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Lu Y, Wang S, Shen Y. Theoretical insights of the pharmaceutical compound fluoxetine in water: Role in direct photolysis and indirect photolysis by free radicals. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 142:269-278. [PMID: 38527892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The frequent detection of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment has led to a growing awareness, which may pose a major threat to the aquatic environment. In this study, photodegradation (direct and indirect photolysis) of two different dissociation states of fluoxetine (FLU) was investigated in water, mainly including the determination of photolytic transition states and products, and the mechanisms of indirect photodegradation with ·OH, CO3*- and NO3*. The main direct photolysis pathways are defluorination and C-C bond cleavage. In addition, the indirect photodegradation of FLU in water is mainly through the reactions with ·OH and NO3*, and the photodegradation reaction with CO3*- is relatively difficult to occur in the water environment. Our results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the phototransformation process of FLU in the water environment and assessing its potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Se Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yifan Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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2
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Merkus VI, Leupold MS, Rockel SP, Schmidt TC. Ozonation products of purine derivatives, the basic structures of antiviral micropollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169073. [PMID: 38049003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Purine and its nucleobases adenine and guanine are the basic structures of a large group of antiviral agents such as acyclovir and penciclovir. Hence, their ozonation is of interest with regard to wastewater treatment due to the formation of products that could affect the aquatic environment. In this study, the transformation products of the mentioned substances are investigated under different defined reaction conditions in order to gain insight into the ozonation characteristics of this compound class. Results show that examining related molecules significantly improves product screening by compiling known products and analogues leading to comprehensive candidate lists, for the purines with a total number of >120 candidates (including possible duplicates for several purines) of which 49 were detected for the derivatives studied. One product, cyanuric acid, which was previously postulated for adenine, was tentatively confirmed and quantified for the first time for the reaction of purine and adenine with ozone. In addition, two prioritisation approaches are presented to identify the major products that are either formed under specific reaction conditions or are potentially relevant for structurally related pollutants. First, principal component analysis allowed the prioritisation of the products formed according to reaction conditions. In the analysis of guanine and the two antivirals, this approach showed that at neutral and basic pH the 2-imino-5-oxoimidazoline products dominated while at acidic pH either analogues of 5-amino-2,4-imidazolidinedione or 2,4-diamino-1,3-oxazol-5-(2H)-one were abundant. A second approach prioritising common products in the ozonation of all three basic structures revealed the formation of two products that had not been reported before: C4H8O3 and C3H2N2O3, presumably oxalylurea. Both molecules or their analogues may also be formed from related micropollutants. Overall, examining basic structures and exemplary micropollutants in combination was shown to be a worthwhile approach to gain knowledge on the ozonation of a whole range of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina I Merkus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael S Leupold
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah P Rockel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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3
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Wei X, Li C, Gao N. Degradation of Acyclovir by Zero-valent Iron Activated Persulfate Oxidation: Kinetics and Pathways Research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47585-47597. [PMID: 35184241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is a commonly used antiviral drug; however, its poor bioavailability can lead to at least ng/L level residue in natural water. Sulfate radical, produced from persulfate (PS) by zero-valent iron (ZVI) activation, was demonstrated to effectively degrade ACV in this study. Influencing parameters, including ZVI dose, PS usage, initial ACV concentration, solution pH, and temperature, were evaluated to find the optimal degradation conditions. Intermediates were identified and main degradation pathways were proposed. Experiments showed that ACV degradation by ZVI/PS oxidation followed a pseudo zero-order reaction well (R2 > 0.99). At pH ≦ 9, the optimal combination was 0.4 mM PS with 1.2 mM ZVI, in order to completely remove 10 μM ACV during 60-min reaction. Heat activation of PS would hinder the effect of ZVI if temperature was 45 °C or above. ACV could be oxidized to four major degradation products, including methoxyacetic acid (P1, C3H6O3, m/z = 91), 1,1,2-trinitroethane (P2, C2H3N3O6, m/z = 165), trinitromethane (P3, CHN3O6, m/z = 151), and dinitromethane (P4, CH2N2O4, m/z = 105). Though the mineralization rate was not high (about 24.0%), ZVI/PS oxidation was proved to be an available treatment method for ACV-induced water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Wei
- College of Civil and Traffic Engineering, Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Changjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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4
