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Chisholm J, Mandeville H, Adams M, Minard-Collin V, Rogers T, Kelsey A, Shipley J, van Rijn RR, de Vries I, van Ewijk R, de Keizer B, Gatz SA, Casanova M, Hjalgrim LL, Firth C, Wheatley K, Kearns P, Liu W, Kirkham A, Rees H, Bisogno G, Wasti A, Wakeling S, Heenen D, Tweddle DA, Merks JHM, Jenney M. Frontline and Relapsed Rhabdomyosarcoma (FAR-RMS) Clinical Trial: A Report from the European Paediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG). Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:998. [PMID: 38473359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Frontline and Relapsed Rhabdomyosarcoma (FaR-RMS) clinical trial is an overarching, multinational study for children and adults with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). The trial, developed by the European Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG), incorporates multiple different research questions within a multistage design with a focus on (i) novel regimens for poor prognostic subgroups, (ii) optimal duration of maintenance chemotherapy, and (iii) optimal use of radiotherapy for local control and widespread metastatic disease. Additional sub-studies focusing on biological risk stratification, use of imaging modalities, including [18F]FDG PET-CT and diffusion-weighted MRI imaging (DWI) as prognostic markers, and impact of therapy on quality of life are described. This paper forms part of a Special Issue on rhabdomyosarcoma and outlines the study background, rationale for randomisations and sub-studies, design, and plans for utilisation and dissemination of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Henry Mandeville
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | | | | | - Timothy Rogers
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rick R van Rijn
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle de Vries
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof van Ewijk
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Keizer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne A Gatz
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | - Charlotte Firth
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Keith Wheatley
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amanda Kirkham
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen Rees
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Ajla Wasti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | | | | | - Deborah A Tweddle
- Vivo Biobank, Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Johannes H M Merks
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Casanova M, Bautista F, Campbell-Hewson Q, Makin G, Marshall LV, Verschuur AC, Cañete Nieto A, Corradini N, Ploeger BA, Brennan BJ, Mueller U, Zebger-Gong H, Chung JW, Geoerger B. Regorafenib plus Vincristine and Irinotecan in Pediatric Patients with Recurrent/Refractory Solid Tumors: An Innovative Therapy for Children with Cancer Study. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4341-4351. [PMID: 37606641 PMCID: PMC10618645 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase Ib study defined the safety, MTD, and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of regorafenib combined with vincristine and irinotecan (VI). Secondary objectives were evaluation of antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics (PK) of regorafenib and irinotecan. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients aged 6 months to <18 years with relapsed/refractory solid malignancies [≥50% with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)] received regorafenib (starting dose 72 mg/m2/day) concomitantly or sequentially with vincristine 1.5 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, and irinotecan 50 mg/m2 on days 1-5 (21-day cycle). Adverse events (AE) and tumor response were assessed. PK (regorafenib and irinotecan) were evaluated using a population PK model. RESULTS We enrolled 21 patients [median age, 10 years; 12, RMS; 5, Ewing sarcoma (EWS)]. The MTD/RP2D of regorafenib in the sequential schedule was 82 mg/m2. The concomitant dosing schedule was discontinued because of dose-limiting toxicities in 2 of 2 patients treated. Most common grade 3/4 (>30% of patients) AEs were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. The overall response rate was 48% and disease control rate [complete response (CR)/partial response/stable disease/non-CR/non-progressive disease] was 86%. Median progression-free survival was 7.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.9-14.8] and median overall survival was 8.7 months (95% CI, 5.5-16.3). When combined with VI, regorafenib PK was similar to single-agent PK in children and adults (treated with regorafenib 160 mg/day). CONCLUSIONS Regorafenib can be combined sequentially with standard dose VI in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory solid tumors with appropriate dose modifications. Clinical activity was observed in patients with RMS and EWS (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02085148).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Casanova
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco Bautista
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guy Makin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester and Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynley V. Marshall
- Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Drug Development Team, The Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnauld C. Verschuur
- Department of Pediatric Haematology-Oncology, La Timone Children's Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Adela Cañete Nieto
- Unidad de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadège Corradini
- Hematology and Oncology Pediatric Institute, Léon Bérard Center, Lyon, France
| | - Bart A. Ploeger
- Pharmacometrics/Modelling and Simulation, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Udo Mueller
- Department of Statistics, ClinStat GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hong Zebger-Gong
- Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - John W. Chung
- Clinical Development Oncology, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, New Jersey
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, INSERM U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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3
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Brown LM, Ekert PG, Fleuren EDG. Biological and clinical implications of FGFR aberrations in paediatric and young adult cancers. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02705-7. [PMID: 37130917 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare but recurrent mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathways, most commonly in one of the four FGFR receptor tyrosine kinase genes, can potentially be targeted with broad-spectrum multi-kinase or FGFR selective inhibitors. The complete spectrum of these mutations in paediatric cancers is emerging as precision medicine programs perform comprehensive sequencing of individual tumours. Identification of patients most likely to benefit from FGFR inhibition currently rests on identifying activating FGFR mutations, gene fusions, or gene amplification events. However, the expanding use of transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) has identified that many tumours overexpress FGFRs, in the absence of any genomic aberration. The challenge now presented is to determine when this indicates true FGFR oncogenic activity. Under-appreciated mechanisms of FGFR pathway activation, including alternate FGFR transcript expression and concomitant FGFR and FGF ligand expression, may mark those tumours where FGFR overexpression is indicative of a dependence on FGFR signalling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and mechanistic overview of FGFR pathway aberrations and their functional consequences in paediatric cancer. We explore how FGFR over expression might be associated with true receptor activation. Further, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these aberrations in the paediatric setting and outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies to treat paediatric patients with FGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Brown
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Emmy D G Fleuren
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Zhan X, Liu Y, Jannu AJ, Huang S, Ye B, Wei W, Pandya PH, Ye X, Pollok KE, Renbarger JL, Huang K, Zhang J. Identify potential driver genes for PAX-FOXO1 fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma through frequent gene co-expression network mining. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1080989. [PMID: 36793601 PMCID: PMC9924292 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1080989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue sarcoma usually originated from skeletal muscle. Currently, RMS classification based on PAX-FOXO1 fusion is widely adopted. However, compared to relatively clear understanding of the tumorigenesis in the fusion-positive RMS, little is known for that in fusion-negative RMS (FN-RMS). Methods We explored the molecular mechanisms and the driver genes of FN-RMS through frequent gene co-expression network mining (fGCN), differential copy number (CN) and differential expression analyses on multiple RMS transcriptomic datasets. Results We obtained 50 fGCN modules, among which five are differentially expressed between different fusion status. A closer look showed 23% of Module 2 genes are concentrated on several cytobands of chromosome 8. Upstream regulators such as MYC, YAP1, TWIST1 were identified for the fGCN modules. Using in a separate dataset we confirmed that, comparing to FP-RMS, 59 Module 2 genes show consistent CN amplification and mRNA overexpression, among which 28 are on the identified chr8 cytobands. Such CN amplification and nearby MYC (also resides on one of the above cytobands) and other upstream regulators (YAP1, TWIST1) may work together to drive FN-RMS tumorigenesis and progression. Up to 43.1% downstream targets of Yap1 and 45.8% of the targets of Myc are differentially expressed in FN-RMS vs. normal comparisons, which also confirmed the driving force of these regulators. Discussion We discovered that copy number amplification of specific cytobands on chr8 and the upstream regulators MYC, YAP1 and TWIST1 work together to affect the downstream gene co-expression and promote FN-RMS tumorigenesis and progression. Our findings provide new insights for FN-RMS tumorigenesis and offer promising targets for precision therapy. Experimental investigation about the functions of identified potential drivers in FN-RMS are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yusong Liu
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Asha Jacob Jannu
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Bo Ye
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pankita H Pandya
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiufen Ye
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jamie L Renbarger
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
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6
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Donovan J, Deng Z, Bian F, Shukla S, Gomez-Arroyo J, Shi D, Kalinichenko VV, Kalin TV. Improving anti-tumor efficacy of low-dose Vincristine in rhabdomyosarcoma via the combination therapy with FOXM1 inhibitor RCM1. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1112859. [PMID: 36816948 PMCID: PMC9933126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1112859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma that often develops resistance to current therapies, including vincristine. Since the existing treatments have not significantly improved survival, there is a critical need for new therapeutic approaches for RMS patients. FOXM1, a known oncogene, is highly expressed in RMS, and is associated with the worst prognosis in RMS patients. In the present study, we found that the combination treatment with specific FOXM1 inhibitor RCM1 and low doses of vincristine is more effective in increasing apoptosis and decreasing RMS cell proliferation in vitro compared to single drugs alone. Since RCM1 is highly hydrophobic, we developed innovative nanoparticle delivery system containing poly-beta-amino-esters and folic acid (NPFA), which efficiently delivers RCM1 to mouse RMS tumors in vivo. The combination of low doses of vincristine together with intravenous administration of NPFA nanoparticles containing RCM1 effectively reduced RMS tumor volumes, increased tumor cell death and decreased tumor cell proliferation in RMS tumors compared to RCM1 or vincristine alone. The combination therapy was non-toxic as demonstrated by liver metabolic panels using peripheral blood serum. Using RNA-seq of dissected RMS tumors, we identified Chac1 as a uniquely downregulated gene after the combination treatment. Knockdown of Chac1 in RMS cells in vitro recapitulated the effects of the combination therapy. Altogether, combination treatment with low doses of vincristine and nanoparticle delivery of FOXM1 inhibitor RCM1 in a pre-clinical model of RMS has superior anti-tumor effects and decreases CHAC1 while reducing vincristine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Donovan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zicheng Deng
