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Padmasola GP, Friscourt F, Rigoni I, Vulliémoz S, Schaller K, Michel CM, Sheybani L, Quairiaux C. Involvement of the contralateral hippocampus in ictal-like but not interictal epileptic activities in the kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2024; 65:2082-2098. [PMID: 38758110 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal and human studies have shown that the seizure-generating region is vastly dependent on distant neuronal hubs that can decrease duration and propagation of ongoing seizures. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the impact of distant brain areas on specific interictal and ictal epileptic activities (e.g., isolated spikes, spike trains, seizures). Such knowledge is critically needed, because all kinds of epileptic activities are not equivalent in terms of clinical expression and impact on the progression of the disease. METHODS We used surface high-density electroencephalography and multisite intracortical recordings, combined with pharmacological silencing of specific brain regions in the well-known kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. We tested the impact of selective regional silencing on the generation of epileptic activities within a continuum ranging from very transient to more sustained and long-lasting discharges reminiscent of seizures. RESULTS Silencing the contralateral hippocampus completely suppresses sustained ictal activities in the focus, as efficiently as silencing the focus itself, but whereas focus silencing abolishes all focus activities, contralateral silencing fails to control transient spikes. In parallel, we observed that sustained focus epileptiform discharges in the focus are preceded by contralateral firing and more strongly phase-locked to bihippocampal delta/theta oscillations than transient spiking activities, reinforcing the presumed dominant role of the contralateral hippocampus in promoting long-lasting, but not transient, epileptic activities. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, our work provides suggestive evidence that the contralateral hippocampus is necessary for the interictal to ictal state transition and proposes that crosstalk between contralateral neuronal activity and ipsilateral delta/theta oscillation could be a candidate mechanism underlying the progression from short- to long-lasting epileptic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prasad Padmasola
- Functional Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Friscourt
- Functional Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isotta Rigoni
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl Schaller
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Functional Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Sheybani
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen's Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Charles Quairiaux
- Functional Brain Mapping Lab, Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mardones MD, Rostam KD, Nickerson MC, Gupta K. Canonical Wnt activator Chir99021 prevents epileptogenesis in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114767. [PMID: 38522659 PMCID: PMC11058011 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway mediates the development of dentate granule cell neurons in the hippocampus. These neurons are central to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy and undergo structural and physiological remodeling during epileptogenesis, which results in the formation of epileptic circuits. The pathways responsible for granule cell remodeling during epileptogenesis have yet to be well defined, and represent therapeutic targets for the prevention of epilepsy. The current study explores Wnt signaling during epileptogenesis and for the first time describes the effect of Wnt activation using Wnt activator Chir99021 as a novel anti-epileptogenic therapeutic approach. Focal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy was induced by intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) injection in wild-type and POMC-eGFP transgenic mice. Wnt activator Chir99021 was administered daily, beginning 3 h after seizure induction, and continued up to 21-days. Immature granule cell morphology was quantified in the ipsilateral epileptogenic zone and the contralateral peri-ictal zone 14 days after IHK, targeting the end of the latent period. Bilateral hippocampal electrocorticographic recordings were performed for 28-days, 7-days beyond treatment cessation. Hippocampal behavioral tests were performed after completion of Chir99021 treatment. Consistent with previous studies, IHK resulted in the development of epilepsy after a 14 day latent period in this well-described mouse model. Activation of the canonical Wnt pathway with Chir99021 significantly reduced bilateral hippocampal seizure number and duration. Critically, this effect was retained after treatment cessation, suggesting a durable antiepileptogenic change in epileptic circuitry. Morphological analyses demonstrated that Wnt activation prevented pathological remodeling of the primary dendrite in both the epileptogenic zone and peri-ictal zone, changes in which may serve as a biomarker of epileptogenesis and anti-epileptogenic treatment response in pre-clinical studies. These findings were associated with improved object location memory with Chir99021 treatment after IHK. This study provides novel evidence that canonical Wnt activation prevents epileptogenesis in the IHK mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, preventing pathological remodeling of dentate granule cells. Wnt signaling may therefore play a key role in mesial temporal lobe epileptogenesis, and Wnt modulation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in the prevention of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel D Mardones
- Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Indiana University, Department of Neurosurgery, W 16th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
| | - Kevin D Rostam
- Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
| | - Margaret C Nickerson
- Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurosurgery, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America; Medical College of Wisconsin, Neuroscience Research Center, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America; Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Indiana University, Department of Neurosurgery, W 16th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
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Tsytsarev V, Sopova JV, Leonova EI, Inyushin M, Markina AA, Chirinskaite AV, Volnova AB. Neurophotonic methods in approach to in vivo animal epileptic models: Advantages and limitations. Epilepsia 2024; 65:600-614. [PMID: 38115808 PMCID: PMC10948300 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurophotonic technology is a rapidly growing group of techniques that are based on the interactions of light with natural or genetically modified cells of the neural system. New optical technologies make it possible to considerably extend the tools of neurophysiological research, from the visualization of functional activity changes to control of brain tissue excitability. This opens new perspectives for studying the mechanisms underlying the development of human neurological diseases. Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders; it is characterized by recurrent seizures and affects >1% of the world's population. However, how seizures occur, spread, and terminate in a healthy brain is still unclear. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop appropriate models to accurately explore the causal relationship of epileptic activity. The use of neurophotonic technologies in epilepsy research falls into two broad categories: the visualization of neural epileptic activity, and the direct optical influence on neurons to induce or suppress epileptic activity. An optogenetic variant of the classical kindling model of epileptic seizures, in which activatable cells are genetically defined, is called optokindling. Research is also underway concerning the application of neurophotonic techniques for suppressing epileptic activity, aiming to bring these methods into clinical practice. This review aims to systematize and describe new approaches that use combinations of different neurophotonic methods to work with in vivo models of epilepsy. These approaches overcome many of the shortcomings associated with classical animal models of epilepsy and thus increase the effectiveness of developing new diagnostic methods and antiepileptic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology 20 Penn St, HSF-2, 21201 MD, Baltimore, United States
