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Maldonado J, Oliva A, Guzmán L, Molinari A, Acevedo W. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and Docking Studies of Novel Hydroquinone-Chalcone-Pyrazoline Hybrid Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7281. [PMID: 39000394 PMCID: PMC11242894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel series of antitumor hybrids was synthesized using 1,4-benzohydroquinone and chalcone, furane, or pyrazoline scaffolds. This were achieved through isosteric substitution of the aryl group of the chalcone β-carbon with the furanyl moiety and structural modification of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system. The potential antitumor activity of these hybrids was evaluated in vivo on MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma and HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells, demonstrating cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 28.8 to 124.6 µM. The incorporation of furan and pyrazoline groups significantly enhanced antiproliferative properties compared to their analogues and precursors (VII-X), which were inactive against both neoplastic cell lines. Compounds 4, 5, and 6 exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against both cell lines, whereas compound 8 showed higher cytotoxic activity against HT-29 cells. Molecular docking studies revealed superior free-energy values (ΔGbin) for carcinogenic pathway-involved kinase proteins, with our in silico data suggesting that these derivatives could be promising chemotherapeutic agents targeting kinase pathways. Among all the synthesized PIBHQ compounds, derivatives 7 and 8 exhibited the best drug-likeness properties, with values of 0.53 and 0.83, respectively. ADME results collectively suggest that most of these compounds hold promise as potential candidates for preclinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Maldonado
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 23732223, Chile
| | - Alfonso Oliva
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 23732223, Chile
| | - Leda Guzmán
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 23732223, Chile
| | - Aurora Molinari
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 23732223, Chile
| | - Waldo Acevedo
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 23732223, Chile
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Firouzabadi ED, Allami M, Mohammed EJ, Barzegar H, Dastpak M, Alemohammad R, Moghimi V, Mahmoudian RA, Nasrabadi F, Arghiani N, Kitamura Y, Hosseini SA, Ghasemi A, Farshchian M. Detection of novel PPP1R1B::STARD3 fusion transcript in acute myeloid leukemia: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:269. [PMID: 38835078 PMCID: PMC11151611 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the second most common type of leukemia in children. Although prognostic and diagnostic tests of AML patients have improved, there is still a great demand for new reliable clinical biomarkers for AML. Read-through fusion transcripts (RTFTs) are complex transcripts of adjacent genes whose molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. This is the first report of the presence of the PPP1R1B::STARD3 fusion transcript in an AML patient. Here, we investigated the presence of PPP1R1B::STARD3 RTFT in a case of AML using paired-end RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). CASE PRESENTATION A Persian 12-year-old male was admitted to Dr. Sheikh Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, in September 2019 with the following symptoms, including fever, convulsions, hemorrhage, and bone pain. The patient was diagnosed with AML (non-M3-FAB subtype) based on cell morphologies and immunophenotypical features. Chromosomal analysis using the G-banding technique revealed t (9;22) (q34;q13). CONCLUSIONS Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis suggested that the PPP1R1B promoter may be responsible for the PPP1R1B::STARD3 expression. Alterations in the level of lipid metabolites implicate cancer development, and this fusion can play a crucial role in the cholesterol movement in cancer cells. PPP1R1B::STARD3 may be considered a candidate for targeted therapies of the cholesterol metabolic and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Dehghani Firouzabadi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevar University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammed Allami
- Department of Dentistry, Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Maysan, Iraq
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Eman Jassim Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hossein Barzegar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Dastpak
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reza Alemohammad
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
| | - Vahid Moghimi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevar University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nasrabadi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
| | - Nahid Arghiani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Yohei Kitamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ali Ghasemi
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Moein Farshchian
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran.
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Lee S, Kang BH, Lee HB, Jang BS, Han W, Kim IA. B-Cell-Mediated Immunity Predicts Survival of Patients With Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2300263. [PMID: 38452311 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC), which constitutes the majority of BC cases, exhibits highly heterogeneous clinical behavior. To aid precision treatments, we aimed to find molecular subtypes of ER+ BC representing the tumor microenvironment and prognosis. METHODS We analyzed RNA-seq data of 113 patients with BC and classified them according to the PAM50 intrinsic subtypes using gene expression profiles. Among them, we further focused on 44 patients with luminal-type (ER+) BC for subclassification. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data of patients with BC were used as a validation data set to verify the new classification. We estimated the immune cell composition using CIBERSORT and further analyzed its association with clinical or molecular parameters. RESULTS Principal component analysis clearly divided the patients into two subgroups separately from the luminal A and B classification. The top differentially expressed genes between the subgroups were distinctly characterized by immunoglobulin and B-cell-related genes. We could also cluster a separate cohort of patients with luminal-type BC from TCGA into two subgroups on the basis of the expression of a B-cell-specific gene set, and patients who were predicted to have high B-cell immune activity had better prognoses than other patients. CONCLUSION Our transcriptomic approach emphasize a molecular phenotype of B-cell immunity in ER+ BC that may help to predict disease prognosis. Although further researches are required, B-cell immunity for patients with ER+ BC may be helpful for identifying patients who are good responders to chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbok Lee
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hee Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Byoel Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Sup Jang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ah Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shim JW, Choi JY, Shim DM, Seo SW. Novel MFSD7-ATP5I fusion promotes migration and invasion of human sarcoma. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:443-452. [PMID: 37782287 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusion genes have been implicated in the development and progression of several types of sarcomas, serving as valuable diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as potential therapeutic targets. We discovered a novel major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 7 (MFSD7) and adenosine triphosphate 5I (ATP5I) gene fusion from sarcomas. In this study, the MFSD7-ATP5I fusion transcript was screened using RNA sequencing in 55 sarcoma samples and sixteen normal samples. The MFSD7-ATP5I fusion transcript was detected in 58% of sarcoma samples. The correlation between the expression of MFSD7-ATP5I fusion transcript and clinicopathological information was analyzed, and MFSD7-ATP5I expression is associated with marked pleomorphism and lower tumor necrosis. Cell migration and invasion was significantly reduced by knock-down of MFSD7-ATP5I. Cell migration and invasion was increased by overexpression of MFSD7-ATP5I. A phosphokinase assay demonstrated that MFSD7-ATP5I is involved in the GSK-3 pathway. The current study found that MFSD7-ATP5I is associated with increasing pleomorphism and decreasing necrosis of tumors. And our gain and loss of function experiments prove that MFSD7-ATP5I promotes the invasiveness of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Shim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da Mi Shim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Seo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Maldonado J, Oliva A, Molinari A, Acevedo W. 2-Acetyl-5,8-dihydro-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-1,4-naphthohydroquinone-Derived Chalcones as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:7172. [PMID: 37894650 PMCID: PMC10609043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on previous results with benzoindazolequinone (BIZQ) and 3-methylnaphtho [2,3-d]isoxazole-4,9-quinone (NIQ) derivatives, a novel series of chalcone-1,4-naphthoquinone/benzohydroquinone (CNQ and CBHQ) compounds were synthesized from 2-acetyl-5,8-dihydro-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-1,4-naphthohydroquinone. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopy. These hybrids were assessed in vivo for their antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma and HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells, revealing cytotoxicity with IC50 values between 6.0 and 110.5 µM. CBHQ hybrids 5e and 5f displayed enhanced cytotoxicity against both cell lines, whereas CNQ hybrids 6a-c and 6e exhibited higher cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells. Docking studies showed strong binding energies (ΔGbin) of CNQs to kinase proteins involved in carcinogenic pathways. Furthermore, our in silico analysis of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties suggests their potential as candidates for cancer pre-clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aurora Molinari
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 23732223, Chile; (J.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Waldo Acevedo
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 23732223, Chile; (J.M.); (A.O.)
