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Russell MV, Messer TL, Repert DA, Smith RL, Bartelt-Hunt S, Snow DD, Reed AP. Influence of Four Veterinary Antibiotics on Constructed Treatment Wetland Nitrogen Transformation. TOXICS 2024; 12:346. [PMID: 38787125 PMCID: PMC11125918 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The use of wetlands as a treatment approach for nitrogen in runoff is a common practice in agroecosystems. However, nitrate is not the sole constituent present in agricultural runoff and other biologically active contaminants have the potential to affect nitrate removal efficiency. In this study, the impacts of the combined effects of four common veterinary antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, lincomycin, monensin) on nitrate-N treatment efficiency in saturated sediments and wetlands were evaluated in a coupled microcosm/mesocosm scale experiment. Veterinary antibiotics were hypothesized to significantly impact nitrogen speciation (e.g., nitrate and ammonium) and nitrogen uptake and transformation processes (e.g., plant uptake and denitrification) within the wetland ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, the coupled study had three objectives: 1. assess veterinary antibiotic impact on nitrogen cycle processes in wetland sediments using microcosm incubations, 2. measure nitrate-N reduction in water of floating treatment wetland systems over time following the introduction of veterinary antibiotic residues, and 3. identify the fate of veterinary antibiotics in floating treatment wetlands using mesocosms. Microcosms containing added mixtures of the veterinary antibiotics had little to no effect at lower concentrations but stimulated denitrification potential rates at higher concentrations. Based on observed changes in the nitrogen loss in the microcosm experiments, floating treatment wetland mesocosms were enriched with 1000 μg L-1 of the antibiotic mixture. Rates of nitrate-N loss observed in mesocosms with the veterinary antibiotic enrichment were consistent with the microcosm experiments in that denitrification was not inhibited, even at the high dosage. In the mesocosm experiments, average nitrate-N removal rates were not found to be impacted by the veterinary antibiotics. Further, veterinary antibiotics were primarily found in the roots of the floating treatment wetland biomass, accumulating approximately 190 mg m-2 of the antibiotic mixture. These findings provide new insight into the impact that veterinary antibiotic mixtures may have on nutrient management strategies for large-scale agricultural operations and the potential for veterinary antibiotic removal in these wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. Russell
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, 128 Barnhardt, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Tiffany L. Messer
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, 128 Barnhardt, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Deborah A. Repert
- United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Mission Area, 3215 Marine St., Boulder, CO 80303, USA; (D.A.R.); (R.L.S.); (A.P.R.)
| | - Richard L. Smith
- United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Mission Area, 3215 Marine St., Boulder, CO 80303, USA; (D.A.R.); (R.L.S.); (A.P.R.)
| | - Shannon Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA;
| | - Daniel D. Snow
- School of Natural Resources, East Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 101 Hardin Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Water Sciences Laboratory, East Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1840 N. 37th Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ariel P. Reed
- United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Mission Area, 3215 Marine St., Boulder, CO 80303, USA; (D.A.R.); (R.L.S.); (A.P.R.)
