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Dabouri Farimani F, Hosseini M, Amirahmadi S, Akbarian M, Shirazinia M, Barabady M, Rajabian A. Cedrol supplementation ameliorates memory deficits by regulating neuro-inflammation and cholinergic function in lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30356. [PMID: 38707398 PMCID: PMC11068808 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cedrol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, is found in a high amount in several conifers. It possess several beneficial health effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study evaluates the neuroprotective role of cedrol against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and memory loss in rats. Methods Wistar rats were treated with cedrol (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg, oral, two weeks). During the last week, the rats (except for the control group) were treated with LPS (intraperitoneal injection, 1 mg/kg) to induce memory impairment. After that, the animals were subjected to behavioral studies (Morris water maze and passive avoidance) and biochemical assessments. Results Our results showed a significant decrease in learning and memory function-in LPS-induced rats which were reversed by cedrol. Also, there was a significant increase in the cerebral levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in LPS-treated rats. Besides, a significant reduction in total thiol and superoxide dismutase levels was observed in LPS-treated rats. However, cedrol significantly decreased the brain level of AChE, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Administration of cedrol also restored the oxidative stress markers. Conclusion the beneficial effects of cedrol against LPS-induced memory impairment could be due to antioxidant activities and modulation of neuro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Dabouri Farimani
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sabiheh Amirahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsan Akbarian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Matin Shirazinia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moselm Barabady
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Rzayeva A, Coffigniez F, Zeynalov N, Gontard N, Guillard V. Integrating the latest biological advances in the key steps of a food packaging life cycle. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1223638. [PMID: 37575333 PMCID: PMC10415040 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1223638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This literature review provides a focus on the potential of integrating the latest scientific and technological advances in the biological field to improve the status of the key steps of a food packaging life cycle: production, usage, post-usage, and long-term fate. A case study of such multi-biological food packaging is demonstrated based on the use of PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) polymer, a microbiologically produced polymer from non-food renewable resources, activated by the use of bioactive components to enhance its usage benefits by reducing food loss and waste, displaying potential for reusability, compostability as post-usage, and finally, being ultimately biodegradable in most common natural conditions to considerably reduce the negative impact that persistent plastics have on the environment. We discuss how designing safe and efficient multi "bio" food packaging implies finding a compromise between sometimes contradictory functional properties. For example, active antimicrobials help preserve food but can hamper the ultimate biodegradation rate of the polymer. This review presents such antagonisms as well as techniques (e.g., coatings, nanoencapsulation) and tools (e.g., release kinetic) that can help design optimized, safe, and efficient active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynura Rzayeva
- IATE, Agro Polymers Engineering & Emerging Technology, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier & CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- Nanostructured Metal-Polymer Catalysts, Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Fanny Coffigniez
- IATE, Agro Polymers Engineering & Emerging Technology, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier & CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nizami Zeynalov
- Nanostructured Metal-Polymer Catalysts, Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Nathalie Gontard
- IATE, Agro Polymers Engineering & Emerging Technology, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier & CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Guillard
- IATE, Agro Polymers Engineering & Emerging Technology, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier & CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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Laws JS, Smid SD. Evaluating Cannabis sativa L.'s neuroprotection potential: From bench to bedside. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154485. [PMID: 36209703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases and dementia pose a global health challenge in an aging population, exemplified by the increasing incidence and prevalence of its most common form, Alzheimer's disease. Although several approved treatments exist for Alzheimer's disease, they only afford transient symptomatic improvements and are not considered disease-modifying. The psychoactive properties of Cannabis sativa L. have been recognized for thousands of years and now with burgeoning access to medicinal formulations globally, research has turned to re-evaluate cannabis and its myriad phytochemicals as a potential treatment and adjunctive agent for neurodegenerative diseases. PURPOSE This review evaluated the neuroprotective potential of C. sativa's active constituents for potential therapeutic use in dementia and Alzheimer's disease, based on published studies demonstrating efficacy in experimental preclinical settings associated with neurodegeneration. STUDY DESIGN Relevant information on the neuroprotective potential of the C. sativa's phytoconstituents in preclinical studies (in vitro, in vivo) were included. The collated information on C. sativa's component bioactivity was organized for therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS The therapeutic use of C. sativa related to Alzheimer's disease relative to known phytocannabinoids and other phytochemical constituents were derived from online databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org), Science Direct, as well as relevant information on the known pharmacological actions of the listed phytochemicals. RESULTS Numerous C. sativa -prevalent phytochemicals were evidenced in the body of literature as having efficacy in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions exemplified by Alzheimer's disease. Several phytocannabinoids, terpenes and select flavonoids demonstrated neuroprotection through a myriad of cellular and molecular pathways, including cannabinoid receptor-mediated, antioxidant and direct anti-aggregatory actions against the pathological toxic hallmark protein in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide strong evidence for a role of cannabis constituents, individually or in combination, as potential neuroprotectants timely to the emergent use of medicinal cannabis as a novel treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Future randomized and controlled clinical studies are required to substantiate the bioactivities of phytocannabinoids and terpenes and their likely synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Staton Laws
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Sühring R, Mayer P, Leonards P, MacLeod M. Fate-directed risk assessment of chemical mixtures: a case study for cedarwood essential oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1133-1143. [PMID: 35670229 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risk assessment of UVCBs (i.e., substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials) is challenging due to their inherent complexity. A particular problem is that UVCBs can contain constituents with unidentified chemical structures and/or have variable composition of constituents from batch to batch. Moreover, the composition of a UVCB in the environment is not the same as that of the UVCB in a product, meaning that a risk assessment based on environmental exposure to the UVCB in a product does not represent the actual environmental risk. Here we propose an in silico fate-directed risk assessment framework for UVCBs using cedarwood oil as a case study. The framework uses Monte Carlo simulations and the mass-balance models SimpleTreat and RAIDAR to provide quantitative information on whether unidentified constituents within the physical-chemical property space of a UVCB can be the decisive factor for the environmental risk of the entire UVCB. Thereby the framework provides a robust decision tool to evaluate if a UVCB risk assessment requires additional tests or if the data on known constituents is representative for the risk of the entire UVCB. In the case of cedarwood oil, it could be shown that a risk assessment based on the known constituents (representing around 70% of the overall UVCB by weight) is representative for the environmental risk of the entire UVCB - reducing the need for additional testing and test animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sühring
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pim Leonards
- Department of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Georgiev T, Armanino N. Biomimetic Synthesis of Nor‐Cedrene and Nor‐Isozizaene Sesquiterpenoids and Exploration of Their Olfactive Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201037. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Georgiev
- Philochem AG Libernstrasse 3 8112 Otelfingen Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Armanino
- Fragrance Discovery Research Givaudan Suisse SA Kemptpark 50 8310 Kemptthal Switzerland
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, β-patchoulene, CAS Registry Number 514-51-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163 Suppl 1:112997. [PMID: 35398448 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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Ferraz CA, Pastorinho MR, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Sousa ACA. Ecotoxicity of plant extracts and essential oils: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118319. [PMID: 34656680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based products such as essential oils and other extracts have been used for centuries due to their beneficial properties. Currently, their use is widely disseminated through a variety of industries and new applications are continuously emerging. For these reasons, they are produced industrially in large quantities and consequently they have the potential to reach the environment. However, the potential effects that these products have on the ecosystems' health are mostly unknown. In recent years, the scientific community started to focus on the possible toxic effects of essential oils and plant extracts towards non-target organisms. As a result, an increasing body of knowledge has emerged. This review describes the current state of the art on the toxic effects that essential oils and plant extracts have towards organisms from different trophic levels, including producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers. The majority of the studies (76.5%) focuses on the aquatic environment, particularly in aquatic invertebrates (45.1%) with only 23.5% of the studies focusing on the potential toxicity of plant-derived products on terrestrial ecosystems. While some essential oils and extracts have been described to have no toxic effects to the selected organisms or the toxic effects were only observable at high concentrations, others were reported to be toxic at concentrations below the limit set by international regulations, some of them at very low concentrations. In fact, L(E)C50 values as low as 0.0336 mg.L-1, 0.0005 mg.L-1 and 0.0053 mg.L-1 were described for microalgae, crustaceans and fish, respectively. Generally, essential oils exhibit higher toxicity than extracts. However, when the extracts are obtained from plants that are known to produce toxic metabolites, the extracts can be more toxic than essential oils. Overall, and despite being generally considered "eco-friendly" products and safer than they synthetic counterparts, some essential oils and plant extracts are toxic towards non-target organisms. Given the increasing interest from industry on these plant-based products further research using international standardized protocols is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Afonso Ferraz
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Ramiro Pastorinho
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, Covilhã, 6200-284, Portugal
| | - Ana C A Sousa
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal.