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Salokas K, Dashi G, Varjosalo M. Decoding Oncofusions: Unveiling Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, and Prospects for Personalized Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3678. [PMID: 37509339 PMCID: PMC10377698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated gene fusions, also known as oncofusions, have emerged as influential drivers of oncogenesis across a diverse range of cancer types. These genetic events occur via chromosomal translocations, deletions, and inversions, leading to the fusion of previously separate genes. Due to the drastic nature of these mutations, they often result in profound alterations of cellular behavior. The identification of oncofusions has revolutionized cancer research, with advancements in sequencing technologies facilitating the discovery of novel fusion events at an accelerated pace. Oncofusions exert their effects through the manipulation of critical cellular signaling pathways that regulate processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Extensive investigations have been conducted to understand the roles of oncofusions in solid tumors, leukemias, and lymphomas. Large-scale initiatives, including the Cancer Genome Atlas, have played a pivotal role in unraveling the landscape of oncofusions by characterizing a vast number of cancer samples across different tumor types. While validating the functional relevance of oncofusions remains a challenge, even non-driver mutations can hold significance in cancer treatment. Oncofusions have demonstrated potential value in the context of immunotherapy through the production of neoantigens. Their clinical importance has been observed in both treatment and diagnostic settings, with specific fusion events serving as therapeutic targets or diagnostic markers. However, despite the progress made, there is still considerable untapped potential within the field of oncofusions. Further research and validation efforts are necessary to understand their effects on a functional basis and to exploit the new targeted treatment avenues offered by oncofusions. Through further functional and clinical studies, oncofusions will enable the advancement of precision medicine and the drive towards more effective and specific treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Salokas
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giovanna Dashi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Fontana E, Torga G, Fostea R, Cleator S, Wasserman E, Murat A, Arkenau HT. Sustained Tumor Regression With Zenocutuzumab, a Bispecific Antibody Targeting Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 3 Signaling, in NRG1 Fusion-Positive, Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer After Progression on a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100446. [PMID: 35977350 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fontana
- Drug Development Unit, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, Marylebone, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Torga
- Drug Development Unit, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, Marylebone, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raluca Fostea
- Drug Development Unit, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, Marylebone, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Cleator
- Oncology Department, Imperial NHS Healthcare, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau
- Drug Development Unit, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, Marylebone, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Institute, University College London, Bloomsbury, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Cristiano L. The pseudogenes of eukaryotic translation elongation factors (EEFs): Role in cancer and other human diseases. Genes Dis 2022; 9:941-958. [PMID: 35685457 PMCID: PMC9170609 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation elongation factors (EEFs), i.e. EEF1A1, EEF1A2, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1G, EEF1E1 and EEF2, are coding-genes that play a central role in the elongation step of translation but are often altered in cancer. Less investigated are their pseudogenes. Recently, it was demonstrated that pseudogenes have a key regulatory role in the cell, especially via non-coding RNAs, and that the aberrant expression of ncRNAs has an important role in cancer development and progression. The present review paper, for the first time, collects all that published about the EEFs pseudogenes to create a base for future investigations. For most of them, the studies are in their infancy, while for others the studies suggest their involvement in normal cell physiology but also in various human diseases. However, more investigations are needed to understand their functions in both normal and cancer cells and to define which can be useful biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Stravodimou A, Voutsadakis IA. Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase family members in secretory and non-secretory breast carcinomas. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:135-146. [PMID: 35316931 PMCID: PMC8894271 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common female cancer and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Progress in breast cancer therapeutics has been attained with the introduction of targeted therapies for specific sub-sets. However, other subsets lack targeted interventions and thus there is persisting need for identification and characterization of molecular targets in order to advance breast cancer therapeutics.
AIM To analyze the role of lesions in neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) genes in breast cancers.
METHODS Analysis of publicly available genomic breast cancer datasets was performed for identification and characterization of cases with fusions and other molecular abnormalities involving NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3 genes.
RESULTS NTRK fusions are present in a small number of breast cancers at the extensive GENIE project data set which contains more than 10000 breast cancers. These cases are not identified as secretory in the database, suggesting that the histologic characterization is not always evident. In the breast cancer The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort the more common molecular lesion in NTRK genes is amplification of NTRK1 observed in 7.9% of breast cancers.
CONCLUSION Neurotrophin receptors molecular lesions other than fusions are observed more often than fusions. However, currently available NTRK inhibitors are effective mainly for fusion lesions. Amplifications of NTRK1, being more frequent in breast cancers, could be a viable therapeutic target if inhibitors efficacious for them become available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste Marie P6B0A8, Ontario, Canada
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RNA-Seq for the detection of gene fusions in solid tumors: development and validation of the JAX FusionSeq™ 2.0 assay. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:323-335. [PMID: 35013752 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) has gained prominence for the detection of fusions in solid tumors. Here, we describe the development and validation of an in-house RNA-Seq-based test system (FusionSeq™ 2.0) for the detection of clinically actionable gene fusions, in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens, using seventy tumor samples with varying fusion status. Conditions were optimized for RNA input of 50 ng, shown to be adequate to call known fusions at as low as 20% neoplastic content. Evaluation of assay performance between FFPE and fresh-frozen (FF) tissues exhibited little to no difference in fusion calling capability. Performance analysis of the assay validation data determined 100% accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. This clinically developed and validated RNA-Seq-based approach for fusion detection in FPPE samples was shown to be on par if not superior to off-the-shelf commercially offered assays. With gene fusions implicated in a variety of cancer types, offering high-quality, low-cost molecular testing services for FFPE specimens will serve to best benefit the patient and the advancement of precision medicine in molecular oncology. KEY MESSAGES: A custom RNA-Seq-based test system (FusionSeq™ 2.0) for the detection of clinically actionable gene fusions, Evaluation of assay performance between FFPE and fresh-frozen (FF) tissues exhibited little to no difference in fusion calling capability. The assay can be performed with low RNA input and neoplastic content. Performance characteristics of the assay validation data determined 100% accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility.
