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Stark JD, Banks JE. A tale of two metrics: the EPA Risk Quotient Approach versus the delay in Population Growth Index for determination of pesticide risk to aquatic species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1922-1928. [PMID: 34382175 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential risk that two closely related insecticides, spinetoram and spinosad, posed to three Cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and D. magna was determined using two approaches, the USEPA Risk Quotient method and the Delay in Population Growth Index (DPGI). Results of the RQ method showed that spinetoram posed a risk to all three species, but spinosad posed a risk only to C. dubia. The DPGI analysis showed that exposure to spinetoram resulted in populations of all three species being delayed ≥ 3 generation times. Exposure to the LC50 and the lower 95% CL resulted in delayed populations while exposure to the upper 95% CL concentration of spinetoram resulted in no recovery of any of the three species over the course of the modeling exercise (88 d). Exposure to the lower and upper 95% Cl and the LC50 of spinosad resulted in C. dubia populations being delayed ≥ 3 generations. D. pulex populations were not negatively affected after exposure to spinosad. D. magna populations were delayed ≥ 3 generations, but only after exposure to the upper 95% Cl of spinosad. These results illustrate that although the EPA risk quotient method indicated that spinetoram posed a risk to all three species and that spinosad only posed a risk to C. dubia, the DPGI showed that D. magna would be negatively affected by spinosad and none of the three species would reach a predetermined number of individuals after exposure to the upper 95% CL of spinetoram. Because the DPGI uses the 95% Cl as well as the LC50 in its calculation and produces a measure of population growth it provides more detailed information in terms of the potential risk of pesticides to populations than the RQ method.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Stark
- Ecotoxicology Program, Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - John E Banks
- California State University, Monterey Bay 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA
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2
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Accolla C, Vaugeois M, Grimm V, Moore AP, Rueda-Cediel P, Schmolke A, Forbes VE. A Review of Key Features and Their Implementation in Unstructured, Structured, and Agent-Based Population Models for Ecological Risk Assessment. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:521-540. [PMID: 33124764 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Population models can provide valuable tools for ecological risk assessment (ERA). A growing amount of work on model development and documentation is now available to guide modelers and risk assessors to address different ERA questions. However, there remain misconceptions about population models for ERA, and communication between regulators and modelers can still be hindered by a lack of clarity in the underlying formalism, implementation, and complexity of different model types. In particular, there is confusion about differences among types of models and the implications of including or ignoring interactions of organisms with each other and their environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the key features represented in population models of relevance for ERA, which include density dependence, spatial heterogeneity, external drivers, stochasticity, life-history traits, behavior, energetics, and how exposure and effects are integrated in the models. We differentiate 3 broadly defined population model types (unstructured, structured, and agent-based) and explain how they can represent these key features. Depending on the ERA context, some model features will be more important than others, and this can inform model type choice, how features are implemented, and possibly the collection of additional data. We show that nearly all features can be included irrespective of formalization, but some features are more or less easily incorporated in certain model types. We also analyze how the key features have been used in published population models implemented as unstructured, structured, and agent-based models. The overall aim of this review is to increase confidence and understanding by model users and evaluators when considering the potential and adequacy of population models for use in ERA. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:521-540. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Accolla
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maxime Vaugeois
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Volker Grimm
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrian P Moore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pamela Rueda-Cediel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Valery E Forbes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Thursby G, Sappington K, Etterson M. Coupling toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic and population models for assessing aquatic ecological risks to time-varying pesticide exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2633-2644. [PMID: 29978497 PMCID: PMC6238213 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Population modeling evaluations of pesticide exposure time series were compared with aspects of a currently used risk assessment process. The US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide Programs models daily aquatic 30-yr pesticide exposure distributions in its risk assessments, but does not routinely make full use of the information in such time series. We used mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia toxicity and demographic data to demonstrate the value of a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic model coupled with a series of matrix population models in risk assessment refinements. This species is a small epibenthic marine crustacean routinely used in regulatory toxicity tests. We demonstrate how the model coupling can refine current risk assessments using only existing standard regulatory toxicity test results. Several exposure scenarios (each with the same initial risk characterization as determined by a more traditional organism-based approach) were created within which population modeling documented risks different from those of assessments based on the traditional approach. We also present different acute and chronic toxicity data scenarios by which toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic coupled with population modeling can distinguish responses that traditional risk evaluations are not designed to detect. Our results reinforce the benefits of this type of modeling in risk evaluations, especially related to time-varying exposure concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2633-2644. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Thursby
