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Caradus JR. Processes for regulating genetically modified and gene edited plants. GM CROPS & FOOD 2023; 14:1-41. [PMID: 37690075 PMCID: PMC10761188 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2023.2252947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in agriculture has been essential in improving productivity of crops and forages to support a growing population, improving living standards while contributing toward maintaining environment integrity, human health, and wellbeing through provision of more nutritious, varied, and abundant food sources. A crucial part of that innovation has involved a range of techniques for both expanding and exploiting the genetic potential of plants. However, some techniques used for generating new variation for plant breeders to exploit are deemed higher risk than others despite end products of both processes at times being for all intents and purposes identical for the benefits they provide. As a result, public concerns often triggered by poor communication from innovators, resulting in mistrust and suspicion has, in turn, caused the development of a range of regulatory systems. The logic and motivations for modes of regulation used are reviewed and how the benefits from use of these technologies can be delivered more efficiently and effectively is discussed.
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2
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Vanderschuren H, Chatukuta P, Weigel D, Mehta D. A new chance for genome editing in Europe. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1378-1380. [PMID: 37709913 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Vanderschuren
- Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | | | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Devang Mehta
- Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Medina-Lozano I, Díaz A. Applications of Genomic Tools in Plant Breeding: Crop Biofortification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3086. [PMID: 35328507 PMCID: PMC8950180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop breeding has mainly been focused on increasing productivity, either directly or by decreasing the losses caused by biotic and abiotic stresses (that is, incorporating resistance to diseases and enhancing tolerance to adverse conditions, respectively). Quite the opposite, little attention has been paid to improve the nutritional value of crops. It has not been until recently that crop biofortification has become an objective within breeding programs, through either conventional methods or genetic engineering. There are many steps along this long path, from the initial evaluation of germplasm for the content of nutrients and health-promoting compounds to the development of biofortified varieties, with the available and future genomic tools assisting scientists and breeders in reaching their objectives as well as speeding up the process. This review offers a compendium of the genomic technologies used to explore and create biodiversity, to associate the traits of interest to the genome, and to transfer the genomic regions responsible for the desirable characteristics into potential new varieties. Finally, a glimpse of future perspectives and challenges in this emerging area is offered by taking the present scenario and the slow progress of the regulatory framework as the starting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Medina-Lozano
- Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aurora Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Choi J, Roy Choudhury A, Walitang DI, Lee Y, Sa T. ACC deaminase-producing Brevibacterium linens RS16 enhances heat-stress tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13584. [PMID: 34625965 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rise in global temperature has adverse effects on rice productivity. The lack of eminent resources for heat stress alleviation is threatening the agricultural sector. Heat stress alleviation by endophytic plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. The present study was conducted to check the colonization of Brevibacterium linens RS16 producing ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase in the rice endosphere and to characterize its efficiency in enhancing stress tolerance. The ethylene emission pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, proline accumulation, expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST), and small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) were monitored at two different levels of heat stress (40°C and 45°C). Bacterial inoculation decreased ethylene emission levels by 26.9% and 24.4% in rice plants exposed to 40°C and 45°C, respectively, compared with the non-inoculated plants. B. linens RS16 also enhanced the expression profiles of glutathione S-transferase. The collective effect of GST expression profiles and decrease in ethylene emission due to bacterial ACC deaminase activity subsequently resulted in a decrease in ROS concentrations. Additionally, HSP16 and HSP26 increased expression in heat-stressed plants inoculated with B. linens RS16 resulted in enhanced stress tolerance (i.e., lesser proline accumulation) than non-inoculated plants. Hence, this study demonstrates the bacteria-mediated tolerance against heat stress by regulating the ethylene emission pathway and upregulating antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyun Choi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Aritra Roy Choudhury
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Denver I Walitang
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- College of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry, Romblon State University, Romblon, Philippines
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tongmin Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- The Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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5