| | - Julia V. Sopova
- Center of Transgenesis and Genome Editing, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I. Leonova
- Center of Transgenesis and Genome Editing, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Inyushin
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA
| | - Alisa A. Markina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Angelina V. Chirinskaite
- Center of Transgenesis and Genome Editing, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna B. Volnova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Bershteyn M, Bröer S, Parekh M, Maury Y, Havlicek S, Kriks S, Fuentealba L, Lee S, Zhou R, Subramanyam G, Sezan M, Sevilla ES, Blankenberger W, Spatazza J, Zhou L, Nethercott H, Traver D, Hampel P, Kim H, Watson M, Salter N, Nesterova A, Au W, Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A, Rubenstein J, Banik G, Bulfone A, Priest C, Nicholas CR. Human pallial MGE-type GABAergic interneuron cell therapy for chronic focal epilepsy. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1331-1350.e11. [PMID: 37802038 PMCID: PMC10993865 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common focal epilepsy. One-third of patients have drug-refractory seizures and are left with suboptimal therapeutic options such as brain tissue-destructive surgery. Here, we report the development and characterization of a cell therapy alternative for drug-resistant MTLE, which is derived from a human embryonic stem cell line and comprises cryopreserved, post-mitotic, medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) pallial-type GABAergic interneurons. Single-dose intrahippocampal delivery of the interneurons in a mouse model of chronic MTLE resulted in consistent mesiotemporal seizure suppression, with most animals becoming seizure-free and surviving longer. The grafted interneurons dispersed locally, functionally integrated, persisted long term, and significantly reduced dentate granule cell dispersion, a pathological hallmark of MTLE. These disease-modifying effects were dose-dependent, with a broad therapeutic range. No adverse effects were observed. These findings support an ongoing phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05135091) for drug-resistant MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Bröer
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mansi Parekh
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yves Maury
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven Havlicek
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sonja Kriks
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Luis Fuentealba
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Seonok Lee
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robin Zhou
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Meliz Sezan
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Julien Spatazza
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - David Traver
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Philip Hampel
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hannah Kim
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael Watson
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Naomi Salter
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Wai Au
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Arnold Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gautam Banik
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Cory R Nicholas
- Neurona Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Zhu Q, Mishra A, Park JS, Liu D, Le DT, Gonzalez SZ, Anderson-Crannage M, Park JM, Park GH, Tarbay L, Daneshvar K, Brandenburg M, Signoretti C, Zinski A, Gardner EJ, Zheng KL, Abani CP, Hu C, Beaudreault CP, Zhang XL, Stanton PK, Cho JH, Velíšek L, Velíšková J, Javed S, Leonard CS, Kim HY, Chung S. Human cortical interneurons optimized for grafting specifically integrate, abort seizures, and display prolonged efficacy without over-inhibition. Neuron 2023; 111:807-823.e7. [PMID: 36626901 PMCID: PMC10023356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated the efficacy of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (cIN) grafts in ameliorating seizures. However, a safe and reliable clinical translation requires a mechanistic understanding of graft function, as well as the assurance of long-term efficacy and safety. By employing hPSC-derived chemically matured migratory cINs in two models of epilepsy, we demonstrate lasting efficacy in treating seizures and comorbid deficits, as well as safety without uncontrolled growth. Host inhibition does not increase with increasing grafted cIN densities, assuring their safety without the risk of over-inhibition. Furthermore, their closed-loop optogenetic activation aborted seizure activity, revealing mechanisms of graft-mediated seizure control and allowing graft modulation for optimal translation. Monosynaptic tracing shows their extensive and specific synaptic connections with host neurons, resembling developmental connection specificity. These results offer confidence in stem cell-based therapy for epilepsy as a safe and reliable treatment for patients suffering from intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Joy S Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Dongxin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Derek T Le
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Sasha Z Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | | | - James M Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Gun-Hoo Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Laura Tarbay
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Kamron Daneshvar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Matthew Brandenburg
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Christina Signoretti
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Amy Zinski
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Edward-James Gardner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Kelvin L Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Chiderah P Abani
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Carla Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Cameron P Beaudreault
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Patric K Stanton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Jun-Hyeong Cho
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Libor Velíšek
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA; Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, Mount Pleasant, NY 01595, USA; Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, Mount Pleasant, NY 01595, USA
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA; Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, Mount Pleasant, NY 01595, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology New York Medical College, Valhalla, Mount Pleasant, NY 01595, USA
| | - Saqlain Javed
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, Mount Pleasant, NY 01595, USA
| | - Christopher S Leonard
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, Mount Pleasant, NY 01595, USA
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, Mount Pleasant, NY, USA
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA.