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Møller MT, Birch H, Sjøholm KK, Hammershøj R, Jenner K, Mayer P. Biodegradation of an essential oil UVCB - Whole substance testing and constituent specific analytics yield biodegradation kinetics of mixture constituents. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130409. [PMID: 34126677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Testing and assessing the persistency, bioaccumulative and toxic properties of UVCBs (substances of Unknown or Variable composition, Complex reaction products or Biological materials) pose major technical and analytical challenges. The main aim of this study was to combine whole substance biodegradation testing with constituent specific analytics for determining primary biodegradation kinetics of the main UVCB constituents. An additional aim was to link the primary biodegradation kinetics of the main constituents to the bioaccumulation potential and baseline toxicity potential of the UVCB. Two closed biodegradation experiments were conducted using similar test systems but different analyses. The model substance, cedarwood Virginia oil, was tested at a low concentration and wastewater treatment plant effluent served as inoculum. We used microvolume solvent spiking for a quantitative mass transfer of the UVCB, while avoiding that co-solvent degradation would lead to anaerobic conditions. The biodegradation of UVCB constituents was determined with automated solid-phase microextraction coupled to GC-MS/MS using targeted analysis for main constituents and non-targeted analysis for minor constituents and non-polar degradation products. Primary biodegradation kinetics of main constituents, accounting for 73% w/w of the mixture, were successfully determined with degradation rate constants ranging from 0.09 to 0.25 d-1. Minor constituents were also degraded and non-polar degradation products were not observed. Finally, the bioaccumulation potential and baseline toxicity potential of the mixture at test start were calculated and both parameters decreased then substantially. The strength of the new approach is the possibility of biodegradation testing of a whole UVCB at low concentration while generating constituent specific biodegradation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Torsbjerg Møller
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Birch
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karina Knudsmark Sjøholm
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hammershøj
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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In Vitro Testing of Alternative Synthetic and Natural Antiparasitic Compounds against the Monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080980. [PMID: 34451443 PMCID: PMC8401465 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gill monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii is considered the most detrimental fish parasite to the Mediterranean aquaculture. Treatment of sparicotylosis relies on frequent gill inspections correlated with the seasonal increase in seawater temperature, application of functional feeds, and treatments with formalin baths where permitted. While the latter is bound to be banned in Europe, other synthetic anthelminthics, such as praziquantel and ivermectin, are prone to induce resistance in the parasites. Therefore, we investigated, in vitro, 14 synthetic and natural compounds against adult S. chrysophrii, developing dose-response modelsm and estimated toxicity levels at 20%, 50%, and 80% parasite mortality. Bactericidal activity of target compounds was also tested in two important aquaculture bacteria; Vibrio harveyi and V. anguillarum, while their potential host toxicity was evaluated in gilthead seabream SAF-1 cell line. Synthetic compound bithionate sodium exerted the most potent toxicity against the monogenean, no host cytotoxicity, and a medium and high potency against two bacterial pathogens. In comparison, target natural compounds were approximately 20 (cedrol) or up to 154 times (camphor) less toxic for the monogenean. Rather than completely dismissing natural compounds, we suggest that their application in combination with synthetic drugs, especially if administered in the feed, might be useful in sparicotylosis treatment.
