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Kosikowska-Adamus P, Golda A, Ryl J, Pilarczyk-Zurek M, Bereta G, Ossowski T, Lesner A, Koziel J, Prahl A, Niedziałkowski P. Electrochemical detection of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gold electrode modified with DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH - Antimicrobial peptide conjugate. Talanta 2024; 273:125881. [PMID: 38492283 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This work describes fabrication of gold electrodes modified with peptide conjugate DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH that enables ultra-sensitive detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the reference strain of Escherichia coli O26:B6. The initial step of the established procedure implies immobilization of the fully protected DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH peptide on the surface of the gold electrode previously modified by cysteamine. Then side chain- and Fmoc-deprotection was performed in situ on the electrode surface, followed by its incubation in 1 % of BSA solution to block non-specific bindings sites before LPS detection. The efficiency of the modification was confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Additionally, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impendance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to monitor the effectiveness of each step of the modification. The obtained results confirmed that the presence of the surface-attached covalently bound peptide DAL-PEG-DK5-PEG-OH enables LPS detection by means of CV technique within the range from 5 × 10-13 to 5 × 10-4 g/mL in PBS solution. The established limit of detection (LOD) for EIS measurements was 4.93 × 10-21 g/mL with wide linear detection range from 5 × 10-21 to 5 × 10-14 g/mL in PBS solution. Furthermore, we confirmed the ability of the electrode to detect LPS in a complex biological samples, like mouse urine and human serum. The effectiveness of the electrodes in identifying LPS in both urine and serum matrices was confirmed for samples containing LPS at both 2.5 × 10-15 g/mL and 2.5 × 10-9 g/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kosikowska-Adamus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Golda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pilarczyk-Zurek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bereta
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ossowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Prahl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Liu YF, Li WQ, Hu ND, Ai B, Xia HX, Guo X, Chen Z, Xia H. Brevilin A ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammation. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5952-5962. [PMID: 38098561 PMCID: PMC10718335 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease, and Brevilin A (BA) has a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. However, whether BA has a similar effect on septic cardiomyopathy remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of BA in septic cardiomyopathy. Methods First, a model of septic cardiomyopathy was constructed in vitro and in vivo. The expression of the cardiac injury markers, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammation factors and its upstream modulator NF-κB was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Cardiac function was measured using echocardiography, cell viability was detected using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. To further investigate the effects of BA on septic cardiomyopathy, different concentrations of BA were used. The experiment was divided into control group, LPS induced- group, LPS+2.5, 5.0, 10.0 μM BA treatment group of the vitro model, and the Sham, CLP, CLP+10, 20, 30 mg/kg BA treatment groups of the rat vivo model. Lastly, cardiac injury, NLRP3 inflammation, and cardiac function were assessed in each group. Results The mRNA and protein expression of cardiac inflammation and injury genes were significantly increased in the in vitro and in vivo sepsis cardiomyopathy models. When different concentrations of BA were used in sepsis cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro, the above-mentioned myocardial inflammation and injury factors were suppressed to varying degrees, cell viability increased, cardiac function improved, and the survival rate of rats also increased. Conclusion BA ameliorated sepsis cardiomyopathy by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammation activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Liu
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Nian-Dan Hu
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Bo Ai
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Hong-Xia Xia
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Foster DM, Kellum JA. Endotoxic Septic Shock: Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16185. [PMID: 38003374 PMCID: PMC10671446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin, also referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a potent stimulator of the inflammatory cascade which may progress to sepsis and septic shock. The term endotoxic septic shock has been used for patients who have a clinical phenotype that is characterized by high endotoxin activity in addition to a high burden of organ failure; especially a pattern of organ failure including hepatic dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and various forms of endothelial dysfunction. Endotoxic septic shock has been a target for drug therapy for decades with no success. A likely barrier to their success was the inability to quantify endotoxin in the bloodstream. The Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) is positioned to change this landscape. In addition, medical devices using adsorptive technology in an extra-corporeal circulation has been shown to remove large quantities of endotoxin from the bloodstream. Focusing on the use of EAA to determine high concentrations of endotoxin will allow patients with endotoxic septic shock to be identified quickly and these patients may benefit most from removal of endotoxin using extracorporeal methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A. Kellum
- Spectral Medical Inc., Toronto, ON M9C 1C2, Canada;
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
