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Gu Y, Zheng H, Li S, Wang W, Guan Z, Li J, Mei N, Hu W. Effects of narrow-wide row planting patterns on canopy photosynthetic characteristics, bending resistance and yield of soybean in maize‒soybean intercropping systems. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9361. [PMID: 38654091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
With the improvements in mechanization levels, it is difficult for the traditional intercropping planting patterns to meet the needs of mechanization. In the traditional maize‒soybean intercropping, maize has a shading effect on soybean, which leads to a decrease in soybean photosynthetic capacity and stem bend resistance, resulting in severe lodging, which greatly affects soybean yield. In this study, we investigated the effects of three intercropping ratios (four rows of maize and four rows of soybean; four rows of maize and six rows of soybean; six rows of maize and six rows of soybean) and two planting patterns (narrow-wide row planting pattern of 80-50 cm and uniform-ridges planting pattern of 65 cm) on soybean canopy photosynthesis, stem bending resistance, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and related enzyme activities. Compared with the uniform-ridge planting pattern, the narrow-wide row planting pattern significantly increased the LAI, PAR, light transmittance and compound yield by 6.06%, 2.49%, 5.68% and 5.95%, respectively. The stem bending resistance and cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and PAL, TAL and CAD activities were also significantly increased. Compared with those under the uniform-ridge planting pattern, these values increased by 7.74%, 3.04%, 8.42%, 9.76%, 7.39%, 10.54% and 8.73% respectively. Under the three intercropping ratios, the stem bending resistance, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content and PAL, TAL, and CAD activities in the M4S6 treatment were significantly greater than those in the M4S4 and M6S6 treatments. Compared with the M4S4 treatment, these variables increased by 12.05%, 11.09%, 21.56%, 11.91%, 18.46%, 16.1%, and 16.84%, respectively, and compared with the M6S6 treatment, they increased by 2.06%, 2.53%, 2.78%, 2.98%, 8.81%, 4.59%, and 4.36%, respectively. The D-M4S6 treatment significantly improved the lodging resistance of soybean and weakened the negative impact of intercropping on soybean yield. Therefore, based on the planting pattern of narrow-wide row maize‒soybean intercropping planting pattern, four rows of maize and six rows of soybean were more effective at improving the lodging resistance of soybean in the semiarid region of western China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gu
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 131008, China
| | - Haoyuan Zheng
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 131008, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 131008, China
| | - Wantong Wang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 131008, China
| | - Zheyun Guan
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130124, China
| | - Jizhu Li
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 131008, China
| | - Nan Mei
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 131008, China.
| | - Wenhe Hu
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 131008, China.
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Wang Y, Han X, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Qi B, Li L. Grain yield and interspecific competition in an oat-common vetch intercropping system at varying sowing density. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1344110. [PMID: 38525147 PMCID: PMC10957561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1344110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Oat (Avena nuda L.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) intercropping in the northern regions of China has resulted in substantial production capabilities. However, there is currently a dearth of comprehensive research on whether this intercropping system can enhance productivity through increased sowing densities and underlying interspecies interaction mechanisms. Methods A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 to investigate the yield, biological efficiency, economic efficiency, and competition indicators of oats and common vetch in a high-density intercropping system. Two cropping patterns (monocropping and intercropping) and five sowing densities (D1: 4.5×106 plants ha-1; D2:5.4×106 plants ha-1; D3:6.3×106 plants ha-1; D4: 7.2×106 plants ha-1; and D5: 8.1×106 plants ha-1) were arranged in a randomized block design. Results At the same sowing density, the intercropped oats exhibited greater grain yield than the monocultures. Increasing the oat sowing density significantly enhanced oat yield, with the D3 level in intercropping showing the highest yield increase, ranging from 30.98% to 31.85%, compared with the monoculture. The common vetch intercropping grain yield was maximized in the D2 treatment. The land equivalent ratio was maximized at the D2 level in both years and was significantly higher than D1, with the land equivalent coefficient, system productivity index, and percentage yield difference suggesting that increasing oat sowing densities improved the productivity of the intercropping system, with the best performance observed at the D2 level. For both years, the proportionate actual yield loss of oat was the highest at the D3 level; significantly surpassing D1, proportionate actual yield loss of common vetch and actual yield loss were the highest at level D2, both significantly surpassing D1. These indicates that appropriate densification contributes to the realization of the advantages of intercropping. With an increased oat sowing density, the economic benefits of the intercropping system were maximized at the D2 and D3 levels. Regarding intercropping competition, oat was the dominant crop under different sowing densities (Aggressivity for oat (AO)>0, relative crowding coefficient for oat (KO)>1, competition ratio for oat (CRO)>1), whereas common vetch was the inferior crop. Compared with the D1 level, the D2 level harmonized the aggressivity, competitive ratio, and relative crowding coefficients of oat and common vetch, significantly increasing crowding coefficient for common vetch (KV) and competition ratio for common vetch by 19.76% to 21.94% and 4.80% to 7.51%, respectively, while reducing KO and CRO. Discussion This result suggests that in the intercropping of common vetch and oat in alpine regions, rational densification can harmonize interspecific competition and thus improve the biological efficiency and economic benefits of intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bingjie Qi
