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Lazarevic V, Lilljebjörn H, Olsson-Arvidsson L, Orsmark-Pietras C, Ågerstam H. TLE3 Is a Novel Fusion Partner of JAK2 in Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasm With Eosinophilia Responding to JAK2 Inhibition. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23261. [PMID: 39105620 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements involving Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) are rare but recurrent findings in lymphoid or myeloid neoplasia. Detection of JAK2 fusion genes is important as patients with aberrantly activated JAK2 may benefit from treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as ruxolitinib. Here, we report a novel fusion gene between the transcriptional co-repressor-encoding gene transducin-like enhancer of split 3 (TLE3) and JAK2 in a patient initially diagnosed with chronic eosinophilic leukemia with additional mutations in PTPN11 and NRAS. The patient was successfully treated with the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib for 8 months before additional somatic mutations were acquired and the disease progressed into an acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The present case shows similarities to previously reported cases with PCM1::JAK2 and BCR::JAK2 with regard to disease phenotype and response to ruxolitinib, and importantly, provides an example that also patients harboring other JAK2 fusion genes may benefit from treatment with JAK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lazarevic
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Olsson-Arvidsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Orsmark-Pietras
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Ågerstam
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Saft L, Kvasnicka HM, Boudova L, Gianelli U, Lazzi S, Rozman M. Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase fusion genes: A workshop report with focus on novel entities and a literature review including paediatric cases. Histopathology 2023; 83:829-849. [PMID: 37551450 DOI: 10.1111/his.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia (M/LN-eo) and tyrosine kinase (TK) gene fusions are a rare group of haematopoietic neoplasms with a broad range of clinical and morphological presentations. Paediatric cases have increasingly been recognised. Importantly, not all appear as a chronic myeloid neoplasm and eosinophilia is not always present. In addition, standard cytogenetic and molecular methods may not be sufficient to diagnose M/LN-eo due to cytogenetically cryptic aberrations. Therefore, additional evaluation with fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and other molecular genetic techniques (array-based comparative genomic hybridisation, RNA sequencing) are recommended for the identification of specific TK gene fusions. M/LN-eo with JAK2 and FLT3-rearrangements and ETV6::ABL1 fusion were recently added as a formal member to this category in the International Consensus Classification (ICC) and the 5th edition of the WHO classification (WHO-HAEM5). In addition, other less common defined genetic alterations involving TK genes have been described. This study is an update on M/LN-eo with TK gene fusions with focus on novel entities, as illustrated by cases submitted to the Bone Marrow Workshop, organised by the European Bone Marrow Working Group (EBMWG) within the frame of the 21st European Association for Haematopathology congress (EAHP-SH) in Florence 2022. A literature review was performed including paediatric cases of M/LN-eo with TK gene fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Saft
- Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans M Kvasnicka
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ludmila Boudova
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty Hospital, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Umberto Gianelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, SC Anatomia Patologica, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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3
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Zhang L, Shah B, Zhang Y, Tashkandi H, Xiao W, Fernandez-Pol S, Vergara-Lluri M, Hussaini M, Song J, Lancet J, Moscinski L, Yun S, Lu CM, Medeiros LJ, Tang G. Clinicopathologic characteristics, genetic features, and treatment options for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with JAK2 rearrangement-A 10-case study and literature review. Hum Pathol 2023; 136:1-15. [PMID: 36958463 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
JAK2 rearrangement (JAK2-R) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is rare and often categorized as B-ALL with BCR::ABL1-like features based on the World Health Organization classification. We report 10 patients with JAK2-R ALL, 9 males and 1 female, with a median age 40.5 years. Eight patients presented with marked leukocytosis (median WBC, 63 × 10 9/L) and hypercellular (>95%) bone marrow with increased lymphoblasts (72%-95%). There was no evidence of bone marrow fibrosis or hypereosinophilia. Immunophenotypic analysis showed 9 B-cell and 1 T-cell neoplasms. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and RNA sequencing analysis, JAK2 partners were identified for 7 cases and included PCM1 (n=4), ETV6 (n=2) and BCR (n=1). All patients received upfront polychemotherapy. Additionally, 2 patients received ruxolitinib, 2 received allogeneic stem cell transplant, and 1 received CAR-T therapy. The 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 55.6% and 22.2%, respectively. A literature review identified 24 B-ALL and 4 T-ALL cases with JAK2-R reported, including 16 males, 6 females and 6 gender not stated. Many JAK2 partner-genes were reported with the most common being PAX5 (n=7), ETV6 (n=4), BCR (n=3) and PCM1 (n=2). Survival data or 13 reported cases showed 1- and 3-year overall survival rates of 41.7% and 41.7%, respectively. In summary, JAK2-R ALL occurs more often in adult males, are mostly of B-cell lineage, and associated with an aggressive clinical course. Absence of eosinophilia and bone marrow fibrosis and no evidence of preexisting/concurrent JAK2-R myeloid neoplasms distinguish JAK2-R ALL from other myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and JAK2-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bijal Shah
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Morsani College of Medicine, the University of South Florida and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Hammad Tashkandi
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Maria Vergara-Lluri
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Hussaini
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jinming Song
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lancet
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lynn Moscinski
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Seongseok Yun
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chuanyi M Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Tzankov A, Reichard KK, Hasserjian RP, Arber DA, Orazi A, Wang SA. Updates on eosinophilic disorders. Virchows Arch 2023; 482:85-97. [PMID: 36068374 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses changes and updates in eosinophilic disorders under the International Consensus Classification (ICC). The previous category of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia (M/LN-eo) and a specific gene rearrangement is changed to M/LN-eo with tyrosine kinase gene fusions to reflect the underlying genetic lesions. Two new members, M/LN-eo with ETV6::ABL1 fusion and M/LN-eo with various FLT3 fusions, have been added to the category; and M/LN-eo with PCM1::JAK2 and its genetic variants ETV6::JAK2 and BCR::JAK2 are recognized as a formal entity from their former provisional status. The updated understanding of the clinical and molecular genetic features of PDGFRA, PDGFRB and FGFR1 neoplasms is summarized. Clear guidance as to how to distinguish these fusion gene-associated disorders from the overlapping entities of Ph-like B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), de novo T-ALL, and systemic mastocytosis is provided. Bone marrow morphology now constitutes one of the diagnostic criteria of chronic eosinophilic leukemia, NOS (CEL, NOS), and idiopathic hypereosinophilia/hypereosinophilic syndrome (HE/HES), facilitating the separation of a true myeloid neoplasm with characteristic eosinophilic proliferation from those of unknown etiology and not attributable to a myeloid neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaaren K Reichard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, NY, Rochester, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Arber
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL, Chicago, USA
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, Division of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, Houston, USA.
