1
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Vione D, Arey JS, Parkerton TF, Redman AD. Direct and indirect photodegradation in aquatic systems mitigates photosensitized toxicity in screening-level substance risk assessments of selected petrochemical structures. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121677. [PMID: 38728777 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical processes are typically not incorporated in screening-level substance risk assessments due to the complexity of modeling sunlight co-exposures and resulting interactions on environmental fate and effects. However, for many substances, sunlight exerts a profound influence on environmental degradation rates and ecotoxicities. Recent modeling advances provide an improved technical basis for estimating the effect of sunlight in modulating both substance exposure and toxicity in the aquatic environment. Screening model simulations were performed for 25 petrochemical structures with varied uses and environmental fate properties. Model predictions were evaluated by comparing the ratios of predicted exposure concentrations with and without light to the corresponding ratios of toxicity thresholds under the same conditions. The relative ratios of exposure and hazard in light vs. dark were then used to evaluate how inclusion of light modulates substance risk analysis. Results indicated that inclusion of light reduced PECs by factors ranging from 1.1- to 63-fold as a result of photodegradation, while reducing PNECs by factors ranging from 1- to 49-fold due to photoenhanced toxicity caused by photosensitization. Consequently, the presence of light altered risk quotients by factors that ranged from 0.1- to 17-fold, since the predicted increase in substance hazard was mitigated by the reduction in exposure. For many structures, indirect photodegradation decreases environmental exposures independently of the direct photolysis pathway which is associated with enhanced phototoxicity. For most of the scenarios and chemicals in the present work, photosensitization appears to be mitigated by direct and indirect degradation from sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc Annandale, NJ USA 08801.
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2
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French-McCay DP, Robinson HJ, Adams JE, Frediani MA, Murphy MJ, Morse C, Gloekler M, Parkerton TF. Parsing the toxicity paradox: Composition and duration of exposure alter predicted oil spill effects by orders of magnitude. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116285. [PMID: 38555802 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Oil spilled into an aquatic environment produces oil droplet and dissolved component concentrations and compositions that are highly variable in space and time. Toxic effects on aquatic biota vary with sensitivity of the organism, concentration, composition, environmental conditions, and frequency and duration of exposure to the mixture of oil-derived dissolved compounds. For a range of spill (surface, subsea, blowout) and oil types under different environmental conditions, modeling of oil transport, fate, and organism behavior was used to quantify expected exposures over time for planktonic, motile, and stationary organisms. Different toxicity models were applied to these exposure time histories to characterize the influential roles of composition, concentration, and duration of exposure on aquatic toxicity. Misrepresenting these roles and exposures can affect results by orders of magnitude. Well-characterized laboratory studies for <24-hour exposures are needed to improve toxicity predictions of the typically short-term exposures that characterize spills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie E Adams
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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3
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Nordborg FM, Brinkman DL, Fisher R, Parkerton TF, Oelgemöller M, Negri AP. Effects of aromatic hydrocarbons and evaluation of oil toxicity modelling for larvae of a tropical coral. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115610. [PMID: 37804672 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of oil toxicity modelling for assessing the risk of spills to coral reefs remains uncertain due to a lack of data for key tropical species and environmental conditions. In this study, larvae of the coral Acropora millepora were exposed to six aromatic hydrocarbons individually to generate critical target lipid body burdens (CTLBBs). Larval metamorphosis was inhibited by all six aromatic hydrocarbons, while larval survival was only affected at concentrations >2000 μg L-1. The derived metamorphosis CTLBB of 9.7 μmol g-1 octanol indicates larvae are more sensitive than adult corals, and places A. millepora larvae among the most sensitive organisms in the target lipid model (TLM) databases. Larvae were also more sensitive to anthracene and pyrene when co-exposed to ecologically relevant levels of ultraviolet radiation. The results suggest that the application of the phototoxic TLM would be protective of A. millepora larvae, provided adequate chemical and light data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mikaela Nordborg
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; College of Science & Engineering, Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Diane L Brinkman
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Michael Oelgemöller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH-University of Applied Sciences, D-65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Andrew P Negri
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Alloy MM, Finch BE, Ward CP, Redman AD, Bejarano AC, Barron MG. Recommendations for advancing test protocols examining the photo-induced toxicity of petroleum and polycyclic aromatic compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106390. [PMID: 36709615 PMCID: PMC10519366 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced toxicity of petroleum products and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the enhanced toxicity caused by their interaction with ultraviolet radiation and occurs by two distinct mechanisms: photosensitization and photomodification. Laboratory approaches for designing, conducting, and reporting of photo-induced toxicity studies are reviewed and recommended to enhance the original Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Research Forum (CROSERF) protocols which did not address photo-induced toxicity. Guidance is provided on conducting photo-induced toxicity tests, including test species, endpoints, experimental design and dosing, light sources, irradiance measurement, chemical characterization, and data reporting. Because of distinct mechanisms, aspects of photosensitization (change in compound energy state) and photomodification (change in compound structure) are addressed separately, and practical applications in laboratory and field studies and advances in predictive modeling are discussed. One goal for developing standardized testing protocols is to support lab-to-field extrapolations, which in the case of petroleum substances often requires a modeling framework to account for differential physicochemical properties of the constituents. Recommendations are provided to promote greater standardization of laboratory studies on photo-induced toxicity, thus facilitating comparisons across studies and generating data needed to improve models used in oil spill science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Alloy
- Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Bryson E Finch
- Department of Ecology, State of Washington, Lacey, WA, USA
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mace G Barron
- Office of Research & Development, US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
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5
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French-McCay DP, Parkerton TF, de Jourdan B. Bridging the lab to field divide: Advancing oil spill biological effects models requires revisiting aquatic toxicity testing. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106389. [PMID: 36702035 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil fate and exposure modeling addresses the complexities of oil composition, weathering, partitioning in the environment, and the distributions and behaviors of aquatic biota to estimate exposure histories, i.e., oil component concentrations and environmental conditions experienced over time. Several approaches with increasing levels of complexity (i.e., aquatic toxicity model tiers, corresponding to varying purposes and applications) have been and continue to be developed to predict adverse effects resulting from these exposures. At Tiers 1 and 2, toxicity-based screening thresholds for assumed representative oil component compositions are used to inform spill response and risk evaluations, requiring limited toxicity data, analytical oil characterizations, and computer resources. Concentration-response relationships are employed in Tier 3 to quantify effects of assumed oil component mixture compositions. Oil spill modeling capabilities presently allow predictions of spatial and temporal compositional changes during exposure, which support mixture-based modeling frameworks. Such approaches rely on summed effects of components using toxic units to enable more realistic analyses (Tier 4). This review provides guidance for toxicological studies to inform the development of, provide input to, and validate Tier 4 aquatic toxicity models for assessing oil spill effects on aquatic biota. Evaluation of organisms' exposure histories using a toxic unit model reflects the current state-of the-science and provides an improved approach for quantifying effects of oil constituents on aquatic organisms. Since the mixture compositions in toxicity tests are not representative of field exposures, modelers rely on studies using single compounds to build toxicity models accounting for the additive effects of dynamic mixture exposures that occur after spills. Single compound toxicity data are needed to quantify the influence of exposure duration and modifying environmental factors (e.g., temperature, light) on observed effects for advancing use of this framework. Well-characterized whole oil bioassay data should be used to validate and refine these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P French-McCay
- RPS Ocean Science, 55 Village Square Drive, South Kingstown, Rhode Island 02879, United States.
| | - Thomas F Parkerton
- EnviSci Consulting, LLC, 5900 Balcones Dr, Suite 100, Austin, Texas 77433, United States
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
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6
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Sun K, Song Y, He F, Jing M, Tang J, Liu R. A review of human and animals exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Health risk and adverse effects, photo-induced toxicity and regulating effect of microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145403. [PMID: 33582342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most widely distributed persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environmental media. PAHs have been widely concerned due to their significant health risk and adverse effects to human and animals. Currently, the main sources of PAHs in the environment are the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, as well as municipal waste incineration and agricultural non-surface source emissions. In this work, the scope of our attention includes 16 typical PAHs themselves without involving their metabolites and industrial by-products. Exposure of human and animals to PAHs can lead to a variety of adverse effects, including carcinogenicity and teratogenicity, genotoxicity, reproductive- and endocrine-disrupting effects, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity, the type and severity of which depend on a variety of factors. On the other hand, the regulatory effect of microplastics (MPs) on the bio-toxicity and bioaccumulation capacity of PAHs has now gradually attracted attention. We critically reviewed the adsorption capacity and mechanisms of MPs on PAHs as well as the effects of MPs on PAHs toxicity, thus highlighting the importance of paying attention to the joint bio-toxicity caused by PAHs-MPs interactions. In addition, due to the extensive nature of the common exposure pathway of PAHs and ultraviolet ray, an accurate understanding of biological processes exposed to both PAHs and UV light is necessary to develop effective protective strategies. Finally, based on the above critical review, we highlighted the research gaps and pointed out the priority of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China
| | - Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Mingyang Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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7
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Renegar DA, Turner NR. Species sensitivity assessment of five Atlantic scleractinian coral species to 1-methylnaphthalene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:529. [PMID: 33436804 PMCID: PMC7804185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are keystone coastal ecosystems that are at risk of exposure to petroleum from a range of sources, and are one of the highest valued natural resources for protection in Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) in oil spill response. Previous research evaluating dissolved hydrocarbon impacts to corals reflected no clear characterization of sensitivity, representing an important knowledge gap in oil spill preparedness related to the potential impact of oil spills to the coral animal and its photosymbiont zooxanthellae. This research addresses this gap, using a standardized toxicity protocol to evaluate effects of a dissolved reference hydrocarbon on scleractinian corals. The relative sensitivity of five Atlantic scleractinian coral species to hydrocarbon exposure was assessed with 48-h assays using the reference polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1-methylnaphthalene, based on physical coral condition, mortality, and photosynthetic efficiency. The threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis was found to be the most sensitive to 1-methylnaphthalene exposure. Overall, the acute and subacute endpoints indicated that the tested coral species were comparatively more resilient to hydrocarbon exposure than other marine species. These results provide a framework for the prediction of oil spill impacts and impact thresholds on the coral animal and related habitats, essential for informing oil spill response in coastal tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abigail Renegar
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania, FL, USA.