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI USA 02882
| | - Keith Sappington
- USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effect Division, Washington, DC USA 20460
| | - Mathew Etterson
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continental Ecology Division, Duluth, MN USA 55804
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Franco A, Price OR, Marshall S, Jolliet O, Van den Brink PJ, Rico A, Focks A, De Laender F, Ashauer R. Toward refined environmental scenarios for ecological risk assessment of down-the-drain chemicals in freshwater environments. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:233-248. [PMID: 27260272 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Current regulatory practice for chemical risk assessment suffers from the lack of realism in conventional frameworks. Despite significant advances in exposure and ecological effect modeling, the implementation of novel approaches as high-tier options for prospective regulatory risk assessment remains limited, particularly among general chemicals such as down-the-drain ingredients. While reviewing the current state of the art in environmental exposure and ecological effect modeling, we propose a scenario-based framework that enables a better integration of exposure and effect assessments in a tiered approach. Global- to catchment-scale spatially explicit exposure models can be used to identify areas of higher exposure and to generate ecologically relevant exposure information for input into effect models. Numerous examples of mechanistic ecological effect models demonstrate that it is technically feasible to extrapolate from individual-level effects to effects at higher levels of biological organization and from laboratory to environmental conditions. However, the data required to parameterize effect models that can embrace the complexity of ecosystems are large and require a targeted approach. Experimental efforts should, therefore, focus on vulnerable species and/or traits and ecological conditions of relevance. We outline key research needs to address the challenges that currently hinder the practical application of advanced model-based approaches to risk assessment of down-the-drain chemicals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:233-248. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franco
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R Price
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Marshall
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreu Rico
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalà, Alcalà de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Focks
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Roman Ashauer
- Environment Department, University of York Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Diepens NJ, Koelmans AA, Baveco H, van den Brink PJ, van den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Brock TCM. Prospective Environmental Risk Assessment for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals: A Proposal for Tiered Effect Assessment. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 239:1-77. [PMID: 26684744 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A broadly accepted framework for prospective environmental risk assessment (ERA) of sediment-bound organic chemicals is currently lacking. Such a framework requires clear protection goals, evidence-based concepts that link exposure to effects and a transparent tiered-effect assessment. In this paper, we provide a tiered prospective sediment ERA procedure for organic chemicals in sediment, with a focus on the applicable European regulations and the underlying data requirements. Using the ecosystem services concept, we derived specific protection goals for ecosystem service providing units: microorganisms, benthic algae, sediment-rooted macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and benthic vertebrates. Triggers for sediment toxicity testing are discussed.We recommend a tiered approach (Tier 0 through Tier 3). Tier-0 is a cost-effective screening based on chronic water-exposure toxicity data for pelagic species and equilibrium partitioning. Tier-1 is based on spiked sediment laboratory toxicity tests with standard benthic test species and standardised test methods. If comparable chronic toxicity data for both standard and additional benthic test species are available, the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) approach is a more viable Tier-2 option than the geometric mean approach. This paper includes criteria for accepting results of sediment-spiked single species toxicity tests in prospective ERA, and for the application of the SSD approach. We propose micro/mesocosm experiments with spiked sediment, to study colonisation success by benthic organisms, as a Tier-3 option. Ecological effect models can be used to supplement the experimental tiers. A strategy for unifying information from various tiers by experimental work and exposure-and effect modelling is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël J Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, 68, 1970 AB, IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Baveco
- Environmental Risk Assessment Team, Alterra, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Environmental Risk Assessment Team, Alterra, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo C M Brock
- Environmental Risk Assessment Team, Alterra, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Forbes VE, Galic N, Schmolke A, Vavra J, Pastorok R, Thorbek P. Assessing the risks of pesticides to threatened and endangered species using population modeling: A critical review and recommendations for future work. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1904-13. [PMID: 27037541 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
United States legislation requires the US Environmental Protection Agency to ensure that pesticide use does not cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, including species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA; hereafter referred to as listed species). Despite a long history of population models used in conservation biology and resource management and a 2013 report from the US National Research Council recommending their use, application of population models for pesticide risk assessments under the ESA has been minimal. The pertinent literature published from 2004 to 2014 was reviewed to explore the availability of population models and their frequency of use in listed species risk assessments. The models were categorized in terms of structure, taxonomic coverage, purpose, inputs and outputs, and whether the models included density dependence, stochasticity, or risk estimates, or were spatially explicit. Despite the widespread availability of models and an extensive literature documenting their use in other management contexts, only 2 of the approximately 400 studies reviewed used population models to assess the risks of pesticides to listed species. This result suggests that there is an untapped potential to adapt existing models for pesticide risk assessments under the ESA, but also that there are some challenges to do so for listed species. Key conclusions from the analysis are summarized, and priorities are recommended for future work to increase the usefulness of population models as tools for pesticide risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1904-1913. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery E Forbes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nika Galic