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,The Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Fenghua Bian
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Samriddhi Shukla
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jose Gomez-Arroyo
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tanya V. Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Tanya V. Kalin,
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Prognostic implications of FGFR3high/Ki-67high in oral squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Poli E, Barbon V, Lucchetta S, Cattelan M, Santoro L, Zin A, Milano GM, Zanetti I, Bisogno G, Bonvini P. Immunoreactivity against fibroblast growth factor 8 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma patients and its involvement in tumor aggressiveness. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2096349. [PMID: 35813575 PMCID: PMC9262361 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2096349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive pediatric soft tissue sarcoma characterized by a very poor prognosis when relapses occur after front-line therapy. Therefore, a major challenge for patients’ management remains the identification of markers associated with refractory and progressive disease. In this context, cancer autoantibodies are natural markers of disease onset and progression, useful to unveil novel therapeutic targets. Herein, we matched autoantibody profiling of alveolar RMS (ARMS) patients with genes under regulatory control of PAX3-FOXO1 transcription factor and revealed fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) as a novel ARMS tumor antigen of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential. We demonstrated that high levels of FGF8 autoantibodies distinguished ARMS patients from healthy subjects and represented an independent prognostic factor of better event-free survival. FGF8 was overexpressed in ARMS tumors compared to other types of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas, acting as a positive regulator of cell signaling. Indeed, FGF8 was capable of stimulating ARMS cells migration and expression of pro-angiogenic and metastasis-related factors, throughout MAPK signaling activation. Of note, FGF8 was found to increase in recurrent tumors, independently of PAX3-FOXO1 expression dynamics. Risk of recurrence correlated positively with FGF8 expression levels at diagnosis and reduced FGF8 autoantibodies titer, almost as if to suggest a failure of the immune response to control tumor growth in recurring patients. This study provides evidence about the crucial role of FGF8 in ARMS and the protective function of natural autoantibodies, giving new insights into ARMS biology and laying the foundations for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Poli
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health Hematology and Oncology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vanessa Barbon
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health Hematology and Oncology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Lucchetta
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health Hematology and Oncology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuela Cattelan
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luisa Santoro
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelica Zin
- Fondazione Città Della Speranza, Institute of Pediatric Research (IRP), Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Milano
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and of Cell and Gene Therapy, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Bambino Gesù Childrens’ Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanetti
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health Hematology and Oncology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health Hematology and Oncology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonvini
- Fondazione Città Della Speranza, Institute of Pediatric Research (IRP), Padua, Italy
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9
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Milton CI, Selfe J, Aladowicz E, Man SYK, Bernauer C, Missiaglia E, Walters ZS, Gatz SA, Kelsey A, Generali M, Box G, Valenti M, de Haven‐Brandon A, Galiwango D, Hayes A, Clarke M, Izquierdo E, Gonzalez De Castro D, Raynaud FI, Kirkin V, Shipley JM. FGF7-FGFR2 autocrine signaling increases growth and chemoresistance of fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcomas. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1272-1289. [PMID: 34850536 PMCID: PMC8936514 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas are aggressive pediatric soft-tissue sarcomas and include high-risk PAX3-FOXO1 fusion-gene-positive cases. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is known to contribute to rhabdomyosarcoma progression; here, we sought to investigate the involvement and potential for therapeutic targeting of other FGFRs in this disease. Cell-based screening of FGFR inhibitors with potential for clinical repurposing (NVP-BGJ398, nintedanib, dovitinib, and ponatinib) revealed greater sensitivity of fusion-gene-positive versus fusion-gene-negative rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines and was shown to be correlated with high expression of FGFR2 and its specific ligand, FGF7. Furthermore, patient samples exhibit higher mRNA levels of FGFR2 and FGF7 in fusion-gene-positive versus fusion-gene-negative rhabdomyosarcomas. Sustained intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and FGF7 secretion into culture media during serum starvation of PAX3-FOXO1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells together with decreased cell viability after genetic silencing of FGFR2 or FGF7 was in keeping with a novel FGF7-FGFR2 autocrine loop. FGFR inhibition with NVP-BGJ398 reduced viability and was synergistic with SN38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. In vivo, NVP-BGJ398 abrogated xenograft growth and warrants further investigation in combination with irinotecan as a therapeutic strategy for fusion-gene-positive rhabdomyosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I. Milton
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Present address:
Signal Transduction and Molecular Pharmacology TeamCancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitThe Institute of Cancer ResearchSuttonUK
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Ewa Aladowicz
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Stella Y. K. Man
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Carolina Bernauer
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Edoardo Missiaglia
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of Molecular PathologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Zoë S. Walters
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Present address:
Translational Epigenomics TeamHuman Development and HealthFaculty of MedicineSouthampton General HospitalUK
| | - Susanne A. Gatz
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Present address:
Institute of Cancer and Genomic SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Paediatric HistopathologyManchester University NHS Foundation TrustRoyal Manchester Children’s HospitalUK
| | - Melanie Generali
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Present address:
Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing PracticeInstitute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM)University of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gary Box
- Cancer Pharmacology and Stress Response TeamDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Melanie Valenti
- Cancer Pharmacology and Stress Response TeamDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Alexis de Haven‐Brandon
- Cancer Pharmacology and Stress Response TeamDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - David Galiwango
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics TeamDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Angela Hayes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics TeamDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Matthew Clarke
- Glioma TeamDivision of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Elisa Izquierdo
- Glioma TeamDivision of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - David Gonzalez De Castro
- Molecular HaematologyDivision of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Present address:
School of MedicineDentistry and Biomedical sciencesQueens University BelfastUK
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics TeamDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Pharmacology and Stress Response TeamDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Janet M. Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology TeamDivisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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10
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Giralt I, Gallo-Oller G, Navarro N, Zarzosa P, Pons G, Magdaleno A, Segura MF, Sábado C, Hladun R, Arango D, Sánchez de Toledo J, Moreno L, Gallego S, Roma J. Dickkopf-1 Inhibition Reactivates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Rhabdomyosarcoma, Induces Myogenic Markers In Vitro and Impairs Tumor Cell Survival In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12921. [PMID: 34884726 PMCID: PMC8657544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a pivotal role during embryogenesis and its deregulation is a key mechanism in the origin and progression of several tumors. Wnt antagonists have been described as key modulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer, with Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) being the most studied member of the DKK family. Although the therapeutic potential of DKK-1 inhibition has been evaluated in several diseases and malignancies, little is known in pediatric tumors. Only a few works have studied the genetic inhibition and function of DKK-1 in rhabdomyosarcoma. Here, for the first time, we report the analysis of the therapeutic potential of DKK-1 pharmaceutical inhibition in rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. We performed DKK-1 inhibition via shRNA technology and via the chemical inhibitor WAY-2626211. Its inhibition led to β-catenin activation and the modulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), with positive effects on in vitro expression of myogenic markers and a reduction in proliferation and invasion. In addition, WAY-262611 was able to impair survival of tumor cells in vivo. Therefore, DKK-1 could constitute a molecular target, which could lead to novel therapeutic strategies in RMS, especially in those patients with high DKK-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Giralt
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Gabriel Gallo-Oller
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Natalia Navarro
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Patricia Zarzosa
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Guillem Pons
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Ainara Magdaleno
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Miguel F. Segura
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Constantino Sábado
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Raquel Hladun
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Molecular Oncology, IRB Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - José Sánchez de Toledo
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Lucas Moreno
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Soledad Gallego
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Josep Roma
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.); (G.G.-O.); (N.N.); (P.Z.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (M.F.S.); (J.S.d.T.); (L.M.)