| | - Nicholas R Turner
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania, FL, USA
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8
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Nordborg FM, Jones RJ, Oelgemöller M, Negri AP. The effects of ultraviolet radiation and climate on oil toxicity to coral reef organisms - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137486. [PMID: 32325569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oil pollution remains a significant local threat to shallow tropical coral reef environments, but the environmental conditions typical of coral reefs are rarely considered in oil toxicity testing and risk assessments. Here we review the effects of three environmental co-factors on petroleum oil toxicity towards coral reef organisms, and show that the impacts of oil pollution on coral reef taxa can be exacerbated by environmental conditions commonly encountered in tropical reef environments. Shallow reefs are routinely exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which can substantially increase the toxicity of some oil components through phototoxicity. Exposure to UVR represents the most likely and harmful environmental co-factor reviewed here, leading to an average toxicity increase of 7.2-fold across all tests reviewed. The clear relevance of UVR co-exposure and its strong influence on tropical reef oil toxicity highlights the need to account for UVR as a standard practice in future oil toxicity studies. Indeed, quantifying the influence of UVR on toxic thresholds of oil to coral reef species is essential to develop credible oil spill risk models required for oil extraction developments, shipping management and spill responses in the tropics. The few studies available indicate that co-exposure to elevated temperature and low pH, both within the range of current daily and seasonal fluctuations and/or projected under continued climate change, can increase oil toxicity on average by 3.0- and 1.3-fold, respectively. While all three of the reviewed environmental co-factors have the potential to substantially increase the impacts of oil pollution in shallow reef environments, their simultaneous effects have not been investigated. Assessments of the combined effects of oil pollution, UVR, temperature and low pH will become increasingly important to identify realistic hazard thresholds suitable for future risk assessments over the coming century.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mikaela Nordborg
- James Cook University, College of Science & Engineering, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia; AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ross J Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- James Cook University, College of Science & Engineering, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Artifon V, Zanardi-Lamardo E, Fillmann G. Aquatic organic matter: Classification and interaction with organic microcontaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1620-1635. [PMID: 30308930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter (OM) in aquatic system is originated from autochthonous and allochthonous natural sources as well as anthropogenic inputs, and can be found in dissolved, particulate or colloidal form. According to the type/composition, OM can be divided in non-humic substances (NHS) or humic substances (HS). The present review focuses on the main groups that constitute the NHS (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and lignin) and their role as chemical biomarkers, as well as the main characteristics of HS are presented. HS functions, properties and mechanisms are discussed, in addition to their association to the fate, bioavailability, and toxicity of organic microcontaminants in the aquatic systems. Despite the growing diversity and potential impacts of organic microcontaminants to the aquatic environment, limited information is available about their association with OM. A protective effect is, however, normally seen since the presence of OM (HS mainly) may reduce bioavailability and, consequently, the concentration of organic microcontaminants within the organism. It may also affect the toxicity by either absorbing ultraviolet radiation incidence and, then, reducing the formation of phototoxic compounds, or by increasing the oxygen reactive species and, thus, affecting the decomposition of natural and anthropogenic organic compounds. In addition, the outcome data is hard to compare since each study follows unique experimental protocols. The often use of commercial humic acid (Aldrich) as a generic source of OM in studies can also hinder comparisons since differences in composition makes this type of OM not representative of any aquatic environment. Thus, the current challenge is find out how this clear fragmentation can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Artifon
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Marzooghi S, Finch BE, Stubblefield WA, Di Toro DM. Predicting phototoxicity of alkylated PAHs, mixtures of PAHs, and water accommodated fractions (WAF) of neat and weathered petroleum with the phototoxic target lipid model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2165-2174. [PMID: 29777583 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of petroleum can increase considerably after exposure to solar radiation, during which certain components in the mixture, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), absorb light in ultraviolet and visible portions of the solar radiation spectrum. A phototoxic target lipid model (PTLM), previously developed to predict the phototoxicity of single PAHs, is validated for 4 species (Americamysis bahia, Rhepoxynius abronius, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas) exposed to 12 compounds that are components of petroleum, including alkylated PAHs and dibenzothiophene. The PTLM is also used to predict the phototoxicity of binary and ternary mixtures of 3 PAHs, pyrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene, to A. bahia and Menidia beryllina. Finally, it is used to predict the toxicity of water accommodated fractions of neat and naturally weathered Macondo crude oil samples from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill sites. The Gulf of Mexico species, including A. bahia, M. beryllina, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Fundulus grandis were exposed to the oil samples under natural and simulated solar radiation. The results support the applicability of the PTLM for predicting the phototoxicity of petroleum. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2165-2174. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Marzooghi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Bryson E Finch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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11