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Surrey LF, Davis JL. NTRK-Rearranged soft tissue neoplasms: A review of evolving diagnostic entities and algorithmic detection methods. Cancer Genet 2021; 260-261:6-13. [PMID: 34794069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of tumors with NTRK1/2/3 rearrangements has expanded with widespread use of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. For many years it was known that a majority of infantile fibrosarcomas (IFS), and their counterpart in the kidney, cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma, contain the recurrent ETV6-NTRK3 fusion. Sequencing RNA transcripts from IFS and their morphologically similar counterparts in older children and adults has shown rearrangements with other 5' partners combined with NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 can also occur. For those tumors occurring outside of the infant age group, this has resulted in a proposed new diagnostic entity of "NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm." The clinical behavior of NTRK rearranged soft tissue tumors varies, though most show localized disease with rare metastases. The pathology of NTRK rearranged tumors exists on a spectrum, with overlapping features of classic infantile fibrosarcoma, lipofibromatosis, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. In this tumor spectrum, clinical and pathologic predictive factors are largely still to be determined, with no clear association between histologic grade and severity of disease. Of critical importance is detection of the NTRK rearrangement in order to guide treatment in patients with unresectable and metastatic disease. While resection is the definitive treatment, these tumors do show response to targeted TRK kinase inhibitors. Multiple detection methods are available, including immunohistochemistry, FISH, and next generation sequencing, which each have their merits and potential pitfalls. We aim to review the clinical characteristics and histomorphology of mesenchymal tumors with NTRK rearrangements as well as discuss molecular detection methods and diagnostic algorithms specific for soft tissue tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea F Surrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jessica L Davis
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Molecular Characterization of Membrane Steroid Receptors in Hormone-Sensitive Cancers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112999. [PMID: 34831222 PMCID: PMC8616056 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, and its development is a result of the complex interaction of genetic factors, environmental cues, and aging. Hormone-sensitive cancers depend on the action of one or more hormones for their development and progression. Sex steroids and corticosteroids can regulate different physiological functions, including metabolism, growth, and proliferation, through their interaction with specific nuclear receptors, that can transcriptionally regulate target genes via their genomic actions. Therefore, interference with hormones’ activities, e.g., deregulation of their production and downstream pathways or the exposition to exogenous hormone-active substances such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), can affect the regulation of their correlated pathways and trigger the neoplastic transformation. Although nuclear receptors account for most hormone-related biologic effects and their slow genomic responses are well-studied, less-known membrane receptors are emerging for their ability to mediate steroid hormones effects through the activation of rapid non-genomic responses also involved in the development of hormone-sensitive cancers. This review aims to collect pre-clinical and clinical data on these extranuclear receptors not only to draw attention to their emerging role in cancer development and progression but also to highlight their dual role as tumor microenvironment players and potential candidate drug targets.
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Aref-Eshghi E, Lin F, Li MM, Zhong Y. The oncogenic roles of NTRK fusions and methods of molecular diagnosis. Cancer Genet 2021; 258-259:110-119. [PMID: 34710798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The NTRK gene family is composed of NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3, which encode three tropomyosin-receptor kinases, belonging to a class of tyrosine kinase receptors. These proteins are known to play roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. Fusions involving the NTRK genes are long known as drivers in many tumors. Although they occur in less than 5% of all malignancies, their occurrence in a great diversity of tumors has been documented. Several rare tumors including infantile fibrosarcoma, secretory breast carcinoma, and mammary analogue secretory carcinoma are accompanied by NTRK fusions in more than 90% of cases, demonstrating a diagnostic value for the NTRK fusion testing in these tumors. More recently, the development of effective targeted therapies has created a demand for their detection in all malignancies. A variety of approaches are available for testing including immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS). This article reviews the molecular biology and tumorigenesis of NTRK fusions, their prevalence and clinical significance with a focus on available methods for fusion detection. The advantages and limitations of different technologies, the best practice algorithms for NTRK fusion detection, and the future direction of NTRK testing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Aref-Eshghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fumin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marilyn M Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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14
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Tao Z, Liu J, Li T, Xu H, Chen K, Zhang J, Zhou H, Sun J, Han J, Guo Z, Yang H, Cao WM, Hu X. Profiling Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Fusions in Chinese Breast Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741142. [PMID: 34650924 PMCID: PMC8506003 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a class of tyrosine kinases that regulate cell-to-cell communication and control a variety of complex biological functions. Dysregulation of RTK signaling partly due to chromosomal rearrangements leads to novel tyrosine kinase fusion oncoproteins that are possibly driver alterations to cancers. Targeting some RTK fusions with specific tyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs) is an effective therapeutic strategy across a spectrum of RTK fusion-related cancers. However, there is still a paucity of extensive RTK fusion investigations in breast cancer. This study aims to characterize RTK fusions in Chinese breast cancer patients. Methods An in-house DNA sequencing database of 1440 Chinese breast cancer patients with a capture-based panel (520 gene or 108 gene-panel) was thoroughly reviewed. A total of 2,229 samples including 1,045 tissues and 1,184 plasmas were analyzed. RTK fusion was defined as an in-frame fusion with the tyrosine kinase domain of the RTK completely retained. Concomitant mutations were also analyzed and tumor mutational burden (TMB) was calculated. Patients' clinical characteristics were retrieved from case records. Results A total of 30 RTK fusion events were identified from 27 breast cancer patients with a prevalence of 1.875%%. FGFR2 fusions were seen the most commonly (n=7), followed by RET (n=5), ROS1 (n=3), NTRK3 (n=3), BRAF (n=2), and NTRK1 (n=2). Other RTK fusions including ALK, EGFR, FGFR1, FGFR3, MET, and NTRK2 were identified in one patient each. A total of 27 unique resultant fusion proteins (22 with a novel partner) were discovered including 19 intrachromosomal rearrangements and 8 interchromosomal ones. Twenty-one fusions had the tyrosine kinase domain in-frame fused with a partner gene and six were juxtaposed with an intergenic space. Among the 27 fusions, FGFR2-WDR11 (E17: intergenic) (n=3) and ETV6-NTRK3 (E5:E15) (n=2) occurred recurrently. Of note, the normalized abundance of RTK fusion (fusion AF/max AF) correlated negatively with TMB (r=-0.48, P=0.017). Patients with TMB < 8 (Mutations/Mb) displayed a higher fusion abundance than those with TMB ≥ 8 (Mutations/Mb) (P=0.025). Moreover, CREBBP mutation only co-occurred with FGFR2 fusion (P=0.012), while NTRK3 fusion and TP53 mutation were mutually exclusive (P=0.019). Conclusion This is the first study comprehensively delineating the prevalence and spectrum of RTK fusions in Chinese breast cancers. Further study is ongoing to identify the enriched subpopulation who may benefit from RTK fusion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxia Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaoji Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wen-Ming Cao