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Buchecker V, Koska I, Pace C, Talbot SR, Palme R, Bleich A, Potschka H. Toward Evidence-Based Severity Assessment in Mouse Models with Repeated Seizures: (II.) Impact of Surgery and Intrahippocampal Kainate. Eur Surg Res 2023; 64:89-107. [PMID: 35073547 PMCID: PMC9808668 DOI: 10.1159/000522156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic epilepsy models require neurosurgical procedures including depth electrode implants. The intrahippocampal kainate model is a frequently used chronic paradigm, which is based on chemoconvulsant administration and status epilepticus induction during the surgical procedure. This experimental approach raises the question of the extent to which this approach affects postsurgical recovery. In addition to the short- and long-term impact of the surgical intervention, a potential impact of highly frequent electrographic seizure events needs to be considered in the context of severity assessment. METHODS Various behavioral, biochemical, and telemetric parameters were analyzed in four experimental groups of mice: 1st naive, 2nd with transmitter implants, 3rd with transmitter and electrode implants, and 4th with transmitter implants, electrode implants, and kainate-induced status epilepticus. RESULTS During the early postsurgical phase, transmitter implants caused a transient impact on Mouse Grimace scores and intragroup increase of fecal corticosterone metabolites. Additional craniotomy was associated with an influence on total heart rate variability and fecal corticosterone metabolites. Heart rate and Irwin score increases as well as a prolonged increase in Mouse Grimace scores pointed to an added burden related to the induction of a nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Data from the chronic phase argued against a relevant influence of frequent electrographic seizures on behavioral patterns, fecal corticosterone metabolites, heart rate, and its variability. However, Irwin scores indicated long-term changes in some animals with increased reactivity, body tone, and Straub tail. Interestingly, selected behavioral and telemetric data from the early post-status epilepticus phase correlated with the frequency of electrographic seizure events in the chronic phase. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings argue against the pronounced impact of highly frequent electrographic seizures on the well-being of mice. However, an increased level of nervousness in a subgroup of animals should be considered for handling procedures and refinement measures. In the early postsurgical phase, several parameters indicate an influence of the interventions with evidence that the nonconvulsive status epilepticus can negatively affect the recovery. Thus, the development and validation of refinement efforts should focus on this experimental phase. Finally, the datasets suggest that simple readout parameters may predict the long-term consequences of the epileptogenic insult. Respective biomarker candidates require further validation in the follow-up studies in models with subgroups of animals with or without epilepsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Pace
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven R. Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Heidrun Potschka,
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Mardones MD, Gupta K. Transcriptome Profiling of the Hippocampal Seizure Network Implicates a Role for Wnt Signaling during Epileptogenesis in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12030. [PMID: 36233336 PMCID: PMC9569502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by recurrent hippocampal seizures. mTLE can develop after exposure to risk factors such as febrile seizure, trauma, and infection. Within the latent period between exposure and onset of epilepsy, pathological remodeling events occur that contribute to epileptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms responsible are currently unclear. We used the mouse intrahippocampal kainite model of mTLE to investigate transcriptional dysregulation in the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyrus (DG), representing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) and peri-ictal zone (PIZ). DG were analyzed after 3, 7, and 14 days by RNA sequencing. In both the EZ and PIZ, transcriptional dysregulation was dynamic over the epileptogenic period with early expression of genes representing cell signaling, migration, and proliferation. Canonical Wnt signaling was upregulated in the EZ and PIZ at 3 days. Expression of inflammatory genes differed between the EZ and PIZ, with early expression after 3 days in the PIZ and delayed expression after 7-14 days in the EZ. This suggests that critical gene changes occur early in the hippocampal seizure network and that Wnt signaling may play a role within the latent epileptogenic period. These findings may help to identify novel therapeutic targets that could prevent epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel D Mardones
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Li J, Christian-Hinman CA. Epilepsy-associated increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron firing in diestrous female mice is independent of chronic seizure burden severity. Epilepsy Res 2022; 184:106948. [PMID: 35690025 PMCID: PMC10416707 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive endocrine disorders are common comorbidities of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Our previous studies using the intrahippocampal kainic acid (IHKA) mouse model of TLE demonstrated that many females show prolonged estrous cycles and hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons exhibit elevated firing during diestrus. However, it is unknown whether the degree of change in GnRH neuron activity is dependent on epilepsy severity. Here, we used 24/7 in vivo electroencephalography (EEG) and in vitro electrophysiological recordings in acute brain slices to assess GnRH neuron firing in relation to chronic seizure burden in diestrous female mice at two months after IHKA injection. We found that percentage of time in seizure activity in the 24 h prior to slice preparation is an accurate proxy of overall seizure burden. Firing rates of GnRH neurons from EEG-recorded IHKA mice were increased in comparison to controls, but no relationships were found between GnRH neuron firing and seizure burden measured in vivo. The independence of GnRH neuron firing rate in relation to seizure burden was unaffected by GnRH neuron soma location or estrous cycle length. Furthermore, GnRH neuron firing rates were not yet different from control values when measured 1 month after injection, when epileptogenesis is already complete in IHKA mice. These findings indicate that the severity of epilepsy and the degree of downstream disruption to GnRH neuron activity are independent, suggesting that susceptibility to reproductive endocrine comorbidities is driven by other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Catherine A Christian-Hinman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Zhao CS, Liu DX, Fan YH, Wu JK. LncRNA GAS5 promotes epilepsy progression through the epigenetic repression of miR-219, in turn affecting CaMKIIγ/NMDAR pathway. J Neurogenet 2022; 36:32-42. [PMID: 35642561 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2067536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that dysregulated long-chain noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely associated with epilepsy. This study aimed to probe the function of lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5), microRNA (miR)-219 and Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)γ/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) pathway in epilepsy. Epileptic cell and animal models were constructed using magnesium deficiency treatment and diazepam injection, respectively. GAS5 and miR-219 expressions in epileptic cell and animal models were determined using qRT-PCR assay. The protein levels of CaMKIIγ, NMDAR and apoptosis-related proteins levels were assessed by western blot. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to determine cell proliferation. Besides, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, cell apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining and flow cytometric analysis. Finally, the binding relationship between GAS5 and EZH2 was verified using RIP and ChIP assay. Our results revealed that GAS5 was markedly upregulated in epileptic cell and animal models, while miR-219 was down-regulated. GAS5 knockdown dramatically increased cell proliferation of epileptic cells, whereas suppressed inflammation and the apoptosis. Furthermore, our results showed that GAS5 epigenetically suppressed transcriptional miR-219 expression via binding to EZH2. miR-219 mimics significantly enhanced cell proliferation of epileptic cells, while inhibited inflammation and the apoptosis, which was neutralized by CaMKIIγ overexpression. Finally, miR-219 inhibition reversed the effects of GAS5 silence on epileptic cells, which was eliminated by CaMKIIγ inhibition. In conclusion, GAS5 affected inflammatory response and cell apoptosis of epilepsy via inhibiting miR-219 and further regulating CaMKIIγ/NMDAR pathway (See graphic summary in Supplementary Material).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Huai Fan