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Shokravi H, Shokravi Z, Heidarrezaei M, Ong HC, Rahimian Koloor SS, Petrů M, Lau WJ, Ismail AF. Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131535. [PMID: 34329137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering applications in the field of biofuel are rapidly expanding due to their potential to boost biomass productivity while lowering its cost and enhancing its quality. Recently, fourth-generation biofuel (FGB), which is biofuel obtained from genetically modified (GM) algae biomass, has gained considerable attention from academic and industrial communities. However, replacing fossil resources with FGB is still beset with many challenges. Most notably, technical aspects of genetic modification operations need to be more fully articulated and elaborated. However, relatively little attention has been paid to GM algal biomass. There is a limited number of reviews on the progress and challenges faced in the algal genetics of FGB. Therefore, the present review aims to fill this gap in the literature by recapitulating the findings of recent studies and achievements on safe and efficient genetic manipulation in the production of FGB. Then, the essential issues and parameters related to genome editing in algal strains are highlighted. Finally, the main challenges to FGB pertaining to the diffusion risk and regulatory frameworks are addressed. This review concluded that the technical and biosafety aspects of FGB, as well as the complexity and diversity of the related regulations, legitimacy concerns, and health and environmental risks, are among the most important challenges that require a strong commitment at the national/international levels to reach a global consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoofar Shokravi
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Shokravi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Markazi, Iran
| | - Mahshid Heidarrezaei
- School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies, and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentska 2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Petrů
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies, and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentska 2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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6
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Roslinsky V, Falk KC, Gaebelein R, Mason AS, Eynck C. Development of B. carinata with super-high erucic acid content through interspecific hybridization. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3167-3181. [PMID: 34269830 PMCID: PMC8440251 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Disomic alien chromosome addition Brassica carinata lines with super-high erucic acid content were developed through interspecific hybridization with B. juncea and characterized using molecular, cytological and biochemical techniques. Brassica carinata [A.] Braun (BBCC, 2n = 34) is a climate-resilient oilseed. Its seed oil is high in erucic acid (> 40%), rendering it well suited for the production of biofuel and other bio-based applications. To enhance the competitiveness of B. carinata with high erucic B. napus (HEAR), lines with super-high erucic acid content were developed through interspecific hybridization. To this end, a fad2B null allele from Brassica juncea (AABB, 2n = 36) was introgressed into B. carinata, resulting in a B. carinata fad2B mutant with erucic acid levels of over 50%. Subsequently, the FAE allele from B. rapa spp. yellow sarson (AA, 2n = 20) was transferred to the fad2B B. carinata line, yielding lines with erucic acid contents of up to 57.9%. Molecular analysis using the Brassica 90 K Illumina Infinium™ SNP genotyping array identified these lines as disomic alien chromosome addition lines, with two extra A08 chromosomes containing the BrFAE gene. The alien chromosomes from B. rapa were clearly distinguished by molecular cytogenetics in one of the addition lines. Analysis of microspore-derived offspring and hybrids from crosses with a CMS B. carinata line showed that the transfer rate of the A08 chromosome into male gametes was over 98%, resulting in almost completely stable transmission of an A08 chromosome copy into the progeny. The increase in erucic acid levels was accompanied by changes in the proportions of other fatty acids depending on the genetic changes that were introduced in the interspecific hybrids, providing valuable insights into erucic acid metabolism in Brassica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Roslinsky
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kevin C Falk
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Roman Gaebelein
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Plant Breeding, INRES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Eynck
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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7
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Herman RA, Storer NP, Anderson JA, Amijee F, Cnudde F, Raybould A. Transparency in risk-disproportionate regulation of modern crop-breeding techniques. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:376-381. [PMID: 34107854 PMCID: PMC8204963 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2021.1934353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 25 years of safe deployment of genetically engineered crops, the number, complexity, and scope of regulatory studies required for global approvals continue to increase devoid of adequate scientific justification. Recently, there have been calls to further expand the scope of study and data requirements to improve public acceptance. However, increased regulation can actually generate consumer distrust due to the misperception that risks are high. We believe risk-disproportionate regulation as a means to advocate for acceptance of technology is counterproductive, even though some regulatory authorities believe it part of their mandate. To help avoid public distrust, the concept of regulatory transparency to demystify regulatory decision-making should be extended to clearly justifying specific regulatory requirements as: 1) risk-driven (i.e., proportionately addressing increased risk compared with traditional breeding), or 2) advocacy-driven (i.e., primarily addressing consumer concerns and acceptance). Such transparency in the motivation for requiring risk-disproportionate studies would: 1) lessen over-prescriptive regulation, 2) save public and private resources, 3) make beneficial products and technologies available to society sooner, 4) reduce needless animal sacrifice, 5) improve regulatory decision-making regarding safety, and 6) lessen public distrust that is generated by risk-disproportionate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Herman