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5
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Rodriguez-Sevilla JJ, Salido M, Rodriguez-Rivera M, Sanchez-Gonzalez B, Gallardo F, Pujol RM, Colomo L. PCM1::JAK2 fusion associates with an atypical form of mycosis fungoides. Virchows Arch 2022; 481:967-973. [PMID: 35786767 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of JAK-STAT pathway seems to be relevant in mycosis fungoides (MFs). We report the case of a 23-year-old woman diagnosed of atypical MF carrying isolated PCM1::JAK2 fusion and eosinophilia. The disease was refractory to common treatments and progressed increasing the number of large CD30 positive T-cells. After progression, treatment with brentuximab vedotin was decided and decreased the proportion of large cells, but the low-grade component persisted, and the skin lesions worsened. Immunohistochemical expression of p-STAT3 detected in most tumor cells demonstrated the abnormal activation of JAK-STAT pathway. Very few cases of mature T-cell lymphomas carrying PCM1::JAK2 gene fusion have been reported to date, and we review previous cases described with this alteration. Described cases shared similar clinicopathological features and low genetic complexity, and the presence of PCM1::JAK2 fusion associates with a distinctive form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Rodriguez-Sevilla
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Salido
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Rivera
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Gallardo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Maria Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Colomo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Downes CEJ, McClure BJ, McDougal DP, Heatley SL, Bruning JB, Thomas D, Yeung DT, White DL. JAK2 Alterations in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Molecular Insights for Superior Precision Medicine Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942053. [PMID: 35903543 PMCID: PMC9315936 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, arising from immature lymphocytes that show uncontrolled proliferation and arrested differentiation. Genomic alterations affecting Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) correlate with some of the poorest outcomes within the Philadelphia-like subtype of ALL. Given the success of kinase inhibitors in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, the discovery of activating JAK2 point mutations and JAK2 fusion genes in ALL, was a breakthrough for potential targeted therapies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these alterations activate JAK2 and promote downstream signaling is poorly understood. Furthermore, as clinical data regarding the limitations of approved JAK inhibitors in myeloproliferative disorders matures, there is a growing awareness of the need for alternative precision medicine approaches for specific JAK2 lesions. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms behind ALL-associated JAK2 mutations and JAK2 fusion genes, known and potential causes of JAK-inhibitor resistance, and how JAK2 alterations could be targeted using alternative and novel rationally designed therapies to guide precision medicine approaches for these high-risk subtypes of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte EJ. Downes
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara J. McClure
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel P. McDougal
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Susan L. Heatley
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children’s Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John B. Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David T. Yeung
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Deborah L. White
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children’s Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Clayton, VIC, Australia
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7
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Exploring the oncogenic and therapeutic target potential of the MYB-TYK2 fusion gene in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1140-1152. [PMID: 35022522 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
TYK2-rearrangements have recently been identified in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL) cases and are associated with poor outcome. Current understanding of the leukemogenic potential and therapeutic targetability of activating TYK2 alterations in the ALL setting is unclear, thus further investigations are warranted. Consequently, we developed in vitro, and for the first time, in vivo models of B-cell ALL from a patient harboring the MYB-TYK2 fusion gene. These models revealed JAK/STAT signaling activation and the oncogenic potential of the MYB-TYK2 fusion gene in isolation. High throughput screening identified the HDAC inhibitor, vorinostat and the HSP90 inhibitor, tanespimycin plus the JAK inhibitor, cerdulatinib as the most effective agents against cells expressing the MYB-TYK2 alteration. Evaluation of vorinostat and cerdulatinib in pre-clinical models of MYB-TYK2-rearranged ALL demonstrated that both drugs exhibited anti-leukemic effects and reduced the disease burden in treated mice. Importantly, these findings indicate that activating TYK2 alterations can function as driver oncogenes rather than passenger or secondary events in disease development. In addition, our data provide evidence for use of vorinostat and cerdulatinib in the treatment regimens of patients with this rare yet aggressive type of high-risk ALL that warrants further investigation in the clinical setting.
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Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disorders with overproduction of mature myeloid blood cells, including essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). In 2005, several groups identified a single gain-of-function point mutation JAK2V617F in the majority of MPN patients. The JAK2V617F mutation confers cytokine independent proliferation to hematopoietic progenitor cells by constitutively activating canonical and non-canonical downstream pathways. In this chapter, we focus on (1) the regulation of JAK2, (2) the molecular mechanisms used by JAK2V617F to induce MPNs, (3) the factors that are involved in the phenotypic diversity in MPNs, and (4) the effects of JAK2V617F on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation led to a comprehensive understanding of MPN; however, the question still remains about how one mutation can give rise to three distinct disease entities. Various mechanisms have been proposed, including JAK2V617F allele burden, differential STAT signaling, and host genetic modifiers. In vivo modeling of JAK2V617F has dramatically enhanced the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and provided the pre-clinical platform. Interestingly, most of these models do not show an increased hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and function compared to wildtype controls, raising the question of whether JAK2V617F alone is sufficient to give a clonal advantage in MPN patients. In addition, the advent of modern sequencing technologies has led to a broader understanding of the mutational landscape and detailed JAK2V617F clonal architecture in MPN patients.
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Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Meehan J, Gray M, Dixon JM, Turnbull AK. The IL6-like Cytokine Family: Role and Biomarker Potential in Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1073. [PMID: 34834425 PMCID: PMC8624266 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL6-like cytokines are a family of regulators with a complex, pleiotropic role in both the healthy organism, where they regulate immunity and homeostasis, and in different diseases, including cancer. Here we summarise how these cytokines exert their effect through the shared signal transducer IL6ST (gp130) and we review the extensive evidence on the role that different members of this family play in breast cancer. Additionally, we discuss how the different cytokines, their related receptors and downstream effectors, as well as specific polymorphisms in these molecules, can serve as predictive or prognostic biomarkers with the potential for clinical application in breast cancer. Lastly, we also discuss how our increasing understanding of this complex signalling axis presents promising opportunities for the development or repurposing of therapeutic strategies against cancer and, specifically, breast neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.K.); (J.M.D.); (A.K.T.)
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK; (J.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Charlene Kay
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.K.); (J.M.D.); (A.K.T.)
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK; (J.M.); (M.G.)
| | - James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK; (J.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mark Gray
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK; (J.M.); (M.G.)
| | - J. Michael Dixon
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.K.); (J.M.D.); (A.K.T.)
| | - Arran K. Turnbull
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.K.); (J.M.D.); (A.K.T.)
- Translational Oncology Research Group, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK; (J.M.); (M.G.)
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10
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Genomic Analyses of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Ph+ and Ph-Like-Recent Progress in Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126411. [PMID: 34203891 PMCID: PMC8232636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) is a very rare malignancy in children. Approximately 3-5% of pediatric ALL patients present with the Philadelphia chromosome. Previously, children with Ph+ had a poor prognosis, and were considered for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in their first remission (CR1). Over the last few years, the treatment of childhood ALL has significantly improved due to standardized research protocols. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been the gold standard therapy in ALL Ph+ patients, but recently first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-imatinib became a major milestone in increasing overall survival. Genomic analyses give the opportunity for the investigation of new fusions or mutations, which can be used to establish effective targeted therapies. Alterations of the IKZF1 gene are present in a large proportion of pediatric and adult ALL Ph+ cases. IKZF1 deletions are present in ~15% of patients without BCR-ABL1 rearrangements. In BCR-ABL1-negative cases, IKZF1 deletions have been shown to have an independent prognostic impact, carrying a three-fold increased risk of treatment failure. The prognostic significance of IKZF1 gene aberrations in pediatric ALL Ph+ is still under investigation. More research should focus on targeted therapies and immunotherapy, which is not associated with serious toxicity in the same way as classic chemotherapy, and on the improvement of patient outcomes. In this review, we provide a molecular analysis of childhood ALL with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), including the Ph-like subtype, and of treatment strategies.
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11
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Tavakoli Shirazi P, Eadie LN, Page EC, Heatley SL, Bruning JB, White DL. Constitutive JAK/STAT signaling is the primary mechanism of resistance to JAKi in TYK2-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Lett 2021; 512:28-37. [PMID: 33971281 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activating TYK2-rearrangements have recently been identified and implicated in the leukemogenesis of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL) cases. Pre-clinical studies indicated the JAK/TYK2 inhibitor (JAKi), cerdulatinib, as a promising therapeutic against TYK2-rearranged ALL, attenuating the constitutive JAK/STAT signaling resulting from the TYK2 fusion protein. However, following a period of clinical efficacy, JAKi resistance often occurs resulting in relapse. In this study, we modeled potential mechanisms of JAKi resistance in TYK2-rearranged ALL cells in vitro in order to recapitulate possible clinical scenarios and provide a rationale for alternative therapies. Cerdulatinib resistant B-cells, driven by the MYB-TYK2 fusion oncogene, were generated by long-term exposure to the drug. Sustained treatment of MYB-TYK2-rearranged ALL cells with cerdulatinib led to enhanced and persistent JAK/STAT signaling, co-occurring with JAK1 overexpression. Hyperactivation of JAK/STAT signaling and JAK1 overexpression was reversible as cerdulatinib withdrawal resulted in re-sensitization to the drug. Importantly, histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) therapies were efficacious against cerdulatinib-resistant cells demonstrating a potential alternative therapy for use in TYK2-rearranged B-ALL patients who have lost response to JAKi treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Tavakoli Shirazi
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Laura N Eadie
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Elyse C Page
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Susan L Heatley
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - John B Bruning
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Deborah L White
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA), Australia.