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Chen G, Liu M, Zhao X, Bawa G, Liang B, Feng L, Pu T, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Wu Y, Liu C, Wang X, Yang W. Improved photosynthetic performance under unilateral weak light conditions in a wide-narrow-row intercropping system is associated with altered sugar transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:258-273. [PMID: 37721809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping improves resource utilization. Under wide-narrow-row maize (Zea mays) intercropping, maize plants are subjected to weak unilateral illumination and exhibit high photosynthetic performance. However, the mechanism regulating photosynthesis under unilateral weak light remains unknown. We investigated the relationship between photosynthesis and sugar metabolism in maize under unilateral weak light. Our results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of unshaded leaves increased as the level of shade on the other side increased. On the contrary, the concentration of sucrose and starch and the number of starch granules in the unshaded leaves decreased with increased shading due to the transfer of abundant C into the grains. However, sink loss with ear removal reduced the Pn of unshaded leaves. Intense unilateral shade (40% to 20% normal light), but not mild unilateral shade (60% normal light), reduced grain yield (37.6% to 54.4%, respectively). We further found that in unshaded leaves, Agpsl, Bmy, and Mexl-like expression significantly influenced sucrose and starch metabolism, while Sweet13a and Sut1 expression was crucial for sugar export. In shaded leaves, expression of Sps1, Agpsl, and Sweet13c was crucial for sugar metabolism and export. This study confirmed that unshaded leaves transported photosynthates to the ear, leading to a decrease in sugar concentration. The improvement of photosynthetic performance was associated with altered sugar transport. We propose a narrow-row spacing of 40 cm, which provides appropriate unilateral shade and limits yield reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning 530001, P.R. China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - George Bawa
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bing Liang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Liang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, P. R. China
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Jardim AMDRF, de Morais JEF, de Souza LSB, de Souza CAA, Araújo Júnior GDN, Alves CP, da Silva GÍN, Leite RMC, de Moura MSB, de Lima JLMP, da Silva TGF. Monitoring Energy Balance, Turbulent Flux Partitioning, Evapotranspiration and Biophysical Parameters of Nopalea cochenillifera (Cactaceae) in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2562. [PMID: 37447125 PMCID: PMC10346497 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The in-situ quantification of turbulent flux and evapotranspiration (ET) is necessary to monitor crop performance in stressful environments. Although cacti can withstand stressful conditions, plant responses and plant-environment interactions remain unclear. Hence, the objective of our study was to investigate the interannual and seasonal behaviour of components of the surface energy balance, environmental conditions, morphophysiological parameters, biomass yield and water relations in a crop of Nopalea cochenillifera in the semi-arid region of Brazil. The data were collected from a micrometeorological tower between 2015 and 2017. The results demonstrate that net radiation was significantly higher during the wet season. Latent heat flux was not significant between the wet season and dry season. During the dry-wet transition season in particular, sensible heat flux was higher than during the other seasons. We observed a large decline in soil heat flux during the wet season. There was no difference in ET during the wet or dry seasons; however, there was a 40% reduction during the dry-wet transition. The wet seasons and wet-dry transition showed the lowest Evaporative Stress Index. The plants showed high cladode water content and biomass during the evaluation period. In conclusion, these findings indicate high rates of growth, high biomass and a high cladode water content and explain the response of the cactus regarding energy partitioning and ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil; (G.d.N.A.J.); (C.P.A.); (G.Í.N.d.S.); (T.G.F.d.S.)
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515, Rio Claro 13506-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Edson Florentino de Morais
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Pernambuco, Brazil; (J.E.F.d.M.); (L.S.B.d.S.); (C.A.A.d.S.); (R.M.C.L.)
| | - Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Pernambuco, Brazil; (J.E.F.d.M.); (L.S.B.d.S.); (C.A.A.d.S.); (R.M.C.L.)
| | - Carlos André Alves de Souza
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Pernambuco, Brazil; (J.E.F.d.M.); (L.S.B.d.S.); (C.A.A.d.S.); (R.M.C.L.)
| | - George do Nascimento Araújo Júnior
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil; (G.d.N.A.J.); (C.P.A.); (G.Í.N.d.S.); (T.G.F.d.S.)
| | - Cléber Pereira Alves
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil; (G.d.N.A.J.); (C.P.A.); (G.Í.N.d.S.); (T.G.F.d.S.)
| | - Gabriel Ítalo Novaes da Silva
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil; (G.d.N.A.J.); (C.P.A.); (G.Í.N.d.S.); (T.G.F.d.S.)
| | - Renan Matheus Cordeiro Leite
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Pernambuco, Brazil; (J.E.F.d.M.); (L.S.B.d.S.); (C.A.A.d.S.); (R.M.C.L.)
| | | | - João L. M. P. de Lima
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Thieres George Freire da Silva
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil; (G.d.N.A.J.); (C.P.A.); (G.Í.N.d.S.); (T.G.F.d.S.)
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Pernambuco, Brazil; (J.E.F.d.M.); (L.S.B.d.S.); (C.A.A.d.S.); (R.M.C.L.)