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amelie Schmolke
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Janna Vavra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Pernille Thorbek
- Environmental Safety, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, UK
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7
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Diepens NJ, Beltman WHJ, Koelmans AA, Van den Brink PJ, Baveco JM. Dynamics and recovery of a sediment-exposed Chironomus riparius population: A modelling approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:741-750. [PMID: 27031571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Models can be used to assess long-term risks of sediment-bound contaminants at the population level. However, these models usually lack the coupling between chemical fate in the sediment, toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic processes in individuals and propagation of individual-level effects to the population. We developed a population model that includes all these processes, and used it to assess the importance of chemical uptake routes on a Chironomus riparius population after pulsed exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos. We show that particle ingestion is an important additional exposure pathway affecting C. riparius population dynamics and recovery. Models ignoring particle ingestion underestimate the impact and the required recovery times, which implies that they underestimate risks of sediment-bound chemicals. Additional scenario studies showed the importance of selecting the biologically relevant sediment layer and showed population effects in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël J Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim H J Beltman
- Alterra, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M Baveco
- Alterra, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Rico A, Van den Brink PJ. Evaluating aquatic invertebrate vulnerability to insecticides based on intrinsic sensitivity, biological traits, and toxic mode of action. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1907-17. [PMID: 25854193 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the authors evaluated the vulnerability of aquatic invertebrates to insecticides based on their intrinsic sensitivity and their population-level recovery potential. The relative sensitivity of invertebrates to 5 different classes of insecticides was calculated at the genus, family, and order levels using the acute toxicity data available in the US Environmental Protection Agency ECOTOX database. Biological trait information was linked to the calculated relative sensitivity to evaluate correlations between traits and sensitivity and to calculate a vulnerability index, which combines intrinsic sensitivity and traits describing the recovery potential of populations partially exposed to insecticides (e.g., voltinism, flying strength, occurrence in drift). The analysis shows that the relative sensitivity of arthropods depends on the insecticide mode of action. Traits such as degree of sclerotization, size, and respiration type showed good correlation to sensitivity and can be used to make predictions for invertebrate taxa without a priori sensitivity knowledge. The vulnerability analysis revealed that some of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa were vulnerable to all insecticide classes and indicated that particular gastropod and bivalve species were potentially vulnerable. Microcrustaceans (e.g., daphnids, copepods) showed low potential vulnerability, particularly in lentic ecosystems. The methods described in the present study can be used for the selection of focal species to be included as part of ecological scenarios and higher tier risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Rico
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Brock TCM, Hammers-Wirtz M, Hommen U, Preuss TG, Ratte HT, Roessink I, Strauss T, Van den Brink PJ. The minimum detectable difference (MDD) and the interpretation of treatment-related effects of pesticides in experimental ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1160-74. [PMID: 25119278 PMCID: PMC4544645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In the European registration procedure for pesticides, microcosm and mesocosm studies are the highest aquatic experimental tier to assess their environmental effects. Evaluations of microcosm/mesocosm studies rely heavily on no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) calculated for different population-level endpoints. Ideally, a power analysis should be reported for the concentration-response relationships underlying these NOECs, as well as for measurement endpoints for which significant effects cannot be demonstrated. An indication of this statistical power can be provided a posteriori by calculated minimum detectable differences (MDDs). The MDD defines the difference between the means of a treatment and the control that must exist to detect a statistically significant effect. The aim of this paper is to expand on the Aquatic Guidance Document recently published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and to propose a procedure to report and evaluate NOECs and related MDDs in a harmonised way. In addition, decision schemes are provided on how MDDs can be used to assess the reliability of microcosm/mesocosm studies and for the derivation of effect classes used to derive regulatory acceptable concentrations. Furthermore, examples are presented to show how MDDs can be reduced by optimising experimental design and sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C M Brock
- Alterra, Team Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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11
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Galic N, Forbes V. Ecological models in ecotoxicology and ecological risk assessment: an introduction to the special section. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1446-1448. [PMID: 24939604 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nika Galic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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