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Phototoxic effects of two common marine fuels on the settlement success of the coral Acropora tenuis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8635. [PMID: 29872088 PMCID: PMC5988723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are at risk of exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons from shipping spills and uncontrolled discharges during extraction. The toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons can substantially increase in the presence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), therefore spills in shallow coral reef environments may be particularly hazardous to reef species. Here we investigated the sensitivity of coral larvae (Acropora tenuis) to dissolved hydrocarbons from heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel in the absence and presence of UVR. Larval settlement success decreased with increasing concentrations of dissolved HFO, and co-exposure to UVR doubled the toxicity: 50% effect concentrations (EC50) decreased from 96 (−UVR) to 51 (+UVR) total petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH). Toxic thresholds for HFO were similar to concentrations reported during marine spills: EC10s of 24 (−UVR) and 15 (+UVR) µg l−1. While less toxic, diesel also reduced settlement and exhibited phototoxicity: EC10s of 122 (+UVR) and 302 (−UVR) µg l−1. This study demonstrates that the presence of UVR increases the hazard posed by oil pollution to tropical, shallow-water coral reefs. Further research on the effects of oils in the presence of UVR is needed to improve the environmental relevance of risk assessments and ensure appropriate protection for shallow reef environments against oil pollution.
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12
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McGrath JA, Fanelli CJ, Di Toro DM, Parkerton TF, Redman AD, Paumen ML, Comber M, Eadsforth CV, den Haan K. Re-evaluation of target lipid model-derived HC5 predictions for hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1579-1593. [PMID: 29352727 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The target lipid model (TLM) has been previously applied to predict the aquatic toxicity of hydrocarbons and other nonionic organic chemicals and for deriving the concentrations above which 95% of species should be protected (HC5 values). Several concerns have been identified with the TLM-derived HC5 when it is applied in a substance risk assessment context. These shortcomings were addressed by expanding the acute and chronic toxicity databases to include more diverse taxonomic groups and increase the number of species. The TLM was recalibrated with these expanded databases, resulting in critical target lipid body burdens and acute-to-chronic ratios that met the required guidelines for using species sensitivity distributions in substance risk assessment. The HC5 equation was further revised to consider covarying model parameters. The calculated HC5 values derived from the revised TLM framework were validated using an independent data set for hydrocarbons comprising 106 chronic values across plants, invertebrates, and fish. Assuming a sum binomial distribution, the 95% confidence limit for a 5% failure is between 0.8 and 9.2%. Eight chronic values fell below the HC5, corresponding to an excursion of 7.5%, which falls within the expected uncertainty bounds. Thus, calculated HC5s derived from the revised TLM framework were found to be consistent with the intended protection goals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1579-1593. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Mike Comber
- Mike Comber Consulting, Exeter, United Kingdom
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13
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Luo S, Wei Z, Spinney R, Zhang Z, Dionysiou DD, Gao L, Chai L, Wang D, Xiao R. UV direct photolysis of sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen: An experimental and modelling study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 343:132-139. [PMID: 28942186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation characteristics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) during UV irradiation are of practical and scientific importance in selecting operational parameters during water treatment processes. In this study, the molar extinction coefficient (ε), quantum yield (φ), and degradation kinetics of neutral/anionic forms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ibuprofen (IBU) were compared by varying solution pH. The degradation kinetics of the target compounds were observed to reversely correlate to the energy gap between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) values of the target compounds. Then, a kinetic model for predicting the direct photolytic rates at different solution pH was established based on ε and φ of neutral/anionic species. The root mean squared errors for the modeled values suggest that the model exhibits good predictive power. Finally, in order to evaluate the electrical energy consumption during the UV direct photolysis process, the electrical energy per order (EE/O) was assessed. The experimental and modelling results are important to elucidate the mechanism of degradation of target PPCPs under UV irradiation and allow for the selection of optimal conditions in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Luo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zulin Zhang
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Lingwei Gao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