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Kun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, P. R. China
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10
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Gorlewicz A, Pijet B, Orlova K, Kaczmarek L, Knapska E. Epileptiform GluN2B–driven excitation in hippocampus as a therapeutic target against temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Kleis P, Paschen E, Häussler U, Bernal Sierra YA, Haas CA. Long-term in vivo application of a potassium channel-based optogenetic silencer in the healthy and epileptic mouse hippocampus. BMC Biol 2022; 20:18. [PMID: 35031048 PMCID: PMC8760681 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optogenetic tools allow precise manipulation of neuronal activity via genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins. Currently available optogenetic inhibitors are not suitable for prolonged use due to short-lasting photocurrents, tissue heating, and unintended changes in ion distributions, which may interfere with normal neuron physiology. To overcome these limitations, a novel potassium channel-based optogenetic silencer, named PACK, was recently developed. The PACK tool has two components: a photoactivated adenylyl cyclase from Beggiatoa (bPAC) and a cAMP-dependent potassium channel, SthK, which carries a large, long-lasting potassium current in mammalian cells. Previously, it has been shown that activating the PACK silencer with short light pulses led to a significant reduction of neuronal firing in various in vitro and acute in vivo settings. Here, we examined the viability of performing long-term studies in vivo by looking at the inhibitory action and side effects of PACK and its components in healthy and epileptic adult male mice. RESULTS We targeted hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA1) pyramidal cells using a viral vector and enabled illumination of these neurons via an implanted optic fiber. Local field potential (LFP) recordings from CA1 of freely moving mice revealed significantly reduced neuronal activity during 50-min intermittent (0.1 Hz) illumination, especially in the gamma frequency range. Adversely, PACK expression in healthy mice induced chronic astrogliosis, dispersion of pyramidal cells, and generalized seizures. These side effects were independent of the light application and were also present in mice expressing bPAC without the potassium channel. Light activation of bPAC alone increased neuronal activity, presumably via enhanced cAMP signaling. Furthermore, we applied bPAC and PACK in the contralateral hippocampus of chronically epileptic mice following a unilateral injection of intrahippocampal kainate. Unexpectedly, the expression of bPAC in the contralateral CA1 area was sufficient to prevent the spread of spontaneous epileptiform activity from the seizure focus to the contralateral hippocampus. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the PACK tool as a potent optogenetic inhibitor in vivo. However, further refinement of its light-sensitive domain is required to avoid unexpected physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kleis
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Paschen
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - U Häussler
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Y A Bernal Sierra
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - C A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Kang YJ, Clement EM, Park IH, Greenfield LJ, Smith BN, Lee SH. Vulnerability of cholecystokinin-expressing GABAergic interneurons in the unilateral intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113724. [PMID: 33915166 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Reduced hippocampal theta oscillations and hyperexcitability that contribute to cognitive deficits and spontaneous seizures are present beyond the sclerotic hippocampus in TLE. However, the mechanisms underlying compromised network oscillations and hyperexcitability observed in circuits remote from the sclerotic hippocampus are largely unknown. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing basket cells (CCKBCs) critically participate in hippocampal theta rhythmogenesis, and regulate neuronal excitability. Thus, we examined whether CCKBCs were vulnerable in nonsclerotic regions of the ventral hippocampus remote from dorsal sclerotic hippocampus using the intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) mouse model of TLE, targeting unilateral dorsal hippocampus. We found a decrease in the number of CCK+ interneurons in ipsilateral ventral CA1 regions from epileptic mice compared to those from sham controls. We also found that the number of boutons from CCK+ interneurons was reduced in the stratum pyramidale, but not in other CA1 layers, of ipsilateral hippocampus in epileptic mice, suggesting that CCKBCs are vulnerable. Electrical recordings showed that synaptic connectivity and strength from surviving CCKBCs to CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) were similar between epileptic mice and sham controls. In agreement with reduced CCKBC number in TLE, electrical recordings revealed a significant reduction in amplitude and frequency of IPSCs in CA1 PCs evoked by carbachol (commonly used to excite CCK+ interneurons) in ventral CA1 regions from epileptic mice versus sham controls. These findings suggest that loss of CCKBCs beyond the hippocampal lesion may contribute to hyperexcitability and compromised network oscillations in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ethan M Clement
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lazar John Greenfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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13
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Kao HY, Hu S, Mihaylova T, Ziobro J, Ahn E, Fine C, Brang D, Watson BO, Wang Y. Defining the latent period of epileptogenesis and epileptogenic zone in a focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII) rat model. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1268-1279. [PMID: 33735460 PMCID: PMC8211029 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII) is one of the most common underlying pathologies in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. However, mechanistic understanding of FCDII fails to keep pace with genetic discoveries, primarily due to the significant challenge in developing a clinically relevant animal model. Conceptually and clinically important questions, such as the unknown latent period of epileptogenesis and the controversial epileptogenic zone, remain unknown in all experimental FCDII animal models, making it even more challenging to investigate the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms. Methods In this study, we used continuous video‐electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to detect the earliest interictal and ictal events in a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐in utero electroporation (IUE) FCDII rat model that shares genetic, pathological, and electroclinical signatures with those observed in humans. We then took advantage of in vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings to localize the epileptogenic zone in these animals. Results To the best of our knowledge, we showed for the first time that epileptiform discharges emerged during the third postnatal week, and that the first seizure occurred as early as during the fourth postnatal week. We also showed that both interictal and ictal discharges are localized within the dysplastic cortex, concordant with human clinical data. Significance Together, our work identified the temporal and spatial frame of epileptogenesis in a highly clinically relevant FCDII animal model, paving the way for mechanistic studies at molecular, cellular, and circuitry levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Kao