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11
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MiR-490-5p Restrains Progression of Gastric cancer through DTL Repression. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2021; 2021:2894117. [PMID: 34594374 PMCID: PMC8478551 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2894117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) accounts for a main cause of cancer-related deaths. This study sought for molecular mechanism of miR-490-5p/DTL axis in affecting GC progression, thus bringing new hope for treatment of GC. Expression data of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in GC tissue from TCGA database were analyzed. MiR-490-5p and DTL mRNA expression levels in GC were evaluated with qRT-PCR. Cell viability was confirmed with CCK-8 method. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed with flow cytometry. Cell migratory and invasive potential was proved with Transwell assay. The targeted relationship between DTL and miR-490-5p was analyzed with dual-luciferase assay. The results indicated a decreased miR-490-5p level in GC cells. MiR-490-5p upregulation hampered proliferation, migration, invasion and promote cell apoptosis. DTL was the target of and inversely associated with miR-490-5p, and it could remarkably induce the carcinogenesis of GC. MiR-490-5p mediated GC cell progression by DTL repression. In conclusion, miR-490-5p and DTL may be valuable in diagnosis and treatment for GC.
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12
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DW14383 is an irreversible pan-FGFR inhibitor that suppresses FGFR-dependent tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1498-1506. [PMID: 33288861 PMCID: PMC8379184 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is a promising anticancer target. Currently, most FGFR inhibitors lack sufficient selectivity and have nonnegligible activity against kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), limiting their feasibility due to the serious side effects. Notably, compensatory activation occurs among FGFR1-4, suggesting the urgent need to develop selective pan-FGFR1-4 inhibitors. Here, we explored the antitumor activity of DW14383, a novel irreversible FGFR1-4 inhibitor. DW14383 exhibited equivalently high potent inhibition against FGFR1, 2, 3 and 4, with IC50 values of less than 0.3, 1.1, less than 0.3, and 0.5 nmol/L, respectively. It is a selective FGFR inhibitor, exhibiting more than 1100-fold selectivity for FGFR1 over recombinant KDR, making it one of the most selective FGFR inhibitors over KDR described to date. Furthermore, DW14383 significantly inhibited cellular FGFR1-4 signaling, inducing G1/S cell cycle arrest, which in turn antagonized FGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation. In contrast, DW14383 had no obvious antiproliferative effect against cancer cell lines without FGFR aberration, further confirming its selectivity against FGFR. In representative FGFR-dependent xenograft models, DW14383 oral administration substantially suppressed tumor growth by simultaneously inhibiting tumor proliferation and angiogenesis via inhibiting FGFR signaling. In summary, DW14383 is a promising selective irreversible pan-FGFR inhibitor with pan-tumor spectrum potential in FGFR1-4 aberrant cancers, which has the potential to overcome compensatory activation among FGFR1-4.
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13
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Skrzypek K, Adamek G, Kot M, Badyra B, Majka M. Progression and Differentiation of Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Is Regulated by PAX7 Transcription Factor-Significance of Tumor Subclones. Cells 2021; 10:1870. [PMID: 34440639 PMCID: PMC8391953 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), is the most frequent soft tissue tumor in children that originates from disturbances in differentiation process. Mechanisms leading to the development of RMS are still poorly understood. Therefore, by analysis of two RMS RH30 cell line subclones, one subclone PAX7 negative, while the second one PAX7 positive, and comparison with other RMS cell lines we aimed at identifying new mechanisms crucial for RMS progression. RH30 subclones were characterized by the same STR profile, but different morphology, rate of proliferation, migration activity and chemotactic abilities in vitro, as well as differences in tumor morphology and growth in vivo. Our analysis indicated a different level of expression of adhesion molecules (e.g., from VLA and ICAM families), myogenic microRNAs, such as miR-206 and transcription factors, such as MYOD, MYOG, SIX1, and ID. Silencing of PAX7 transcription factor with siRNA confirmed the crucial role of PAX7 transcription factor in proliferation, differentiation and migration of RMS cells. To conclude, our results suggest that tumor cell lines with the same STR profile can produce subclones that differ in many features and indicate crucial roles of PAX7 and ID proteins in the development of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (G.A.); (M.K.); (B.B.)
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14
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Patil AR, Leung MY, Roy S. Identification of Hub Genes in Different Stages of Colorectal Cancer through an Integrated Bioinformatics Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5564. [PMID: 34070979 PMCID: PMC8197092 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer that contributes to cancer-related morbidity. However, the differential expression of genes in different phases of CRC is largely unknown. Moreover, very little is known about the role of stress-survival pathways in CRC. We sought to discover the hub genes and identify their roles in several key pathways, including oxidative stress and apoptosis in the different stages of CRC. To identify the hub genes that may be involved in the different stages of CRC, gene expression datasets were obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common among the different datasets for each group were obtained using the robust rank aggregation method. Then, gene enrichment analysis was carried out with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Finally, the protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using the Cytoscape software. We identified 40 hub genes and performed enrichment analysis for each group. We also used the Oncomine database to identify the DEGs related to stress-survival and apoptosis pathways involved in different stages of CRC. In conclusion, the hub genes were found to be enriched in several key pathways, including the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. Some of the hub genes were also reported in the stress-survival and apoptosis pathways. The hub DEGs revealed from our study may be used as biomarkers and may explain CRC development and progression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R. Patil
- Computational Science Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (A.R.P.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Ming-Ying Leung
- Computational Science Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (A.R.P.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Sourav Roy
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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15
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Liu G, Chen T, Ding Z, Wang Y, Wei Y, Wei X. Inhibition of FGF-FGFR and VEGF-VEGFR signalling in cancer treatment. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13009. [PMID: 33655556 PMCID: PMC8016646 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sites of targeted therapy are limited and need to be expanded. The FGF‐FGFR signalling plays pivotal roles in the oncogenic process, and FGF/FGFR inhibitors are a promising method to treat FGFR‐altered tumours. The VEGF‐VEGFR signalling is the most crucial pathway to induce angiogenesis, and inhibiting this cascade has already got success in treating tumours. While both their efficacy and antitumour spectrum are limited, combining FGF/FGFR inhibitors with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors are an excellent way to optimize the curative effect and expand the antitumour range because their combination can target both tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment. In addition, biomarkers need to be developed to predict the efficacy, and combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors is a promising direction in the future. The article will discuss the FGF‐FGFR signalling pathway, the VEGF‐VEGFR signalling pathway, the rationale of combining these two signalling pathways and recent small‐molecule FGFR/VEGFR inhibitors based on clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Cardiology Department, Chengdu NO.7 People's Hospital, Chengdu Tumor Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Ding
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Lv Q, Guan S, Zhu M, Huang H, Wu J, Dai X. FGFR1 Is Associated With Tamoxifen Resistance and Poor Prognosis of ER-Positive Breast Cancers by Suppressing ER Protein Expression. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211004935. [PMID: 33783288 PMCID: PMC8013883 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211004935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is widely recognized as a key player in mammary carcinogenesis and associated with the prognosis and therapeutic response of breast cancers. With the aim of investigating the correlation between FGFR1 expression and estrogen receptor (ER) and exploring the effect of FGFR1 on endocrine therapy response and ER+ breast cancer prognosis, we examined the FGFR1 protein expression among 184 ER-positive breast cancers by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) method, analyzed the association between FGFR1 expression and disease characters using the Pearson's chi-square test, and assessed the prognostic role of FGFR1 among breast cancers using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. Moreover, in vitro assays were conducted to confirm the correlation between FGFR1 and ER expression and investigate the effect of FGFR1 on tamoxifen (TAM) sensitivity in ER+ breast cancer. The results showed that ER expression was negatively correlated with FGFR1 expression (P = 0.011, r = -0.221). Moreover, FGFR1 expression was one of the prognostic factors of ER-positive breast cancer (OR = 1.974, 95% CI = 1.043-3.633), and high FGFR1 expression was correlated with decreased breast cancer overall survival. In addition, knocking down FGFR1 inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced TAM sensitivity in TAM-resistant cells. In conclusion, we found that there was a significant negative correlation between FGFR1 and ER levels in ER+ breast cancers, high FGFR1 protein expression was associated with poor breast cancer prognosis, down-regulating FGFR1 could elevate ER expression and is associated with enhanced TAM sensitivity in ER+ breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiming Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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Ardizzone A, Scuderi SA, Giuffrida D, Colarossi C, Puglisi C, Campolo M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Paterniti I. Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors Receptors (FGFRs) in Brain Tumors, Focus on Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3825. [PMID: 33352931 PMCID: PMC7766440 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite pharmacological treatments and surgical practice options, the mortality rate of astrocytomas and glioblastomas remains high, thus representing a medical emergency for which it is necessary to find new therapeutic strategies. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act through their associated receptors (FGFRs), a family of tyrosine kinase receptors consisting of four members (FGFR1-4), regulators of tissue development and repair. In particular, FGFRs play an important role in cell proliferation, survival, and migration, as well as angiogenesis, thus their gene alteration is certainly related to the development of the most common diseases, including cancer. FGFRs are subjected to multiple somatic aberrations such as chromosomal amplification of FGFR1; mutations and multiple dysregulations of FGFR2; and mutations, translocations, and significant amplifications of FGFR3 and FGFR4 that correlate to oncogenesis process. Therefore, the in-depth study of these receptor systems could help to understand the etiology of both astrocytoma and glioblastoma so as to achieve notable advances in more effective target therapies. Furthermore, the discovery of FGFR inhibitors revealed how these biological compounds improve the neoplastic condition by demonstrating efficacy and safety. On this basis, this review focuses on the role and involvement of FGFRs in brain tumors such as astrocytoma and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Sarah A. Scuderi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande (CT), Italy; (D.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande (CT), Italy; (D.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Caterina Puglisi