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12
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da Cruz AS, Silva DC, Minasi LB, de Farias Teixeira LK, Rodrigues FM, da Silva CC, do Carmo AS, da Silva MVGB, Utsunomiya YT, Garcia JF, da Cruz AD. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Variations Associated With Specific Genes Putatively Identified Enhanced Genetic Predisposition for 305-Day Milk Yield in the Girolando Crossbreed. Front Genet 2021; 11:573344. [PMID: 33584786 PMCID: PMC7876550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.573344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk production phenotypes are the main focus of genetic selection in dairy herds, and although there are many genes identified as related to the biology of these traits in pure breeds, little is known about crossbreed animals. This study aimed to identify potential genes associated with the 305-day milk yield in 337 crossbreed Gir × Holstein (Girolando) animals. Milk production records were genotyped for 45,613 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This dataset was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the 305-day milk yield adjusted for the fixed effects of herd and year and linear and quadratic effects of age at calving (in days) and calving factor averaged per animal. Genes within the significant SNPs were retrieved from the Bos taurus ARS-UCD1.2 assembly (bosTau9) for gene ontology analysis. In summary, the GWAS identified 52 SNPs associated [p ≤ 10–4, false discovery rate (FDR) = 8.77%] with milk production, including NUB1 and SLC24A2, which were previously described as related to milk production traits in cattle. The results suggest that SNPs associated mainly with NUB1 and SLC24A2 could be useful to understand milk production in Girolando and used as predictive markers for selecting genetic predisposition for milk yield in Girolando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Silva da Cruz
- Mestrado em Genética, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Danilo Conrado Silva
- Curso de Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Acadêmico de Ciências Agrárias e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, São Luís de Montes Belos, Brazil
| | - Lysa Bernardes Minasi
- Mestrado em Genética, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Larissa Kamídia de Farias Teixeira
- Mestrado em Genética, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Flávia Melo Rodrigues
- Mestrado em Genética, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Claudio Carlos da Silva
- Mestrado em Genética, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Adriana Santana do Carmo
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Yuri Tani Utsunomiya
- Departamento de Apoio a Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Garcia
- Departamento de Apoio a Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Divino da Cruz
- Mestrado em Genética, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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13
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Chen X, Wang F, Zhang Y, Ma X, Liu M, Cao P, Zhou L, Wang L, Zhang X, Wang T, Liu H. Identification of RNPC3 as a novel JAK2 fusion partner gene in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia refractory to combination therapy including ruxolitinib. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 8:e1110. [PMID: 31885183 PMCID: PMC7057088 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic neoplasms with chromosomal translocations involving JAK2 are rare, and most of them show myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated features, followed by B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). De novo B-ALL cases with JAK2 rearrangements are suggested to be appropriately considered as BCR-ABL1-like B-ALL, but its partners varied. METHODS Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), whole-genome sequencing, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to identify the pathogenic fusion gene in a 29-year-old woman with relapsed B-ALL and rare t(1;9)(p13;p22) translocation. RESULTS We identified RNPC3 as a new JAK2 fusion partner in the patient. She was treated with a combination of chemotherapy and targeted drug ruxolitinib and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, but failed to achieve complete remission. She had no chance to undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and died of disease progression 7 months after the initial diagnosis. Her clinical course demonstrated that this novel RNPC3-JAK2 fusion might portend an unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSION This finding adds to the expanding compendium of JAK2 fusions found in B-ALL and suggests the potential need for a diagnostic FISH analysis as well as RNA-Seq in the appropriate clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Panxiang Cao
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China.,Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Lu Daopei Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang, China.,Divison of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Lu Daopei Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Lu Daopei Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
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14
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PHF6 and DNMT3A mutations are enriched in distinct subgroups of mixed phenotype acute leukemia with T-lineage differentiation. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3526-3539. [PMID: 30530780 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018023531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic aberrations that drive mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) remain largely unknown, with the exception of a small subset of MPALs harboring BCR -ABL1 and MLL translocations. We performed clinicopathologic and genetic evaluation of 52 presumptive MPAL cases at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Only 29 out of 52 (56%) cases were confirmed to be bona fide MPAL according to the 2016 World Heath Organization classification. We identified PHF6 and DNMT3A mutations as the most common recurrent mutations in MPAL, each occurring in 6 out of 26 (23%) cases. These mutations are mutually exclusive of each other and BCR-ABL1/MLL translocations. PHF6- and DNMT3A-mutated MPAL showed marked predilection for T-lineage differentiation (5/6 PHF6 mutated, 6/6 DNMT3A mutated). PHF6-mutated MPAL occurred in a younger patient cohort compared with DNMT3A-mutated cases (median age, 27 years vs 61 years, P < .01). All 3 MPAL cases with both T- and B-lineage differentiation harbored PHF6 mutations. MPAL with T-lineage differentiation was associated with nodal or extramedullary involvement (9/15 [60%] vs 0, P = .001) and a higher relapse incidence (78% vs 22%, P = .017) compared with those without T-lineage differentiation. Sequencing studies on flow-cytometry-sorted populations demonstrated that PHF6 mutations are present in all blast compartments regardless of lineage differentiation with high variant allele frequency, implicating PHF6 as an early mutation in MPAL pathogenesis. In conclusion, PHF6 and DNMT3A mutations are the most common somatic alterations identified in MPAL and appear to define 2 distinct subgroups of MPAL with T-lineage differentiation with inferior outcomes.