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Glenfield C, Innan H. Gene Duplication and Gene Fusion Are Important Drivers of Tumourigenesis during Cancer Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1376. [PMID: 34573358 PMCID: PMC8466788 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangement and genome instability are common features of cancer cells in human. Consequently, gene duplication and gene fusion events are frequently observed in human malignancies and many of the products of these events are pathogenic, representing significant drivers of tumourigenesis and cancer evolution. In certain subsets of cancers duplicated and fused genes appear to be essential for initiation of tumour formation, and some even have the capability of transforming normal cells, highlighting the importance of understanding the events that result in their formation. The mechanisms that drive gene duplication and fusion are unregulated in cancer and they facilitate rapid evolution by selective forces akin to Darwinian survival of the fittest on a cellular level. In this review, we examine current knowledge of the landscape and prevalence of gene duplication and gene fusion in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideki Innan
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawar 240-0193, Japan;
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16
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Piyawajanusorn C, Nguyen LC, Ghislat G, Ballester PJ. A gentle introduction to understanding preclinical data for cancer pharmaco-omic modeling. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6343527. [PMID: 34368843 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A central goal of precision oncology is to administer an optimal drug treatment to each cancer patient. A common preclinical approach to tackle this problem has been to characterize the tumors of patients at the molecular and drug response levels, and employ the resulting datasets for predictive in silico modeling (mostly using machine learning). Understanding how and why the different variants of these datasets are generated is an important component of this process. This review focuses on providing such introduction aimed at scientists with little previous exposure to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanit Piyawajanusorn
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Linh C Nguyen
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ghita Ghislat
- U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Inserm, Marseille, France
| | - Pedro J Ballester
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France
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17
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Wang MY, Huang M, Wang CY, Tang XY, Wang JG, Yang YD, Xiong X, Gao CW. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals MFGE8-HAPLN3 Fusion as a Novel Biomarker in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682021. [PMID: 34211850 PMCID: PMC8239224 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. The lack of effective targeted therapies for TNBC remains a profound clinical challenge. Fusion transcripts play critical roles in carcinogenesis and serve as valuable diagnostic and therapeutic targets in cancer. The present study aimed to identify novel fusion transcripts in TNBC. Methods We analyzed the RNA sequencing data of 360 TNBC samples to identify and filter fusion candidates through SOAPfuse and ChimeraScan analysis. The characteristics, including recurrence, fusion type, chromosomal localization, TNBC subgroup distribution, and clinicopathological correlations, were analyzed in all candidates. Furthermore, we selected the promising fusion transcript and predicted its fusion type and protein coding capacity. Results Using the RNA sequencing data, we identified 189 fusion transcripts in TNBC, among which 22 were recurrent fusions. Compared to para-tumor tissues, TNBC tumor tissues accumulated more fusion events, especially in high-grade tumors. Interestingly, these events were enriched at specific chromosomal loci, and the distribution pattern varied in different TNBC subtypes. The vast majority of fusion partners were discovered on chromosomes 1p, 11q, 19p, and 19q. Besides, fusion events mainly clustered on chromosome 11 in the immunomodulatory subtype and chromosome 19 in the luminal androgen receptor subtype of TNBC. Considering the tumor specificity and frameshift mutation, we selected MFGE8-HAPLN3 as a novel biomarker and further validated it in TNBC samples using PCR and Sanger sequencing. Further, we successfully identified three types of MFGE8-HAPLN3 (E6-E2, E5-E3, and E6-E3) and predicted the ORF of E6-E2, which could encode a protein of 712 amino acids, suggesting its critical role in TNBC. Conclusions Improved bioinformatic stratification and comprehensive analysis identified the fusion transcript MFGE8-HAPLN3 as a novel biomarker with promising clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao-Yi Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Gen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-De Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao-Wei Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Biomarkers in Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33983586 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9620-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
For the realization of precision medicine in cancer treatment, discovery, and validation of clinically useful biomarker is the most important prerequisite. Biomarkers are needed and used for evaluation of cancer susceptibility, cancer screening (early detection), cancer subtyping, prediction of prognosis, decision of appropriate adjuvant therapy and duration of therapy, and for monitoring of recurrence. Biomarkers are also needed for decision of target therapy in metastatic cancer and monitoring of their response during follow-up. Now is the era of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). NGS technology can detect almost all kind of genomic changes that occur in cancer that is different from normal condition. The cost also is now reasonably low to use in routine clinical practice.This chapter will review four kinds of NGS-based biomarkers that are already being used in clinical practice although the routine use is controversial, and that are promising and under active investigation focusing on studies done in Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH).
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Germinal GLT8D1, GATAD2A and SLC25A39 mutations in a patient with a glomangiopericytal tumor and five different sarcomas over a 10-year period. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9765. [PMID: 33963205 PMCID: PMC8105326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma represents about 1% of all adult cancers. Occurrence of multiple sarcomas in a same individual cannot be fortuitous. A 72-year-old patient had between 2007 and 2016 a glomangiopericytal tumor of the right forearm and a succession of sarcomas of the extremities: a leiomyosarcoma of the left buttock, a myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) of the right forearm, a MFS of the left scapula, a left latero-thoracic MFS and two undifferentiated sarcomas on the left forearm. Pathological examination of the six locations was not in favor of disease with local/distant recurrences but could not confirm different diseases. An extensive molecular analysis including DNA-array, RNA-sequencing and DNA-Sanger-sequencing, was thus performed to determine the link between them. The genomic profile of the glomangiopericytal tumor and the six sarcomas revealed that five sarcomas were different diseases and one was the local recurrence of the glomangiopericytal tumor. While the chromosomal alterations in the six tumors were different, a common somatic CDKN2A/CDKN2B deletion was identified. RNA-sequencing of five tumors identified mutations in GLT8D1, GATAD2A and SLC25A39 in all samples. The germline origin of these mutations was confirmed by Sanger-sequencing. Innovative molecular analysis methods have made possible a better understanding of the complex tumorigenesis of multiple sarcomas.