Septic shock can be caused by a variety of mechanisms including direct effects of bacterial toxins such as endotoxin. Annually, approximately 5-7 million patients worldwide develop sepsis with very high endotoxin activity in the blood and more than half die. The term endotoxic septic shock has been used for these patients but it is important to emphasize that endotoxin may be a factor in all forms of septic shock including non-bacterial etiologies like COVID-19 since translocation of bacterial products is a common feature of septic shock. A pattern of organ failure including hepatic dysfunction, acute kidney injury and various forms of endothelial dysfunction ranging from disseminated intravascular coagulation to thrombotic microangiopathy characterize endotoxic septic shock. However, while characteristic, the clinical phenotype is not unique to patients with high endotoxin, and the diagnosis relies on the measurement of endotoxin activity in addition to clinical assessment. Therapies for endotoxic septic shock are limited with immune modulating therapies under investigation and extracorporeal blood purification still controversial in many parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, 600 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Spectral Medical Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, IRRIV Foundation, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, St. Bortolo Hospital, aULSS8 Berica, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
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Garnish SE, Martin KR, Kauppi M, Jackson VE, Ambrose R, Eng VV, Chiou S, Meng Y, Frank D, Tovey Crutchfield EC, Patel KM, Jacobsen AV, Atkin-Smith GK, Di Rago L, Doerflinger M, Horne CR, Hall C, Young SN, Cook M, Athanasopoulos V, Vinuesa CG, Lawlor KE, Wicks IP, Ebert G, Ng AP, Slade CA, Pearson JS, Samson AL, Silke J, Murphy JM, Hildebrand JM. A common human MLKL polymorphism confers resistance to negative regulation by phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6046. [PMID: 37770424 PMCID: PMC10539340 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Across the globe, 2-3% of humans carry the p.Ser132Pro single nucleotide polymorphism in MLKL, the terminal effector protein of the inflammatory form of programmed cell death, necroptosis. Here we show that this substitution confers a gain in necroptotic function in human cells, with more rapid accumulation of activated MLKLS132P in biological membranes and MLKLS132P overriding pharmacological and endogenous inhibition of MLKL. In mouse cells, the equivalent Mlkl S131P mutation confers a gene dosage dependent reduction in sensitivity to TNF-induced necroptosis in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, but enhanced sensitivity to IFN-β induced death in non-hematopoietic cells. In vivo, MlklS131P homozygosity reduces the capacity to clear Salmonella from major organs and retards recovery of hematopoietic stem cells. Thus, by dysregulating necroptosis, the S131P substitution impairs the return to homeostasis after systemic challenge. Present day carriers of the MLKL S132P polymorphism may be the key to understanding how MLKL and necroptosis modulate the progression of complex polygenic human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Garnish
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine R Martin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kauppi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria E Jackson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ambrose
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Vik Ven Eng
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shene Chiou
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yanxiang Meng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Frank
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma C Tovey Crutchfield
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Komal M Patel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Annette V Jacobsen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ladina Di Rago
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher R Horne
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathrine Hall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel N Young
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology and Canberra Clinical Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vicki Athanasopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Infection, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Centre for Personalised Immunology and Canberra Clinical Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Infection, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
- China Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gregor Ebert
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashley P Ng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Clinical Haematology Department, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte A Slade
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaclyn S Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - André L Samson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne M Hildebrand
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Hagen EH, Blackwell AD, Lightner AD, Sullivan RJ. Homo medicus: The transition to meat eating increased pathogen pressure and the use of pharmacological plants in Homo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:589-617. [PMID: 36815505 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The human lineage transitioned to a more carnivorous niche 2.6 mya and evolved a large body size and slower life history, which likely increased zoonotic pathogen pressure. Evidence for this increase includes increased zoonotic infections in modern hunter-gatherers and bushmeat hunters, exceptionally low stomach pH compared to other primates, and divergence in immune-related genes. These all point to change, and probably intensification, in the infectious disease environment of Homo compared to earlier hominins and other apes. At the same time, the brain, an organ in which immune responses are constrained, began to triple in size. We propose that the combination of increased zoonotic pathogen pressure and the challenges of defending a large brain and body from pathogens in a long-lived mammal, selected for intensification of the plant-based self-medication strategies already in place in apes and other primates. In support, there is evidence of medicinal plant use by hominins in the middle Paleolithic, and all cultures today have sophisticated, plant-based medical systems, add spices to food, and regularly consume psychoactive plant substances that are harmful to helminths and other pathogens. We propose that the computational challenges of discovering effective plant-based treatments, the consequent ability to consume more energy-rich animal foods, and the reduced reliance on energetically-costly immune responses helped select for increased cognitive abilities and unique exchange relationships in Homo. In the story of human evolution, which has long emphasized hunting skills, medical skills had an equal role to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron D Lightner
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roger J Sullivan
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