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15
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Levavi H, Tripodi J, Marcellino B, Mascarenhas J, Jones AV, Cross NCP, Gruenstein D, Najfeld V. A Novel t(1;9)(p36;p24.1) JAK2 Translocation and Review of the Literature. Acta Haematol 2019; 142:105-112. [PMID: 31063994 DOI: 10.1159/000498945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2V617F point mutation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the vast majority of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), but translocations involving JAK2 have increasingly been identified in patients with JAK2V617F-negativeMPNs. Here, we present a case of a patient diagnosed with JAK2V617F-negativepolycythemia vera (PV) that transformed to the MPN-blast phase. Cytogenetic and FISH analysis revealed a novel translocation of t(1;9)(p36;p24.1), causing a PEX14-JAK2 gene fusion product. The t(1;9)(p36;p24.1) represents a new addition to the list of known translocations involving JAK2that have been identified in hematologic malignancies. Although the prognostic and treatment implications of JAK2 translocations in MPNs have not been elucidated, positive outcomes have been described in case reports describing the use of JAK inhibitors in these patients. Further research into the role of JAK2 translocations in the pathogenesis and outcomes of hematologic malignancies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Levavi
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Bridget Marcellino
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Mascarenhas
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy V Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C P Cross
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Gruenstein
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vesna Najfeld
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA,
- Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York, USA,
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16
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Wang H, Wang Z, Tang Q, Yan XX, Xu W. Crystal structure of the LUFS domain of human single-stranded DNA binding Protein 2 (SSBP2). Protein Sci 2019; 28:788-793. [PMID: 30676665 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human single-stranded DNA binding Protein 2 (SSBP2) is a tumor suppressor implicated in multiple cancer forms. The SSBP2 and related SSBP3/SSBP4 proteins are predicted to be intrinsically disordered excepted for their highly conserved N-terminal LUFS (LUG/LUH, Flo8, and SSBP/SSDP) domain. LUFS domains are found in a number of proteins including some transcriptional co-repressors. Although LUFS domains contain an N-terminal Lis homology (LisH) motif that typically forms a stable dimer, no 3D structure of any LUFS domain is available. Here, we report a crystal structure of the LUFS domain of human SSBP2 at 1.52 Å resolution. We show that the SSBP2 LUFS domain forms a homo-tetramer and reveal how an alpha-helix C-terminal to the LisH motif mediates SSBP2 tetramerization (dimerization of dimers). Conservation of the tetramerization interface among LUFS domains suggests that other LUFS domains may also form tetramers in similar manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, DC 98195
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, DC 98195
| | - Qun Tang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xue Yan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, DC 98195
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17
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Activating mutations of the gp130/JAK/STAT pathway in human diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 116:283-309. [PMID: 31036294 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Dysregulated and increased activities of its members can be found in practically all human inflammatory diseases including cancer. All cytokines activate several intracellular signaling cascades, including the Jak/STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and Src/YAP signaling pathways. Additionally, several mutations in proteins involved in these signaling cascades have been identified in human patients, which render these proteins constitutively active and result in a hyperactivation of the signaling pathway. Interestingly, some of these mutations are associated with or even causative for distinct human diseases, making them interesting targets for therapy. This chapter describes the basic biology of the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway, summarizes what is known about the molecular mechanisms of the activating mutations, and gives an outlook how this knowledge can be exploited for targeted therapy in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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18
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Advances in B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Genomics. Hemasphere 2018; 2:e53. [PMID: 31723781 PMCID: PMC6746003 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), cytogenetic abnormalities remain important diagnostic and prognostic tools. A number of well-established abnormalities are routinely used in risk stratification for treatment. These include high hyperdiploidy and ETV6-RUNX1 fusion, classified as good risk, while Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) positive ALL and rearrangements of the KMT2A (MLL) gene define poor risk. A poor risk subgroup of intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21-ALL) has been described, in which intensification of therapy has greatly improved outcome. Until recently, no consistent molecular features were defined in around 30% of BCP-ALL (known as B-other-ALL). Recent studies are classifying them into distinct subgroups, some with clear potential for novel therapeutic approaches. For example, in 1 poor risk subtype, known as Ph-like/BCR-ABL1-like ALL, approximately 10% have rearrangements of ABL-class tyrosine kinases: including ABL1, ABL2, PDGFRB, PDGFRA, and CSF1R. Notably, they show a poor response to standard chemotherapy, while they respond to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib. In other Ph-like-ALL patients, deregulation of the cytokine receptor, CRLF2, and JAK2 rearrangements lead to activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, implicating a specific role for JAK inhibitors in their treatment. Other novel subgroups within B-other-ALL are defined by the IGH-DUX4 translocation, related to deletions of the ERG gene and a good outcome, while fusions involving ZNF384, MEF2D, and intragenic PAX5 amplification (PAX5AMP) are linked to a poor outcome. Continued genetic screening will eventually lead to complete genomic classification of BCP-ALL and define more molecular targets for less toxic therapies.
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19
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Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is a key signalling protein engaged by a multitude of growth factors and cytokines to elicit diverse biological outcomes including cellular growth, differentiation, and survival. The complete loss of STAT3 is not compatible with life and even partial loss of function mutations lead to debilitating pathologies like hyper IgE syndrome. Conversely, augmented STAT3 activity has been reported in as many as 50% of all human tumours. The dogma of STAT3 activity posits that it is a tyrosine phosphorylated transcription factor which modulates the expression of hundreds of genes. However, the regulation and biological consequences of STAT3 activation are far more complex. In addition to tyrosine phosphorylation, STAT3 is decorated with a plethora of post-translational modifications which regulate STAT3's nuclear function in addition to its non-genomic activities. In addition to these emerging complexities in the biochemical regulation of STAT3 activity, recent studies reveal that STAT3 is either oncogenic or a tumour suppressor. This review will explore these complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks C Guanizo
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
| | - Chamira Dilanka Fernando
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
| | - Daniel J Garama
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
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20
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Boer JM, den Boer ML. BCR-ABL1-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: From bench to bedside. Eur J Cancer 2017; 82:203-218. [PMID: 28709134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) occurs in approximately 1:1500 children and is less frequently found in adults. The most common immunophenotype of ALL is the B cell lineage and within B cell precursor ALL, specific genetic aberrations define subtypes with distinct biological and clinical characteristics. With more advanced genetic analysis methods such as whole genome and transcriptome sequencing, novel genetic subtypes have recently been discovered. One novel class of genetic aberrations comprises tyrosine kinase-activating lesions, including translocations and rearrangements of tyrosine kinase and cytokine receptor genes. These newly discovered genetic aberrations are harder to detect by standard diagnostic methods such as karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because they are diverse and often cryptic. These lesions involve one of several tyrosine kinase genes (among others, v-abl Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 1 (ABL1), v-abl Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 2 (ABL2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta polypeptide (PDGFRB)), each of which can be fused to up to 15 partner genes. Together, they compose 2-3% of B cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL), which is similar in size to the well-known fusion gene BCR-ABL1 subtype. These so-called BCR-ABL1-like fusions are mutually exclusive with the sentinel translocations in BCP-ALL (BCR-ABL1, ETV6-RUNX1, TCF3-PBX1, and KMT2A (MLL) rearrangements) and have the promising prospect to be sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors similar to BCR-ABL1. In this review, we discuss the types of tyrosine kinase-activating lesions discovered, and the preclinical and clinical evidence for the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of this novel subtype of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Boer
- Research Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Research Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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BCR-ABL (Ph)-like acute leukemia—Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Blood Rev 2017; 31:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Beyond Philadelphia: 'Ph-like' B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias - diagnostic challenges and therapeutic promises. Curr Opin Hematol 2015; 21:289-96. [PMID: 24848770 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The presence of the Philadelphia chromosome causing the fusion between BCR to ABL1 in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) was associated with a particularly bad prognosis, which has been markedly improved with the addition of imatinib to chemotherapy. Recent genomic studies have lead to the identification of 'Philadelphia like' or 'BCR-ABL1 like' ALLs lacking BCR-ABL1 fusion. RECENT FINDINGS About 10% of childhood ALL and a higher percentage of adolescents and adults with ALLs are characterized by activation of cytokine receptors and signaling kinases. Aberrant expression, point mutations or fusion translocations cause activation of either the ABL1 or JAK signaling pathways. In general, these leukemias are associated with worse prognosis. Preclinical studies and limited clinical experience suggest that these leukemias respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, their identification is important. However, as most of these fusion translocations are rare, their diagnosis is challenging. SUMMARY The diagnosis of 'Philadelphia like' poor prognosis ALLs is technically challenging but of paramount importance as they are likely to respond to targeted therapy with currently available ABL or JAK inhibitors.