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2
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Mravcová L, Amrichová A, Navrkalová J, Hamplová M, Sedlář M, Gargošová HZ, Fučík J. Optimization and validation of multiresidual extraction methods for pharmaceuticals in Soil, Lettuce, and Earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33120-33140. [PMID: 38676866 PMCID: PMC11133184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The presence of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals (PhACs) in the environment poses potential risks. To comprehensively assess these risks, robust multiresidual analytical methods are essential for determining a broad spectrum of PhAC classes in various environmental compartments (soil, plants, and soil organisms). This study optimized extraction methods for analyzing over 40 PhACs from various matrices, including soil, lettuce, and earthworms. A four-step ultrasonic extraction method with varying extraction conditions and subsequent solid phase extraction was developed for soil samples. QuEChERS methods were optimized for extracting PhACs from lettuce and earthworm samples, addressing a literature gap in these less-studied matrices. The quantification of PhACs in soil, lettuce, and earthworm extracts was performed using a single LC-MS/MS method. Following thorough method validation, earthworms and lettuce were exposed to a mixture of 27 pharmaceuticals in a soil environment. The method validation results demonstrated the robustness of these methods for a broad spectrum of PhACs. Specifically, 29 out of 42 PhACs were extracted with an average efficiency > 50% and RSD < 30% from the soil; 40 out of 42 PhACs exhibited average efficiency > 50% and %RSD < 30% from the earthworms, while 39 out of 42 PhACs showed average efficiency > 50% and RSD < 30% from the lettuce. Exposure experiments confirmed the viability of these methods for quantifying a diverse range of PhACs in different environmental compartments. This study presents three thoroughly validated methods for determining more than 40 PhACs in diverse matrices, enabling a comprehensive assessment of PhAC dissemination in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mravcová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Amrichová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Navrkalová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hamplová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Sedlář
- CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Zlámalová Gargošová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fučík
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Masinga P, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:367. [PMID: 38488937 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Masinga
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Yévenes K, Ibáñez MJ, Pokrant E, Flores A, Maturana M, Maddaleno A, Cornejo J. A Suitable HPLC-MS/MS Methodology for the Detection of Oxytetracycline, Enrofloxacin, and Sulfachloropyridazine Residues in Lettuce Plants. Foods 2024; 13:153. [PMID: 38201182 PMCID: PMC10779216 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC), enrofloxacin (EFX), and sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) are critically important antimicrobials (AMs) in both human and veterinary medicine, where they are widely used in farm animals. Lettuce has become a matrix of choice for studying the presence of residues of these AMs in plants, as the concentrations of residues detected in lettuce can range from ng to mg. While several analytical methodologies have been developed for the purpose of detecting AMs in lettuce, these currently do not detect both the parent compound and its active metabolites or epimers, such as in the case of ciprofloxacin (CFX) and 4-epi-oxitetracycline (4-epi-OTC), which also pose a risk to public health and the environment due to their AM activity. In light of this situation, this work proposes an analytical method that was developed specifically to allow for the detection of OTC, 4-epi-OTC, EFX, CFX, and SCP in a lettuce matrix. This method uses acetonitrile, methanol, 0.5% formic acid, and McIlvaine-EDTA buffer as extraction solvents, and dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) for the clean-up. The analytes were detected using a liquid chromatography technique coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Parameters such as the specificity, linearity, recovery, precision, limit of detection, and limit (LOD) of quantification (LOQ) were calculated according to the recommendations established in the European Union decision 2021/808/EC and VICH GL2: Validation of analytical procedures. The LOQ for the analytes OTC, 4-epi-OTC, CFX, and SCP was 1 μg·kg-1, whereas for EFX, it was 5 μg·kg-1 dry weight. All calibration curves showed a coefficient of determination (R2) of >0.99. The recovery levels ranged from 93.0 to 110.5% and the precision met the acceptance criteria, with a coefficient of variation of ≤14.02%. Therefore, this methodology allows for the precise and reliable detection and quantification of these analytes. The analysis of commercial samples confirmed the suitability of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Yévenes
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
- Doctorate Program of Forestry, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (DCSAV), Southern Campus, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - María José Ibáñez
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrés Flores
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Matías Maturana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (K.Y.); (M.J.I.); (E.P.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (A.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
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Xue W, Yang C, Liu M, Lin X, Wang M, Wang X. Metabolomics Approach on Non-Targeted Screening of 50 PPCPs in Lettuce and Maize. Molecules 2022; 27:4711. [PMID: 35897888 PMCID: PMC9330060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolomics approach has proved to be promising in achieving non-targeted screening for those unknown and unexpected (U&U) contaminants in foods, but data analysis is often the bottleneck of the approach. In this study, a novel metabolomics analytical method via seeking marker compounds in 50 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) as U&U contaminants spiked into lettuce and maize matrices was developed, based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) output results. Three concentration groups (20, 50 and 100 ng mL-1) to simulate the control and experimental groups applied in the traditional metabolomics analysis were designed to discover marker compounds, for which multivariate and univariate analysis were adopted. In multivariate analysis, each concentration group showed obvious separation from other two groups in principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) plots, providing the possibility to discern marker compounds among groups. Parameters including S-plot, permutation test and variable importance in projection (VIP) in OPLS-DA were used for screening and identification of marker compounds, which further underwent pairwise t-test and fold change judgement for univariate analysis. The results indicate that marker compounds on behalf of 50 PPCPs were all discovered in two plant matrices, proving the excellent practicability of the metabolomics approach on non-targeted screening of various U&U PPCPs in plant-derived foods. The limits of detection (LODs) for 50 PPCPs were calculated to be 0.4~2.0 µg kg-1 and 0.3~2.1 µg kg-1 in lettuce and maize matrices, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xue
- Technical Center of Dalian Customs, Dalian 116000, China; (C.Y.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (X.W.)