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20
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Howarth KD, Mirza T, Cooke SL, Chin SF, Pole JC, Turro E, Eldridge MD, Garcia RM, Rueda OM, Boursnell C, Abraham JE, Caldas C, Edwards PAW. NRG1 fusions in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:3. [PMID: 33413557 PMCID: PMC7788813 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NRG1 gene fusions may be clinically actionable, since cancers carrying the fusion transcripts can be sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The NRG1 gene encodes ligands for the HER2(ERBB2)-ERBB3 heterodimeric receptor tyrosine kinase, and the gene fusions are thought to lead to autocrine stimulation of the receptor. The NRG1 fusion expressed in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-175 serves as a model example of such fusions, showing the proposed autocrine loop and exceptional drug sensitivity. However, its structure has not been properly characterised, its oncogenic activity has not been fully explained, and there is limited data on such fusions in breast cancer. METHODS We analysed genomic rearrangements and transcripts of NRG1 in MDA-MB-175 and a panel of 571 breast cancers. RESULTS We found that the MDA-MB-175 fusion-originally reported as a DOC4(TENM4)-NRG1 fusion, lacking the cytoplasmic tail of NRG1-is in reality a double fusion, PPP6R3-TENM4-NRG1, producing multiple transcripts, some of which include the cytoplasmic tail. We hypothesise that many NRG1 fusions may be oncogenic not for lacking the cytoplasmic domain but because they do not encode NRG1's nuclear-localised form. The fusion in MDA-MB-175 is the result of a very complex genomic rearrangement, which we partially characterised, that creates additional expressed gene fusions, RSF1-TENM4, TPCN2-RSF1, and MRPL48-GAB2. We searched for NRG1 rearrangements in 571 breast cancers subjected to genome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing and found four cases (0.7%) with fusions, WRN-NRG1, FAM91A1-NRG1, ARHGEF39-NRG1, and ZNF704-NRG1, all splicing into NRG1 at the same exon as in MDA-MB-175. However, the WRN-NRG1 and ARHGEF39-NRG1 fusions were out of frame. We identified rearrangements of NRG1 in many more (8% of) cases that seemed more likely to inactivate than to create activating fusions, or whose outcome could not be predicted because they were complex, or both. This is not surprising because NRG1 can be pro-apoptotic and is inactivated in some breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the complexity of rearrangements of NRG1 in breast cancers and confirm that some do not activate but inactivate. Careful interpretation of NRG1 rearrangements will therefore be necessary for appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Howarth
- Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present addresses: Inivata Ltd, Babraham Research Park, Cambridge, CB22 3FH UK
| | - Tashfina Mirza
- Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present addresses: Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Susanna L. Cooke
- Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present addresses: Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, G61 1QH UK
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Jessica C. Pole
- Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present addresses: Illumina Cambridge, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GP UK
| | - Ernest Turro
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0PT UK
- Present addresses: Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Raquel Manzano Garcia
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Oscar M. Rueda
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Present addresses: MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR UK
| | - Chris Boursnell
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Jean E. Abraham
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Paul A. W. Edwards
- Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
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Van AAN, Kunkel MT, Baffi TR, Lordén G, Antal CE, Banerjee S, Newton AC. Protein kinase C fusion proteins are paradoxically loss of function in cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100445. [PMID: 33617877 PMCID: PMC8008189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the AGC kinase superfamily, gene fusions resulting from chromosomal rearrangements have been most frequently described for protein kinase C (PKC), with gene fragments encoding either the C-terminal catalytic domain or the N-terminal regulatory moiety fused to other genes. Kinase fusions that eliminate regulatory domains are typically gain of function and often oncogenic. However, several quality control pathways prevent accumulation of aberrant PKC, suggesting that PKC fusions may paradoxically be loss of function. To explore this topic, we used biochemical, cellular, and genome editing approaches to investigate the function of fusions that retain the portion of the gene encoding either the catalytic domain or regulatory domain of PKC. Overexpression studies revealed that PKC catalytic domain fusions were constitutively active but vulnerable to degradation. Genome editing of endogenous genes to generate a cancer-associated PKC fusion resulted in cells with detectable levels of fusion transcript but no detectable protein. Hence, PKC catalytic domain fusions are paradoxically loss of function as a result of their instability, preventing appreciable accumulation of protein in cells. Overexpression of a PKC regulatory domain fusion suppressed both basal and agonist-induced endogenous PKC activity, acting in a dominant-negative manner by competing for diacylglycerol. For both catalytic and regulatory domain fusions, the PKC component of the fusion proteins mediated the effects of the full-length fusions on the parameters examined, suggesting that the partner protein is dispensable in these contexts. Taken together, our findings reveal that PKC gene fusions are distinct from oncogenic fusions and present a mechanism by which loss of PKC function occurs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maya T Kunkel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Corina E Antal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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22
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Fofana B, Somalraju A, Fillmore S, Zaidi M, Main D, Ghose K. Comparative transcriptome expression analysis in susceptible and resistant potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) revealed immune priming responses in the incompatible interaction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235018. [PMID: 32673321 PMCID: PMC7365407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common scab disease in potato has become a widespread issue in major potato production areas, leading to increasing economic losses. Varietal resistance is seen as a viable and long-term scab management strategy. However, the genes and mechanisms of varietal resistance are unknown. In the current study, a comparative RNA transcriptome sequencing and differential gene signaling and priming sensitization studies were conducted in two potato cultivars that differ by their response to common scab (Streptomyces scabies), for unraveling the genes and pathways potentially involved in resistance within this pathosystem. We report on a consistent and contrasted gene expression pattern from 1,064 annotated genes differentiating a resistant (Hindenburg) and a susceptible (Green Mountain) cultivars, and identified a set of 273 co-regulated differentially expressed genes in 34 pathways that more likely reflect the genetic differences of the cultivars and metabolic mechanisms involved in the scab pathogenesis and resistance. The data suggest that comparative transcriptomic phenotyping can be used to predict scab lesion phenotype in breeding lines using mature potato tuber. The study also showed that the resistant cultivar, Hindenburg, has developed and maintained a capacity to sense and prime itself for persistent response to scab disease over time, and suggests an immune priming reaction as a mechanism for induced-resistance in scab resistant potato cultivars. The set of genes identified, described, and discussed in the study paves the foundation for detailed characterizations towards tailoring and designing procedures for targeted gene knockout through gene editing and phenotypic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bourlaye Fofana
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Ashok Somalraju
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Sherry Fillmore
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mohsin Zaidi
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - David Main
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Kaushik Ghose
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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Liu Y, Chen X, Gong Z, Zhang H, Fei F, Tang X, Wang J, Xu P, Zarbl H, Ren X. Fry Is Required for Mammary Gland Development During Pregnant Periods and Affects the Morphology and Growth of Breast Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1279. [PMID: 31824855 PMCID: PMC6881260 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fry gene, located on chromosome 13, is an evolutionarily conserved large protein from yeast to human. Our previous study genetically linked the Fry gene with differential susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis, but whether Fry affects mammary gland development and function, as well as the growth of breast cancer cells, is largely unknown. To define the consequences of Fry loss in the mammary glands, we have generated mice conditionally deficient of the Fry gene in the mammary glands using the Cre-loxP recombination system. We examined multiple phenotypes with male and female homozygous Fry conditional knockout mice (Mfry) and control mice (WT), including body weight, preliminary observations (health and neurological flexes), open field locomotion, sensory abilities, auditory threshold, and glucose metabolism. The loss of Fry in the mammary glands didn't cause a significant difference in these genotypes between Mfry and WT mice. However, our data showed that Fry was required during pregnancy, while it was functionally dispensable in virgin mammary gland development. Loss of Fry led to more lateral buds, and the lobuloalveoli were smaller and showed undistended morphology in mammary glands during late pregnancy. in vitro experiment, ectopic expression of FRY could alter the morphology and significantly suppress the growth and proliferation of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 (ER-/PR-/HER2-, Basal-like) and BT474 (ER+/PR+/HER2+, Luminal B). The following genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of these cells suggested that FRY interacted with protein kinases relevant signaling pathways and induced massive changes in gene expression, including the activation of the Hippo/Yap pathway. Together, our data suggest that the FRY is required for mammary glands developments during pregnant periods, and affects breast cancer cell growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xushen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zhihong Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Fan Fei
- Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaojiang Tang
- Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Foshan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Peilin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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24
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Amatu A, Sartore-Bianchi A, Bencardino K, Pizzutilo EG, Tosi F, Siena S. Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) biology and the role of NTRK gene fusions in cancer. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:viii5-viii15. [PMID: 31738427 PMCID: PMC6859819 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) family of receptor tyrosine kinases are encoded by NTRK genes and have a role in the development and normal functioning of the nervous system. Since the discovery of an oncogenic NTRK gene fusion in colorectal cancer in 1986, over 80 different fusion partner genes have been identified in a wide array of adult and paediatric tumours, providing actionable targets for targeted therapy. This review describes the normal function and physiology of TRK receptors and the biology behind NTRK gene fusions and how they act as oncogenic drivers in cancer. Finally, an overview of the incidence and prevalence of NTRK gene fusions in various types of cancers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amatu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan
| | - A Sartore-Bianchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan
- Department of Oncology and Hemato- Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - K Bencardino
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan
| | - E G Pizzutilo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan
- Department of Oncology and Hemato- Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Tosi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan
- Department of Oncology and Hemato- Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Siena
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan
- Department of Oncology and Hemato- Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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25
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Marchiò C, Scaltriti M, Ladanyi M, Iafrate AJ, Bibeau F, Dietel M, Hechtman JF, Troiani T, López-Rios F, Douillard JY, Andrè F, Reis-Filho JS. ESMO recommendations on the standard methods to detect NTRK fusions in daily practice and clinical research. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1417-1427. [PMID: 31268127 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3 fusions are present in a plethora of malignancies across different histologies. These fusions represent the most frequent mechanism of oncogenic activation of these receptor tyrosine kinases, and biomarkers for the use of TRK small molecule inhibitors. Given the varying frequency of NTRK1/2/3 fusions, crucial to the administration of NTRK inhibitors is the development of optimal approaches for the detection of human cancers harbouring activating NTRK1/2/3 fusion genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experts from several Institutions were recruited by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Translational Research and Precision Medicine Working Group (TR and PM WG) to review the available methods for the detection of NTRK gene fusions, their potential applications, and strategies for the implementation of a rational approach for the detection of NTRK1/2/3 fusion genes in human malignancies. A consensus on the most reasonable strategy to adopt when screening for NTRK fusions in oncologic patients was sought, and further reviewed and approved by the ESMO TR and PM WG and the ESMO leadership. RESULTS The main techniques employed for NTRK fusion gene detection include immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), RT-PCR, and both RNA-based and DNA-based next generation sequencing (NGS). Each technique has advantages and limitations, and the choice of assays for screening and final diagnosis should also take into account the resources and clinical context. CONCLUSION In tumours where NTRK fusions are highly recurrent, FISH, RT-PCR or RNA-based sequencing panels can be used as confirmatory techniques, whereas in the scenario of testing an unselected population where NTRK1/2/3 fusions are uncommon, either front-line sequencing (preferentially RNA-sequencing) or screening by immunohistochemistry followed by sequencing of positive cases should be pursued.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/isolation & purification
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/standards
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/standards
- Medical Oncology/standards
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/isolation & purification
- Precision Medicine/standards
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/isolation & purification
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/isolation & purification
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Receptor, trkC/isolation & purification
- Translational Research, Biomedical/standards
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchiò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin; Division of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - M Scaltriti
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York; Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - M Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - A J Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - F Bibeau
- Department of Pathology, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - M Dietel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J F Hechtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - T Troiani
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - F López-Rios
- Pathology & Targeted Therapies Laboratory, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J-Y Douillard
- European Society for Medical Oncology, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - F Andrè
- Department of Medical Oncology, INSERM Unit 981, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - J S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
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26
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Parl FF, Dupont WD, Crooke PS. Interchromosomal Translocations as a Means to Map Chromosome Territories in Breast Cancer. Cancer Inform 2019; 18:1176935119842573. [PMID: 31019364 PMCID: PMC6469281 DOI: 10.1177/1176935119842573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome-wide identification of mutated genes is an important advance in our understanding of tumor biology, but several fundamental questions remain open. How do these genes act together to promote cancer development and, a related question, how are they spatially arranged in the nucleus to allow coordinated expression? We examined the nuclear topography of mutated genes in breast cancer and their relation to chromosome territories (CTs). We performed a literature review and analyzed 1 type of mutation, interchromosomal translocations, in 1546 primary breast cancers to infer the spatial arrangement of chromosomes. The cosegregation of all observed fusion genes was used to create a matrix of genome-wide CT contacts and develop a tentative CT map of breast cancer. Regression analysis was performed to determine the association between CTs and all types of mutations. Chromosomes 17, 11, 8, and 1 had the majority of interchromosomal fusions and are presumably clustered in the nuclear center, whereas chromosomes 22, 21, X, and 18 had the lowest number of contacts, likely reflecting a more peripheral position. Regression analysis revealed that there was no significant association between chromosome length indicated by the number of base pairs per chromosome and the number of total (inter- and intrachromosomal) translocations, point mutations, or copy number aberrations (CNAs). The gene density of chromosomes (genes/Mb) was significantly correlated with total translocations (P = .02), but not with point mutations P = .19 and CNAs P = .62. Finally, the association of the 3 genetic alterations with the CT map deduced from the interchromosomal fusions was significant, ie, total translocations P = 7 × 10-11, point mutations P = .01, CNAs P = .002. In conclusion, we developed a tentative CT map and observed a spatial association with genetic alterations in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz F Parl
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology
and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William D Dupont
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Philip S Crooke
- Department of Mathematics, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
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27
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Abstract
Fusion transcripts are used as biomarkers in companion diagnoses. Although more than 15,000 fusion RNAs have been identified from diverse cancer types, few common features have been reported. Here, we compared 16,410 fusion transcripts detected in cancer (from a published cohort of 9,966 tumor samples of 33 cancer types) with genome-wide RNA-DNA interactions mapped in two normal, noncancerous cell types [using iMARGI, an enhanced version of the mapping of RNA-genome interactions (MARGI) assay]. Among the top 10 most significant RNA-DNA interactions in normal cells, 5 colocalized with the gene pairs that formed fusion RNAs in cancer. Furthermore, throughout the genome, the frequency of a gene pair to exhibit RNA-DNA interactions is positively correlated with the probability of this gene pair to present documented fusion transcripts in cancer. To test whether RNA-DNA interactions in normal cells are predictive of fusion RNAs, we analyzed these in a validation cohort of 96 lung cancer samples using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Thirty-seven of 42 fusion transcripts in the validation cohort were found to exhibit RNA-DNA interactions in normal cells. Finally, by combining RNA-seq, single-molecule RNA FISH, and DNA FISH, we detected a cancer sample with EML4-ALK fusion RNA without forming the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Collectively, these data suggest an RNA-poise model, where spatial proximity of RNA and DNA could poise for the creation of fusion transcripts.