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Sühring R, Chen CE, McLachlan MS, MacLeod M. Bioconcentration of cedarwood oil constituents in rainbow trout. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:689-698. [PMID: 33725069 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cedarwood oil is an essential oil used as a fragrance material and insect repellent. Its main constituents are sesquiterpenes which are potentially bioaccumulative according to the REACH screening criteria. Cedarwood oil is a complex mixture of hydrophobic and volatile organic chemicals. The volatility and limited water solubility of its constituents are a challenge for standard bioconcentration factor (BCF) test methods using aqueous exposure. We used an abbreviated dietary exposure in vivo testing protocol with internal benchmark substances as "internal standards" to derive the BCF of cedarwood oil constituents using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Internal benchmarking proved to be a useful tool to control for inter-individual variability, enabling us to calculate the BCF for all major cedarwood oil constituents as a mixture. We found that the BCF of two out of six analysed cedarwood oil constituents exceed a BCF of 5000 and two others exceed a BCF of 2000 (90% confidence level) even though we found evidence for biotransformation for individual constituents. The results of this study indicate that more work is warranted to study the bioaccumulation of essential oils and highlights the utility of internal benchmarking in in vivo dietary exposure BCF tests to increase robustness and allow for the BCF measurement of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sühring
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and Environmental Research Institute (ERI), School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hammershøj R, Sjøholm KK, Birch H, Brandt KK, Mayer P. Biodegradation kinetics testing of two hydrophobic UVCBs - potential for substrate toxicity supports testing at low concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2172-2180. [PMID: 33000828 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation kinetics of UVCB substances (unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products or biological materials) should be determined below the solubility limit to avoid experimental artefacts by the non-dissolved mixture. Recently, we reported delayed biodegradation kinetics of single petroleum hydrocarbons even at concentrations just below the solubility limit and attributed this to toxicity. The present study aimed to determine the concentration effect on biodegradation kinetics for constituents in two UVCBs, using surface water from a rural stream as the inoculum. Parallel biodegradation tests of diesel and lavender oil were conducted at concentrations just below the solubility limit and two orders of magnitude lower. The biodegradation kinetics of diesel oil constituents were generally similar at the two concentrations, which coincided with the stimulation of bacterial productivity (growth) at both concentrations, determined by [3H]leucine incorporation. By contrast, the biodegradation of lavender oil constituents was significantly delayed or even halted at the high test concentration. This was consistent with lavender oil stimulating bacterial growth at low concentration but inhibiting it at high concentration. The delayed biodegradation kinetics of lavender oil constituents at high concentration was best explained by mixture toxicity near the solubility limit. Consequently, biodegradation testing of hydrophobic UVCBs should be conducted at low, environmentally relevant concentrations ensuring that mixture toxicity does not affect the biodegradation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hammershøj
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Karina K Sjøholm
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Heidi Birch
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kristian K Brandt
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment β-Patchoulene, CAS Registry Number 514-51-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115 Suppl 1:S256-S263. [PMID: 29626575 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chakraborty S, Kar N, Kumari L, De A, Bera T. Inhibitory effect of a new orally active cedrol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier on compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and anaphylactic shock in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4849-4868. [PMID: 28744120 PMCID: PMC5511028 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s132114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction characterized by the overactivity of the immune system provoked by normally harmless substances. Glucocorticoids, anti-histamines, or mast cell stabilizers are the choices of treatment for type I hypersensitivity. Even though these drugs have the anti-allergic effect, they can have several side effects in prolong use. Cedrol is the main bioactive compound of Cedrus atlantica with anti-tumor, anti-oxidative, and platelet-activating factor inhibiting properties. METHODS In this study, the preparation and anti-anaphylactic effect of