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Wang L, Yu B, Ji J, Khan I, Li G, Rehman A, Liu D, Li S. Assessing the impact of biochar and nitrogen application on yield, water-nitrogen use efficiency and quality of intercropped maize and soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171547. [PMID: 37223811 PMCID: PMC10200913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Biochar (BC) and nitrogen (N) application have the potential to increase grain yield and resource use efficiency in intercropping systems. However, the effects of different levels of BC and N application in these systems remain unclear. To address this gap, the study is intended to ascertain the impact of various combinations of BC and N fertilizer on the performance of maize-soybean intercropping and determine the optimum application of BC and N for maximizing the effect of the intercropping system. Methods A two-year (2021-2022) field experiment was conducted in Northeast China to assess the impact of BC (0, 15, and 30 t ha-1) and N application (135, 180, and 225 kg ha-1) on plant growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), N recovery efficiency (NRE) and quality in an intercropping system. Maize and soybean were selected as materials in the experiment, where every 2 rows of maize were intercropped with 2 rows of soybean. Results and discussion The results showed that the combination of BC and N significantly affected the yield, WUE, NRE and quality of intercropped maize and soybean. The treatment of 15 t ha-1 BC and 180 kg ha-1 N increased grain yield and WUE, while that of 15 t ha-1 BC and 135 kg ha-1 N enhanced NRE in both years. Nitrogen promoted the protein and oil content of intercropped maize, but decreased the protein and oil content of intercropped soybean. BC did not enhance the protein and oil content of intercropped maize, especially in the first year, but increased maize starch content. BC was found to have no positive impact on soybean protein, but it unexpectedly increased soybean oil content. The TOPSIS method revealed that the comprehensive assessment value first increased and then declined with increasing BC and N application. BC improved the performance of maize-soybean intercropping system in terms of yield, WUE, NRE, and quality while N fertilizer input was reduced. The highest grain yield in two years was achieved for BC of 17.1-23.0 t ha-1 and N of 156-213 kg ha-1 in 2021, and 12.0-18.8 t ha-1 BC and 161-202 kg ha-1 N in 2022. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the growth of maize-soybean intercropping system and its potential to enhance the production in northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Wang
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Binhang Yu
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianmei Ji
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ismail Khan
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Chen G, Ren Y, Mohi Ud Din A, Gul H, Chen H, Liang B, Pu T, Sun X, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Wu Y, Wang X, Yang W. Comparative analysis of farmer practices and high yield experiments: Farmers could get more maize yield from maize-soybean relay intercropping through high density cultivation of maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1031024. [PMID: 36457530 PMCID: PMC9706207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1031024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping is a high-yield, resource-efficient planting method. There is a large gap between actual yield and potential yield at farmer's field. Their actual yield of intercropped maize remains unclear under low solar radiation-area, whether this yield can be improved, and if so, what are the underlying mechanism for increasing yield? In the present study, we collected the field management and yield data of intercropping maize by conducting a survey comprising 300 farmer households in 2016-2017. Subsequently, based on surveyed data, we designed an experiment including a high density planting (Dense cultivation and high N fertilization with plough tillage; DC) and normal farmer practice (Common cultivation; CC) to analyze the yield, canopy structure, light interception, photosynthetic parameters, and photosynthetic productivity. Most farmers preferred rotary tillage with a low planting density and N fertilization. Survey data showed that farmer yield ranged between 4-6 Mg ha-1, with highest yield recorded at 10-12 Mg ha-1, suggesting a possibility for yield improvement by improved cropping practices. Results from high density experiment showed that the two-years average yield for DC was 28.8% higher than the CC. Compared to CC, the lower angle between stem and leaf (LA) and higher leaf area index (LAI) in DC resulted in higher light interception in middle canopy and increased the photosynthetic productivity under DC. Moreover, in upper and lower canopies, the average activity of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase was 70% higher in DC than CC. Briefly, increase in LAI and high Pn improved both light interception and photosynthetic productivity, thereby mediating an increase in the maize yield. Overall, these results indicated that farmer's yields on average can be increased by 2.1 Mg ha-1 by increasing planting density and N fertilization, under plough tillage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfu Ren
- Agriculture Technology Extension Station, Liangzhou County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Shamsabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanlin Chen
- Agriculture Technology Extension Station, Pingchang County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Bazhong, China
| | - Bing Liang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu, China
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7
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Yang H, Xu H, Zhang W, Li Z, Fan H, Lambers H, Li L. Overyielding is accounted for partly by plasticity and dissimilarity of crop root traits in maize/legume intercropping systems. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Hua‐Sen Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Wei‐Ping Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Zhao‐Xin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Hong‐Xia Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Hans Lambers
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development China Agricultural University Beijing China
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA Australia
| | - Long Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development China Agricultural University Beijing China
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8
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Effects of Soybean Density and Sowing Time on the Yield and the Quality of Mixed Silage in Corn-Soybean Strip Intercropping System. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping is a cropping strategy that makes efficient use of space, nutrients, and soil. A 2-year field trial was conducted in 2019 and 2020 to study the effects of different soybean sowing times (9 days before corn sowing (ST1), 0 days at corn sowing (ST2), and 9 days after corn sowing (ST3), respectively) and densities (120,000 plants ha−1 (PD1), 150,000 plants ha−1 (PD2), and 180,000 plants ha−1 (PD3), respectively, and the planting density of corn was 60,000 plants ha−1 constantly) on total yield and on mixed silage quality in corn-soybean strip intercropping system. The yield decreased with an increase in soybean planting density. Before ensiling, the total dry matter (DM) content increased with an increase in soybean planting density, while that of crude protein content decreased with sowing time. The interaction of planting density × sowing time was significant for neutral detergent fiber and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content. After ensiling, the WSC content of PD2ST3 (4.90% DM) was the highest. The PD1 (4.51%) had a higher content of ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen than that of PD2 and PD3. The lactic acid content of PD2ST3 (3.14% DM) was the highest. In general, better silage quality and a higher total yield were obtained when soybean was sown at the planting density of 150,000 plants ha−1 after 9 days of corn sowing.