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Mehrtens A, Licha T, Burke V. Occurrence, effects and behaviour of the antibiotic lincomycin in the agricultural and aquatic environment - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146306. [PMID: 33725600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin, an antibiotic commonly used in veterinary medicine, is frequently detected within the agricultural environment. The active compound enters the aquatic environment after manure application via infiltration or surface run-off, where it may negatively affect non-target organisms and contribute to the development and spread of resistant genes. However, a review on the fate of lincomycin within the agricultural and aquatic environment is lacking. Hence, to provide an overview, the main part of this paper summarizes the current literature on the occurrence, effects and behaviour of lincomycin in all relevant environmental compartments, including manure, soil, surface water and groundwater. Lincomycin was regularly detected in all environmental compartments and even in the food chain, appeared to sorb temporarily and mainly in its cationic microspecies, and dissipated after time periods that could cover days, months, or years, depending on the compartment and conditions. As noticed during the literature research conducted, information on the attenuation of lincomycin in terms of biological degradation in the aquatic environment is widely lacking, although it seems that biodegradation is the major removal mechanism. Therefore, a laboratory study, implemented by means of batch experiments, was carried out in order to evaluate the biological degradation of lincomycin in the aquatic environment. First order degradation started after a start-up phase of 10-14 days with a degradation rate constant of 0.55 d-1 and a half-life time of 30 h. Further, the degradation rate constant was found to be independent of initial concentrations as long as concentrations did not exceed a concentration level at which the bacteria were inhibited, as it was the case in this study at a concentration of 10 mg L-1. Biodegradation was confirmed as an important degradation pathway for LIN in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mehrtens
- Department Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, Institute for Biology and Environmental Science of the Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Uhlhornsweg 84, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Licha
- Department Applied Geology, Geoscience Center of the University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victoria Burke
- Department Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, Institute for Biology and Environmental Science of the Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Uhlhornsweg 84, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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7
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Uptake and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Soil-Plant-Earthworm System. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Albero B, Tadeo JL, Delgado MDM, Miguel E, Pérez RA. Analysis of Multiclass Antibiotics in Lettuce by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Their Plant Uptake. Molecules 2019; 24:E4066. [PMID: 31717615 PMCID: PMC6891457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main entry routes of antibiotics in the environment are the application of organic wastes to improve soil quality and the irrigation with recycled water. Once in the environment, antibiotics can be introduced in the food chain through their uptake by crops. This paper describes the development of an analytical method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction for the determination of seven antibiotics in lettuce. The developed method was applied to evaluate antibiotic uptake by lettuce grown in pots fertilized with composted poultry litter doped with a mixture of antibiotics to reach a final concentration of 2.5 µg/g in soil. Lettuce were harvested after 21, 36, and 55 days. Five of the seven studied antibiotics were found in all samples. The highest uptake was found for lincomycin (51 ng/g fresh weight) followed by sulfamethoxazole (44 ng/g fresh weight) and sulfamethazine (21 ng/g fresh weight) in lettuce harvested after 21 days. An important decrease of their levels was observed after 36 days, but these levels remained similar after 55 days. Although levels found in lettuce were low, the presence of antibiotics demonstrates the need for further assessing food safety risks related with the use of soil amendments or irrigation water contaminated with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosa Ana Pérez
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Agronomía, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.A.); (J.L.T.); (M.d.M.D.); (E.M.)