- IOM Ricerca Srl, Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande (CT), Italy;
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
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18
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Erber R, Rübner M, Davenport S, Hauke S, Beckmann MW, Hartmann A, Häberle L, Gass P, Press MF, Fasching PA. Impact of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification on the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 184:311-324. [PMID: 32852708 PMCID: PMC7599145 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various aberrations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor genes FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 are found in different cancers, including breast cancer (BC). This study analyzed the impact of FGFR amplification on the BC prognosis. METHODS The study included 894 BC patients. The amplification rates of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 were evaluated on tissue microarrays using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Associations between these parameters and prognosis were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS FGFR1 FISH was assessable in 503 samples, FGFR2 FISH in 447, and FGFR3 FISH in 562. The FGFR1 amplification rate was 6.6% (n = 33). Increased FGFR2 copy numbers were seen in 0.9% (n = 4); only one patient had FGFR3 amplification (0.2%). Most patients with FGFR1 amplification had luminal B-like tumors (69.7%, n = 23); only 32.6% (n = 153) of patients without FGFR1 amplification had luminal B-like BC. Other patient and tumor characteristics appeared similar between these two groups. Observed outcome differences between BC patients with and without FGFR1 amplification did not achieve statistical significance; however, there was a trend toward poorer distant metastasis-free survival in BC patients with FGFR1 amplification (HR = 2.08; 95% CI 0.98 to 4.39, P = 0.05). CONCLUSION FGFR1 amplification occurs most frequently in patients with luminal B-like BC. The study showed a nonsignificant correlation with the prognosis, probably due to the small sample size. Further research is therefore needed to address the role of FGFR1 amplifications in early BC patients. FGFR2 and FGFR3 amplifications are rare in patients with primary BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Erber
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Rübner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Davenport
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lothar Häberle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Gass
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael F Press
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Ding X, Duan H, Luo H. Identification of Core Gene Expression Signature and Key Pathways in Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:45. [PMID: 32153633 PMCID: PMC7046836 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered the most prevalent malignant tumor that contributes to high cancer-related mortality. However, the signaling pathways involved in CRC and CRC-driven genes are largely unknown. We sought to discover a novel biomarker in CRC. Materials and Methods All clinical CRC samples (n = 20) were from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. We first selected MAD2L1 by integrated bioinformatics analysis of a GSE dataset. Next, the expression of MAD2L1 in tissues and cell lines was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The effects of MAD2L1 on cell growth, proliferation, the cell cycle, and apoptosis were examined by in vitro assays. Results We identified 683 shared DEGs (420 upregulated and 263 downregulated), and the top twenty genes (CDK1, CCNA2, TOP2A, PLK1, MAD2L1, AURKA, BUB1B, UBE2C, TPX2, RRM2, KIF11, NCAPG, MELK, NUSAP1, MCM4, RFC4, PTTG1, CHEK1, CEP55, DTL) were selected by integrated analysis. These hub genes were significantly overexpressed in CRC samples and were positively correlated. Our data revealed that the expression of MAD2L1 in CRC tissues is higher than that in normal tissues. MAD2L1 knockdown significantly suppressed CRC cell growth by impairing cell cycle progression and inducing cell apoptosis. Conclusion MAD2L1, as a novel oncogenic gene, plays a role in regulating cancer cell growth and apoptosis and could be used as a new biomarker for diagnosis and therapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Houyu Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Gasparini P, Ferrari A, Casanova M, Limido F, Massimino M, Sozzi G, Fortunato O. MiRNAs as Players in Rhabdomyosarcoma Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225818. [PMID: 31752446 PMCID: PMC6888285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence, is a rare but aggressive malignancy that originates from immature mesenchymal cells committed to skeletal muscle differentiation. Although RMS is, generally, responsive to the modern multimodal therapeutic approaches, the prognosis of RMS depends on multiple variables and for some patients the outcome remains dismal. Further comprehension of the molecular and cellular biology of RMS would lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs proved to function as key regulators of skeletal muscle cell fate determination and to play important roles in RMS pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to better delineate the role of miRNAs as a biomarkers or functional leaders in RMS development, so to possibly elucidate some of RMS molecular mechanisms and potentially therapeutically target them to improve clinical management of pediatric RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gasparini
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (O.F.); (P.G.); Tel.: +39-02-2390-3775 (O.F. & P.G.); Fax: +39-02-2390-2928 (O.F. & P.G.)
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Pediatric Oncology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (F.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Michela Casanova
- Pediatric Oncology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (F.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Limido
- Pediatric Oncology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (F.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Maura Massimino
- Pediatric Oncology Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (F.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Orazio Fortunato
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (O.F.); (P.G.); Tel.: +39-02-2390-3775 (O.F. & P.G.); Fax: +39-02-2390-2928 (O.F. & P.G.)
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21
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Nahon-Esteve S, Martel A, Maschi C, Caujolle JP, Baillif S, Lassalle S, Hofman P. The Molecular Pathology of Eye Tumors: A 2019 Update Main Interests for Routine Clinical Practice. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:632-664. [DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190726161044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have seen constant development of molecular
pathology for the care of patients with cancer. The information obtained from molecular
data has transformed our thinking about the biological diversity of cancers, particularly in
the field of ophthalmic oncology. It has reoriented the way in which therapeutic decisions
and decisions concerning patient surveillance are made, both in the area of pediatric
cancers, including rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma, and adult cancers, such as
uveal melanoma and lymphomas. A better definition of the molecular classification of
these cancers and of the different biological pathways involved is essential to the
understanding of both the pathologist and the onco-ophthalmologist. Molecular tests
based on targeted or expanded analysis of gene panels are now available. These tests
can be performed with tumor tissue or biofluids (especially blood) to predict the
prognosis of tumors and, above all, the benefit of targeted therapies, immunotherapy or
even chemotherapy. Looking for the BAP1 mutation in uveal melanoma is essential
because of the associated metastatic risk. When treating retinoblastoma, it is mandatory
to assess the heritable status of RB1. Conjunctival melanoma requires investigation into
the BRAF mutation in the case of a locally advanced tumor. The understanding of
genomic alterations, the results of molecular tests and/or other biological tests predictive
of a therapeutic response, but also of the limits of these tests with respect to the
available biological resources, represents a major challenge for optimal patient
management in ophthalmic oncology. In this review, we present the current state of
knowledge concerning the different molecular alterations and therapeutic targets of
interest in ophthalmic oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnaud Martel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Cote d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Célia Maschi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Cote d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Sandra Lassalle
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Cote d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Cote d'Azur, Nice, France
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22
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Katoh M. Fibroblast growth factor receptors as treatment targets in clinical oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 16:105-122. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Recent developments and advances of FGFR as a potential target in cancer. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2109-2126. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFs and their receptors (FGFRs) are critical for many biologic processes, including angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue regeneration. Aberrations in FGFR signaling are common in cancer, making FGFRs a promising target in antitumor studies. To date, many FGFR inhibitors are being detected in clinical studies, and resistance to some inhibitors has emerged. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is a fundamental step for further implementation of targeted therapies. In this review, we will describe the basic knowledge regarding FGF/FGFR signaling and categorize the clinical FGFR inhibitors. The mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibitors and corresponding strategies of overcoming drug resistance will also be discussed.