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9
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Xie W, Zhang K, Wang X, Zou X, Zhang X, Yu X, Wang Y, Si T. Peanut and cotton intercropping increases productivity and economic returns through regulating plant nutrient accumulation and soil microbial communities. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:121. [PMID: 35296247 PMCID: PMC8925217 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercropping (IC) has been widely adopted by farmers for enhancing crop productivity and economic returns; however, the underpinning mechanisms from the perspective of below-ground interspecific interactions are only partly understood especially when intercropping practices under saline soil conditions. By using permeable (100 μm) and impermeable (solid) root barriers in a multi-site field experiment, we aimed to study the impact of root-root interactions on nutrient accumulation, soil microbial communities, crop yield, and economic returns in a peanut/cotton IC system under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China. RESULTS The results indicate that IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions, and consequently enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC). The higher accumulations of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were also observed in IC not only in the soil but also in vegetative tissues and reproductive organs of peanut. Bacterial community structure analysis under normal growth conditions reveals that IC dramatically altered the soil bacterial abundance composition in both peanut and cotton strips of the top soil whereas the bacterial diversity was barely affected compared with MP and MC. At blossom-needling stage, the metabolic functional features of the bacterial communities such as fatty acid biosynthesis, lipoic acid metabolism, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of ansamycins were significantly enriched in MP compared with other treatments. Conversely, these metabolic functional features were dramatically depleted in MP while significantly enriched in IC at podding stage. Permeable root barrier treatments (NC-P and NC-C) counteracted the benefits of IC and the side effects were more pronounced in impermeable treatments (SC-P and SC-C). CONCLUSION Peanut/cotton intercropping increases crop yield as well as economic returns under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions probably by modulating the soil bacterial abundance composition and accelerating plant nutrients accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Yuefu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Tong Si
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China.
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10
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Soratto RP, Perdoná MJ, Parecido RJ, Pinotti RN, Gitari HI. Turning biennial into biannual harvest: Long‐term assessment of Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping and irrigation synergism by biological and economic indices. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério P. Soratto
- Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil
| | - Marcos J. Perdoná
- São Paulo Agency of Agribusiness Technology (APTA/SAA) Midwest Regional Bauru Brazil
| | - Renan J. Parecido
- Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil
| | - Raquel N. Pinotti
- São Paulo Agency of Agribusiness Technology (APTA/SAA) Midwest Regional Bauru Brazil
| | - Harun I. Gitari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Technology School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya
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11
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Alayafi AH, Al-Solaimani SGM, Abd El-Wahed MH, Alghabari FM, Sabagh AE. Silicon supplementation enhances productivity, water use efficiency and salinity tolerance in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:953451. [PMID: 36507433 PMCID: PMC9733720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.953451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salinity stress severely inhibits the growth and productivity of crop plants by limiting their physiological processes. Silicon (Si) supplementation is considerd as one of the promising approaches to alleviate abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. In the present study, a field experiment was conducted over two successive growth seasons (2019-20) to investigate the effect of foliar application of Si at two concentrations (1 and 2 kg Si ha-1) on the growth, yield and physiological parameters of three maize cultivars (ES81, ES83, and ES90) under three levels of irrigation salinity) [1000 (WS1), 2000 (WS2) and 3000 (WS3) mg L-1NaCl]. In this study, A trickle irrigation system was used. Si application significantly mitigated the harsh effects of salinity on growth and yield components of maize, which increased at all concentrations of Si. In irrigation with S3 salinity treatment, grain yield was decreased by 32.53%, however, this reduction was alleviated (36.19%) with the exogenous foliar application of Si at 2 kg Si ha-1. At salinity levels, Si application significantly increased maize grain yield (t ha-1) to its maximum level under WS of 1000 mg L-1, and its minimum level (Add value) under WS of 3000 mg L-1. Accordingly, the highest grain yield increased under Si application of 2 kg Si ha-1, regardless of salinity level and the cultivar ES81 achieved the highest level of tolerance against water salinity treatments. In conclusion, Application of Si at 2 kg Si ha-1 as foliar treatment worked best as a supplement for alleviating the adverse impacts of irrigation water salinity on the growth, physiological and yield parameters of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H. Alayafi
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment & Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir G. M. Al-Solaimani
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment & Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Abd El-Wahed
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment & Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M. Alghabari
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment & Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Ayman El Sabagh,
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12
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Wu Y, Gong W, Yang F, Wang X, Yong T, Liu J, Pu T, Yan Y, Yang W. Dynamic of recovery growth of intercropped soybean after maize harvest in maize–soybean relay strip intercropping system. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China Chengdu China
| | - Wanzhuo Gong
- Crop Research Institute Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China Chengdu China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China Chengdu China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China Chengdu China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China Chengdu China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China Chengdu China