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An J, Li Y, Chen W, Li G, He J, Feng H. Electrochemically-deposited PANI on iron mesh-based metal-organic framework with enhanced visible-light response towards elimination of thiamphenicol and E. coli. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110067. [PMID: 32818501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging class of porous materials that attracted tremendous attention as eco-friendly photocatalysts. However, poor charge separation in most MOFs largely thwarts their photocatalytic performance. In this work, Materials of Institut Lavoisier-100(Fe) (MIL-100 (Fe)) based on iron mesh was successfully fabricated by in situ growth. MIL-100(Fe) doped with polyaniline, namely MIL-100(Fe)/PANI, were then fabricated by galvanostatic deposition followed by annealing. Compared to pure MIL-100(Fe), MIL-100(Fe)/PANI composites exhibited excellent photocatalytic performances towards Thiamphenicol (TAP) degradation and Escherichia coli (E. Coli.) inactivation. The apparent rate constant, k, for TAP elimination of the MIL-100(Fe)/PANI composites with H2O2 is approximately 3 times as high as that of pure MIL-100(Fe). The electrochemical studies showed enhanced photocatalytic performances, which can be attributed to the electronic conductivity of PANI polymers. Quenching experiments, fluorescent tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) all suggested ⋅O2-, e-, ⋅OH and h+ as reactive oxidizing species (ROSs) involved in the photocatalytic process, where ⋅OH played the predominant ROSs. The transformation products of TAP were also isolated and characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and transformation pathways of TAP under Vis/MIL-100(Fe)/PANI/H2O2 were tentatively clarified based on involved intermediates. Herein, MOFs conjugated conductive polymers nanocomposites look promising as efficient photocatalysts for organic pollutants degradation and bacteria inactivation. This work could offer novel strategies for the development of heterojunction composites with enhanced photocatalytic performances for better environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin An
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies of Chongqing, College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
| | - Yanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies of Chongqing, College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies of Chongqing, College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Jiahong He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies of Chongqing, College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, PR China
| | - Huixia Feng
- Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
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Chen Y, Hozalski RM, Olmanson LG, Page BP, Finlay JC, Brezonik PL, Arnold WA. Prediction of Photochemically Produced Reactive Intermediates in Surface Waters via Satellite Remote Sensing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6671-6681. [PMID: 32383589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Absorption of solar radiation by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in surface waters results in the formation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs) that react with pollutants in water. Knowing the steady-state concentrations of PPRIs ([PPRI]ss) is critical to predicting the persistence of pollutants in sunlit surface waters. CDOM levels (a440) can be measured remotely for lakes over large areas using satellite imagery. Laboratory measurements of [PPRI]ss and apparent quantum yields (Φ) of three PPRIs (3DOM*, 1O2, and •OH) were made for 24 lake samples under simulated sunlight. The total rate of light absorption by the water samples (Ra), the rates of formation (Rf), and [PPRI]ss of 3DOM* and 1O2 linearly increased with increasing a440. The production rate of •OH was linearly correlated with a440, but the steady-state concentration was best fit by a logarithmic function. The relationship between measured a440 and Landsat 8 reflectance was used to map a440 for more than 10 000 lakes across Minnesota. Relationships of a440 with Rf, [PPRIs]ss, and Ra were coupled with satellite-based a440 assessments to map reactive species production rates and concentrations as well as contaminant transformation rates. This study demonstrates the potential for using satellite imagery for estimating contaminant loss via indirect photolysis in lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Chen
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| | - Raymond M Hozalski
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| | - Leif G Olmanson
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6112, United States
| | - Benjamin P Page
- Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, 1985 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6112, United States
| | - Jacques C Finlay
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6097, United States
| | - Patrick L Brezonik
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
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Zhou C, Xie Q, Wang J, Chen X, Niu J, Chen J. Effects of dissolved organic matter derived from freshwater and seawater on photodegradation of three antiviral drugs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113700. [PMID: 31838398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most important light absorber that may induce indirect photolytic transformation of organic pollutants in natural waters. In this study, effects of DOM derived from freshwater and seawater on the photodegradation of three antiviral drugs acyclovir, lamivudine and zidovudine were investigated. Results show that the photodegradation of acyclovir is promoted mainly by excited triplet states DOM (3DOM*), and the photodegradation of lamivudine is accelerated by 3DOM*, •OH and 1O2 together; however, the photodegradation of zidovudine is inhibited by DOM mainly via light screening. Compared with DOM from freshwater, promotion effect of DOM extracted from seawater (SDOM) on the photodegradation of acyclovir and lamivudine is weaker, which is attributed to lower productivity of reactive intermediates. On the other hand, inhibitory effect of SDOM on the photodegradation of zidovudine is also weaker, which is due to weaker light screening caused by lower light absorption. Photodegradation half-lives of the three antiviral drugs are predicted to be all more than 20 days in freshwater and seawater bodies of the Yellow River estuarine region. These findings are significant for understanding the phototransformation processes of antiviral drugs and other organic pollutants in estuarine and coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China; Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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7