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23
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Kawamura M, Taki T, Kaku H, Ohki K, Hayashi Y. Identification of SPAG9 as a novel JAK2 fusion partner gene in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(9;17)(p24;q21). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:401-8. [PMID: 25951811 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel SPAG9-JAK2 fusion in a B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with t(9;17)(p24;q21) and a poor outcome, using paired-end transcriptome sequencing. Homozygous and hemizygous deletions of CDKN2A/2B, and hemizygous deletions of PAX5, BTG1, CDK6, ADARB2, and IKZF1 were also identified by multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification and single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses. Having both a tyrosine kinase-activating rearrangement and genomic lesions affecting lymphoid transcription factors suggested that the leukemia was of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)/BCR-ABL1-like ALL subtype and that JAK2 inhibitors might be able to overcome this aggressive ALL with SPAG9-JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Kawamura
- Department of Hematology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Kaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Minamitama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Hayashi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan.,Japanese Red Cross Gunma Blood Center, Gunma, Japan
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24
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Cuesta-Domínguez Á, León-Rico D, Álvarez L, Díez B, Bodega-Mayor I, Baños R, Martín-Rey MÁ, Santos-Roncero M, Gaspar ML, Martín-Acosta P, Almarza E, Bueren JA, Río P, Fernández-Ruiz E. BCR-JAK2 drives a myeloproliferative neoplasm in transplanted mice. J Pathol 2015; 236:219-28. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cuesta-Domínguez
- Molecular Biology Unit; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-P, UAM), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa; Madrid Spain
| | - Diego León-Rico
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Lara Álvarez
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Begoña Díez
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Bodega-Mayor
- Molecular Biology Unit; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-P, UAM), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa; Madrid Spain
| | - Rocío Baños
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martín-Rey
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Matilde Santos-Roncero
- Molecular Biology Unit; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-P, UAM), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa; Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Gaspar
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Majadahonda Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Acosta
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro; Majadahonda Spain
| | - Elena Almarza
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. Bueren
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Paula Río
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies; CIEMAT/CIBERER; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Molecular Biology Unit; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-P, UAM), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa; Madrid Spain
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The role of the Janus-faced transcription factor PAX5-JAK2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2014; 125:1282-91. [PMID: 25515960 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-570960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PAX5-JAK2 has recently been identified as a novel recurrent fusion gene in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, but the function of the encoded chimeric protein has not yet been characterized in detail. Herein we show that the PAX5-JAK2 chimera, which consists of the DNA-binding paired domain of PAX5 and the active kinase domain of JAK2, is a nuclear protein that has the ability to bind to wild-type PAX5 target loci. Moreover, our data provide compelling evidence that PAX5-JAK2 functions as a nuclear catalytically active kinase that autophosphorylates and in turn phosphorylates and activates downstream signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in an apparently noncanonical mode. The chimeric protein also enables cytokine-independent growth of Ba/F3 cells and therefore possesses transforming potential. Importantly, the kinase activity of PAX5-JAK2 can be efficiently blocked by JAK2 inhibitors, rendering it a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Together, our data show that PAX5-JAK2 simultaneously deregulates the PAX5 downstream transcriptional program and activates the Janus kinase-STAT signaling cascade and thus, by interfering with these two important pathways, may promote leukemogenesis.
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Roberts KG, Li Y, Payne-Turner D, Harvey RC, Yang YL, Pei D, McCastlain K, Ding L, Lu C, Song G, Ma J, Becksfort J, Rusch M, Chen SC, Easton J, Cheng J, Boggs K, Santiago-Morales N, Iacobucci I, Fulton RS, Wen J, Valentine M, Cheng C, Paugh SW, Devidas M, Chen IM, Reshmi S, Smith A, Hedlund E, Gupta P, Nagahawatte P, Wu G, Chen X, Yergeau D, Vadodaria B, Mulder H, Winick NJ, Larsen EC, Carroll WL, Heerema NA, Carroll AJ, Grayson G, Tasian SK, Moore AS, Keller F, Frei-Jones M, Whitlock JA, Raetz EA, White DL, Hughes TP, Guidry Auvil JM, Smith MA, Marcucci G, Bloomfield CD, Mrózek K, Kohlschmidt J, Stock W, Kornblau SM, Konopleva M, Paietta E, Pui CH, Jeha S, Relling MV, Evans WE, Gerhard DS, Gastier-Foster JM, Mardis E, Wilson RK, Loh ML, Downing JR, Hunger SP, Willman CL, Zhang J, Mullighan CG. Targetable kinase-activating lesions in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1005-15. [PMID: 25207766 PMCID: PMC4191900 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1403088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL) is characterized by a gene-expression profile similar to that of BCR-ABL1-positive ALL, alterations of lymphoid transcription factor genes, and a poor outcome. The frequency and spectrum of genetic alterations in Ph-like ALL and its responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibition are undefined, especially in adolescents and adults. METHODS We performed genomic profiling of 1725 patients with precursor B-cell ALL and detailed genomic analysis of 154 patients with Ph-like ALL. We examined the functional effects of fusion proteins and the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in mouse pre-B cells and xenografts of human Ph-like ALL. RESULTS Ph-like ALL increased in frequency from 10% among children with standard-risk ALL to 27% among young adults with ALL and was associated with a poor outcome. Kinase-activating alterations were identified in 91% of patients with Ph-like ALL; rearrangements involving ABL1, ABL2, CRLF2, CSF1R, EPOR, JAK2, NTRK3, PDGFRB, PTK2B, TSLP, or TYK2 and sequence mutations involving FLT3, IL7R, or SH2B3 were most common. Expression of ABL1, ABL2, CSF1R, JAK2, and PDGFRB fusions resulted in cytokine-independent proliferation and activation of phosphorylated STAT5. Cell lines and human leukemic cells expressing ABL1, ABL2, CSF1R, and PDGFRB fusions were sensitive in vitro to dasatinib, EPOR and JAK2 rearrangements were sensitive to ruxolitinib, and the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion was sensitive to crizotinib. CONCLUSIONS Ph-like ALL was found to be characterized by a range of genomic alterations that activate a limited number of signaling pathways, all of which may be amenable to inhibition with approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Trials identifying Ph-like ALL are needed to assess whether adding tyrosine kinase inhibitors to current therapy will improve the survival of patients with this type of leukemia. (Funded by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Roberts
- From the Departments of Pathology (K.G.R., D.P.-T., Y.-L.Y., K. McCastlain, G.S., J.M., S.-C.C., J.C., N.S.-M., I.I., J.W., J.R.D., C.G.M.), Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (Y.L., J.B., M.R., E.H., P.G., P.N., G.W., X.C., J.Z.), Biostatistics (D.P., C.C.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.W.P., M.V.R., W.E.E.), and Oncology (C.-H.P., S.J.), the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (Y.L., L.D., C.L., M.R., J.E., J.C., K.B., R.S.F., E.H., P.G., P.N., G.W., X.C., D.Y., B.V., H.M., M.V.R., W.E.E., E.M., R.K.W., J.R.D., J.Z., C.G.M.), and Cytogenetics Shared Resource (M.V.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the University of New Mexico Cancer Center and School of Medicine, Albuquerque (R.C.H., I-M.C., C.L.W.); the Genome Institute at Washington University (L.D., C.L., R.S.F., E.M., R.K.W.), the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine (L.D., C.L., R.S.F., E.M., R.K.W.), and Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University (E.M., R.K.W.) - all in St. Louis; Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (M.D.); the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital (S.R., A.S., J.M.G.-F.), the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University (N.A.H.), and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.M., C.D.B., K. Mrózek, J.K.) - all in Columbus, OH; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (N.J.W.), Scott and White Hospitals and Clinics and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple (G.G.), the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio (M.F.-J.), and the Departments of Leukemia and Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (S.M.K., M.K.) - all in Texas; Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough (E.C.L.); New York University Cancer Institute, New York (W.L.C.), and the Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein
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Bain BJ, Ahmad S. Should myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms withPCM1-JAK2and other rearrangements ofJAK2be recognized as specific entities? Br J Haematol 2014; 166:809-17. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Bain
- Department of Haematology; St Mary's Hospital Campus of Imperial College London; St Mary's Hospital; London UK
| | - Shahzaib Ahmad
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; St Batholomew's Hospital; London UK
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Salmoiraghi S, Montalvo MLG, D'Agostini E, Amicarelli G, Minnucci G, Spinelli O, Rambaldi A. Mutations and chromosomal rearrangements of JAK2: not only a myeloid issue. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 6:429-39. [PMID: 23991929 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2013.826910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Until today, JAK2 alterations have been mainly associated with myeloid malignancies among which they play a key pathogenic role in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. More recently, aberrations involving the JAK2 gene have also been reported in lymphoid diseases, including acute leukemia and lymphomas. In addition, the constitutively activating JAK2V617F mutation has been identified in some patients affected by B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a concomitant myeloproliferative neoplasm. Interestingly, these cases could help us to better understand the pathogenesis of these myeloid and lymphoid diseases and reveal if they share a common ancestral progenitor or just coincide. The involvement of JAK2 in lymphoid neoplasms may suggest the possibility of new therapeutic approaches broadening the use of JAK1-2 inhibitors also to these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salmoiraghi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
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Mughal TI, Girnius S, Rosen ST, Kumar S, Wiestner A, Abdel-Wahab O, Kiladjian JJ, Wilson WH, Van Etten RA. Emerging therapeutic paradigms to target the dysregulated Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:1968-79. [PMID: 24206094 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.863307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been increasing biochemical evidence that the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is aberrantly activated in malignant cells from patients with a wide spectrum of cancers of the blood and immune systems. The emerging availability of small molecule inhibitors of JAK and other signaling molecules in the JAK/STAT pathway has allowed preclinical studies validating an important role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of many hematologic malignancies, and provided motivation for new strategies for treatment of these diseases. Here, a round-table panel of experts review the current preclinical and clinical landscape of the JAK/STAT pathway in acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias, lymphomas and myeloma, and chronic myeloid neoplasms.