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24
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van Dam PA, Rolfo C, Ruiz R, Pauwels P, Van Berckelaer C, Trinh XB, Ferri Gandia J, Bogers JP, Van Laere S. Potential new biomarkers for squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. ESMO Open 2018; 3:e000352. [PMID: 30018810 PMCID: PMC6045706 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim An in silico pathway analysis was performed in an attempt to identify new biomarkers for cervical carcinoma. Methods Three publicly available Affymetrix gene expression data sets (GSE5787, GSE7803, GSE9750) were retrieved, vouching for a total 9 cervical cancer cell lines, 39 normal cervical samples, 7 CIN3 samples and 111 cervical cancer samples. An Agilent data set (GSE7410; 5 normal cervical samples, 35 samples from invasive cervical cancer) was selected as a validation set. Predication analysis of microarrays was performed in the Affymetrix sets to identify cervical cancer biomarkers. We compared the lists of differentially expressed genes between normal and CIN3 samples on the one hand (n=1923) and between CIN3 and invasive cancer samples on the other hand (n=628). Results Seven probe sets were identified that were significantly overexpressed (at least 2 fold increase expression level, and false discovery rate <5%) in both CIN3 samples respective to normal samples and in cancer samples respective to CIN3 samples. From these, five probes sets could be validated in the Agilent data set (P<0.001) comparing the normal with the invasive cancer samples, corresponding to the genes DTL, HMGB3, KIF2C, NEK2 and RFC4. These genes were additionally overexpressed in cervical cancer cell lines respective to the cancer samples. The literature on these markers was reviewed. Conclusion Novel biomarkers in combination with primary human papilloma virus (HPV) testing may allow complete cervical screening by objective, non-morphological molecular methods, which may be particularly important in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A van Dam
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Centre Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospita, Edegem, Belgium.,Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Centre Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospita, Edegem, Belgium.,Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium.,Fase 1 Unit for Experimental Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Rossana Ruiz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN), Lima, Peru
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Histopathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Xuan Bich Trinh
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Centre Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospita, Edegem, Belgium.,Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jose Ferri Gandia
- Fase 1 Unit for Experimental Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Johannes P Bogers
- AMBIOR Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Centre of Oncologic Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium
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25
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O'Brien EM, Selfe JL, Martins AS, Walters ZS, Shipley JM. The long non-coding RNA MYCNOS-01 regulates MYCN protein levels and affects growth of MYCN-amplified rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 29466962 PMCID: PMC5822637 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MYCN is amplified in small cell lung cancers and several pediatric tumors, including alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and neuroblastomas. MYCN protein is known to play a key oncogenic role in both alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and neuroblastomas. MYCN opposite strand (MYCNOS) is a gene located on the antisense strand to MYCN that encodes alternatively spliced transcripts, two of which (MYCNOS-01 and MYCNOS-02) are known to be expressed in neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer with reciprocal regulation between MYCNOS-02 and MYCN reported for neuroblastomas. We sought to determine a functional role for MYCNOS-01 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells and identify any associated regulatory effects between MYCN and MYCNOS-01. Methods MYCNOS-01, MYCNOS-02 and MYCN expression levels were assessed in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor samples from patients using Affymetrix microarray data and quantitative RT-PCR. Following MYCNOS-01 or MYCN siRNA knockdown and MYCNOS-01 overexpression, transcript levels were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR and MYCN protein expression assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Additionally, effects on cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle profiles were determined by a metabolic assay, caspase activity and flow cytometry, respectively. Results MYCNOS-01 transcript levels were generally higher in NB and RMS tumor samples and cell lines with MYCN genomic amplification. RNA interference of MYCNOS-01 expression did not alter MYCN transcript levels but decreased MYCN protein levels. Conversely, MYCN reduction increased MYCNOS-01 transcript levels, creating a negative feedback loop on MYCN protein levels. Reduction of MYCNOS-01 or MYCN expression decreased cell growth in MYCN-amplified alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. This is consistent with MYCNOS-01-mediated regulation of MYCN contributing to the phenotype observed. Conclusions An alternative transcript of MYCNOS, MYCNOS-01, post-transcriptionally regulates MYCN levels and affects growth in MYCN-amplified rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4129-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M O'Brien
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joanna L Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ana Sofia Martins
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Zoë S Walters
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK.
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27
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Formisano L, Stauffer KM, Young CD, Bhola NE, Guerrero-Zotano AL, Jansen VM, Estrada MM, Hutchinson KE, Giltnane JM, Schwarz LJ, Lu Y, Balko JM, Deas O, Cairo S, Judde JG, Mayer IA, Sanders M, Dugger TC, Bianco R, Stricker T, Arteaga CL. Association of FGFR1 with ERα Maintains Ligand-Independent ER Transcription and Mediates Resistance to Estrogen Deprivation in ER + Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6138-6150. [PMID: 28751448 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose:FGFR1 amplification occurs in approximately 15% of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) human breast cancers. We investigated mechanisms by which FGFR1 amplification confers antiestrogen resistance to ER+ breast cancer.Experimental Design: ER+ tumors from patients treated with letrozole before surgery were subjected to Ki67 IHC, FGFR1 FISH, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). ER+/FGFR1-amplified breast cancer cells, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) were treated with FGFR1 siRNA or the FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor lucitanib. Endpoints were cell/xenograft growth, FGFR1/ERα association by coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation, ER genomic activity by ChIP sequencing, and gene expression by RT-PCR.Results: ER+/FGFR1-amplified tumors in patients treated with letrozole maintained cell proliferation (Ki67). Estrogen deprivation increased total and nuclear FGFR1 and FGF ligands expression in ER+/FGFR1-amplified primary tumors and breast cancer cells. In estrogen-free conditions, FGFR1 associated with ERα in tumor cell nuclei and regulated the transcription of ER-dependent genes. This association was inhibited by a kinase-dead FGFR1 mutant and by treatment with lucitanib. ChIP-seq analysis of estrogen-deprived ER+/FGFR1-amplified cells showed binding of FGFR1 and ERα to DNA. Treatment with fulvestrant and/or lucitanib reduced FGFR1 and ERα binding to DNA. RNA-seq data from FGFR1-amplified patients' tumors treated with letrozole showed enrichment of estrogen response and E2F target genes. Finally, growth of ER+/FGFR1-amplified cells and PDXs was more potently inhibited by fulvestrant and lucitanib combined than each drug alone.Conclusions: These data suggest the ERα pathway remains active in estrogen-deprived ER+/FGFR1-amplified breast cancers. Therefore, these tumors are endocrine resistant and should be candidates for treatment with combinations of ER and FGFR antagonists. Clin Cancer Res; 23(20); 6138-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Formisano
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Kimberly M Stauffer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christian D Young
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Neil E Bhola
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Valerie M Jansen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mónica M Estrada
- Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Jennifer M Giltnane
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Luis J Schwarz
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Stefano Cairo
- XenTech, Evry, France.,LTTA Center, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Ingrid A Mayer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Teresa C Dugger
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas Stricker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Zhang J, Song N, Zang D, Yu J, Li J, Di W, Guo R, Zhao W, Wang H. c-Myc promotes tumor proliferation and anti‑apoptosis by repressing p21 in rhabdomyosarcomas. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4089-4094. [PMID: 28765944 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) is an important member protein of the Myc family that is important in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. In the present study, the role of c‑Myc in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was assessed. Firstly, expression of endogenous c‑Myc and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21) was examined in normal skeletal muscle, RMS specimens and TE671 RMS cells by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Furthermore, cell cycle progression and apoptosis were assessed in TE671 RMS cells following treatment with a c‑Myc inhibitor, 10058‑F4. The results demonstrated that c‑Myc was overexpressed in clinical RMS tissues and TE671 cells, with the highest expression observed in the most RMS samples. Expression of p21 protein and apoptosis function were increased following treatment with 10058‑F4, but no difference was observed in cell cycle progression. In conclusion, the present study indicated that c‑Myc promotes RMS development by inhibiting apoptosis through repression of p21 transcription. Further studies will be required to evaluate c‑Myc as a target for RMS clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Di
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
| | - Ruina Guo
- Department of Pathology, Puyang Oilfield General Hospital, Puyang 457000, P.R. China
| | - Weixing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P.R. China
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Selfe J, Olmos D, Al-Saadi R, Thway K, Chisholm J, Kelsey A, Shipley J. Impact of fusion gene status versus histology on risk-stratification for rhabdomyosarcoma: Retrospective analyses of patients on UK trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28035744 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term toxicities from current treatments are a major issue in paediatric cancer. Previous studies, including our own, have shown prognostic value for the presence of PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion genes in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). It is proposed to introduce PAX3/7-FOXO1 positivity as a component of risk stratification, rather than alveolar histology, in future clinical trials. PROCEDURE To assess the potential impact of this reclassification, we have determined the changes to risk category assignment of 210 histologically reviewed patients treated in the UK from previous malignant mesenchymal tumour clinical trials for non-metastatic RMS based on identification of PAX3/7-FOXO1 by fluorescence in situ hybridisation and/or reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Using fusion gene positivity in the current risk stratification would reassign 7% of patients to different European Paediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG) risk groups. The next European trial would have 80% power to detect differences in event-free survival of 15% over 10 years and 20% over 5 years in reassigned patients. This would decrease treatment for over a quarter of patients with alveolar histology tumours that lack PAX3/7-FOXO1. CONCLUSIONS Fusion gene status used in stratification may result in significant numbers of patients benefitting from lower treatment-associated toxicity. Prospective testing to show this reassignment maintains current survival rates is now required and is shown to be feasible based on estimated recruitment to a future EpSSG trial. Together with developing novel therapeutic strategies for patients identified as higher risk, this may ultimately improve the outcome and quality of life for patients with RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Olmos