| | - Yanhong Yan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System Key Laboratory of Crop Eco‐physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China Chengdu China
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13
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Raza MA, Cui L, Khan I, Din AMU, Chen G, Ansar M, Ahmed M, Ahmad S, Manaf A, Titriku JK, Shah GA, Yang F, Yang W. Compact maize canopy improves radiation use efficiency and grain yield of maize/soybean relay intercropping system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41135-41148. [PMID: 33779899 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize/soybean relay intercropping system is a popular cultivation system to obtain high yields of both crops with reduced inputs. However, shading by maize decreases the photosynthetically active radiation, reaching the soybean canopy in maize/soybean relay intercropping system, which reduces soybean radiation use efficiency and competitiveness. Here, we reveal that compact maize in maize/soybean relay intercropping system enhances the photosynthetically active radiation transmittance, leaf area index, dry matter production, radiation use efficiency, and competitiveness of soybean and compensates the slight maize yield loss by substantially increasing soybean yield. In this experiment, soybean was relay intercropped with different maize types (SI, spreading maize; SII, semi-compact maize; and SIII, compact maize) in maize/soybean relay intercropping system, and all the relay intercropping treatments were compared with sole cropping systems of soybean and maize. Results revealed that SIII significantly enhanced the soybean radiation use efficiency (by 77%, from 0.35 g MJ-1 in SI to 0.61 g MJ-1 in SIII) and total radiation use efficiency (soybean radiation use efficiency + maize radiation use efficiency) of maize/soybean relay intercropping system (by 5%, from 3.53 g MJ-1 in SI to 3.73 g MJ-1 in SIII). Similarly, SIII improved the competitiveness (by 62%, from 0.58% in SI to 0.94% in SIII) of soybean but reduced the competitiveness (by 38%, from 1.73% in SI to 1.07% in SIII) of maize, which, in turn, considerably increased soybean yield by maintaining maize yield. On average, over the 2 years, in SIII, relay-intercropped soybean produced 89% of the sole soybean yield, and relay-intercropped maize produced 95% of the sole maize yield. Besides, treatment SIII achieved the mean highest land equivalent ratio value of 1.84 in both years. Thus, enhanced radiation use efficiency of soybean, especially during the co-growth period, was the primary factor responsible for the high productivity of the maize/soybean relay intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Liang Cui
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Imran Khan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Manaf
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - John Kwame Titriku
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas Shah
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Faridvand S, Rezaei‐Chiyaneh E, Battaglia ML, Gitari HI, Raza MA, Siddique KHM. Application of bio and chemical fertilizers improves yield, and essential oil quantity and quality of Moldavian balm (
Dracocephalum moldavica
L.) intercropped with mung bean (
Vigna radiata
L.). Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Faridvand
- Department of Forest and Rangeland West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Urmia Iran
| | - Esmaeil Rezaei‐Chiyaneh
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics Faculty of Agriculture Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | | | - Harun I. Gitari
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development Kenyatta University PO Box 43844‐00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan 611130 China
| | - Kadambot H. M. Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
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15
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Raza MA, Gul H, Yang F, Ahmed M, Yang W. Growth Rate, Dry Matter Accumulation, and Partitioning in Soybean ( Glycine max L.) in Response to Defoliation under High-Rainfall Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1497. [PMID: 34451542 PMCID: PMC8401435 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of heavy rains is increasing with climate change in regions that already have high annual rainfall (i.e., Sichuan, China). Crop response under such high-rainfall conditions is to increase dry matter investment in vegetative parts rather than reproductive parts. In the case of soybean, leaf redundancy prevails, which reduces the light transmittance and seed yield. However, moderate defoliation of soybean canopy could reduce leaf redundancy and improve soybean yield, especially under high-rainfall conditions. Therefore, the effects of three defoliation treatments (T1, 15%; T2, 30%; and T3, 45% defoliation from the top of the soybean canopy; defoliation treatments were applied at the pod initiation stage of soybean) on the growth and yield parameters of soybean were evaluated through field experiments in the summer of 2017, 2018, and 2019. All results were compared with nondefoliated soybean plants (CK) under high-rainfall conditions. Compared with CK, treatment T1 significantly (p < 0. 05) improved the light transmittance and photosynthetic rate of soybean. Consequently, the leaf greenness was enhanced by 22%, which delayed the leaf senescence by 13% at physiological maturity. Besides, compared to CK, soybean plants achieved the highest values of crop growth rate in T1, which increased the total dry matter accumulation (by 6%) and its translocation to vegetative parts (by 4%) and reproductive parts (by 8%) at physiological maturity. This improved soybean growth and dry matter partitioning to reproductive parts in T1 enhanced the pod number (by 23%, from 823.8 m-2 in CK to 1012.7 m-2 in T1) and seed number (by 11%, from 1181.4 m-2 in CK to 1311.7 m-2 in T1), whereas the heavy defoliation treatments considerably decreased all measured growth and yield parameters. On average, treatment T1 increased soybean seed yield by 9% (from 2120.2 kg ha-1 in CK to 2318.2 kg ha-1 in T1), while T2 and T3 decreased soybean seed yield by 19% and 33%, respectively, compared to CK. Overall, these findings indicate that the optimum defoliation, i.e., T1 (15% defoliation), can decrease leaf redundancy and increase seed yield by reducing the adverse effects of mutual shading and increasing the dry matter translocation to reproductive parts than vegetative parts in soybean, especially under high-rainfall conditions. Future studies are needed to understand the internal signaling and the molecular mechanism controlling and regulating dry matter production and partitioning in soybean, especially from the pod initiation stage to the physiological maturity stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.A.R.); (F.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Hina Gul
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan;
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.A.R.); (F.Y.)
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.A.R.); (F.Y.)