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Shuntong Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Julie Ziobro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - EunSeon Ahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Carli Fine
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - David Brang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Brendon O Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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14
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Welzel L, Bergin DH, Schidlitzki A, Twele F, Johne M, Klein P, Löscher W. Systematic evaluation of rationally chosen multitargeted drug combinations: a combination of low doses of levetiracetam, atorvastatin and ceftriaxone exerts antiepileptogenic effects in a mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 149:105227. [PMID: 33347976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptogenesis, the gradual process that leads to epilepsy after brain injury or genetic mutations, is a complex network phenomenon, involving a variety of morphological, biochemical and functional brain alterations. Although risk factors for developing epilepsy are known, there is currently no treatment available to prevent epilepsy. We recently proposed a multitargeted, network-based approach to prevent epileptogenesis by rationally combining clinically available drugs and provided first proof-of-concept that this strategy is effective. Here we evaluated eight novel rationally chosen combinations of 14 drugs with mechanisms that target different epileptogenic processes. The combinations consisted of 2-4 different drugs per combination and were administered systemically over 5 days during the latent epileptogenic period in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy, starting 6 h after kainate. Doses and dosing intervals were based on previous pharmacokinetic and tolerability studies in mice. The incidence and frequency of spontaneous electrographic and electroclinical seizures were recorded by continuous (24/7) video linked EEG monitoring done for seven days at 4 and 12 weeks post-kainate, i.e., long after termination of drug treatment. Compared to vehicle controls, the most effective drug combination consisted of low doses of levetiracetam, atorvastatin and ceftriaxone, which markedly reduced the incidence of electrographic seizures (by 60%; p<0.05) and electroclinical seizures (by 100%; p<0.05) recorded at 12 weeks after kainate. This effect was lost when higher doses of the three drugs were administered, indicating a synergistic drug-drug interaction at the low doses. The potential mechanisms underlying this interaction are discussed. We have discovered a promising novel multitargeted combination treatment for modifying the development of acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Welzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - David H Bergin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Schidlitzki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Johne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Li J, Leverton LK, Naganatanahalli LM, Christian-Hinman CA. Seizure burden fluctuates with the female reproductive cycle in a mouse model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113492. [PMID: 33007292 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Women with catamenial epilepsy often experience increased seizure burden near the time of ovulation (periovulatory) or menstruation (perimenstrual). To date, a rodent model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) that exhibits similar endogenous fluctuations in seizures has not been identified. Here, we investigated whether seizure burden changes with the estrous cycle in the intrahippocampal kainic acid (IHKA) mouse model of TLE. Adult female IHKA mice and saline-injected controls were implanted with EEG electrodes in the ipsilateral hippocampus. At one and two months post-injection, 24/7 video-EEG recordings were collected and estrous cycle stage was assessed daily. Seizures were detected using a custom convolutional neural network machine learning process. Seizure burden was compared within each mouse between diestrus and combined proestrus and estrus days (pro/estrus) at two months post-injection. IHKA mice showed higher seizure burden on pro/estrus compared with diestrus, characterized by increased time in seizures and longer seizure duration. When all IHKA mice were included, no group differences were observed in seizure frequency or EEG power. However, increased baseline seizure burden on diestrus was correlated with larger cycle-associated differences, and when analyses were restricted to mice that showed the severe epilepsy typical of the IHKA model, increased seizure frequency on pro/estrus was also revealed. Controls showed no differences in EEG parameters with cycle stage. These results suggest that the stages of proestrus and estrus are associated with higher seizure burden in IHKA mice. The IHKA model may thus recapitulate at least some aspects of reproductive cycle-associated seizure clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Leanna K Leverton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Laxmi Manisha Naganatanahalli
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Catherine A Christian-Hinman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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16
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Novel brain permeant mTORC1/2 inhibitors are as efficacious as rapamycin or everolimus in mouse models of acquired partial epilepsy and tuberous sclerosis complex. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108297. [PMID: 32890589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell proliferation, growth and survival, and is activated in cancer and neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The rapamycin derivative ("rapalog") everolimus, which allosterically inhibits the mTOR pathway, is approved for the treatment of partial epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). In contrast to the efficacy in TSC, the efficacy of rapalogs on SRS in other types of epilepsy is equivocal. Furthermore, rapalogs only poorly penetrate into the brain and are associated with peripheral adverse effects, which may compromise their therapeutic efficacy. Here we compare the antiseizure efficacy of two novel, brain-permeable ATP-competitive and selective mTORC1/2 inhibitors, PQR620 and PQR626, and the selective dual pan-PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor PQR530 in two mouse models of chronic epilepsy with SRS, the intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) mouse model of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy and Tsc1GFAP CKO mice, a well-characterized mouse model of epilepsy in TSC. During prolonged treatment of IHK mice with rapamycin, everolimus, PQR620, PQR626, or PQR530; only PQR620 exerted a transient antiseizure effect on SRS, at well tolerated doses whereas the other compounds were ineffective. In contrast, all of the examined compounds markedly suppressed SRS in Tsc1GFAP CKO mice during chronic treatment at well tolerated doses. Thus, against our expectation, no clear differences in antiseizure efficacy were found across the three classes of mTOR inhibitors examined in mouse models of genetic and acquired epilepsies. The main advantage of the novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives is their excellent tolerability compared to rapalogs, which would favor their development as new therapies for TORopathies such as TSC.