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7
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Ronco C, Chawla L, Husain-Syed F, Kellum JA. Rationale for sequential extracorporeal therapy (SET) in sepsis. Crit Care 2023; 27:50. [PMID: 36750878 PMCID: PMC9904264 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock remain drivers for morbidity and mortality in critical illness. The clinical picture of patients presenting with these syndromes evolves rapidly and may be characterised by: (a) microbial host invasion, (b) establishment of an infection focus, (c) opsonisation of bacterial products (e.g. lipopolysaccharide), (d) recognition of pathogens resulting in an immune response, (e) cellular and humoral effects of circulating pathogen and pathogen products, (f) immunodysregulation and endocrine effects of cytokines, (g) endothelial and organ damage, and (h) organ crosstalk and multiple organ dysfunction. Each step may be a potential target for a specific therapeutic approach. At various stages, extracorporeal therapies may target circulating molecules for removal. In sequence, we could consider: (a) pathogen removal from the circulation with affinity binders and cartridges (specific), (b) circulating endotoxin removal by haemoperfusion with polymyxin B adsorbers (specific), (c) cytokine removal by haemoperfusion with sorbent cartridges or adsorbing membranes (non-specific), (d) extracorporeal organ support with different techniques for respiratory and cardiac support (CO2 removal or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), and renal support (haemofiltration, haemodialysis, or ultrafiltration). The sequence of events and the use of different techniques at different points for specific targets will likely require trials with endpoints other than mortality. Instead, the primary objectives should be to achieve the desired action by using extracorporeal therapy at a specific point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, IRRIV Foundation, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, St. Bortolo Hospital, aULSS8 Berica, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Lakhmir Chawla
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Faeq Husain-Syed
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Spectral Medical, 135 The West Mall, Unit 2, Toronto, M9C 1C2, Canada
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Brinkworth JF, Shaw JG. On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9544695 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Brinkworth
- Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - J. Grace Shaw
- Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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Kellum JA, Formeck CL, Kernan KF, Gómez H, Carcillo JA. Subtypes and Mimics of Sepsis. Crit Care Clin 2022; 38:195-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Miao Y, Wang M, Cai X, Zhu Q, Mao L. Leucine rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (Lrg1) silencing protects against sepsis-mediated brain injury by inhibiting transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1)/SMAD signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7316-7327. [PMID: 35264055 PMCID: PMC8973760 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2048775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is key manifestation of sepsis which is responsible for increased morbidity and mortality. Leucine rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (Lrg1) is a secreted protein implicated in a variety of diseases. We aimed to explore the effects and potential mechanism of Lrg1 on sepsis-mediated brain injury. A sepsis-induced brain damage mice model was established. Then, ELISA was utilized to detect the levels of inflammatory factors in brain tissues. Behavioral performance, spatial learning and memory of mice were evaluated by open field test and Morris water maze test. The number of neurons was tested by H&E staining. Lrg1 expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR and western blot. In vitro, mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line (HT22) was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After Lrg1 silencing, cell viability was determined using CCK-8 and cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL. The levels of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Moreover, western blot was applied to analyze the expression of proteins in transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1)/SMAD signaling. Results revealed that mice in the model group showed obvious behavioral changes. Lrg1 was highly expressed in the brain tissues of model mice. Besides, Lrg1 knockdown suppressed the inflammation and apoptosis of LPS-induced HT22 cells. Moreover, Lrg1 silencing caused the inactivation of TGFβ1/SMAD signaling. Rescue assays confirmed that TGFβ1 overexpression reversed the impacts of Lrg1 deletion on the inflammation and apoptosis in LPS-induced HT22 cells. Collectively, Lrg1 silencing alleviates brain injury in SAE via inhibiting TGFβ1/SMAD signaling, implying that Lrg1 might serve as a promising target for SAE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhan Miao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Characterization of the LPS and 3OHFA Contents in the Lipoprotein Fractions and Lipoprotein Particles of Healthy Men. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010047. [PMID: 35053195 PMCID: PMC8773495 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is caused by the accumulation of LDL particles in the intima, causing the activation of immune cells and triggering an inflammatory response. LPS is a potent activator of the innate immune response and it can be transported by lipoproteins. Since humans are much more sensitive to LPS than other mammals, and very low amounts of LPS can elicit an immune response, the aim of this study is to characterize the distribution of LPS and its immunogenic portion (3OHFAs) among lipoprotein types of healthy men. We separated lipoprotein fractions by ultracentrifugation and the amount of each 3OHFA was measured by MS in each lipoprotein fraction to calculate LPS concentration. Lipoprotein particle concentration was measured by NMR. LDL and HDL fractions transported the highest concentration of LPS (35.7% and 31.5%, respectively), but VLDL particles carried more LPS molecules per particle (0.55 molecules/particle) than LDL or HDL (p < 0.01). The distribution of LPS and all 3OHFAs among lipoprotein fractions showed high interindividual variability, suggesting that they may be studied as a potential biomarker. This may help understand the role of LPS in atherosclerosis in those cases where the disease cannot be explained by traditional risk factors.
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