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16
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Li S, van der Werf W, Zhu J, Guo Y, Li B, Ma Y, Evers JB. Estimating the contribution of plant traits to light partitioning in simultaneous maize/soybean intercropping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3630-3646. [PMID: 33608704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial configuration and plant phenotypic plasticity contribute to increased light capture in relay intercropping, but there is little information on whether these factors also increase light capture in simultaneous intercropping. We developed and validated a three-dimensional functional-structural plant model to simulate light capture in maize and soybean sole crops and intercrop scenarios, using species traits observed in sole crops and intercrops. The intercrop maize phenotype had 2% greater light capture than the sole crop phenotype in a pure stand. The soybean intercrop phenotype had 5-10% lower light capture than the sole crop phenotype in a pure stand. The intercrop configuration increased the light capture of maize by 29% and reduced the light capture of soybean by 42%, compared with the light capture expected from sole crops. However, intercrop configuration only marginally affected total light capture by the intercrop system (+1%). Testing of individual soybean plant traits revealed that plasticity in leaf dimensions was the main reason for differences in light capture by soybean in simulated sole crops and intercrops. The results of this study illustrate a major shift of light capture from shorter species (soybean) to the taller component (maize) in a simultaneous strip intercrop. Plastic plant traits modulate this overall effect, but only marginally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangwei Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Junqi Zhu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Marlborough Research Centre, PO Box 845, Blenheim 7240, New Zealand
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuntao Ma
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jochem B Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen 6700 AK, The Netherlands
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17
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Strip-width determines competitive strengths and grain yields of intercrop species in relay intercropping system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21910. [PMID: 33318496 PMCID: PMC7736315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize/soybean relay intercropping system (MSR) is a popular cultivation method to obtain high yields of both crops with reduced inputs. However, in MSR, the effects of different strip widths on competitive strengths and grain yields of intercrop species are still unclear. Therefore, in a two-year field experiment, soybean was relay-intercropped with maize in three different strip-width arrangements (narrow-strips, 180 cm; medium-strips, 200 cm; and wide-strips, 220 cm), and all intercropping results were compared with sole maize (SM) and sole soybean (SS). Results showed that the optimum strip-width for obtaining high grain yields of maize and soybean was 200 cm (medium-strips), which improved the competitive-ability of soybean by maintaining the competitive-ability of maize in MSR. On average, maize and soybean produced 98% and 77% of SM and SS yield, respectively, in medium-strips. The improved grain yields of intercrop species in medium-strips increased the total grain yield of MSR by 15% and land equivalent ratio by 22%, which enhanced the net-income of medium-strips (by 99%, from 620 US $ ha-1 in wide-strips to 1233 US $ ha-1 in medium-strips). Overall, these findings imply that following the optimum strip-width in MSR, i. e., strip-width of 200 cm, grain yields, and competitive interactions of intercrop species can be improved.
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Fatima Z, Ahmed M, Hussain M, Abbas G, Ul-Allah S, Ahmad S, Ahmed N, Ali MA, Sarwar G, Haque EU, Iqbal P, Hussain S. The fingerprints of climate warming on cereal crops phenology and adaptation options. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18013. [PMID: 33093541 PMCID: PMC7581754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and development of cereal crops are linked to weather, day length and growing degree-days (GDDs) which make them responsive to the specific environments in specific seasons. Global temperature is rising due to human activities such as burning of fossil fuels and clearance of woodlands for building construction. The rise in temperature disrupts crop growth and development. Disturbance mainly causes a shift in phenological development of crops and affects their economic yield. Scientists and farmers adapt to these phenological shifts, in part, by changing sowing time and cultivar shifts which may increase or decrease crop growth duration. Nonetheless, climate warming is a global phenomenon and cannot be avoided. In this scenario, food security can be ensured by improving cereal production through agronomic management, breeding of climate-adapted genotypes and increasing genetic biodiversity. In this review, climate warming, its impact and consequences are discussed with reference to their influences on phenological shifts. Furthermore, how different cereal crops adapt to climate warming by regulating their phenological development is elaborated. Based on the above mentioned discussion, different management strategies to cope with climate warming are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zartash Fatima
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
| | - Mubshar Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
- Agriculture Discipline, College of Science Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ul-Allah
- College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub-campus, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Niaz Ahmed
- Department of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Ali
- Department of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Sarwar
- Cotton Botanist, Cotton Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ehsan Ul Haque
- Citrus Research Institute Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Pakeeza Iqbal
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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Chen G, Chen H, Shi K, Raza MA, Bawa G, Sun X, Pu T, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Yang W, Wang X. Heterogeneous Light Conditions Reduce the Assimilate Translocation Towards Maize Ears. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080987. [PMID: 32759776 PMCID: PMC7465644 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The border row crop in strip intercropped maize is often exposed to heterogeneous light conditions, resulting in increased photosynthesis and yield decreased. Previous studies have focused on photosynthetic productivity, whereas carbon allocation could also be one of the major causes of decreased yield. However, carbon distribution remains unclear in partially shaded conditions. In the present study, we applied heterogeneous light conditions (T), and one side of plants was shaded (T-30%), keeping the other side fully exposed to light (T-100%), as compared to control plants that were exposed entirely to full-light (CK). Dry weight, carbon assimilation, 13C abundance, and transport tissue structure were analyzed to clarify the carbon distribution in partial shading of plants. T caused a marked decline in dry weight and harvest index (HI), whereas dry weight in unshaded and shaded leaves did not differ. Net photosynthesis rate (Pn), the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase enzymes (SPS), and sucrose concentration increased in unshaded leaves. Appropriately, 5.7% of the 13C from unshaded leaves was transferred to shaded leaves. Furthermore, plasmodesma density in the unshaded (T-100%) and shaded (T-30%) leaves in T was not significantly different but was lower than that of CK. Similarly, the vascular bundle total area of T was decreased. 13C transfer from unshaded leaves to ear in T was decreased by 18.0% compared with that in CK. Moreover, 13C and sucrose concentration of stem in T were higher than those in CK. Our results suggested that, under heterogeneous light, shaded leaves as a sink imported the carbohydrates from the unshaded leaves. Ear and shaded leaf competed for carbohydrates, and were not conducive to tissue structure of sucrose transport, resulting in a decrease in the carbon proportion in the ear, harvest index, and ear weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - George Bawa