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17
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Guo X, Wang J, Wang N, Mishra A, Li H, Liu H, Fan Y, Liu N, Wu Z. Wogonin preventive impact on hippocampal neurodegeneration, inflammation and cognitive defects in temporal lobe epilepsy. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2149-2156. [PMID: 32742183 PMCID: PMC7384362 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the pathophysiological changes after temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) such as oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction contribute to cognitive defect and neuronal damage. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of wogonin ameliorates kainate-induced TLE, and to investigate the mechanism underlying these effects. Rats were divided into control, wogonin, kainate, and wogonin-pretreated kainate groups. The rat model of TLE was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of 0.4 ug/ul of kainate. The results showed that the cognitive function in TLE rats was significantly impaired, and wogonin treatment improved cognitive function in the Morris water maze (MWM). H & E staining and TUNEL staining showed obvious damage in the hippocampus of TLE rats, and wogonin alleviated the damage. To evaluate the oxidative stress, the expression of MDA and GSH in plasma were detected. Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA expression in the hippocampus were detected. The levels of MDA in plasma increased in TLE rats, and the levels of GSH in plasma and Nrf-2, HO-1 in the brain decreased. Treatment with wogonin alleviated these changes. We also detected the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators like IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF kB in the brain. The inflammatory reaction was significantly activated in the brain of TLE rats, and wogonin alleviated neuroinflammation. We detected the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, in the hippocampus. The levels of Bcl-2 decreased in TLE rats, Bax and caspase-3 increased, while wogonin alleviated these changes. The present study indicated that wogonin exerted a noticeable neuroprotective effect in kainate-induced TLE rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jieying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Anurag Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura 302017, Jaipur, India
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Yingli Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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18
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Henke C, Töllner K, van Dijk RM, Miljanovic N, Cordes T, Twele F, Bröer S, Ziesak V, Rohde M, Hauck SM, Vogel C, Welzel L, Schumann T, Willmes DM, Kurzbach A, El-Agroudy NN, Bornstein SR, Schneider SA, Jordan J, Potschka H, Metallo CM, Köhling R, Birkenfeld AL, Löscher W. Disruption of the sodium-dependent citrate transporter SLC13A5 in mice causes alterations in brain citrate levels and neuronal network excitability in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:105018. [PMID: 32682952 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to tissues such as liver, the plasma membrane sodium-dependent citrate transporter, NaCT (SLC13A5), is highly expressed in brain neurons, but its function is not understood. Loss-of-function mutations in the human SLC13A5 gene have been associated with severe neonatal encephalopathy and pharmacoresistant seizures. The molecular mechanisms of these neurological alterations are not clear. We performed a detailed examination of a Slc13a5 deletion mouse model including video-EEG monitoring, behavioral tests, and electrophysiologic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The experiments revealed an increased propensity for epileptic seizures, proepileptogenic neuronal excitability changes in the hippocampus, and significant citrate alterations in the CSF and brain tissue of Slc13a5 deficient mice, which may underlie the neurological abnormalities. These data demonstrate that SLC13A5 is involved in brain citrate regulation and suggest that abnormalities in this regulation can induce seizures. The present study is the first to (i) establish the Slc13a5-knockout mouse model as a helpful tool to study the neuronal functions of NaCT and characterize the molecular mechanisms by which functional deficiency of this citrate transporter causes epilepsy and impairs neuronal function; (ii) evaluate all hypotheses that have previously been suggested on theoretical grounds to explain the neurological phenotype of SLC13A5 mutations; and (iii) indicate that alterations in brain citrate levels result in neuronal network excitability and increased seizure propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Henke
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Bröer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Ziesak
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marco Rohde
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Vogel
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Welzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tina Schumann
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana M Willmes
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anica Kurzbach
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nermeen N El-Agroudy
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jens Jordan
- Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Cai X, Long L, Zeng C, Ni G, Meng Y, Guo Q, Chen Z, Li Z. LncRNA ILF3-AS1 mediated the occurrence of epilepsy through suppressing hippocampal miR-212 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8413-8422. [PMID: 32404536 PMCID: PMC7244033 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of some matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is closely associated with epilepsy. However, factors that promote their expression have not been clarified. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the development of human diseases, including various cancers, but its potential function in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has remained unexplored. In this study, we showed that hippocampal and serum ILF3-AS1 levels are higher in TLE patients than in matched controls. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced ILF3-AS1 expression in astrocytes, while ectopic expression of ILF3-AS1 enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Ectopic ILF3-AS1 in astrocytes also increased expression of MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP14, but suppressed expression of miR-212. Consistent with that finding, miR-212 levels were lower in the hippocampus and serum of TLE patients than their controls. This suggests that ILF3-AS1 promotes expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs by targeting miR-212 and that ILF3-AS1 plays a crucial role in the development of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Long
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The Eight Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanzhong Ni
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Meng
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Abstract
Long-Term Chemogenetic Suppression of Spontaneous Seizures in a Mouse Model for
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Desloovere J, Boon P, Larsen LE, et al. Epilepsia.
2019;60(11):2314-2324. doi:10.1111/epi.16368. Objective: More than one-third of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) continue to have
seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs, and many experience severe
drug-related side effects, illustrating the need for novel therapies. Selective
expression of inhibitory Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs
(DREADDs) allows cell-type-specific reduction of neuronal excitability. In this
study, we evaluated the effect of chemogenetic suppression of excitatory pyramidal
and granule cell neurons of the sclerotic hippocampus in the intrahippocampal mouse
model (IHKA) for TLE. Methods: Intrahippocampal IHKA mice were injected with an adeno-associated viral vector
carrying the genes for an inhibitory DREADD hM4Di in the sclerotic hippocampus or
control vector. Next, animals were treated systemically with different single doses
of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO; 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) and clozapine (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg),
and the effect on spontaneous hippocampal seizures, hippocampal
electroencephalography (EEG) power, fast ripples (FRs), and behavior in the open
field test was evaluated. Finally, animals received prolonged treatment with
clozapine for 3 days, and the effect on seizures was monitored. Results: Treatment with both CNO and clozapine resulted in a robust suppression of
hippocampal seizures for at least 15 hours only in DREADD-expressing animals.
Moreover, total EEG power and the number of FRs were significantly reduced.
Clozapine-N-oxide and/or clozapine had no effects on interictal hippocampal EEG,
seizures, or locomotion/anxiety in the open field test in non-DREADD epileptic IHKA
mice. Repeated clozapine treatment every 8 hours for 3 days resulted in almost
complete seizure suppression in DREADD animals. Significance: This study shows the potency of chemogenetics to robustly and sustainably suppress
spontaneous epileptic seizures and pave the way for an epilepsy therapy in which a
systemically administered exogenous drug selectively modulates specific cell types
in a seizure network, leading to a potent seizure suppression devoid of the typical
drug-related side effects.