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reem Al-Saadi
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Khin Thway
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julia Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Chae YK, Ranganath K, Hammerman PS, Vaklavas C, Mohindra N, Kalyan A, Matsangou M, Costa R, Carneiro B, Villaflor VM, Cristofanilli M, Giles FJ. Inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway: the current landscape and barriers to clinical application. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16052-16074. [PMID: 28030802 PMCID: PMC5362545 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) is a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that has a fundamental role in many biologic processes including embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that this pathway plays a critical role in oncogenesis via gene amplification, activating mutations, or translocation in tumors of various histologies. With multiplex sequencing technology, the detection of FGFR aberrations has become more common and is tied to cancer cell proliferation, resistance to anticancer therapies, and neoangiogenesis. Inhibition of FGFR signaling appears promising in preclinical studies, suggesting a pathway of clinical interest in the development of targeted therapy. Phase I trials have demonstrated a manageable toxicity profile. Currently, there are multiple FGFR inhibitors under study with many non-selective (multi-kinase) inhibitors demonstrating limited clinical responses. As we progress from the first generation of non-selective drugs to the second generation of selective FGFR inhibitors, it is clear that FGFR aberrations do not behave uniformly across cancer types; thus, a deeper understanding of biomarker strategies is undoubtedly warranted. This review aims to consolidate data from recent clinical trials with a focus on selective FGFR inhibitors. As Phase II clinical trials emerge, concentration on patient selection as it pertains to predicting response to therapy, feasible methods for overcoming toxicity, and the likelihood of combination therapies should be utilized. We will also discuss qualities that may be desirable in future generations of FGFR inhibitors, with the hope that overcoming these current barriers will expedite the availability of this novel class of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Chae
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keerthi Ranganath
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Christos Vaklavas
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nisha Mohindra
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aparna Kalyan
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Matsangou
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ricardo Costa
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benedito Carneiro
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria M. Villaflor
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J. Giles
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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El Demellawy D, McGowan-Jordan J, de Nanassy J, Chernetsova E, Nasr A. Update on molecular findings in rhabdomyosarcoma. Pathology 2017; 49:238-246. [PMID: 28256213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.12.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common malignant soft tissue tumour in children and adolescents. Histologically RMS resembles developing fetal striated skeletal muscle. RMS is stratified into different histological subtypes which appear to influence management plans and patient outcome. Importantly, molecular classification of RMS seems to more accurately capture the true biology and clinical course and prognosis of RMS to guide therapeutic decisions. The identification of PAX-FOXO1 fusion status in RMS is one of the most important updates in the risk stratification of RMS. There are several genes close to PAX that are frequently altered including the RAS family, FGFR4, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, FBXW7, and BCOR. As with most paediatric blue round cell tumours and sarcomas, chemotherapy is the key regimen for RMS therapy. Currently there are no direct inhibitors against PAX-FOXO1 fusion oncoproteins and targeting epigenetic cofactors is limited to clinical trials. Failure of therapy in RMS is usually related to drug resistance and metastatic disease. Through this review we have highlighted most of the molecular aspects in RMS and have attempted to correlate with RMS classification, treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina El Demellawy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Pediatric Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jean McGowan-Jordan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph de Nanassy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Pediatric Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ahmed Nasr
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Novel Roles for Staufen1 in Embryonal and Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma via c-myc-dependent and -independent events. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42342. [PMID: 28211476 PMCID: PMC5314364 DOI: 10.1038/srep42342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and young adults. Rhabdomyosarcomas are skeletal muscle-like tumours that typically arise in muscle beds, and express key myogenic regulatory factors. However, their developmental program remains blocked in the proliferative phase with cells unable to exit the cell cycle to fuse into myotubes. Recently, we uncovered a key role for the RNA-binding protein Staufen1 during myogenic differentiation through the regulation of c-myc translation. Given the known implication of c-myc in rhabdomyosarcoma, we hypothesized in the current work that Staufen1 controls rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis. Here, we report for the first time the novel role of Staufen1 in cancer, specifically in rhabdomyosarcoma. We demonstrate that Staufen1 is markedly upregulated in human rhabdomyosarcoma tumours and cell lines as compared to normal skeletal muscle. Moreover, we show that Staufen1 promotes the tumorigenesis of embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes both in cell culture and in animal models. Finally, our data demonstrate that Staufen1 has differential roles in embryonal versus alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma through the control of proliferative and apoptotic pathways, respectively. Together, these results provide the first evidence for Staufen1’s direct implication in cancer biology. Accordingly, Staufen1 thus represents a novel target for the development of future therapeutic strategies for rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Chudasama P, Renner M, Straub M, Mughal SS, Hutter B, Kosaloglu Z, Schweßinger R, Scheffler M, Alldinger I, Schimmack S, Persigehl T, Kobe C, Jäger D, von Kalle C, Schirmacher P, Beckhaus MK, Wolf S, Heining C, Gröschel S, Wolf J, Brors B, Weichert W, Glimm H, Scholl C, Mechtersheimer G, Specht K, Fröhling S. Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 for Treatment of Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:962-973. [PMID: 27535980 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Altered FGFR1 signaling has emerged as a therapeutic target in epithelial malignancies. In contrast, the role of FGFR1 in soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) has not been established. Prompted by the detection and subsequent therapeutic inhibition of amplified FGFR1 in a patient with metastatic leiomyosarcoma, we investigated the oncogenic properties of FGFR1 and its potential as a drug target in patients with STS.Experimental Design: The frequency of FGFR1 amplification and overexpression, as assessed by FISH, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and mRNA expression profiling, SNP array profiling, and RNA sequencing, was determined in three patient cohorts. The sensitivity of STS cell lines with or without FGFR1 alterations to genetic and pharmacologic FGFR1 inhibition and the signaling pathways engaged by FGFR1 were investigated using viability assays, colony formation assays, and biochemical analysis.Results: Increased FGFR1 copy number was detected in 74 of 190 (38.9%; cohort 1), 13 of 79 (16.5%; cohort 2), and 80 of 254 (31.5%; cohort 3) patients. FGFR1 overexpression occurred in 16 of 79 (20.2%, cohort 2) and 39 of 254 (15.4%; cohort 3) patients. Targeting of FGFR1 by RNA interference and small-molecule inhibitors (PD173074, AZD4547, BGJ398) revealed that the requirement for FGFR1 signaling in STS cells is dictated by FGFR1 expression levels, and identified the MAPK-ERK1/2 axis as critical FGFR1 effector pathway.Conclusions: These data identify FGFR1 as a driver gene in multiple STS subtypes and support FGFR1 inhibition, guided by patient selection according to the FGFR1 expression and monitoring of MAPK-ERK1/2 signaling, as a therapeutic option in this challenging group of diseases. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 962-73. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chudasama
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Straub
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sadaf S Mughal
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Hutter
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Kosaloglu
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ron Schweßinger
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Scheffler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Integrated Oncology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Alldinger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Schimmack
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Kobe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (HIPO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Wolf
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heining
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gröschel
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Integrated Oncology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Scholl
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunhild Mechtersheimer
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
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Xu YW, Cao LR, Wang M, Xu Y, Wu X, Liu J, Tong C, Fan HY. Maternal DCAF2 is crucial for maintenance of genome stability during the first cell cycle in mice. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3297-3307. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of DNA replication and genome integrity is crucial for gametogenesis and early embryogenesis. Cullin ring-finger ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) has multiple functions in the maintenance of germ cell survival, oocyte meiotic maturation, and maternal-zygotic transition in mammals. DDB1-cullin 4-associated factor-2 (DCAF2, also known as DTL or CDT2) is an evolutionarily conserved substrate receptor of CRL4. To determine whether DCAF2 is a key CRL4 substrate adaptor in mammalian oocytes, we generated a novel mouse strain that carries a Dcaf2 allele flanked by LoxP sequences, and specifically deleted Dcaf2 in oocytes. Dcaf2 knockout in mouse oocytes leads to female infertility. Although Dcaf2 null oocytes were able to develop and mature normally, the embryos derived from them were arrested at 1- to 2-cell stages owing to prolonged DNA replication and accumulation of massive DNA damage. These results indicate that DCAF2 is a previously unrecognized maternal factor that safeguards zygotic genome stability. Maternal DCAF2 protein is crucial for prevention of DNA rereplication in the first and unique mitotic cell cycle of the zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 301158, China