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-0906
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Ahmed S, Raza MA, Yuan X, Du Y, Iqbal N, Chachar Q, Soomro AA, Ibrahim F, Hussain S, Wang X, Liu W, Yang W. Optimized planting time and co‐growth duration reduce the yield difference between intercropped and sole soybean by enhancing soybean resilience toward size‐asymmetric competition. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ahmed
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | | | - Xiaoqin Yuan
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Yibin Vocational and Technical College Yibin China
| | - Yongli Du
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Institute of Sorghum and Potato Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yibin China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Qamaruddin Chachar
- Faculty of Crop Production Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Soomro
- Faculty of Crop Production Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan
| | - Faisal Ibrahim
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Sajad Hussain
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Xingcai Wang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
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21
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Raza MA, Feng LY, Werf W, Iqbal N, Khan I, Khan A, Din AMU, Naeem M, Meraj TA, Hassan MJ, Khan A, Lu FZ, Liu X, Ahmed M, Yang F, Yang W. Optimum strip width increases dry matter, nutrient accumulation, and seed yield of intercrops under the relay intercropping system. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Wopke Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Grassland Science Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Ahsin Khan
- College of Life Sciences Sichuan Agricultural University Yaan China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Life Sciences Sichuan Agricultural University Yaan China
| | - Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | | | | | - Aaqil Khan
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Feng Zhi Lu
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
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Raza MA, Feng LY, Iqbal N, Khan I, Meraj TA, Xi ZJ, Naeem M, Ahmed S, Sattar MT, Chen YK, Huan CH, Ahmed M, Yang F, Yang W. Effects of contrasting shade treatments on the carbon production and antioxidant activities of soybean plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:342-354. [PMID: 32040939 DOI: 10.1071/fp19213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In China, maize-soybean relay-intercropping system follow the two main planting-patterns: (i) traditional relay-intercropping; maize-soybean equal row planting, where soybean experience severe maize shading on both sides of plants, and (ii) modern relay-intercropping; narrow-wide row planting, in this new planting pattern only one side of soybean leaves suffer from maize shading. Therefore, in this study, changes in morphological traits, cytochrome content, photosynthetic characteristics, carbon status, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were investigated at 30 days after treatment (DAT) in shade-tolerant soybean variety Nandou-12 subjected to three different types of shading conditions; normal light (NL, all trifoliate-leaves of soybean plants were under normal light); unilateral shade (US, all right-side trifoliate-leaves of soybean plants from top to bottom were under shade while all the left-side of trifoliate-leaves from top to bottom were in normal light); bilateral shade (BS, all trifoliate-leaves of soybean plants were under complete shade). Compared with BS, US conditions decreased plant height and increased stem diameter, leaf area, and biomass at 30 DAT. Biomass distribution rates to stem, petiole and leaves, and photosynthetic characteristics were markedly improved by the US at all sampling stages, which proved to be a better growing condition than BS with respect to shade tolerance. The enhanced net photosynthesis and transpiration rates in the left-side leaves (LS) of soybean plants in US, when compared with the LS in BS, allowed them to produce higher total soluble sugar (by 70%) and total soluble protein (by 17%) at 30 DAT which reduce the adverse effects of shading at right-side leaves (RS) of the soybean plants. Similarly, soybean leaves under US accumulated higher proline content in US than the leaves of BS plants. Soybean leaves grown in shading conditions (LS and RS of BS and RS of US) developed antioxidative defence-mechanisms, including the accelerated activities of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT. Comparatively, soybean leaves in US displayed lower activity levels of the antioxidative enzymes than the leaves of BS plants, showing that soybean plants experienced less shade stress in US as compared with BS treatment. Overall, these results indicate that the association of improved photosynthetic characteristics, sugar and protein accumulation and optimum antioxidative defences could be an effective approach for growing soybean in intercropping environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Tehseen Ahmad Meraj
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zeng Jin Xi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, PR China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Sattar
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; and Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yuan Kai Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Chen Hui Huan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; and Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umea, Sweden
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; and Correspondending authors. ;
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; and Correspondending authors. ;
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Naeem M, Li H, Yan L, Raza MA, Gong G, Chen H, Yang C, Zhang M, Shang J, Liu T, Chen W, Fahim Abbas M, Irshad G, Ibrahim Khaskheli M, Yang W, Chang X. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species Associated with Soybean Pods in Maize/Soybean Strip Intercropping. Pathogens 2019; 8:E245. [PMID: 31752369 PMCID: PMC6963259 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercropping has been considered as a kind of a sustainable agricultural cropping system. In southwest China, maize/soybean strip intercropping has commonly been practised under local limited agricultural land resources. However, heavy rainfall in combination with high humidity and low temperatures cause severe pod and seed deterioration in the maturity and pre-harvesting stages of intercropped soybean. Numerous Fusarium species have been reported as the dominant pathogens of soybean root rot, seedling blight, as well as pod field mold in this area. However, the diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium species on soybean pods remain unclear. In the current study, diseased soybean pods were collected during the cropping season of 2018 from five different intercropped soybean producing areas. A total of 83 Fusarium isolates were isolated and identified as F. fujikuroi, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of EF1-α and RPB2 genes. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that all Fusarium species were pathogenic to seeds of the intercropped soybean cultivar Nandou12. Fusarium fujikuroi had the maximum disease severity, with a significant reduction of seed germination rate, root length, and seed weight, followed by F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and F. incarnatum. Additionally, the diversity of Fusarium species on soybean pods was also considerably distinct according to the geographical origin and soybean varieties. Thus, the findings of the current study will be helpful for the management and resistance breeding of soybean pod decay in the maize/soybean intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Hongju Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Li Yan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Huabao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Muhammad Fahim Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; (M.F.A.); (G.I.)