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30
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Anderson NM, Javadi M, Berndl E, Berberovic Z, Bailey ML, Huang K, Flenniken AM, Osborne LR, Adamson SL, Rossant J, Carter-Su C, Wang C, McNagny KM, Paulson RF, Minden MD, Stanford WL, Barber DL. Enu mutagenesis identifies a novel platelet phenotype in a loss-of-function Jak2 allele. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75472. [PMID: 24086539 PMCID: PMC3783367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing ENU mutagenesis, we identified a mutant mouse with elevated platelets. Genetic mapping localized the mutation to an interval on chromosome 19 that encodes the Jak2 tyrosine kinase. We identified a A3056T mutation resulting in a premature stop codon within exon 19 of Jak2 (Jak2(K915X)), resulting in a protein truncation and functionally inactive enzyme. This novel platelet phenotype was also observed in mice bearing a hemizygous targeted disruption of the Jak2 locus (Jak2(+/-)). Timed pregnancy experiments revealed that Jak2(K915X/K915X) and Jak2(-/-) displayed embryonic lethality; however, Jak2(K915X/K915X) embryos were viable an additional two days compared to Jak2(-/-) embryos. Our data suggest that perturbing JAK2 activation may have unexpected consequences in elevation of platelet number and correspondingly, important implications for treatment of hematological disorders with constitutive Jak2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Anderson
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mojib Javadi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Berndl
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Monica L. Bailey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Lucy R. Osborne
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Lee Adamson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chen Wang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert F. Paulson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dwayne L. Barber
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Iwakawa R, Takenaka M, Kohno T, Shimada Y, Totoki Y, Shibata T, Tsuta K, Nishikawa R, Noguchi M, Sato-Otsubo A, Ogawa S, Yokota J. Genome-wide identification of genes with amplification and/or fusion in small cell lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:802-16. [PMID: 23716474 PMCID: PMC3806277 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain a landscape of gross genetic alterations in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), genome-wide copy number analysis and whole-transcriptome sequencing were performed in 58 and 42 SCLCs, respectively. Focal amplification of known oncogene loci, MYCL1 (1p34.2), MYCN (2p24.3), and MYC (8q24.21), was frequently and mutually exclusively detected. MYCL1 and MYC were co-amplified with other regions on either the same or the different chromosome in several cases. In addition, the 9p24.1 region was identified as being amplified in SCLCs without amplification of MYC family oncogenes. Notably, expression of the KIAA1432 gene in this region was significantly higher in KIAA1432 amplified cells than in non-amplified cells, and its mRNA expression showed strong correlations with the copy numbers. Thus, KIAA1432 is a novel gene activated by amplification in SCLCs. By whole-transcriptome sequencing, a total of 60 fusion transcripts, transcribed from 95 different genes, were identified as being expressed in SCLC cells. However, no in-frame fusion transcripts were recurrently detected in ≥2 SCLCs, and genes in the amplified regions, such as PVT1 neighboring MYC and RLF in MYCL1 amplicons, were recurrently fused with genes in the same amplicons or with those in different amplicons on either the same or different chromosome. Thus, it was indicated that amplification and fusion of several genes on chromosomes 1 and 8 occur simultaneously but not sequentially through chromothripsis in the development of SCLC, and amplification rather than fusion of genes plays an important role in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Iwakawa
- Division of Multistep Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Patterer V, Schnittger S, Kern W, Haferlach T, Haferlach C. Hematologic malignancies with PCM1-JAK2 gene fusion share characteristics with myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:759-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dysregulation of JAK-STAT pathway in hematological malignancies and JAK inhibitors for clinical application. Biomark Res 2013; 1:5. [PMID: 24252238 PMCID: PMC3776247 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK-STAT (Janus associated kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway plays a critical role in transduction of extracellular signals from cytokines and growth factors involved in hematopoiesis, immune regulation, fertility, lactation, growth and embryogenesis. JAK family contains four cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, JAK1-3 and Tyk2. Seven STAT proteins have been identified in human cells, STAT1-6, including STAT5a and STAT5b. Negative regulators of JAK-STAT pathways include tyrosine phosphatases (SHP1 and 2, CD45), protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS), suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS). Dysregulation of JAK-STAT pathway have been found to be key events in a variety of hematological malignancies. JAK inhibitors are among the first successful agents reaching clinical application. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi), a non-selective inhibitor of JAK1 & 2, has been approved by FDA for patients with intermediate to high risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis. This review will also summarize early data on selective JAK inhibitors, including SAR302503 (TG101348), lestaurtinib (CEP701), CYT387, SB1518 (pacritinib), LY2784544, XL019, BMS-911543, NS-018, and AZD1480.