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14
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Finch BE, Marzooghi S, Di Toro DM, Stubblefield WA. Phototoxic potential of undispersed and dispersed fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils to Gulf of Mexico Marine Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2640-2650. [PMID: 28418080 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crude oils contain a mixture of hydrocarbons, including phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that have the ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. Absorption of UV light by PAHs can substantially increase their toxicity to marine organisms. The objective of the present study was to examine the potential for phototoxicity of fresh and naturally weathered Macondo crude oils alone and in combination with the dispersant Corexit 9500 to mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia), inland silverside (Menidia beryllina), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). Acute toxicity tests were conducted using combinations of natural or artificial sunlight and low-energy water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Studies were also conducted to compare the phototoxicity resulting from natural and artificial sunlight. Fresh Macondo crude oil was more phototoxic than weathered crude oils, both in the presence and in the absence of UV light. Differences in toxicity between fresh and weathered crude oils were likely attributed to lighter-ringed PAHs in fresh crude oils. Phototoxic PAHs were relatively resistant to weathering compared with lighter-ringed PAHs. The addition of Corexit 9500 to crude oil increased toxicity compared with tests with crude oil alone, by increasing phototoxic PAH concentrations in WAFs. Macondo crude oils had the potential to be phototoxic to Gulf of Mexico marine organisms if specific light conditions and PAH concentrations were present during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2640-2650. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson E Finch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Solmaz Marzooghi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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15
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Finch BE, Marzooghi S, Di Toro DM, Stubblefield WA. Evaluation of the phototoxicity of unsubstituted and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia): Validation of predictive models. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2043-2049. [PMID: 28059489 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Crude oils are composed of an assortment of hydrocarbons, some of which are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are of particular interest due to their narcotic and potential phototoxic effects. Several studies have examined the phototoxicity of individual PAHs and fresh and weathered crude oils, and several models have been developed to predict PAH toxicity. Fingerprint analyses of oils have shown that PAHs in crude oils are predominantly alkylated. However, current models for estimating PAH phototoxicity assume toxic equivalence between unsubstituted (i.e., parent) and alkyl-substituted compounds. This approach may be incorrect if substantial differences in toxic potency exist between unsubstituted and substituted PAHs. The objective of the present study was to examine the narcotic and photo-enhanced toxicity of commercially available unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs to mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia). Data were used to validate predictive models of phototoxicity based on the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap approach and to develop relative effect potencies. Results demonstrated that photo-enhanced toxicity increased with increasing methylation and that phototoxic PAH potencies vary significantly among unsubstituted compounds. Overall, predictive models based on the HOMO-LUMO gap were relatively accurate in predicting phototoxicity for unsubstituted PAHs but are limited to qualitative assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2043-2049. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson E Finch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Solmaz Marzooghi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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16
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Marzooghi S, Di Toro DM. A critical review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity models. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1138-1148. [PMID: 28012186 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to exhibit photo-induced toxicity. Hundreds to thousands of PAH parent and substituted compounds are found in the environment, and developing a predictive model applicable to a wide variety of PAHs and organisms is a necessary precursor to environmental risk assessments. There has been evolutionary progress in phototoxicity modeling since 1977. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the models developed to predict phototoxicity of PAHs is presented. The contributions of each of the models to the state of the art are discussed. The models are compared in terms of their scope of applicability to different organisms, PAHs, endpoints (median lethal time and median lethal concentration), and light conditions. The current state of the science that accounts for the key elements of phototoxicity modeling, including the differences in species sensitivity, the partitioning of PAHs into the target lipid of the organisms, and light absorption by the chemicals, as well as light exposure time and conditions, is discussed. In addition, the remaining issues that need to be addressed are explored: the effect of time-varying exposures to light and PAH concentrations, and the lack of a mechanistic understanding that can explain the failure of the Bunsen-Roscoe law of reciprocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1138-1148. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Marzooghi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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