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28
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Yu YP, Liu P, Nelson J, Hamilton RL, Bhargava R, Michalopoulos G, Chen Q, Zhang J, Ma D, Pennathur A, Luketich J, Nalesnik M, Tseng G, Luo JH. Identification of recurrent fusion genes across multiple cancer types. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1074. [PMID: 30705370 PMCID: PMC6355770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome changes are one of the hallmarks of human malignancies. Chromosomal rearrangement is frequent in human cancers. One of the consequences of chromosomal rearrangement is gene fusions in the cancer genome. We have previously identified a panel of fusion genes in aggressive prostate cancers. In this study, we showed that 6 of these fusion genes are present in 7 different types of human malignancies with variable frequencies. Among them, the CCNH-C5orf30 and TRMT11-GRIK2 gene fusions were found in breast cancer, colon cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer and liver cancer, with frequencies ranging from 12.9% to 85%. In contrast, four other gene fusions (mTOR-TP53BP1, TMEM135-CCDC67, KDM4-AC011523.2 and LRRC59-FLJ60017) are less frequent. Both TRMT11-GRIK2 and CCNH-C5orf30 are also frequently present in lymph node metastatic cancer samples from the breast, colon and ovary. Thus, detecting these fusion transcripts may have significant biological and clinical implications in cancer patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Yu
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Joel Nelson
- Departments of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - George Michalopoulos
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Deqin Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Arjun Pennathur
- Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - James Luketich
- Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Michael Nalesnik
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - George Tseng
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Luo
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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29
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Pan X, Hu X, Zhang YH, Chen L, Zhu L, Wan S, Huang T, Cai YD. Identification of the copy number variant biomarkers for breast cancer subtypes. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:95-110. [PMID: 30203254 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common and threatening malignant disease with multiple biological and clinical subtypes. It can be categorized into subtypes of luminal A, luminal B, Her2 positive, and basal-like. Copy number variants (CNVs) have been reported to be a potential and even better biomarker for cancer diagnosis than mRNA biomarkers, because it is considerably more stable and robust than gene expression. Thus, it is meaningful to detect CNVs of different cancers. To identify the CNV biomarker for breast cancer subtypes, we integrated the CNV data of more than 2000 samples from two large breast cancer databases, METABRIC and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A Monte Carlo feature selection-based and incremental feature selection-based computational method was proposed and tested to identify the distinctive core CNVs in different breast cancer subtypes. We identified the CNV genes that may contribute to breast cancer tumorigenesis as well as built a set of quantitative distinctive rules for recognition of the breast cancer subtypes. The tenfold cross-validation Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) on METABRIC training set and the independent test on TCGA dataset were 0.515 and 0.492, respectively. The CNVs of PGAP3, GRB7, MIR4728, PNMT, STARD3, TCAP and ERBB2 were important for the accurate diagnosis of breast cancer subtypes. The findings reported in this study may further uncover the difference between different breast cancer subtypes and improve the diagnosis accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Pan
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - XiaoHua Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of PMMP, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - LiuCun Zhu
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - ShiBao Wan
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Ma L, Liang Z, Zhou H, Qu L. Applications of RNA Indexes for Precision Oncology in Breast Cancer. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:108-119. [PMID: 29753129 PMCID: PMC6112337 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Precision oncology aims to offer the most appropriate treatments to cancer patients mainly based on their individual genetic information. Genomics has provided numerous valuable data on driver mutations and risk loci; however, it remains a formidable challenge to transform these data into therapeutic agents. Transcriptomics describes the multifarious expression patterns of both mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which facilitates the deciphering of genomic codes. In this review, we take breast cancer as an example to demonstrate the applications of these rich RNA resources in precision medicine exploration. These include the use of mRNA profiles in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtyping to inform corresponding candidate targeted therapies; current advancements and achievements of high-throughput RNA interference (RNAi) screening technologies in breast cancer; and microRNAs as functional signatures for defining cell identities and regulating the biological activities of breast cancer cells. We summarize the benefits of transcriptomic analyses in breast cancer management and propose that unscrambling the core signaling networks of cancer may be an important task of multiple-omic data integration for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zirui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lianghu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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31
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Matissek KJ, Onozato ML, Sun S, Zheng Z, Schultz A, Lee J, Patel K, Jerevall PL, Saladi SV, Macleay A, Tavallai M, Badovinac-Crnjevic T, Barrios C, Beşe N, Chan A, Chavarri-Guerra Y, Debiasi M, Demirdögen E, Egeli Ü, Gökgöz S, Gomez H, Liedke P, Tasdelen I, Tolunay S, Werutsky G, St Louis J, Horick N, Finkelstein DM, Le LP, Bardia A, Goss PE, Sgroi DC, Iafrate AJ, Ellisen LW. Expressed Gene Fusions as Frequent Drivers of Poor Outcomes in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancer Discov 2017; 8:336-353. [PMID: 29242214 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We sought to uncover genetic drivers of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer, using a targeted next-generation sequencing approach for detecting expressed gene rearrangements without prior knowledge of the fusion partners. We identified intergenic fusions involving driver genes, including PIK3CA, AKT3, RAF1, and ESR1, in 14% (24/173) of unselected patients with advanced HR+ breast cancer. FISH confirmed the corresponding chromosomal rearrangements in both primary and metastatic tumors. Expression of novel kinase fusions in nontransformed cells deregulates phosphoprotein signaling, cell proliferation, and survival in three-dimensional culture, whereas expression in HR+ breast cancer models modulates estrogen-dependent growth and confers hormonal therapy resistance in vitro and in vivo Strikingly, shorter overall survival was observed in patients with rearrangement-positive versus rearrangement-negative tumors. Correspondingly, fusions were uncommon (<5%) among 300 patients presenting with primary HR+ breast cancer. Collectively, our findings identify expressed gene fusions as frequent and potentially actionable drivers in HR+ breast cancer.Significance: By using a powerful clinical molecular diagnostic assay, we identified expressed intergenic fusions as frequent contributors to treatment resistance and poor survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer. The prevalence and biological and prognostic significance of these alterations suggests that their detection may alter clinical management and bring to light new therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Discov; 8(3); 336-53. ©2017 AACR.See related commentary by Natrajan et al., p. 272See related article by Liu et al., p. 354This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 253.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Matissek
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maristela L Onozato
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheng Sun
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zongli Zheng
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Schultz
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse Lee