- Regulatory and Stewardship, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas P Storer
- Regulatory and Stewardship, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Firoz Amijee
- Regulatory and Stewardship, Corteva Agriscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Cnudde
- Regulatory and Stewardship, Corteva Agriscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alan Raybould
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, the University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, the University of Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, UK
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8
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Smyth SJ, McHughen A, Entine J, Kershen D, Ramage C, Parrott W. Removing politics from innovations that improve food security. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:601-612. [PMID: 34053007 PMCID: PMC8164681 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) organisms and crops have been a feature of food production for over 30 years. Despite extensive science-based risk assessment, the public and many politicians remain concerned with the genetic manipulation of crops, particularly food crops. Many governments have addressed public concern through biosafety legislation and regulatory frameworks that identify and regulate risks to ensure human health and environmental safety. These domestic regulatory frameworks align to international scientific risk assessment methodologies on a case-by-case basis. Regulatory agencies in 70 countries around the world have conducted in excess of 4400 risk assessments, all reaching the same conclusion: GM crops and foods that have been assessed provide no greater risk to human health or the environment than non-GM crops and foods. Yet, while the science regarding the safety of GM crops and food appears conclusive and societal benefits have been globally demonstrated, the use of innovative products have only contributed minimal improvements to global food security. Regrettably, politically-motivated regulatory barriers are currently being implemented with the next genomic innovation, genome editing, the implications of which are also discussed in this article. A decade of reduced global food insecurity was witnessed from 2005 to 2015, but regrettably, the figure has subsequently risen. Why is this the case? Reasons have been attributed to climate variability, biotic and abiotic stresses, lack of access to innovative technologies and political interference in decision making processes. This commentary highlights how political interference in the regulatory approval process of GM crops is adversely affecting the adoption of innovative, yield enhancing crop varieties, thereby limiting food security opportunities in food insecure economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Alan McHughen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jon Entine
- Genetic Literacy Project, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Drew Kershen
- College of Law, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Carl Ramage
- Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wayne Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics & Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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9
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Redden R. Genetic Modification for Agriculture-Proposed Revision of GMO Regulation in Australia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:747. [PMID: 33920391 PMCID: PMC8069435 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic engineering (GM) of crops, modified with DNA transfer between species, has been highly regulated for over two decades. Now, genome editing (GE) enables a range of DNA alterations, from single base pair changes to precise gene insertion with site-directed nucleases (SDNs). Past regulations, established according to the precautionary principle of avoiding potential risks to human health and the environment, are predicated on fears fanned by well-funded and emotional anti-GM campaigns. These fears ignore the safety record of GM crops over the last 25 years and the benefits of GM to crop productivity, disease and pest resistance, and the environment. GE is now superseding GM, and public education is needed about its benefits and its potential to meet the challenges of climate change for crops. World population will exceed 9 billion by 2050, and world CO2 levels are now over 400 ppm in contrast with a pre-industrial 280 ppm, leading to a projected 1.5 °C global warming by 2050, with more stressful crop environments. The required abiotic and biotic stress tolerances can be introgressed from crop wild relatives (CWR) into domestic crops via GE. Restrictive regulations need to be lifted to facilitate GE technologies for sustainable agriculture in Australia and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Redden
- RJR Agriculture Consultants, 62 Schier Drive, Horsham 340, Australia
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10
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Murru C, Badía-Laíño R, Díaz-García ME. Oxidative Stability of Vegetal Oil-Based Lubricants. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:1459-1476. [PMID: 35273833 PMCID: PMC8900678 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are widely distributed in nature and are one of the most important components of natural foods, synthetic compounds, and emulsions. To date, there is a strong social demand in the industrial sector for the use of sustainable products with a minimal environmental impact. Depending on their origin and composition, lipids can be employed as a plausible alternative as biodegradable lubricants in order to reduce the use of conventional mineral oil lubricants and mitigate their environmental impact. This perspective provides an overview of the advantages and constrains of vegetal oils under different lubrication regimes and the tribochemical reactions that can take place. Also, the different factors and pathways that influence their oxidation, the key role of moisture, and the changes of physical properties under pressure and temperature are reviewed. Special emphasis is devoted to the oxidation instability of fatty acids and vegetal oils and the physical and chemical approaches to improve oxidative and thermal stability are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Murru