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21
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Wilcox KS, West PJ, Metcalf CS. The current approach of the Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program contract site for identifying improved therapies for the treatment of pharmacoresistant seizures in epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107811. [PMID: 31790717 PMCID: PMC7054975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP), formerly known as the Anticonvulsant Screening Program (ASP), has played an important role in the preclinical evaluation of many of the antiseizure drugs (ASDs) that have been approved by the FDA and thus made available for the treatment of seizures. Recent changes to the animal models used at the contract site of the ETSP at the University of Utah have been implemented in an attempt to better model the unmet clinical needs of people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and thus identify improved therapies. In this review, we describe the changes that have occurred over the last several years in the screening approach used at the contract site and, in particular, detail the pharmacology associated with several of the animal models and assays that are either new to the program or have been recently characterized in more depth. There is optimism that the refined approach used by the ETSP contract site, wherein etiologically relevant models that include those with spontaneous seizures are used, will identify novel, potentially disease modifying therapies for people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and those at risk for developing epilepsy. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Wilcox
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
| | - Peter J West
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
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22
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Welzel L, Schidlitzki A, Twele F, Anjum M, Löscher W. A face-to-face comparison of the intra-amygdala and intrahippocampal kainate mouse models of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and their utility for testing novel therapies. Epilepsia 2019; 61:157-170. [PMID: 31828786 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracranial (intrahippocampal or intra-amygdala) administration of kainate in rodents leads to spatially restricted brain injury and development of focal epilepsy with characteristics that resemble mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Such rodent models are used both in the search for more effective antiseizure drugs (ASDs) and in the development of antiepileptogenic strategies. However, it is not clear which of the models is best suited for testing different types of epilepsy therapies. METHODS In the present study, we performed a face-to-face comparison of the intra-amygdala kainate (IAK) and intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) mouse models using the same mouse inbred strain (C57BL/6). For comparison, some experiments were performed in mouse outbred strains. RESULTS Intra-amygdala kainate injection led to more severe status epilepticus and higher mortality than intrahippocampal injection. In male C57BL/6 mice, the latent period to spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) was short or absent in both models, whereas a significantly longer latent period was determined in NMRI and CD-1 outbred mice. When SRSs were recorded from the ipsilateral hippocampus, relatively frequent electroclinical seizures were determined in the IAK model, whereas only infrequent electroclinical seizures but extremely frequent focal electrographic seizures were determined in the IHK model. As a consequence of the differences in SRS frequency, prolonged video-electroencephalographic monitoring and drug administration were needed for testing efficacy of the benchmark ASD carbamazepine in the IAK model, whereas acute drug testing was possible in the IHK model. In both models, carbamazepine was only effective at high doses, indicating ASD resistance to this benchmark drug. SIGNIFICANCE We found a variety of significant differences between the IAK and IHK models, which are important when deciding which of these models is best suited for studies on novel epilepsy therapies. The IAK model appears particularly interesting for studies on disease-modifying treatments, whereas the IHK model is well suited for studying the antiseizure activity of novel ASDs against difficult-to-treated focal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Welzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Schidlitzki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muneeb Anjum
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Neuronal network remodeling and Wnt pathway dysregulation in the intra-hippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215789. [PMID: 31596871 PMCID: PMC6785072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy recapitulate aspects of human epilepsy, which is characterized by neuronal network remodeling in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Observational studies suggest that this remodeling is associated with altered Wnt pathway signaling, although this has not been experimentally examined. We used the well-characterized mouse intrahippocampal kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy to examine associations between hippocampal neurogenesis and altered Wnt signaling after seizure induction. Tissue was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, and gene expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR on RNA extracted from anatomically micro-dissected dentate gyri. Seizures increased neurogenesis and dendritic arborization of newborn hippocampal dentate granule cells in peri-ictal regions, and decreased neurogenesis in the ictal zone, 2-weeks after kainate injection. Interestingly, administration of the novel canonical Wnt pathway inhibitor XAV939 daily for 2-weeks after kainate injection further increased dendritic arborization in peri-ictal regions after seizure, without an effect on baseline neurogenesis in control animals. Transcriptome analysis of dentate gyri demonstrated significant canonical Wnt gene dysregulation in kainate-injected mice across all regions for Wnt3, 5a and 9a. Intriguingly, certain Wnt genes demonstrated differential patterns of dysregulation between the ictal and peri-ictal zones, most notably Wnt5B, 7B and DKK-1. Together, these results demonstrate regional variation in Wnt pathway dysregulation early after seizure induction, and surprisingly, suggest that some Wnt-mediated effects might actually temper aberrant neurogenesis after seizures. The Wnt pathway may therefore provide suitable targets for novel therapies that prevent network remodeling and the development of epileptic foci in high-risk patients.