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36
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Chen E, Staudt LM, Green AR. Janus kinase deregulation in leukemia and lymphoma. Immunity 2012; 36:529-41. [PMID: 22520846 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations affecting members of the Janus kinase (JAK) family have been discovered in a wide array of cancers and are particularly prominent in hematological malignancies. In this review, we focus on the role of such lesions in both myeloid and lymphoid tumors. Oncogenic JAK molecules can activate a myriad of canonical downstream signaling pathways as well as directly interact with chromatin in noncanonical processes, the interplay of which results in a plethora of diverse biological consequences. Deciphering these complexities is shedding unexpected light on fundamental cellular mechanisms and will also be important for improved diagnosis, identification of new therapeutic targets, and the development of stratified approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Harry BL, Eckhardt SG, Jimeno A. JAK2 inhibition for the treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:637-55. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.677432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Harry
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Developmental Therapeutics Program, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, MS 8117, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ;
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Developmental Therapeutics Program, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, MS 8117, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ;
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Gnanasambandan K, Sayeski PP. A structure-function perspective of Jak2 mutations and implications for alternate drug design strategies: the road not taken. Curr Med Chem 2012; 18:4659-73. [PMID: 21864276 DOI: 10.2174/092986711797379267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Jak2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in the control of cellular growth and proliferation. Due to its significant role in hematopoiesis, Jak2 is a frequent target for mutations in cancer, especially myeloid leukemia, lymphoid leukemia and the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). These mutations are common amongst different populations all over the world and there is a great deal of effort to develop therapeutic drugs for the affected patients. Jak2 mutations, whether they are point, deletion, or gene fusion, most commonly result in constitutive kinase activation. Here, we explore the structure-function relation of various Jak2 mutations identified in cancer and understand how they disrupt Jak2 regulation. Current Jak2 inhibitors target the highly conserved active site in the kinase domain and therefore, these inhibitors may lack specificity. Based on our knowledge regarding structure-function correlations as they pertain to regulation of Jak2 kinase activity, an alternative approach for specific Jak2 targeting could be via allosteric inhibitor design. Successful reports of allosteric inhibitors developed against other kinases provide precedent for the development of Jak2 allosteric inhibitors. Here, we suggest plausible target sites in the Jak2 structure for allosteric inhibition. Such targets include the type II inhibitor pocket and substrate binding site in the kinase domain, the kinase-pseudokinase domain interface, SH2-JH2 linker region and the FERM domain. Thus, future Jak2 inhibitors that target these sites via allosteric mechanisms may provide alternative therapeutic strategies to existing ATP competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gnanasambandan
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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Cuesta-Domínguez Á, Ortega M, Ormazábal C, Santos-Roncero M, Galán-Díez M, Steegmann JL, Figuera Á, Arranz E, Vizmanos JL, Bueren JA, Río P, Fernández-Ruiz E. Transforming and tumorigenic activity of JAK2 by fusion to BCR: molecular mechanisms of action of a novel BCR-JAK2 tyrosine-kinase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32451. [PMID: 22384256 PMCID: PMC3288102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations in tumors frequently produce fusion genes coding for chimeric proteins with a key role in oncogenesis. Recent reports described a BCR-JAK2 fusion gene in fatal chronic and acute myeloid leukemia, but the functional behavior of the chimeric protein remains uncharacterized. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays to describe a BCR-JAK2 fusion gene from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The patient has been in complete remission for six years following treatment and autologous transplantation, and minimal residual disease was monitored by real-time RT-PCR. BCR-JAK2 codes for a protein containing the BCR oligomerization domain fused to the JAK2 tyrosine-kinase domain. In vitro analysis of transfected cells showed that BCR-JAK2 is located in the cytoplasm. Transduction of hematopoietic Ba/F3 cells with retroviral vectors carrying BCR-JAK2 induced IL-3-independent cell growth, constitutive activation of the chimeric protein as well as STAT5 phosphorylation and translocation to the nuclei, where Bcl-xL gene expression was elicited. Primary mouse progenitor cells transduced with BCR-JAK2 also showed increased proliferation and survival. Treatment with the JAK2 inhibitor TG101209 abrogated BCR-JAK2 and STAT5 phosphorylation, decreased Bcl-xL expression and triggered apoptosis of transformed Ba/F3 cells. Therefore, BCR-JAK2 is a novel tyrosine-kinase with transforming activity. It deregulates growth factor-dependent proliferation and cell survival, which can be abrogated by the TG101209 inhibitor. Moreover, transformed Ba/F3 cells developed tumors when injected subcutaneously into nude mice, thus proving the tumorigenic capacity of BCR-JAK2 in vivo. Together these findings suggest that adult and pediatric patients with BCR-ABL-negative leukemia and JAK2 overexpression may benefit from targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cuesta-Domínguez
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP) and Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Ortega
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP) and Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Matilde Santos-Roncero
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP) and Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Galán-Díez
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP) and Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Steegmann
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Figuera
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Arranz
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan A. Bueren
- Division of Hematopoiesis and Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Río
- Division of Hematopoiesis and Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP) and Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Jatiani SS, Cosenza SC, Reddy MVR, Ha JH, Baker SJ, Samanta AK, Olnes MJ, Pfannes L, Sloand EM, Arlinghaus RB, Reddy EP. A Non-ATP-Competitive Dual Inhibitor of JAK2 and BCR-ABL Kinases: Elucidation of a Novel Therapeutic Spectrum Based on Substrate Competitive Inhibition. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:331-45. [PMID: 20717479 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910371337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the discovery of ON044580, an α-benzoyl styryl benzyl sulfide that possesses potent inhibitory activity against two unrelated kinases, JAK2 and BCR-ABL, and exhibits cytotoxicity to human tumor cells derived from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and myelodysplasia (MDS) patients or cells harboring a mutant JAK2 kinase. This novel spectrum of activity is explained by the non-ATP-competitive inhibition of JAK2 and BCR-ABL kinases. ON044580 inhibits mutant JAK2 kinase and the proliferation of JAK2(V617F)-positive leukemic cells and blocks the IL-3-mediated phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5. Interestingly, this compound also directly inhibits the kinase activity of both wild-type and imatinib-resistant (T315I) forms of the BCR-ABL kinase. Finally, ON044580 effectively induces apoptosis of imatinib-resistant CML patient cells. The apparently unrelated JAK2 and BCR-ABL kinases share a common substrate, STAT5, and such substrate competitive inhibitors represent an alternative therapeutic strategy for development of new inhibitors. The novel mechanism of kinase inhibition exhibited by ON044580 renders it effective against mutant forms of kinases such as the BCR-ABL(T315I) and JAK2(V617F). Importantly, ON044580 selectively reduces the number of aneuploid cells in primary bone marrow samples from monosomy 7 MDS patients, suggesting another regulatory cascade amenable to this agent in these aberrant cells. Data presented suggest that this compound could have multiple therapeutic applications including monosomy 7 MDS, imatinib-resistant CML, and myeloproliferative neoplasms that develop resistance to ATP-competitive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar S Jatiani
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Jatiani SS, Baker SJ, Silverman LR, Reddy EP. Jak/STAT pathways in cytokine signaling and myeloproliferative disorders: approaches for targeted therapies. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:979-93. [PMID: 21442038 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910397187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the cumulative result of intricately regulated signaling pathways that are mediated by cytokines and their receptors. Studies conducted over the past 10 to 15 years have revealed that hematopoietic cytokine receptor signaling is largely mediated by a family of tyrosine kinases termed Janus kinases (JAKs) and their downstream transcription factors, termed STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription). Aberrations in these pathways, such as those caused by the recently identified JAK2(V617F) mutation and translocations of the JAK2 gene, are underlying causes of leukemias and other myeloproliferative disorders. This review discusses the role of JAK/STAT signaling in normal hematopoiesis as well as genetic abnormalities associated with myeloproliferative and myelodisplastic syndromes. This review also summarizes the status of several small molecule JAK2 inhibitors that are currently at various stages of clinical development. Several of these compounds appear to improve the quality of life of patients with myeloproliferative disorders by palliation of disease-related symptoms. However, to date, these agents do not seem to significantly affect bone marrow fibrosis, alter marrow histopathology, reverse cytopenias, reduce red cell transfusion requirements, or significantly reduce allele burden. These results suggest the possibility that additional mutational events might be associated with the development of these neoplasms, and indicate the need for combination therapies as the nature and significance of these additional molecular events is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar S Jatiani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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42
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The two faces of myeloproliferative neoplasms: Molecular events underlying lymphoid transformation. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1279-85. [PMID: 21722956 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells pass through stages of differentiation with the progressive loss of developmental options leading to the production of terminally differentiated mature blood cells. This process is regulated by soluble cytokines binding to a ligand specific cell surface receptor on a precursor cell. Key to signal transduction are tyrosine kinase proteins which can be divided into two sub families, the receptor protein tyrosine kinases which are transmembrane receptors and retain an intact catalytic kinase domain and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases which bind to cytokine receptors. Abnormalities of tyrosine kinase proteins are well recognised in myeloid malignancies, mutation in the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase JAK2 (V617F) is key in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms, and translocations involving ABL key in the development of chronic myeloid leukaemia. However tyrosine kinase mutations are increasingly recognised to play a role in the pathogenesis of a wider range of haematological cancers. This review focuses on the role of deregulated tyrosine kinase genes either as part of novel fusion proteins involving FGFR1, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, JAK2 and ABL, or as a consequence of point mutation in JAK1 or JAK2 in the development of precursor T and B lymphoid malignancies or mixed myeloid/lymphoid disorders. We also set out some of the postulated mechanisms which underlie the association of tyrosine kinase mutations with the development of lymphoid malignancy.