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristofer Patel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Piiha-Lotta Jerevall
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allison Macleay
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehrad Tavallai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Carlos Barrios
- Latin America Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) and Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nuran Beşe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Acibadem Breast Research Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yanin Chavarri-Guerra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, México City D.F., México
| | - Marcio Debiasi
- Latin America Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) and Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elif Demirdögen
- Departments of Medical Biology, General Surgery, Pathology of Medical Faculty of Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ünal Egeli
- Departments of Medical Biology, General Surgery, Pathology of Medical Faculty of Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sahsuvar Gökgöz
- Departments of Medical Biology, General Surgery, Pathology of Medical Faculty of Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Henry Gomez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Perú
| | - Pedro Liedke
- Latin America Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) and Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ismet Tasdelen
- Departments of Medical Biology, General Surgery, Pathology of Medical Faculty of Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sahsine Tolunay
- Departments of Medical Biology, General Surgery, Pathology of Medical Faculty of Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gustavo Werutsky
- Latin America Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) and Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jessica St Louis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nora Horick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dianne M Finkelstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Long Phi Le
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul E Goss
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis C Sgroi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Involvement of Tight Junction Plaque Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Veeraraghavan J, Ma J, Hu Y, Wang XS. Recurrent and pathological gene fusions in breast cancer: current advances in genomic discovery and clinical implications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:219-32. [PMID: 27372070 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene fusions have long been considered principally as the oncogenic events of hematologic malignancies, but have recently gained wide attention in solid tumors due to several milestone discoveries and the advancement of deep sequencing technologies. With the progress in deep sequencing studies of breast cancer transcriptomes and genomes, the discovery of recurrent and pathological gene fusions in breast cancer is on the focus. Recently, driven by new deep sequencing studies, several recurrent or pathological gene fusions have been identified in breast cancer, including ESR1-CCDC170, SEC16A-NOTCH1, SEC22B-NOTCH2, and ESR1-YAP1 etc. More important, most of these gene fusions are preferentially identified in the more aggressive breast cancers, such as luminal B, basal-like, or endocrine-resistant breast cancer, suggesting recurrent gene fusions as additional key driver events in these tumors other than the known drivers such as the estrogen receptor. In this paper, we have comprehensively summarized the newly identified recurrent or pathological gene fusion events in breast cancer, reviewed the contributions of new genomic and deep sequencing technologies to new fusion discovery and the integrative bioinformatics tools to analyze these data, highlighted the biological relevance and clinical implications of these fusion discoveries, and discussed future directions of gene fusion research in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamunarani Veeraraghavan
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiacheng Ma
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yiheng Hu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiao-Song Wang
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA. .,Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Room G.5a, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Latysheva NS, Babu MM. Discovering and understanding oncogenic gene fusions through data intensive computational approaches. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4487-503. [PMID: 27105842 PMCID: PMC4889949 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gene fusions have been recognized as important drivers of cancer for decades, our understanding of the prevalence and function of gene fusions has been revolutionized by the rise of next-generation sequencing, advances in bioinformatics theory and an increasing capacity for large-scale computational biology. The computational work on gene fusions has been vastly diverse, and the present state of the literature is fragmented. It will be fruitful to merge three camps of gene fusion bioinformatics that appear to rarely cross over: (i) data-intensive computational work characterizing the molecular biology of gene fusions; (ii) development research on fusion detection tools, candidate fusion prioritization algorithms and dedicated fusion databases and (iii) clinical research that seeks to either therapeutically target fusion transcripts and proteins or leverages advances in detection tools to perform large-scale surveys of gene fusion landscapes in specific cancer types. In this review, we unify these different-yet highly complementary and symbiotic-approaches with the view that increased synergy will catalyze advancements in gene fusion identification, characterization and significance evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Latysheva
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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Moon HG, Kim N, Jeong S, Lee M, Moon H, Kim J, Yoo TK, Lee HB, Kim J, Noh DY, Han W. The Clinical Significance and Molecular Features of the Spatial Tumor Shapes in Breast Cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143811. [PMID: 26669540 PMCID: PMC4682901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Each breast cancer has its unique spatial shape, but the clinical importance and the underlying mechanism for the three-dimensional tumor shapes are mostly unknown. We collected the data on the three-dimensional tumor size and tumor volume data of invasive breast cancers from 2,250 patients who underwent surgery between Jan 2000 and Jul 2007. The degree of tumor eccentricity was estimated by using the difference between the spheroid tumor volume and ellipsoid tumor volume (spheroid-ellipsoid discrepancy, SED). In 41 patients, transcriptome and exome sequencing data obtained. Estimation of more accurate tumor burden by calculating ellipsoid tumor volumes did not improve the outcome prediction when compared to the traditional longest diameter measurement. However, the spatial tumor eccentricity, which was measured by SED, showed significant variation between the molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Additionally, the degree of tumor eccentricity was associated with well-known prognostic factors of breast cancer such as tumor size and lymph node metastasis. Transcriptome data from 41 patients showed significant association between MMP13 and spatial tumor shapes. Network analysis and analysis of TCGA gene expression data suggest that MMP13 is regulated by ERBB2 and S100A7A. The present study validates the usefulness of the current tumor size method in determining tumor stages. Furthermore, we show that the tumors with high eccentricity are more likely to have aggressive tumor characteristics. Genes involved in the extracellular matrix remodeling can be candidate regulators of the spatial tumor shapes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Gon Moon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Genome Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Namshin Kim
- Epigenomics Research Center, Genome Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seongmun Jeong
- Epigenomics Research Center, Genome Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minju Lee
- Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - HyunHye Moon
- Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Genome Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongjin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Byoel Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Breast Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Genome Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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