- Department
of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rosana Badía-Laíño
- Department
of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta E. Díaz-García
- Department
of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain
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11
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A novel isothermal detection method for the universal element of genetically modified soybean. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Addey KA. The cost of partners’ genetically modified organisms regulatory index on U.S. corn and soybean exports. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Asiam Addey
- Center for Agric. Policy and Trade Studies, Agribusiness and Applied Economics North Dakota State University Fargo USA
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13
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Cebadera Miranda E, Castillo Ruiz-Cabello MV, Cámara Hurtado M. Food biopharmaceuticals as part of a sustainable bioeconomy: Edible vaccines case study. N Biotechnol 2020; 59:74-79. [PMID: 32688060 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of immunization in developing countries is undoubtedly the most serious consequence of the difficulty in accessing traditional vaccination systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) has aimed to find low-cost vaccines, which are accessible to the population and are easy to store and distribute without the need for refrigeration. There is literature support that orally administered edible vaccines are promising agents to reduce the incidence of diseases such as hepatitis and diarrhoea, especially in the developing world. This article focuses on the study of the suitability of edible vaccines as biopharmaceuticals in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, allowing to comprehensively address both malnutrition and the degree of immunization, mainly in the child population in developing countries. This is embedded within the scope of a new concept promulgated by the UN and FAO called' Therapeutic Food' or 'Ready to Use Therapeutic Food'. Biopharmaceuticals such as edible processed vaccines have the potential to play an important role in increasing global health to achieve the 2030 - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and beyond, as a solution to the dual problem of malnutrition and immunoprophylaxis as part of a sustainable bioeconomy. This article reviews their most promising applications, as well as the problems of a scientific and socioeconomic nature, including the complex current legislation that restricts their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cebadera Miranda
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Victoria Castillo Ruiz-Cabello
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montaña Cámara Hurtado
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Botha A, Kunert KJ, Maling’a J, Foyer CH. Defining biotechnological solutions for insect control in sub‐Saharan Africa. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Maria Botha
- Department of Genetics Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Karl J. Kunert
- Department of Plant Sciences FABI University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Joyce Maling’a
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Organization (KALRO) Food Crops Research Institute Kitale Kenya
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham UK
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15
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Raybould A. Hypothesis-Led Ecological Risk Assessment of GM Crops to Support Decision-Making About Product Use. GMOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53183-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Smyth SJ. EU Got To Be Kidding? CRISPR J 2019; 1:267-269. [PMID: 31021217 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2018.29029.smy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
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17
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Lassoued R, Macall DM, Hesseln H, Phillips PWB, Smyth SJ. Benefits of genome-edited crops: expert opinion. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:247-256. [PMID: 30830581 PMCID: PMC6440930 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in agriculture is pervasive. However, in spite of the success stories of twentieth century plant breeding, the twenty-first century has ushered in a set of challenges that solutions from the past century are unlikely to address. However, sustained research and the amalgamation of a number of disciplines has resulted in new breeding techniques (NBTs), such as genome editing, which offer the promise of new opportunities to resolve some of the issues. Here we present the results of an expert survey on the added potential benefits of genome-edited crops compared to those developed through genetic modification (GM) and conventional breeding. Overall, survey results reveal a consensus among experts on the enhanced agronomic performance and product quality of genome-edited crops over alternatives. The majority of experts indicated that the regulations for health and safety, followed by export markets, consumers, and the media play a major role in determining where and how NBTs, including genome editing, will be developed and used in agriculture. Further research is needed to gauge expert opinion after the Court of Justice of the European Union ruling establishing that site-specific mutagenic breeding technologies are to be regulated in the same fashion as GM crops, regardless of whether foreign DNA is present in the final variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Lassoued
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Diego Maximiliano Macall
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Hayley Hesseln
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Peter W B Phillips
- The Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Diefenbaker Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B8, Canada
| | - Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