cedrol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were evaluated. NLCs were prepared using Compritol® 888 ATO and triolein as lipid phase and vitamin E d-α-tocopherylpolyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, soya lecithin, and sodium deoxycholate as nanoparticle stabilizers. RESULTS The average diameter of cedrol-NLCs (CR-NLCs) was 71.2 nm (NLC-C1) and 91.93 nm (NLC-C2). The particle had negative zeta potential values of -31.9 mV (NLC-C1) and -44.5 mV (NLC-C2). Type I anaphylactoid reaction in the animal model is significantly reduced by cedrol and cedrol-NLC. This in vivo activity of cedrol resulted that cedrol suppressed compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell degranulation and histamine release from mast cells. Furthermore, compound 48/80-evoked Ca2+ uptake into mast cells was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by cedrol and cedrol-NLC. Studies confirmed that the inhibition of type I anaphylactoid response in vivo in mice and compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation in vitro are greatly enhanced by the loading of cedrol into the NLCs. The safety of cedrol and CR-NLC was evaluated as selectivity index (SI) with prednisolone and cromolyn sodium as positive control. SI of CR-NLC-C2 was found to be 11.5-fold greater than both prednisolone and cromolyn sodium. CONCLUSION Administration of CR-NLC 24 hours before the onset of anaphylaxis can prevent an anaphylactoid reaction. NLCs could be a promising vehicle for the oral delivery of cedrol to protect anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabanita Kar
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Leena Kumari
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Asit De
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanmoy Bera
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Kar N, Chakraborty S, De AK, Ghosh S, Bera T. Development and evaluation of a cedrol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier system for in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of wild and drug resistant Leishmania donovani amastigotes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:196-211. [PMID: 28400285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an epidemic in various countries, and the parasite Leishmania donovani is developing resistance against available drugs. In the present study the antileishmanial action of cedrol was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Activity potentiation was achieved via nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) complexation of cedrol. Cedrol-loaded NLC was prepared through the hot-melting emulsification-ultrasonication method. The cedrol- NLC prepared did not require the use of any organic solvents. The characterization of NLC-C1 and NLC-C2 revealed that particle size was 46.62nm and 54.73nm for 3.85%, and 7.48% drug loading, respectively and negative charge of -19.2mV and -23.7mV. The cedrol-loaded NLC were found to be spherical with a smooth surface. Drug-carrier interactions were clearly visualized in FT-IR studies. Incorporation of cedrol in NLC was ascertained in DSC and XRD analysis. Antileishmanial activities of free cedrol and cedrol-NLC were performed against L. donovani wild-type, sodium stibogluconate, paromomycin and field isolated resistant strains in axenic amastigotes and amastigotes in macrophage model. Coumarin-6 loaded NLC nanoparticles were assessed for macrophage internalization in confocal microscopic studies. Cedrol showed significant antileishmanial activity in wild-type (IC50=1.5μM), sodium stibogluconate resistant (IC50=2μM), paromomycin resistant (IC50=1.8μM) and field isolated resistant (IC50=1.35μM) strains in macrophage together with cytotoxicity (CC50=74μM) in mouse peritoneal macrophage cells. Incorporation of cedrol in NLC-C2 resulted in 2.1-fold and 2-fold increase in selectivity indexes (CC50/IC50) for wild-type and drug resistant strains, respectively. In addition, in vivo studies revealed that bioactivity of NLC-C2 were 2.3 to 3.8-fold increased in wild-type and 3 to 4.9-fold increased in drug resistant strains when compared with free cedrol; administered orally in mouse leishmaniasis model. Overall, NLC-C2 showed superior antileishmanial activity to free cedrol and miltefosine in oral dose. These findings support the use of NLCs for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble antileishmanial drugs in treatment of leishmaniasis. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Cedrol (PubChem CID: 65575); Compritol® 888 ATO (PubChem CID: 62726); Triolein (PubChem CID: 5497163); Pluronic F68 (PubChem CID: 24751); Soya lecithin (PubChem CID: 57369748); Sodium deoxycholate (PubChem CID: 23668196); Miltefosine (PubChem CID: 3599); Paromomycin (PubChem CID: 165580); Amphotericin B (PubChem CID: 5280965); Sodium stibogluconate (PubChem CID: 16683012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Kar
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shreyasi Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Asit Kumar De
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Santanu Ghosh
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tanmoy Bera