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Pfammatter JA, Bergstrom RA, Wallace EP, Maganti RK, Jones MV. A predictive epilepsy index based on probabilistic classification of interictal spike waveforms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207158. [PMID: 30399183 PMCID: PMC6219811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of interictal spikes in EEG may provide insight on epilepsy disease burden, but manual quantification of spikes is time-consuming and subject to bias. We present a probability-based, automated method for the classification and quantification of interictal events, using EEG data from kainate- and saline-injected mice (C57BL/6J background) several weeks post-treatment. We first detected high-amplitude events, then projected event waveforms into Principal Components space and identified clusters of spike morphologies using a Gaussian Mixture Model. We calculated the odds-ratio of events from kainate- versus saline-treated mice within each cluster, converted these values to probability scores, P(kainate), and calculated an Hourly Epilepsy Index for each animal by summing the probabilities for events where the cluster P(kainate) > 0.5 and dividing the resultant sum by the record duration. This Index is predictive of whether an animal received an epileptogenic treatment (i.e., kainate), even if a seizure was never observed. We applied this method to an out-of-sample dataset to assess epileptiform spike morphologies in five kainate mice monitored for ~1 month. The magnitude of the Index increased over time in a subset of animals and revealed changes in the prevalence of epileptiform (P(kainate) > 0.5) spike morphologies. Importantly, in both data sets, animals that had electrographic seizures also had a high Index. This analysis is fast, unbiased, and provides information regarding the salience of spike morphologies for disease progression. Future refinement will allow a better understanding of the definition of interictal spikes in quantitative and unambiguous terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A. Pfammatter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eli P. Wallace
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rama K. Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mathew V. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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25
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Anjum SMM, Käufer C, Hopfengärtner R, Waltl I, Bröer S, Löscher W. Automated quantification of EEG spikes and spike clusters as a new read out in Theiler's virus mouse model of encephalitis-induced epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 88:189-204. [PMID: 30292054 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral infection of C57BL/6 mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) replicates many features of viral encephalitis-induced epilepsy in humans, including neuroinflammation, early (insult-associated) and late (spontaneous) seizures, neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, and cognitive and behavioral alterations. Thus, this model may be ideally suited to study mechanisms involved in encephalitis-induced epilepsy as potential targets for epilepsy prevention. However, spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) occur too infrequently to be useful as a biomarker of epilepsy, e.g., for drug studies. This prompted us to evaluate whether epileptiform spikes or spike clusters in the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) may be a useful surrogate of epilepsy in this model. For this purpose, we developed an algorithm that allows efficient and large-scale EEG analysis of early and late seizures, spikes, and spike clusters in the EEG. While 77% of the infected mice exhibited early seizures, late seizures were only observed in 33% of the animals. The clinical characteristics of early and late seizures did not differ except that late generalized convulsive (stage 5) seizures were significantly longer than early stage 5 seizures. Furthermore, the frequency of SRS was much lower than the frequency of early seizures. Continuous (24/7) video-EEG monitoring over several months following infection indicated that the latent period to onset of SRS was 61 (range 16-91) days. Spike and spike clusters were significantly more frequent in infected mice with late seizures than in infected mice without seizures or in mock-infected sham controls. Based on the results of this study, increases in EEG spikes and spike clusters in groups of infected mice may be used as a new readout for studies on antiepileptogenic or disease-modifying drug effects in this model, because the significant increase in average spike counts in mice with late seizures obviously indicates a proepileptogenic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Muneeb Anjum
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Käufer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Inken Waltl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Bröer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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26
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Targeting the Mouse Ventral Hippocampus in the Intrahippocampal Kainic Acid Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0158-18. [PMID: 30131968 PMCID: PMC6102375 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0158-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a novel mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) that moves the site of kainate injection from the rodent dorsal hippocampus (corresponding to the human posterior hippocampus) to the ventral hippocampus (corresponding to the human anterior hippocampus). We compare the phenotypes of this new model—with respect to seizures, cognitive impairment, affective deficits, and histopathology—to the standard dorsal intrahippocampal kainate model. Our results demonstrate that histopathological measures of granule cell dispersion and mossy fiber sprouting maximize near the site of kainate injection. Somewhat surprisingly, both the dorsal and ventral models exhibit similar spatial memory impairments in addition to similar electrographic and behavioral seizure burdens. In contrast, we find a more pronounced affective (anhedonic) phenotype specifically in the ventral model. These results demonstrate that the ventral intrahippocampal kainic acid model recapitulates critical pathologies of the dorsal model while providing a means to further study affective phenotypes such as depression in TLE.
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27
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Sheybani L, Birot G, Contestabile A, Seeck M, Kiss JZ, Schaller K, Michel CM, Quairiaux C. Electrophysiological Evidence for the Development of a Self-Sustained Large-Scale Epileptic Network in the Kainate Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3776-3791. [PMID: 29555850 PMCID: PMC6705908 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2193-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most research on focal epilepsy focuses on mechanisms of seizure generation in the primary epileptic focus (EF). However, neurological deficits that are not directly linked to seizure activity and that may persist after focus removal are frequent. The recruitment of remote brain regions of an epileptic network (EN) is recognized as a possible cause, but a profound lack of experimental evidence exists concerning their recruitment and the type of pathological activities they exhibit. We studied the development of epileptic activities at the large-scale in male mice of the kainate model of unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy using high-density surface EEG and multiple-site intracortical recordings. We show that, along with focal spikes and fast ripples that remain localized to the injected hippocampus (i.e., the EF), a subpopulation of spikes that propagate across the brain progressively emerges even before the expression of seizures. The spatiotemporal propagation of these generalized spikes (GSs) is highly stable within and across animals, defining a large-scale EN comprising both hippocampal regions and frontal cortices. Interestingly, GSs are often concomitant with muscular twitches. In addition, while fast ripples are, as expected, highly frequent in the EF, they also emerge in remote cortical regions and in particular in frontal regions where GSs propagate. Finally, we demonstrate that these remote interictal activities are dependent on the focus in the early phase of the disease but continue to be expressed after focus silencing at later stages. Our results provide evidence that neuronal networks outside the initial focus are progressively altered during epileptogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It has long been held that the epileptic focus is responsible for triggering seizures and driving interictal activities. However, focal epilepsies are associated with heterogeneous symptoms, calling into question the concept of a strictly focal disease. Using the mouse model of hippocampal sclerosis, this work demonstrates that focal epilepsy leads to the development of pathological activities specific to the epileptic condition, notably fast ripples, that appear outside of the primary epileptic focus. Whereas these activities are dependent on the focus early in the disease, focus silencing fails to control them in the chronic stage. Thus, dynamical changes specific to the epileptic condition are built up outside of the epileptic focus along with disease progression, which provides supporting evidence for network alterations in focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sheybani
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gwenaël Birot
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Margitta Seeck
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jozsef Zoltan Kiss
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl Schaller
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland, and
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne and Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Quairiaux
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland,
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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28
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Brackhan M, Bascuñana P, Ross TL, Bengel FM, Bankstahl JP, Bankstahl M. [18
F]GE180 positron emission tomographic imaging indicates a potential double-hit insult in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2018; 59:617-626. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Brackhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Tobias L. Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Frank M. Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Jens P. Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
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