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Herman RA, Zhuang M, Storer NP, Cnudde F, Delaney B. Risk-Only Assessment of Genetically Engineered Crops Is Risky. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:58-68. [PMID: 30385102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The risks of not considering benefits in risk assessment are often overlooked. Risks are also often evaluated without consideration of the broader context. We discuss these two concepts in relation to genetically engineered (GE) crops. The health, environmental, and economic risks and benefits of GE crops are exemplified and presented in the context of modern agriculture. Misattribution of unique risks to GE crops are discussed. It is concluded that the scale of modern agriculture is its distinguishing characteristic and that the greater knowledge around GE crops allows for a more thorough characterization of risk. By considering the benefits and risks in the context of modern agriculture, society will be better served and benefits will be less likely to be forgone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont TM, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Meibao Zhuang
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont TM, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Nicholas P Storer
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont TM, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Filip Cnudde
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont TM, Avenue des Arts 44 1040, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bryan Delaney
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont TM, 7100 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
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19
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Carzoli AK, Aboobucker SI, Sandall LL, Lübberstedt TT, Suza WP. Risks and opportunities of GM crops: Bt maize example. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Smyth SJ, Lassoued R. Agriculture R&D Implications of the CJEU's Gene-Specific Mutagenesis Ruling. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:337-340. [PMID: 30293646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
On 25 July 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that gene-specific mutagenesis must be regulated as genetically modified organism (GMO) technologies. However, the costs to agricultural research and development (R&D) innovation will be staggering, not to mention the brain drain to other countries. As a result, Europe can now be known as the deathplace of agricultural breeding innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Rim Lassoued
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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21
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Nuccio ML, Paul M, Bate NJ, Cohn J, Cutler SR. Where are the drought tolerant crops? An assessment of more than two decades of plant biotechnology effort in crop improvement. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 273:110-119. [PMID: 29907303 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the dawn of modern biotechnology public and private enterprise have pursued the development of a new breed of drought tolerant crop products. After more than 20 years of research and investment only a few such products have reached the market. This is due to several technical and market constraints. The technical challenges include the difficulty in defining tractable single-gene trait development strategies, the logistics of moving traits from initial to commercial genetic backgrounds, and the disconnect between conditions in farmer's fields and controlled environments. Market constraints include the significant difficulty, and associated costs, in obtaining access to markets around the world. Advances in the biology of plant water management, including response to water deficit reveal new opportunities to improve crop response to water deficit and new genome-based tools promise to usher in the next era of crop improvement. As biotechnology looks to improve crop productivity under drought conditions, the environmental and food security advantages will influence public perception and shift the debate toward benefits rather than risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Nuccio
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC., 9 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Matthew Paul
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Bate
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC., 9 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jonathan Cohn
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC., 9 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Sean R Cutler
- Plant Cell Biology and Chemistry, Botany and Plant Sciences Chemistry Genomics Building, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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22
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Raman R. The impact of Genetically Modified (GM) crops in modern agriculture: A review. GM CROPS & FOOD 2018; 8:195-208. [PMID: 29235937 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2017.1413522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification in plants was first recorded 10,000 years ago in Southwest Asia where humans first bred plants through artificial selection and selective breeding. Since then, advancements in agriculture science and technology have brought about the current GM crop revolution. GM crops are promising to mitigate current and future problems in commercial agriculture, with proven case studies in Indian cotton and Australian canola. However, controversial studies such as the Monarch Butterfly study (1999) and the Séralini affair (2012) along with current problems linked to insect resistance and potential health risks have jeopardised its standing with the public and policymakers, even leading to full and partial bans in certain countries. Nevertheless, the current growth rate of the GM seed market at 9.83-10% CAGR along with promising research avenues in biofortification, precise DNA integration and stress tolerance have forecast it to bring productivity and prosperity to commercial agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Raman
- a Faculty of Science (School of Biosciences) , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
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