 32285490 DOI: 10.1002/em.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The extractable organic material (EOM) from atmospheric total suspended particles (TSP) contains several organic compounds including non-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl-PAHs, and nitro-PAHs. These chemicals seem to be among the key drivers of TSP genotoxicity. We have shown previously that the mutagenic potencies of the EOM from Limeira, Stockholm, and Kyoto, cities with markedly different meteorological conditions and pollution sources are similar. Here we compare the profiles of non-substituted PAHs (27 congeners), alkyl-PAHs (15 congeners), and nitro-PAHs (7 congeners) from the same EOM samples from these cities. We also compared the genotoxicity profiles using comet and micronucleus assays in human bronchial epithelial cells. The profiles of PAHs, as well as the cytotoxic and genotoxic potencies when expressed in EOM, were quite similar among the studied cities. It seems that despite the differences in meteorological conditions and pollution sources of the cities, removal, mixing, and different atmospheric transformation processes may be contributing to the similarity of the PAHs composition and genotoxicity profiles. More studies are required to verify if this would be a general rule applicable to other cities. Although these profiles were similar for all three cities, the EOM concentration in the atmospheres is markedly different. Thus, the population of Limeira (∼10-fold more EOM/m3 than Stockholm and ∼6-fold more than Kyoto) is exposed to higher concentrations of genotoxic pollutants, and Kyoto's population is 1.5-fold more exposed than Stockholm's. Therefore, to reduce the risk of human exposure to TSP genotoxins, the volume of emissions needs to be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Maselli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virginia Cunha
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hwanmi Lim
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arnaldo A Cardoso
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Simone A Pozza
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
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4
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Maselli BS, Giron MCG, Lim H, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Dreij K, Watanabe T, Cardoso AA, Umbuzeiro GA, Kummrow F. Comparative mutagenic activity of atmospheric particulate matter from limeira, stockholm, and kyoto. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:607-616. [PMID: 30968449 DOI: 10.1002/em.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) organic fractions from urban centers are frequently mutagenic for the Salmonella/microsome assay. This mutagenicity is related to both primary and secondary pollutants, and meteorological conditions have great influence on the secondary pollutant's formation. Our objective was to compare the mutagenicity of atmospheric total suspended particulates (TSP) from three cities with marked different meteorological conditions and TSP concentrations: Limeira (Brazil) with 99.0 μg/m3 , Stockholm (Sweden) with 6.2 μg/m3 , and Kyoto (Japan) with 28.0 μg/m3 . For comparison, we used the same batch of filters, sample extraction method, and Salmonella/microsome testing protocol with 11 strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation. Samples were collected during winter and pooled into one single extract representing each city. All samples were mutagenic for all tested strains, except for TA102. Based on the strain's selectivity, nitroarenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic amines play a predominant role in the mutagenicity of these samples. The mutagenic potencies expressed by mass of extracted organic material (EOM; revertants/μg EOM) were similar (~twofold difference) among the cities, despite differences in meteorological conditions and pollution sources. In contrast, the mutagenic potencies expressed by air volume (rev/m3 ) varied ~20-fold, with Limeira > Kyoto ≈ Stockholm. These results are the first systematic assessment of air mutagenicity from cities on three continents using the same protocols. The results confirm that the mutagenic potency expressed by EOM mass is similar regardless of continent of origin, whereas the mutagenic potency expressed by air volume can vary by orders of magnitude. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Maselli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Macelle C G Giron
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hwanmi Lim
- Unit of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Unit of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Unit of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arnaldo A Cardoso
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Cave MR, Wragg J, Beriro DJ, Vane C, Thomas R, Riding M, Taylor C. An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:373-390. [PMID: 30130696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings and are probably one of the most studied groups of organic chemicals in environmental research. PAHs originate mainly from anthropogenic processes, particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels. PAHs are distributed widely in particulate matter. Due to widespread sources and persistent characteristics, PAHs disperse through atmospheric transport and exist almost everywhere. Human beings are exposed to PAH mixtures in gaseous or particulate phases in ambient air. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PAHs is associated with adverse health problems. This review identifies the main research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of PAHs in dusts and particulates using a new approach to carrying out a literature review where many peer-review publications have been produced. The review extracts the most important research themes from a literature search using a combination of text mining and a more detailed review of selected papers from within the identified themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Chistopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
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6