| | - Lan-Rui Cao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 301158, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junping Liu
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 301158, China
| | - Heng-Yu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 301158, China
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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35
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Missiaglia E, Shepherd CJ, Aladowicz E, Olmos D, Selfe J, Pierron G, Delattre O, Walters Z, Shipley J. MicroRNA and gene co-expression networks characterize biological and clinical behavior of rhabdomyosarcomas. Cancer Lett 2016; 385:251-260. [PMID: 27984116 PMCID: PMC5157784 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) in children and adolescents are heterogeneous sarcomas broadly defined by skeletal muscle features and the presence/absence of PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion genes. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in a cell context specific manner. Sequencing analyses of microRNAs in 64 RMS revealed expression patterns separating skeletal muscle, fusion gene positive and negative RMS. Integration with parallel gene expression data assigned biological functions to 12 co-expression networks/modules that reassuringly included myogenic roles strongly correlated with microRNAs known in myogenesis and RMS development. Modules also correlated with clinical outcome and fusion status. Regulation of microRNAs by the fusion protein was demonstrated after PAX3-FOXO1 reduction, exemplified by miR-9-5p. MiR-9-5p levels correlated with poor outcome, even within fusion gene positive RMS, and were higher in metastatic versus non-metastatic disease. MiR-9-5p reduction inhibited RMS cell migration. Our findings reveal microRNAs in a regulatory framework of biological and clinical significance in RMS. RNAseq profiled miRNA expression in 64 rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS). MiRNA expression distinguished muscle and RMS on the basis of fusion gene status. Co-expression networks linked to function, clinical data and fusion gene status. Identified miRNAs, including miR-9-5p, altered by the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion protein. Demonstrated clinical and functional role for miR-9-5p in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Missiaglia
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Chris J Shepherd
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ewa Aladowicz
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - David Olmos
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Gaëlle Pierron
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Zoe Walters
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
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Böhm M, Wachtel M, Marques JG, Streiff N, Laubscher D, Nanni P, Mamchaoui K, Santoro R, Schäfer BW. Helicase CHD4 is an epigenetic coregulator of PAX3-FOXO1 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4237-4249. [PMID: 27760049 DOI: 10.1172/jci85057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast number of cancer genes are transcription factors that drive tumorigenesis as oncogenic fusion proteins. Although the direct targeting of transcription factors remains challenging, therapies aimed at oncogenic fusion proteins are attractive as potential treatments for cancer. There is particular interest in targeting the oncogenic PAX3-FOXO1 fusion transcription factor, which induces alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS), an aggressive cancer of skeletal muscle cells for which patient outcomes remain dismal. In this work, we have defined the interactome of PAX3-FOXO1 and screened 60 candidate interactors using siRNA-mediated depletion to identify candidates that affect fusion protein activity in aRMS cells. We report that chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4), an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler, acts as crucial coregulator of PAX3-FOXO1 activity. CHD4 interacts with PAX3-FOXO1 via short DNA fragments. Together, they bind to regulatory regions of PAX3-FOXO1 target genes. Gene expression analysis suggested that CHD4 coregulatory activity is essential for a subset of PAX3-FOXO1 target genes. Depletion of CHD4 reduced cell viability of fusion-positive but not of fusion-negative RMS in vitro, which resembled loss of PAX3-FOXO1. It also caused specific regression of fusion-positive xenograft tumors in vivo. Therefore, this work identifies CHD4 as an epigenetic coregulator of PAX3-FOXO1 activity, providing rational evidence for CHD4 as a potential therapeutic target in aRMS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Mi-2 Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex/genetics
- Mi-2 Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology
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Giacomini A, Chiodelli P, Matarazzo S, Rusnati M, Presta M, Ronca R. Blocking the FGF/FGFR system as a two-compartment antiangiogenic/antitumor approach in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:172-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Vleeshouwer-Neumann T, Phelps M, Bammler TK, MacDonald JW, Jenkins I, Chen EY. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Antagonize Distinct Pathways to Suppress Tumorigenesis of Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144320. [PMID: 26636678 PMCID: PMC4670218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common soft tissue cancer in children. The prognosis of patients with relapsed or metastatic disease remains poor. ERMS genomes show few recurrent mutations, suggesting that other molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic regulation might play a major role in driving ERMS tumor biology. In this study, we have demonstrated the diverse roles of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the pathogenesis of ERMS by characterizing effects of HDAC inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; also known as vorinostat) in vitro and in vivo. TSA and SAHA suppress ERMS tumor growth and progression by inducing myogenic differentiation as well as reducing the self-renewal and migratory capacity of ERMS cells. Differential expression profiling and pathway analysis revealed downregulation of key oncogenic pathways upon HDAC inhibitor treatment. By gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies, we show that Notch1- and EphrinB1-mediated pathways are regulated by HDACs to inhibit differentiation and enhance migratory capacity of ERMS cells, respectively. Our study demonstrates that aberrant HDAC activity plays a major role in ERMS pathogenesis. Druggable targets in the molecular pathways affected by HDAC inhibitors represent novel therapeutic options for ERMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Phelps
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Isaac Jenkins
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eleanor Y. Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Zhou W, Zhu Y, Chen S, Xu R, Wang K. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 promotes MG63 cell proliferation and is associated with increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 in osteosarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:713-9. [PMID: 26648125 PMCID: PMC4686061 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults. However, current understanding of osteosarcomagenesis remains limited. In the present study, the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in human osteosarcoma cell proliferation was investigated, and the possible pathways that contribute to FGFR1‑mediated osteosarcoma cell proliferation were examined using microarray analysis. The expression of FGFR1 in osteosarcoma tissues was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that FGFR1 was markedly increased in osteosarcoma tissues, and that the overexpression of FGFR1 in MG63 cells significantly promoted cell proliferation, as observed using the cell viability assay. In addition, FGFR1‑mediated cell proliferation was closely associated with cell cycle re‑distribution, as determined by microarray analysis. Western blotting identified that the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) was correspondingly increased in response to the overexpression of FGFR1. These results indicated that FGFR1 contributes to cell proliferation in osteosarcoma MG63 cells, and FGFR1 mediated cell proliferation may be attributed to the regulation of the cell cycle regulator, CDK1. These findings provide evidence to support the potential use of molecule target therapy against FGFR1 as a promising strategy in osteosarcoma treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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40
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Olivero M, Dettori D, Arena S, Zecchin D, Lantelme E, Di Renzo MF. The stress phenotype makes cancer cells addicted to CDT2, a substrate receptor of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5992-6002. [PMID: 25115388 PMCID: PMC4171607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CDT2/L2DTL/RAMP is one of the substrate receptors of the Cullin Ring Ubiquitin Ligase 4 that targets for ubiquitin mediated degradation a number of substrates, such as CDT1, p21 and CHK1, involved in the regulation of cell cycle and survival. Here we show that CDT2 depletion was alone able to induce the apoptotic death in 12/12 human cancer cell lines from different tissues, regardless of the mutation profile and CDT2 expression level. Cell death was associated to rereplication and to loss of CDT1 degradation. Conversely, CDT2 depletion did not affect non-transformed human cells, such as immortalized kidney, lung and breast cell lines, and primary cultures of endothelial cells and osteoblasts. The ectopic over-expression of an activated oncogene, such as the mutation-activated RAS or the amplified MET in non-transformed immortalized breast cell lines and primary human osteoblasts, respectively, made cells transformed in vitro, tumorigenic in vivo, and susceptible to CDT2 loss. The widespread effect of CDT2 depletion in different cancer cells suggests that CDT2 is not in a synthetic lethal interaction to a single specific pathway. CDT2 likely is a non-oncogene to which transformed cells become addicted because of their enhanced cellular stress, such as replicative stress and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Olivero
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Dettori
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; present address: HUGEF, Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Arena
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Zecchin
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; present address: Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London U.K
| | - Erica Lantelme
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; present address: Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Maria Flavia Di Renzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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41
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Rhabdomyosarcoma: Advances in Molecular and Cellular Biology. Sarcoma 2015; 2015:232010. [PMID: 26420980 PMCID: PMC4569767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/232010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in childhood and adolescence. The two major histological subtypes of RMS are alveolar RMS, driven by the fusion protein PAX3-FKHR or PAX7-FKHR, and embryonic RMS, which is usually genetically heterogeneous. The prognosis of RMS has improved in the past several decades due to multidisciplinary care. However, in recent years, the treatment of patients with metastatic or refractory RMS has reached a plateau. Thus, to improve the survival rate of RMS patients and their overall well-being, further understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of RMS and identification of novel therapeutic targets are imperative. In this review, we describe the most recent discoveries in the molecular and cellular biology of RMS, including alterations in oncogenic pathways, miRNA (miR), in vivo models, stem cells, and important signal transduction cascades implicated in the development and progression of RMS. Furthermore, we discuss novel potential targeted therapies that may improve the current treatment of RMS.