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O'Connor M, Helal SR, Latch DE, Arnold WA. Quantifying photo-production of triplet excited states and singlet oxygen from effluent organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 156:23-33. [PMID: 30903967 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The organic matter present in wastewater effluents (EfOM), is likely to have different properties than the organic matter present in the receiving water. The properties of EfOM will affect the fate of contaminants of emerging concern because EfOM is a source of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs) capable of transforming contaminants. Effluent water samples were taken seasonally from sixteen wastewater treatment plants in Minnesota and two effluent dominated rivers in California and Arizona. Samples (n = 94) were tested for water chemistry, light absorption characteristics, and excited state triplet organic matter (3EfOM∗) and singlet oxygen (1O2) production. Based on analysis of spectral parameters, EfOM had higher molecular weight and lower aromatic content than organic matter present in stormwaters from Minnesota, which are representative of human-impacted natural organic matter (NOM) containing waters. The second order rate constant for the reaction of the 3EfOM∗ probe 2,4,6-trimethylephenol (kT,TMP) for the effluents was 7.79 (±3.03) × 108 M-1s-1, and this value was used to calculate apparent quantum yields for 3EfOM∗ production, which ranged from 0.006 to 0.114. The quantum yield for the production of singlet oxygen ranged from 0.007 to 0.064. Processes in the wastewater treatment train, season, and water chemistry parameters did not serve as predictors of 3EfOM∗ or 1O2 production. Among the parameters measured, Spearman rank correlations were strongest between quantum yields of 1O2 and 3EfOM∗ and E2/E3 (absorption at 250 nm/absorption at 365 nm). This relationship, however, is weaker than that previously observed for NOM. The efficiency of 1O2 production from 3EfOM∗ was 54%. Results indicate that 2,4,6-trimethylphenol samples nearly all of the triplets in EfOM that have sufficient energy to produce 1O2, which may not be the case for NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O'Connor
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Samantha R Helal
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Douglas E Latch
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University, 901 12th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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An J, Xia C, He J, Feng H. Oxidation of propyl paraben by ferrate(VI): Kinetics, products, and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:873-882. [PMID: 29672207 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1459074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Propyl paraben (propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, PPB), one of the typically used paraben species in various pharmaceutical and personal care products, has been found in different aquatic environment, which could affect the water quality and human health. In this paper, the degradation of PPB by aqueous ferrate (Fe(VI)) was investigated in different water matrix and reaction kinetics as a function of pH was determined. Intermediate products of the degradation process were isolated and characterized by the high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry techniques. Acute and chronic toxicities during water treatment of PPB using Fe(VI) were calculated using the ECOSAR program at three trophic levels. The obtained apparent second-order rate constant (kapp) for PPB reaction with Fe(VI) ranged from 99.6 ± 0.4 M-1 s-1 to 15.0 ± 0.1 M-1 s-1 with the half-life (t1/2) ranging from 154 s to 1026 s at pH 6.5-10.0 for an Fe(VI) concentration of 600 μM. The proposed pathway for the oxidation of PPB by Fe(VI) involves one electron transfer of phenoxyl radical and breaking of the ether bond. In general, the oxidation of PPB by ferrate resulted in a significant decrease in toxicity at three trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin An
- a Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences , Yongchuan , Chongqing , China
| | - Chunqiu Xia
- a Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences , Yongchuan , Chongqing , China
| | - Jiahong He
- a Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences , Yongchuan , Chongqing , China
| | - Huixia Feng
- b School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology , LanZhou , China
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Zhou C, Chen J, Xie H, Zhang YN, Li Y, Wang Y, Xie Q, Zhang S. Modeling photodegradation kinetics of organic micropollutants in water bodies: A case of the Yellow River estuary. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 349:60-67. [PMID: 29414753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Predicting photodegradation rate constants (k) of pollutants in water bodies is important for assessing their persistence and fate. This prediction used to be based on the k values determined under laboratory conditions that seldom consider underwater downward sunlight attenuation in the field. We studied a procedure to predict k taking the Yellow River estuary and two model chemicals (sulfamethoxazole and acyclovir) as a case. Models were developed for predicting underwater sunlight intensities from optically-active substances. Based on the predicted underwater sunlight intensities, hourly variation of k for the model compounds was predicted as a function of water depth, for a fresh water, an estuarine water and a seawater body in the estuary. Results show that photodegradation half-lives (t1/2) of the two compounds will be underestimated by dozens of times if underwater downward sunlight attenuation and intensity variation are not considered. Outdoor validation experiments show the maximum deviation between the predicted and measured k values is a factor of 2. The developed models can be employed to predict k of environmental chemicals in coastal water bodies once they are locally calibrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Huaijun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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10
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Gonzalez DH, Kuang XM, Scott JA, Rocha GO, Paulson SE. Terephthalate Probe for Hydroxyl Radicals: Yield of 2-Hydroxyterephthalic Acid and Transition Metal Interference. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1431246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Gonzalez
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xiaobi M. Kuang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John A. Scott
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Suzanne E. Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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