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de Oliveira Galvão MF, de Oliveira Alves N, Ferreira PA, Caumo S, de Castro Vasconcellos P, Artaxo P, de Souza Hacon S, Roubicek DA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Biomass burning particles in the Brazilian Amazon region: Mutagenic effects of nitro and oxy-PAHs and assessment of health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:960-970. [PMID: 29031407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from burning of biomass in the Amazon region have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Herein, particulate matter (PM) emitted from biomass burning in the Amazon region during two different periods, namely intense and moderate, was investigated. This study focused on: i) organic characterization of nitro- and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); ii) assessment of the excess lifetime cancer risk (LCR); and iii) assessment of the in vitro mutagenic effects of extractable organic matter (EOM). Further, we compared the sensitivity of two mutagenicity tests: Salmonella/microsome test and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) with human lung cells. Among the nitro-PAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, 1-nitropyrene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene showed the highest concentrations, while among oxy-PAHs, 2-metylanthraquinone, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-anthraquinone were the most abundant. The LCR calculated for nitro-PAH exposure during intense biomass burning period showed a major contribution of 6-nitrochrysene to human carcinogenic risk. The EOM from intense period was more mutagenic than that from moderate period for both TA98 and YG1041 Salmonella strains. The number of revertants for YG1041 was 5-50% higher than that for TA98, and the most intense responses were obtained in the absence of metabolic activation, suggesting that nitroaromatic compounds with direct-acting frameshift mutagenic activity are contributing to the DNA damage. Treatment of cells with non-cytotoxic doses of EOM resulted in an increase in micronuclei frequencies. The minimal effective dose showed that Salmonella/microsome test was considerably more sensitive in comparison with CBMN mainly for the intense burning period samples. This was the first study to assess the mutagenicity of EOM associated with PM collected in the Amazon region using Salmonella/microsome test. The presence of compounds with mutagenic effects, particularly nitro- and oxy-PAHs, and LCR values in the range of 10-5 indicate that the population is potentially exposed to an increased risk of DNA damage, mutation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sofia Caumo
- Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Paulo Artaxo
- Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sandra de Souza Hacon
- National School of Public Health at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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7
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Bocchi C, Bazzini C, Fontana F, Pinto G, Cassoni F. Genotoxicity of airborne PM 2.5 assessed by salmonella and comet assays in five cities of the Emilia-Romagna (Italy) mutagenicity monitoring network. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:719-729. [PMID: 29023966 DOI: 10.1002/em.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has long been recognized as a potential health hazard and in 2013 was classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this study we evaluate and compare mutagenic and genotoxic potencies of PM2.5 collected in three seasons, from 2012 to 2015, in five Italian cities. Mutagenicity was evaluated through the Ames test on TA98 and TA100 strains and, for the measurement of PM clastogenicity, Comet assay was carried out on cultured human lung cells (A549). Organic matter, extracted from urban particulate matter, was also characterized for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives content. Samples collected in the colder seasons show the presence of both base pair substitution and frameshift mutagens, with enhanced mutagenic response in the absence of enzyme activation. The highest DNA damage detected with the Comet assay was induced by winter extracts, but different from Salmonella, the relative increase per cubic meter in comet tail for November samples was comparable to July ones. Comparing mutagenicity and genotoxicity with chemical concentrations we found that data from the Salmonella assay correlate with mass concentration and, to a lesser extent, with PAHs, but no association was found with their derivatives, whereas DNA damage correlate only with PAHs measured at one site. These findings demonstrate that to assess the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of complex mixtures it's necessary to use bioassays and that the chemical analysis of pollutants does not take into account the possible inhibitory or synergic effects of exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:719-729, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bocchi
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Bazzini
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Fontana
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pinto
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Cassoni
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
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Brack W, Ait-Aissa S, Burgess RM, Busch W, Creusot N, Di Paolo C, Escher BI, Mark Hewitt L, Hilscherova K, Hollender J, Hollert H, Jonker W, Kool J, Lamoree M, Muschket M, Neumann S, Rostkowski P, Ruttkies C, Schollee J, Schymanski EL, Schulze T, Seiler TB, Tindall AJ, De Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Vrana B, Krauss M. Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments--An in-depth overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:1073-118. [PMID: 26779957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are often contaminated with complex mixtures of chemicals that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. This contamination cannot be addressed with target analysis alone but tools are required to reduce this complexity and identify those chemicals that might cause adverse effects. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is designed to meet this challenge and faces increasing interest in water and sediment quality monitoring. Thus, the present paper summarizes current experience with the EDA approach and the tools required, and provides practical advice on their application. The paper highlights the need for proper problem formulation and gives general advice for study design. As the EDA approach is directed by toxicity, basic principles for the selection of bioassays are given as well as a comprehensive compilation of appropriate assays, including their strengths and weaknesses. A specific focus is given to strategies for sampling, extraction and bioassay dosing since they strongly impact prioritization of toxicants in EDA. Reduction of sample complexity mainly relies on fractionation procedures, which are discussed in this paper, including quality assurance and quality control. Automated combinations of fractionation, biotesting and chemical analysis using so-called hyphenated tools can enhance the throughput and might reduce the risk of artifacts in laboratory work. The key to determining the chemical structures causing effects is analytical toxicant identification. The latest approaches, tools, software and databases for target-, suspect and non-target screening as well as unknown identification are discussed together with analytical and toxicological confirmation approaches. A better understanding of optimal use and combination of EDA tools will help to design efficient and successful toxicant identification studies in the context of quality monitoring in multiply stressed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Wibke Busch
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Willem Jonker
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- VU Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Muschket
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pawel Rostkowski
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer Schollee
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J Tindall
- WatchFrag, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Alves DKM, Kummrow F, Cardoso AA, Morales DA, Umbuzeiro GA. Mutagenicity profile of atmospheric particulate matter in a small urban center subjected to airborne emission from vehicle traffic and sugar cane burning. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:41-50. [PMID: 26289646 DOI: 10.1002/em.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is genotoxic and recently was classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. PM chemical composition varies depending on source and atmospheric conditions. The Salmonella/microsome assay is the most used mutagenicity test and can identify the major chemical classes responsible for observed mutagenicity. The objective of this work was to characterize the mutagenicity of PM samples from a countryside city, Limeira, Brazil, which is influenced by heavy traffic and sugar cane biomass burning. Six samples of total PM were collected. Air mass backward trajectories were calculated. Organic extracts were assayed using the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension mutagenicity assay using TA98, YG1041, and TA1538, with and without metabolic activation (S9). YG1041 was the most sensitive strain and mutagenicity reached 9,700 revertants per m(3) without metabolic activation. Potency for TA1538 was higher than TA98, indicating that this strain should be considered in air mutagenicity studies. The increased response to YG1041 relative to TA98, and the decreased response with S9, suggests that nitroaromatics are the major contributors. Limeira is among the most mutagenic cities in the world. High mutagenicity in Limeira seems to occur when the air mass from the area of sugarcane production is mixed with air from the region impacted by anthropogenic activities such as traffic. An increase in the formation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may result from longer contact time between the aromatic compounds and the atmosphere with high NOx and ozone concentration, although more studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Kristina M Alves
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo A Cardoso
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Morales
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Lim H, Mattsson Å, Jarvis IWH, Bergvall C, Bottai M, Morales DA, Kummrow F, Umbuzeiro GA, Stenius U, Westerholm R, Dreij K. Detection of benz[j]aceanthrylene in urban air and evaluation of its genotoxic potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3101-3109. [PMID: 25625372 DOI: 10.1021/es505458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A) is a cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with strong mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. We have identified B[j]A in air particulate matter (PM) in samples collected in Stockholm, Sweden and in Limeira, Brazil using LC-GC/MS analysis. Determined concentrations ranged between 1.57 and 12.7 and 19.6-30.2 pg/m(3) in Stockholm and Limeira, respectively, which was 11-30 times less than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) concentrations. Activation of the DNA damage response was evaluated after exposure to B[j]A in HepG2 cells in comparison to B[a]P. We found that significantly lower concentrations of B[j]A were needed for an effect on cell viability compared to B[a]P, and equimolar exposure resulted in significant more DNA damage with B[j]A. Additionally, levels of γH2AX, pChk1, p53, pp53, and p21 proteins were higher in response to B[j]A than B[a]P. On the basis of dose response induction of pChk1 and γH2AX, B[j]A potency was 12.5- and 33.3-fold higher than B[a]P, respectively. Although B[j]A levels in air were low, including B[j]A in the estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk increased the risk up to 2-fold depending on which potency factor for B[j]A was applied. Together, our results show that B[j]A could be an important contributor to the cancer risk of air PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanmi Lim
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 16 SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jarvis I, Bergvall C, Morales D, Kummrow F, Umbuzeiro G, Westerholm R, Stenius U, Dreij K. Nanomolar levels of PAHs in extracts from urban air induce MAPK signaling in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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