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Lin J, Emberger M. Study of the photodegradation of a fragrance ingredient for aquatic environmental fate assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:485-493. [PMID: 28131918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation is an important abiotic degradation process to be taken into account for more accurate assessment of the fate of chemicals in the aquatic environment, especially those that are not readily biodegradable. Although the significant role of indirect photodegradation in the environmental fate of chemicals has been revealed in recent research, because of the many confounding factors affecting its kinetics, no straightforward approaches can be used to investigate this degradation process for environmental fate assessment. The indirect photodegradation of a fragrance ingredient named Pamplewood was studied in this work for its fate assessment. Indirect photodegradation rates under various indoor and outdoor conditions were measured by using an LC-MS method. Although the half-lives varied from 4 to 13 days, they collectively indicated that Pamplewood is intrinsically photolabile and can undergo rapid photodegradation. Results from quencher experiments revealed that ⋅OH was the main reactive intermediate responsible for indirect photodegradation, with a half-life of about 18 days in sunlit surface water, based on the experimentally determined second-order rate constant (8.48 ± 0.19 × 109 M-1 s-1). Photodegradation products of Pamplewood were also studied by GC-MS, LC-MS and total organic carbon content analyses. The results indicated that intermediates of Pamplewood photodegradation continued to photodegrade into smaller and more polar species. Complete mineralization of Pamplewood was observed when it was reacted with hydroxyl radicals in an aqueous solution. This novel approach can be applied for a more realistic environmental fate assessment of other non-readily biodegradable, hydrolysis-resistant, and non-sunlight-absorbing fragrance ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Lin
- Firmenich Inc., North America R&D, PO Box 5880, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | - Matthew Emberger
- Firmenich Inc., North America R&D, PO Box 5880, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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16
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Seyfried M, van Ginkel CG, Boschung A, Miffon F, Fantini P, Tissot E, Baroux L, Merle P, Chaintreau A. Persistence assessment of cyclohexyl- and norbornyl-derived ketones and their degradation products in different OECD screening tests. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:63-70. [PMID: 25769113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of synthetic cyclohexyl- and norbornyl-derived ketones was assessed by using OECD 301F and 301D biodegradation tests. While cyclohexyl-derived ketones either reached or came close to the pass level (60%) after 60 d, the corresponding norbornyl derivatives yielded significantly less biodegradation (<40%). By analyzing extracts at 60 d, the key degradation products of four norbornyl derivatives were identified. Consistently, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane carboxylic acid was found as a principal degradation product with minor quantities of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one and 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane acetic acid. When the three degradation products were re-synthesized and tested individually for biodegradability, the former two were found to be ultimately biodegradable after 60 d in OECD 301D tests, thus proving non-persistence. Similarly, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane acetic acid was found to be degraded significantly, albeit with long lag phases exceeding 60 d in the case of freshwater inoculum, then ultimately reaching the pass level. On the other hand, norbornyl ketones were still only partially biodegradable in the same test. We conclude that despite the potential for ultimate biodegradation of norbornyl-derived ketones, current screening tests yield an incomplete picture of their biodegradability, particularly when applying strict OECD criteria. The appearance of long lag phases when re-testing norbornyl ketone degradation products underlines the importance of extending tests to well beyond 28 and even 60 d in the case of freshwater inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seyfried
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - C G van Ginkel
- Akzo Nobel NV, PO Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - A Boschung
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Miffon
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Fantini
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Tissot
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Baroux
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Merle
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Chaintreau