| | - Gulshan Irshad
- Department of Plant Pathology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; (M.F.A.); (G.I.)
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan;
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (W.C.)
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Raza MA, Feng LY, van der Werf W, Iqbal N, Khalid MHB, Chen YK, Wasaya A, Ahmed S, Ud Din AM, Khan A, Ahmed S, Yang F, Yang W. Maize leaf-removal: A new agronomic approach to increase dry matter, flower number and seed-yield of soybean in maize soybean relay intercropping system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13453. [PMID: 31530859 PMCID: PMC6748973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Shading conditions adversely affect flower-number and pod-number of soybeans under maize-soybean relay-intercropping (MSR). Here we reveal that leaf-removal from maize-canopy improves the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and dry-matter production (DMP) of soybean (especially during the co-growth phase), and compensates the maize seed-yield loss by considerably increasing soybean seed-yield. In a two-year experiment with MSR, maize-plants were subjected to different leaf-removal treatments to increase the PAR-transmittance of soybean; removal of the topmost two-leaves (R2), four-leaves (R4), six-leaves (R6), with no-removal of leaves (R0). Leaf-removal treatments improved the PAR-transmittance, photosynthetic-rate, and morphological-characteristics of soybean under MSR. At 90 days after sowing, the dry-matter of pods, and seeds was increased by 25%, and 32%, respectively under R6 than R0. Importantly, enhanced PAR-transmittance and DMP under R6 enabled soybean to initiate a greater number of flowers 182.2 plant-1 compared to 142.7 plant-1 under R0, and it also decreased the flower-abscission (by 13%, from 54.9% under R0 to 47.6% under R6). These positive responses increased the pod-number by 49% and seed-number by 28% under R6 than R0. Overall, under R6, relay-intercropped soybean produced 78% of sole-soybean seed-yield, and relay-intercropped maize produced 81% of sole-maize seed-yield and achieved the land equivalent ratio of 1.59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Kai Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Allah Wasaya
- College of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub Campus, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ahmed
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, P.R. China
| | - Ahsin Khan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, P.R. China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China.
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China.
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Raza MA, Feng LY, Iqbal N, Ahmed M, Chen YK, Khalid MHB, Mohi Ud Din A, Khan A, Ijaz W, Hussain A, Jamil MA, Naeem M, Bhutto SH, Ansar M, Yang F, Yang W. Growth and development of soybean under changing light environments in relay intercropping system. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7262. [PMID: 31372317 PMCID: PMC6659667 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maize-soybean relay-intercropping (MSR) is a famous system of crop production in developing countries. However, maize shading under this system directly affects the light quality and intensity of soybean canopy. This is a challenging scenario in which to implement the MSR system, in terms of varieties selection, planting pattern, and crop management since the duration of crop resource utilization clearly differs. Methods Therefore, this experiment aimed to elucidate the effect of leaf excising treatments from maize top to fully clarify the needs and balance of light quality and intensity of intercrop-soybean under MSR in field conditions. The effects of different leaf excising treatments (T0, no removal of leaves; T2, removal of two topmost leaves; T4, removal of four topmost leaves; T6, removal of six topmost leaves from maize plants were applied at first-trifoliate stage (V1) of soybean) on photosynthetically active radiation transmittance (PART), red to far-red ratio (R:FR), morphological and photosynthetic characteristics and total biomass production at second-trifoliate stage (V2), fifth-trifoliate stage (V5), and flowering-stage (R1) of soybean were investigated through field experiments for 2-years under MSR. Results As compared to T0, treatment T6 increased the PART and R:FR ratio at soybean canopy by 77% and 37% (V2), 70% and 34% (V5), and 41% and 36% (R1), respectively. This improved light environment in T6 considerably enhanced the leaf area index, SPAD values and photosynthetic rate of soybean plants by 66%, 25% and 49% at R1, respectively than T0. Similarly, relative to control, T6 also increased the stem diameter (by 29%) but decreased the plant height (by 23%) which in turn significantly increased stem breaking strength (by 87%) by reducing the lodging rate (by 59%) of soybean plants. Overall, under T6, relay-cropped soybean produced 78% of sole soybean seed-yield, and relay-cropped maize produced 81% of sole maize seed-yield. Our findings implied that by maintaining the optimum level of PART (from 60% to 80%) and R:FR ratio (0.9 to 1.1), we can improve morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean plants in MSR. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the light environment when considering the sustainability of MSR via appropriate planting pattern selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Rwalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.,Department of Northern Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Yuan Kai Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | | | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China, China
| | - Ahsin Khan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China, China
| | - Waqas Ijaz
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Anwaar Hussain
- Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | | | - Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | | | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Rwalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China, China
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