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Huang Y, Chang X, Lee J, Cho YG, Zhong X, Park IS, Liu JW, Califano JA, Ratovitski EA, Sidransky D, Kim MS. Cigarette smoke induces promoter methylation of single-stranded DNA-binding protein 2 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2261-73. [PMID: 20658532 PMCID: PMC3206631 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most frequent cause of cancer death in the world, and cigarette smoke is a key factor in esophageal carcinogenesis. To identify molecular changes during cigarette smoke-induced ESCC, we examined the methylation status of 13 gene promoters in the human immortalized, nontumorigenic esophageal epithelial cell line (Het-1A) that were exposed to mainstream (MSE) or sidestream cigarette smoke extract (SSE) for 6 months in culture. The promoter of sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein 2 (SSBP2) was methylated in the Het-1A cells exposed to MSE (MSE-Het-1A). Promoter methylation (86%, 56/70) and downregulation of SSBP2 expression were frequently detected in tumor tissues from ESCC patients. In addition, reintroduction of SSBP2 in an ESCC cell line (TE1) that does not express SSBP2 and in the MSE-Het-1A cells inhibited expression of LRP6 and Dvl3, which are mediators of the Wnt signaling pathway. SSBP2 expression markedly decreased the colony-forming ability of ESCC cell lines and significantly inhibited cell growth of the MSE-Het-1A cells. Our results indicate that cigarette smoking is a cause of SSBP2 promoter methylation and that SSBP2 harbors a tumor suppressive role in ESCC through inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Juna Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yong Gu Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xiaoli Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Il-Seok Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ilsong Memorial Institute of Head and Neck Cancer, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph A. Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward A. Ratovitski
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Myoung Sook Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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JAK2 rearrangements, including the novel SEC31A-JAK2 fusion, are recurrent in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2011; 117:4056-64. [PMID: 21325169 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-291310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetics of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is poorly understood. The finding of a JAK2-involving t(4;9)(q21;p24) in 1 case of cHL prompted us to characterize this translocation on a molecular level and to determine the prevalence of JAK2 rearrangements in cHL. We showed that the t(4;9)(q21;p24) leads to a novel SEC31A-JAK2 fusion. Screening of 131 cHL cases identified 1 additional case with SEC31A-JAK2 and 2 additional cases with rearrangements involving JAK2. We demonstrated that SEC31A-JAK2 is oncogenic in vitro and acts as a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase that is sensitive to JAK inhibitors. In vivo, SEC31A-JAK2 was found to induce a T-lymphoblastic lymphoma or myeloid phenotype in a murine bone marrow transplantation model. Altogether, we identified SEC31A-JAK2 as a chromosomal aberration characteristic for cHL and provide evidence that JAK2 rearrangements occur in a minority of cHL cases. Given the proven oncogenic potential of this novel fusion, our studies provide new insights into the pathogenesis of cHL and indicate that in at least some cases, constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is caused by JAK2 rearrangements. The finding that SEC31A-JAK2 responds to JAK inhibitors indicates that patients with cHL and JAK2 rearrangements may benefit from targeted therapies.
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Hoeller S, Walz C, Reiter A, Dirnhofer S, Tzankov A. PCM1–JAK2-fusion: a potential treatment target in myelodysplastic–myeloproliferative and other hemato-lymphoid neoplasms. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 15:53-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.538683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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Tirado CA, Chen W, Huang LJS, Laborde C, Hiemenz MC, Valdez F, Ho K, Winick N, Lou Z, Koduru P. Novel JAK2 rearrangement resulting from a t(9;22)(p24;q11.2) in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1674-6. [PMID: 20594592 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangements of JAK2 are rare and have been described in various hematological neoplasms. We report a novel JAK2 rearrangement resulting from a t(9;22)(p24;q11.2) in a 14-year-old male with a diagnosis of B lymphoblastic leukemia. He was treated with Children's Oncology Group's protocol (AALL0232) but failed to achieve remission by day 29. He underwent a second induction and entered remission. His clinical course suggested that this JAK2 rearrangement might portend an unfavorable prognosis. This case brings the total number of JAK2 rearranged lymphoblastic leukemia cases in the literature to seven. The molecular genetic and clinicopathologic features of these cases were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Tirado
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Cytogenetics, The University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9073, USA.
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Patnaik MM, Knudson RA, Gangat N, Hanson CA, Pardanani A, Tefferi A, Ketterling RP. Chromosome 9p24 abnormalities: prevalence, description of novel JAK2 translocations, JAK2V617F mutation analysis and clinicopathologic correlates. Eur J Haematol 2010; 84:518-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Klumpp S, Amin HM, Liang H, Li J, Estrov Z, Zweidler-McKay P, Brandt SJ, Agulnick A, Nagarajan L. SSBP2 is an in vivo tumor suppressor and regulator of LDB1 stability. Oncogene 2010; 29:3044-53. [PMID: 20348955 PMCID: PMC2878399 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SSBP proteins bind and stabilize transcriptional cofactor Lim Domain Binding protein1 (LDB1) from proteosomal degradation to promote tissue specific transcription through an evolutionarily conserved pathway. The human SSBP2 gene was isolated as a candidate tumor suppressor from a critical region of loss in chromosome 5q14.1. By gene targeting, we demonstrate increased predisposition to B cell lymphomas and carcinomas in Ssbp2−/− mice. Remarkably, loss of Ssbp2 causes increased LDB1 turnover in the thymus, a pathway exploited in Trp53−/−Ssbp2−/− mice to develop highly aggressive, immature thymic lymphomas. Using T cell differentiation as a model, we report a stage specific up regulation of Ssbp2 expression which in turn regulates LDB1 turnover under physiological conditions. Furthermore, transcript levels of pTα, a target of LDB1 containing complex, and a critical regulator T cell differentiation is reduced in Ssbp2−/− immature thymocytes. Our findings suggest disruption of the SSBP2 regulated pathways may be an infrequent but critical step in malignant transformation of multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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49
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Haan C, Behrmann I, Haan S. Perspectives for the use of structural information and chemical genetics to develop inhibitors of Janus kinases. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:504-27. [PMID: 20132407 PMCID: PMC3823453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding Janus kinases have been discovered in various haematologic diseases. Jaks are composed of a FERM domain, an SH2 domain, a pseudokinase domain and a kinase domain, and a complex interplay of the Jak domains is involved in regulation of catalytic activity and association to cytokine receptors. Most activating mutations are found in the pseudokinase domain. Here we present recently discovered mutations in the context of our structural models of the respective domains. We describe two structural hotspots in the pseudokinase domain of Jak2 that seem to be associated either to myeloproliferation or to lymphoblastic leukaemia, pointing at the involvement of distinct signalling complexes in these disease settings. The different domains of Jaks are discussed as potential drug targets. We present currently available inhibitors targeting Jaks and indicate structural differences in the kinase domains of the different Jaks that may be exploited in the development of specific inhibitors. Moreover, we discuss recent chemical genetic approaches which can be applied to Jaks to better understand the role of these kinases in their biological settings and as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Haan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162A, av. de la Faïencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Abstract
PAX5, a master regulator of B-cell development, was recently shown to be involved in several leukemia-associated rearrangements, which result in fusion genes encoding chimeric proteins that antagonize PAX5 transcriptional activity. In a population-based fluorescence in situ hybridization screening study of 446 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients, we now show that PAX5 rearrangements occur at an incidence of about 2.5% of B-cell precursor ALL. Identification of several novel PAX5 partner genes, including POM121, BRD1, DACH1, HIPK1 and JAK2 brings the number of distinct PAX5 in-frame fusions to at least 12. Our data show that these not only comprise transcription factors but also structural proteins and genes involved in signal transduction, which at least in part have not been implicated in tumorigenesis.
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