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42
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Prevalence, morphology, and natural history of FGFR1-amplified lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, detected by FISH and SISH. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1621-31. [PMID: 24762544 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in a lung cancer patient cohort and to correlate results with morphology, silver in situ hybridization (SISH), and patient outcome. FGFR1 FISH and SISH were performed in 406 and 385 lung cancer cases, respectively, and the results were compared. High-level FGFR1 amplification was defined as the ratio of FGFR1/centromere 8 ≥2, or tumor cell percentage with ≥15 signals ≥10%, or average number of signals/tumor cell nucleus ≥6. Low-level amplification was defined as tumor cell percentage with ≥5 signals ≥50%. Of 406 tumors tested, there were 191 squamous cell carcinomas, 28 carcinomas with focal squamous morphology, 24 large cell carcinomas with squamous immunoprofile, 115 adenocarcinomas, 17 neuroendocrine tumors, and 31 carcinomas without squamous morphology or immunoprofile. FGFR1 FISH was assessable in 368 tumors, with FGFR1 amplification identified in 50, including 48 tumors with either squamous morphology or immunoprofile (48 of 225, 21.3%), and two 'marker-null' tumors without squamous or glandular morphology or immunoprofile (2 of 143, 1.4%; P<0.0001). FGFR1 SISH was assessable in 347 tumors. All 46 FGFR1 FISH-amplified tumors with tumor available for testing showed amplification with SISH, while all other tumors were negative. There was no relationship between FGFR1 amplification status and disease-free (P=0.88, HR=1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.67-1.60) or overall survival (P=0.97, HR=1.01, 95% CI=0.65-1.58) in surgically radically treated patients with tumors with any squamous morphology or immunoprofile. FGFR1 amplification is a common abnormality in tumors with any squamous morphology or immunoprofile, but it is also present in 'marker-null' tumors. The results of FGFR1 SISH showed 1:1 correlation with the results of FGFR1 FISH, indicating that SISH may be an alternative method to detect FGFR1 amplification. No relationship was detected between patient outcome and FGFR1 amplification.
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43
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Yong ZWE, Zaini ZM, Kallarakkal TG, Karen-Ng LP, Rahman ZAA, Ismail SM, Sharifah NA, Mustafa WMW, Abraham MT, Tay KK, Zain RB. Genetic alterations of chromosome 8 genes in oral cancer. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6073. [PMID: 25123227 PMCID: PMC4133705 DOI: 10.1038/srep06073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical relevance of DNA copy number alterations in chromosome 8 were investigated in oral cancers. The copy numbers of 30 selected genes in 33 OSCC patients were detected using the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique. Amplifications of the EIF3E gene were found in 27.3% of the patients, MYC in 18.2%, RECQL4 in 15.2% and MYBL1 in 12.1% of patients. The most frequent gene losses found were the GATA4 gene (24.2%), FGFR1 gene (24.2%), MSRA (21.2) and CSGALNACT1 (12.1%). The co-amplification of EIF3E and RECQL4 was found in 9% of patients and showed significant association with alcohol drinkers. There was a significant association between the amplification of EIF3E gene with non-betel quid chewers and the negative lymph node status. EIF3E amplifications did not show prognostic significance on survival. Our results suggest that EIF3E may have a role in the carcinogenesis of OSCC in non-betel quid chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wei Ern Yong
- 1] Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini
- 1] Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thomas George Kallarakkal
- 1] Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee Peng Karen-Ng
- Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman
- 1] Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Mazlipah Ismail
- 1] Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Akmal Sharifah
- Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur
| | | | - Mannil Thomas Abraham
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang, Malaysia
| | - Keng Kiong Tay
- Oral Surgery Clinic, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- 1] Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Schmitz K, Schildhaus HU. Clinical significance of FGFR1 gene amplification in lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer Manag 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.14.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Molecular targeted therapies are routinely used for pulmonary adenocarcinomas, harboring therapeutically tractable genomic aberrations such as EGFR mutations, ALK and ROS1 fusions. Comparable therapeutic options are still missing for squamous and small-cell lung cancer. Results: Molecular analyses revealed a significant amplification of FGFR1 in 20% of squamous and 6% of small-cell carcinomas. Preclinical and first clinical trials with FGFR inhibitors have shown that this genomic alteration is therapeutically actionable. For detection of FGFR1 amplification fluorescence in situ hybridization is a specific biomarker assay. We review evaluation strategy and criteria for FGFR1 positivity. Conclusion: FGFR1 amplification represents a promising potential target in squamous and small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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45
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Liu C, Li D, Jiang J, Hu J, Zhang W, Chen Y, Cui X, Qi Y, Zou H, Zhang W, Li F. Analysis of molecular cytogenetic alteration in rhabdomyosarcoma by array comparative genomic hybridization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94924. [PMID: 24743780 PMCID: PMC3990535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma with poor prognosis. The genetic etiology of RMS remains largely unclear underlying its development and progression. To reveal novel genes more precisely and new therapeutic targets associated with RMS, we used high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to explore tumor-associated copy number variations (CNVs) and genes in RMS. We confirmed several important genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). We then performed bioinformatics-based functional enrichment analysis for genes located in the genomic regions with CNVs. In addition, we identified miRNAs located in the corresponding amplification and deletion regions and performed miRNA functional enrichment analysis. aCGH analyses revealed that all RMS showed specific gains and losses. The amplification regions were 12q13.12, 12q13.3, and 12q13.3–q14.1. The deletion regions were 1p21.1, 2q14.1, 5q13.2, 9p12, and 9q12. The recurrent regions with gains were 12q13.3, 12q13.3–q14.1, 12q14.1, and 17q25.1. The recurrent regions with losses were 9p12–p11.2, 10q11.21–q11.22, 14q32.33, 16p11.2, and 22q11.1. The mean mRNA level of GLI1 in RMS was 6.61-fold higher than that in controls (p = 0.0477) by QRT-PCR. Meanwhile, the mean mRNA level of GEFT in RMS samples was 3.92-fold higher than that in controls (p = 0.0354). Bioinformatic analysis showed that genes were enriched in functions such as immunoglobulin domain, induction of apoptosis, and defensin. Proto-oncogene functions were involved in alveolar RMS. miRNAs that located in the amplified regions in RMS tend to be enriched in oncogenic activity (miR-24 and miR-27a). In conclusion, this study identified a number of CNVs in RMS and functional analyses showed enrichment for genes and miRNAs located in these CNVs regions. These findings may potentially help the identification of novel biomarkers and/or drug targets implicated in diagnosis of and targeted therapy for RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- LU'AN People's Hospital. LU'AN Affiliated Hospital of ANHUI Medical University, LU'AN, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jinfang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - WenJie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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46
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Boehm D, Vogel W, Franzen A, Schrock A, Bootz F, Heaseley LE, Braun M, Perner S. A new bright-field dual-colour chromogenic and silver in situ hybridization method for the detection of FGFR1 gene copy number status. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:547-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Kakazu N, Yamane H, Miyachi M, Shiwaku K, Hosoi H. Identification of the 12q15 amplicon within the homogeneously staining regions in the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RMS-YM. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:167-73. [PMID: 24480864 DOI: 10.1159/000357930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification represents one of the molecular mechanisms of oncogene overexpression in many types of tumors. Homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) are cytogenetic hallmarks of gene amplification. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant soft-tissue tumor in children. RMS-YM is an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line that possesses 3 HSRs. This cytogenetic finding suggests the presence of gene amplifications associated with tumor development or progression in RMS-YM. Here, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we detected high amplification of the MDM2 gene in the HSRs of RMS-YM. We also refined the region of the amplicon and identified that the FRS2 gene and others are amplified in RMS-YM. MDM2 and FRS2 play important roles as a regulator of p53 and a mediator of FGF signaling, respectively, and thus are potential molecular targets for therapy in many different tumors. RMS-YM may be useful for studies of the molecular pathways of tumorigenesis and tumor progression in rhabdomyosarcoma and for in vitro evaluation of newly developed therapeutic agents that target MDM2 or FRS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kakazu
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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48
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Aberrant CDK4 amplification in refractory rhabdomyosarcoma as identified by genomic profiling. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3623. [PMID: 24406431 PMCID: PMC3887377 DOI: 10.1038/srep03623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most commonly occurring type of soft tissue tumor in children. However, it is rare in adults, and therefore, very little is known about the most appropriate treatment strategy for adult RMS patients. We performed genomic analysis of RMS cells derived from a 27-year-old male patient whose disease was refractory to treatment. A peritoneal seeding nodule from the primary tumor, pleural metastases, malignant pleural effusion, and ascites obtained during disease progression, were analyzed. Whole exome sequencing revealed 23 candidate variants, and 10 of 23 mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing. Three of 10 mutations were present in both primary and metastatic tumors, and 3 mutations were detected only in metastatic specimens. Comparative genomic hybridization array analysis revealed prominent amplification in the 12q13–14 region, and more specifically, the CDK4 proto-oncogene was highly amplified. ALK overexpression was observed at both protein and RNA levels. However, an ALK fusion assay using NanoString technology failed to show any ALK rearrangements. Little genetic heterogeneity was observed between primary and metastatic RMS cells. We propose that CDK4, located at 12q14, is a potential target for drug development for RMS treatment.
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49
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Sarcomas. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) regulate important biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation during development and tissue repair. Over the past decades, numerous pathological conditions and developmental syndromes have emerged as a consequence of deregulation in the FGFRs signaling network. This review aims to provide an overview of FGFR family, their complex signaling pathways in tumorigenesis, and the current development and application of therapeutics targeting the FGFRs signaling for treatment of refractory human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hung Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Yen Mah
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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