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Panthi S, Sapkota AR, Raspanti G, Allard SM, Bui A, Craddock HA, Murray R, Zhu L, East C, Handy E, Callahan MT, Haymaker J, Kulkarni P, Anderson B, Craighead S, Gartley S, Vanore A, Betancourt WQ, Duncan R, Foust D, Sharma M, Micallef SA, Gerba C, Parveen S, Hashem F, May E, Kniel K, Pop M, Ravishankar S, Sapkota A. Pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and disinfectants in agricultural water sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 174:1-8. [PMID: 31015109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural water withdrawals account for the largest proportion of global freshwater use. Increasing municipal water demands and droughts are straining agricultural water supplies. Therefore, alternative solutions to agricultural water crises are urgently needed, including the use of nontraditional water sources such as advanced treated wastewater or reclaimed water, brackish water, return flows, and effluent from produce processing facilities. However, it is critical to ensure that such usage does not compromise soil, crop, and public health. Here, we characterized five different nontraditional water types (n = 357 samples) for the presence of pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and disinfectants using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based method (UPLC-MS/MS). We then evaluated whether the levels of these contaminants were influenced by season. The highest level of herbicides (atrazine) was detected in untreated pond water (median concentration 135.9 ng/L). Reclaimed water had the highest levels of antibiotics and stimulants including azithromycin (215 ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (232.1 ng/L), and caffeine (89.4 ng/L). Produce processing plant water also tended to have high levels of atrazine (102.7 ng/L) and ciprofloxacin (80.1 ng/L). In addition, we observed seasonal variability across water types, with the highest atrazine concentrations observed during summer months, while the highest median azithromycin concentrations were observed in reclaimed water during the winter season. Further studies are needed to evaluate if economically feasible on-farm water treatment technologies can effectively remove such contaminants from nontraditional irrigation water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Panthi
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Greg Raspanti
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sarah M Allard
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anthony Bui
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hillary A Craddock
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rianna Murray
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Libin Zhu
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cheryl East
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Eric Handy
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mary Theresa Callahan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2126 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph Haymaker
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brienna Anderson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shani Craighead
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Samantha Gartley
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Adam Vanore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Rico Duncan
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Derek Foust
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2126 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Charles Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Eric May
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Kalmia Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Mihai Pop
- Department of Computer Science & the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, 8223 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sadhana Ravishankar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Tadić Đ, Matamoros V, Bayona JM. Simultaneous determination of multiclass antibiotics and their metabolites in four types of field-grown vegetables. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5209-5222. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A Novel Method to Characterise Levels of Pharmaceutical Pollution in Large-Scale Aquatic Monitoring Campaigns. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Much of the current understanding of pharmaceutical pollution in the aquatic environment is based on research conducted in Europe, North America and other select high-income nations. One reason for this geographic disparity of data globally is the high cost and analytical intensity of the research, limiting accessibility to necessary equipment. To reduce the impact of such disparities, we present a novel method to support large-scale monitoring campaigns of pharmaceuticals at different geographical scales. The approach employs the use of a miniaturised sampling and shipping approach with a high throughput and fully validated direct-injection High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry method for the quantification of 61 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their metabolites in tap, surface, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent and WWTP effluent water collected globally. A 7-day simulated shipping and sample stability assessment was undertaken demonstrating no significant degradation over the 1–3 days which is typical for global express shipping. Linearity (r2) was consistently ≥0.93 (median = 0.99 ± 0.02), relative standard deviation of intra- and inter-day repeatability and precision was <20% for 75% and 68% of the determinations made at three concentrations, respectively, and recovery from Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry grade water, tap water, surface water and WWTP effluent were within an acceptable range of 60–130% for 87%, 76%, 77% and 63% of determination made at three concentrations respectively. Limits of detection and quantification were determined in all validated matrices and were consistently in the ng/L level needed for environmentally relevant API research. Independent validation of method results was obtained via an interlaboratory comparison of three surface-water samples and one WWTP effluent sample collected in North Liberty, Iowa (USA). Samples used for the interlaboratory validation were analysed at the University of York Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry (York, UK) and the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory in Denver (Colorado, USA). These results document the robustness of using this method on a global scale. Such application of this method would essentially eliminate the interlaboratory analytical variability typical of such large-scale datasets where multiple methods were used.