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Ceriani L, Papa E, Kovarich S, Boethling R, Gramatica P. Modeling ready biodegradability of fragrance materials. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1224-1231. [PMID: 25663647 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, quantitative structure activity relationships were developed for predicting ready biodegradability of approximately 200 heterogeneous fragrance materials. Two classification methods, classification and regression tree (CART) and k-nearest neighbors (kNN), were applied to perform the modeling. The models were validated with multiple external prediction sets, and the structural applicability domain was verified by the leverage approach. The best models had good sensitivity (internal ≥80%; external ≥68%), specificity (internal ≥80%; external 73%), and overall accuracy (≥75%). Results from the comparison with BIOWIN global models, based on group contribution method, show that specific models developed in the present study perform better in prediction than BIOWIN6, in particular for the correct classification of not readily biodegradable fragrance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ceriani
- QSAR Research Group in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ester Papa
- QSAR Research Group in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Laboratoire ITODYS, Universite Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Simona Kovarich
- QSAR Research Group in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Robert Boethling
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paola Gramatica
- QSAR Research Group in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Seyfried M, Boschung A. An assessment of biodegradability of quaternary carbon-containing fragrance compounds: comparison of experimental OECD screening test results and in silico prediction data. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1005-1016. [PMID: 24453060 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An assessment of biodegradability was carried out for fragrance substances containing quaternary carbons by using data obtained from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 301F screening tests for ready biodegradation and from Biowin and Catalogic prediction models. Despite an expected challenging profile, a relatively high percentage of common-use fragrance substances showed significant biodegradation under the stringent conditions applied in the OECD 301F test. Among 27 test compounds, 37% met the pass level criteria after 28 d, while another 26% indicated partial breakdown (≥20% biodegradation). For several compounds for which structural analogs were available, the authors found that structures that were rendered less water soluble by either the presence of an acetate ester or the absence of oxygen tended to degrade to a lesser extent compared to the primary alcohols or oxygenated counterparts under the test conditions applied. Difficulties were encountered when attempting to correlate experimental with in silico data. Whereas the Biowin model combinations currently recommended by regulatory agencies did not allow for a reliable discrimination between readily and nonbiodegradable compounds, only a comparably small proportion of the chemicals studied (30% and 63% depending on the model) fell within the applicability domain of Catalogic, a factor that critically reduced its predictive power. According to these results, currently neither Biowin nor Catalogic accurately reflects the potential for biodegradation of fragrance compounds containing quaternary carbons.
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Removal of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from air via biofiltration: performance assessment and microbial community structure. Biodegradation 2012; 24:685-98. [PMID: 23266763 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale biofilter to assess the ability of a fixed-film biological process to treat an air stream containing β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene emitted by a variety of conifer trees as well as industrial wood processing operations. Treatment performance was evaluated under a variety of pollutant loading conditions and nutrient supply rates over an operational period lasting more than 240 days. At empty bed contact times (EBCTs) as low as 10 s and daily average pollutant loading rate as high as 24.2 g C/(m(3) h) (grams pollutant measured as carbon per cubic meter packed bed volume per hour), removal efficiencies in excess of 95 % were observed when sufficient nutrients were supplied. Results demonstrate that, as with biofilters treating other compounds, biofilters treating β-caryophyllene can experience local nutrient limitations that result in diminished performance. The biofilter successfully recovered high removal efficiency within a few days after resumption of pollutant loading following a 14-day interval of no contaminant loading. Construction of a 16S rRNA gene library via pyrosequencing revealed the presence of a high proportion of bacteria clustering within the genera Gordonia (39.7 % of the library) and Rhodanobacter (37.6 %). Other phylotypes detected at lower relative abundances included Pandoraea (6.2 %), unclassified Acetobacteraceae (5.5 %), Dyella (3.3 %), unclassified Xanthomonadaceae (2.6 %), Mycobacterium (1.8 %), and Nocardia (0.6 %). Collectively, results demonstrate that β-caryophyllene can be effectively removed from contaminated gas streams using biofilters.
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