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Albero B, Tadeo JL, Escario M, Miguel E, Pérez RA. Persistence and availability of veterinary antibiotics in soil and soil-manure systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1562-1570. [PMID: 30189572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The availability and persistence of various antibiotics in soil and soil amended with composted poultry manure were investigated through laboratory incubation assays. Six veterinary antibiotics (one fluoroquinolone, two tetracyclines, two sulfonamides and one lincosamide) and one active metabolite (ciprofloxacin) were studied. The incubation assays were conducted at a controlled temperature of 25 °C with different water regimes, such as constant moisture content (80% of water holding capacity) and drying-rewetting cycles. The studied antibiotics were determined in soil and soil aqueous phase samples by LC-MS/MS using internal standards. The results indicated that the highest levels found in the soil aqueous phase were for sulfamethoxazole, followed by sulfamethazine and lincomycin, being very low the levels of chlortetracycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin (≤1.8%). A positive correlation was observed between the antibiotic concentrations and the content of the dissolved organic carbon in soil aqueous phase with the incubation time. An increase in the apparent sorption coefficients of these antibiotics, except chlortetracycline and lincomycin, was observed when the soil was amended with composted manure. Except for fluoroquinolones, with remaining residues around 70% after 90 days of incubation, a fast dissipation of antibiotics was observed during the assay, with half-lives ranging from 8 to 27 days. These values increased between 6% and 53% in manure amended soil; nevertheless, half-lives remained short (9 days and 27 days for lincomycin and sulfamethazine, respectively). Similar results were obtained with soil under drying-rewetting cycles showing somewhat lower values in soil aqueous phase and slightly shorter half-lives in some cases. The results obtained pointed out that the route of entry of antibiotics into the soil, through recycled water or manure, may have an important effect on their behavior, particularly regarding their availability in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Albero
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Tadeo
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Escario
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Miguel
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Pérez
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Sallach JB, Hodges L, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Eskridge KM, Li X. Effects of soil texture and drought stress on the uptake of antibiotics and the internalization of Salmonella in lettuce following wastewater irrigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:523-31. [PMID: 26552531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater is expected to be increasingly used as an alternative source of irrigation water in areas facing fresh water scarcity. Understanding the behaviors of contaminants from wastewater in soil and plants following irrigation is critical to assess and manage the risks associated with wastewater irrigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil texture and drought stress on the uptake of antibiotics and the internalization of human pathogens into lettuce through root uptake following wastewater irrigation. Lettuce grown in three soils with variability in soil texture (loam, sandy loam, and sand) and under different levels of water stress (no drought control, mild drought, and severe drought) were irrigated with synthetic wastewater containing three antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, lincomycin and oxytetracycline) and one Salmonella strain a single time prior to harvest. Antibiotic uptake in lettuce was compound-specific and generally low. Only sulfamethoxazole was detected in lettuce with increasing uptake corresponding to increasing sand content in soil. Increased drought stress resulted in increased uptake of lincomycin and decreased uptake of oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. The internalization of Salmonella was highly dependent on the concentration of the pathogen in irrigation water. Irrigation water containing 5 Log CFU/mL Salmonella resulted in limited incidence of internalization. When irrigation water contained 8 Log CFU/mL Salmonella, the internalization frequency was significantly higher in lettuce grown in sand than in loam (p = 0.009), and was significantly higher in lettuce exposed to severe drought than in unstressed lettuce (p = 0.049). This work demonstrated how environmental factors affected the risk of contaminant uptake by food crops following wastewater irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Laurie Hodges
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Kent M Eskridge
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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