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Paidlewar M, Kumari S, Dhapola R, Sharma P, HariKrishnaReddy D. Unveiling the role of astrogliosis in Alzheimer's disease Pathology: Insights into mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112940. [PMID: 39154532 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most debilitating age-related disorders that affect people globally. It impacts social and cognitive behavior of the individual and is characterized by phosphorylated tau and Aβ accumulation. Astrocytesmaintain a quiescent, anti-inflammatory state on anatomical level, expressing few cytokines and exhibit phagocytic activity to remove misfolded proteins. But in AD, in response to specific stimuli, astrocytes overstimulate their phagocytic character with overexpressing cytokine gene modules. Upon interaction with generated Aβ and neurofibrillary tangle, astrocytes that are continuously activated release a large number of inflammatory cytokines. This cytokine storm leads to neuroinflammation which is also one of the recognizable features of AD. Astrogliosis eventually promotes cholinergic dysfunction, calcium imbalance, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Furthermore, C5aR1, Lcn2/, BDNF/TrkB and PPARα/TFEB signaling dysregulation has a major impact on the disease progression. This review clarifies numerous ways that lead to astrogliosis, which is stimulated by a variety of processes that exacerbate AD pathology and make it a suitable target for AD treatment. Drugs under clinical and preclinical investigations that target several pathways managing astrogliosis and are efficacious in ameliorating the pathology of the disease are also included in this study. D-ALA2GIP, TRAM-34, Genistein, L-serine, MW150 and XPro1595 are examples of few drugs targeting astrogliosis. Therefore, this study may aid in the development of a potent therapeutic agent for ameliorating astrogliosis mediated AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Paidlewar
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Rishika Dhapola
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India.
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Milewski K, Orzeł-Gajowik K, Zielińska M. Mitochondrial Changes in Rat Brain Endothelial Cells Associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy: Relation to the Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1489-1504. [PMID: 35917006 PMCID: PMC11106209 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying cerebral vascular dysfunction and edema during hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are unclear. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, resulting from increased vascular permeability, has been reported in acute and chronic HE. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-documented result of HE mainly affecting astrocytes, but much less so in the BBB-forming endothelial cells. Here we review literature reports and own experimental data obtained in HE models emphasizing alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and function as a possible contributor to the status of brain endothelial cell mitochondria in HE. Own studies on the expression of the mitochondrial fusion-fission controlling genes rendered HE animal model-dependent effects: increase of mitochondrial fusion controlling genes opa1, mfn1 in cerebral vessels in ammonium acetate-induced hyperammonemia, but a decrease of the two former genes and increase of fis1 in vessels in thioacetamide-induced HE. In endothelial cell line (RBE4) after 24 h ammonia and/or TNFα treatment, conditions mimicking crucial aspects of HE in vivo, we observed altered expression of mitochondrial fission/fusion genes: a decrease of opa1, mfn1, and, increase of the fission related fis1 gene. The effect in vitro was paralleled by the generation of reactive oxygen species, decreased total antioxidant capacity, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as increased permeability of RBE4 cell monolayer to fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran. Electron microscopy documented enlarged mitochondria in the brain endothelial cells of rats in both in vivo models. Collectively, the here observed alterations of cerebral endothelial mitochondria are indicative of their fission, and decreased potential of endothelial mitochondria are likely to contribute to BBB dysfunction in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Milewski
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Orzeł-Gajowik
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Hermanova Z, Valihrach L, Kriska J, Maheta M, Tureckova J, Kubista M, Anderova M. The deletion of AQP4 and TRPV4 affects astrocyte swelling/volume recovery in response to ischemia-mimicking pathologies. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1393751. [PMID: 38818517 PMCID: PMC11138210 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1393751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Astrocytic Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels, together with Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), are suspected to be the key players in cellular volume regulation, and therefore may affect the development and severity of cerebral edema during ischemia. In this study, we examined astrocytic swelling/volume recovery in mice with TRPV4 and/or AQP4 deletion in response to in vitro ischemic conditions, to determine how the deletion of these channels can affect the development of cerebral edema. Methods We used three models of ischemia-related pathological conditions: hypoosmotic stress, hyperkalemia, and oxygenglucose deprivation (OGD), and observed their effect on astrocyte volume changes in acute brain slices of Aqp4-/-, Trpv4-/- and double knockouts. In addition, we employed single-cell RT-qPCR to assess the effect of TRPV4 and AQP4 deletion on the expression of other ion channels and transporters involved in the homeostatic functioning of astrocytes. Results Quantification of astrocyte volume changes during OGD revealed that the deletion of AQP4 reduces astrocyte swelling, while simultaneous deletion of both AQP4 and TRPV4 leads to a disruption of astrocyte volume recovery during the subsequent washout. Of note, astrocyte exposure to hypoosmotic stress or hyperkalemia revealed no differences in astrocyte swelling in the absence of AQP4, TRPV4, or both channels. Moreover, under ischemia-mimicking conditions, we identified two distinct subpopulations of astrocytes with low and high volumetric responses (LRA and HRA), and their analyses revealed that mainly HRA are affected by the deletion of AQP4, TRPV4, or both channels. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed reduced expression of the ion transporters KCC1 and ClC2 as well as the receptors GABAB and NMDA in Trpv4-/- mice. The deletion of AQP4 instead caused reduced expression of the serine/cysteine peptidase inhibitor Serpina3n. Discussion Thus, we showed that in AQP4 or TRPV4 knockouts, not only the specific function of these channels is affected, but also the expression of other proteins, which may modulate the ischemic cascade and thus influence the final impact of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mansi Maheta
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czechia
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Pierzchala K, Hadjihambi A, Mosso J, Jalan R, Rose CF, Cudalbu C. Lessons on brain edema in HE: from cellular to animal models and clinical studies. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:403-437. [PMID: 37606786 PMCID: PMC10957693 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema is considered as a common feature associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, its central role as cause or consequence of HE and its implication in the development of the neurological alterations linked to HE are still under debate. It is now well accepted that type A and type C HE are biologically and clinically different, leading to different manifestations of brain edema. As a result, the findings on brain edema/swelling in type C HE are variable and sometimes controversial. In the light of the changing natural history of liver disease, better description of the clinical trajectory of cirrhosis and understanding of molecular mechanisms of HE, and the role of brain edema as a central component in the pathogenesis of HE is revisited in the current review. Furthermore, this review highlights the main techniques to measure brain edema and their advantages/disadvantages together with an in-depth description of the main ex-vivo/in-vivo findings using cell cultures, animal models and humans with HE. These findings are instrumental in elucidating the role of brain edema in HE and also in designing new multimodal studies by performing in-vivo combined with ex-vivo experiments for a better characterization of brain edema longitudinally and of its role in HE, especially in type C HE where water content changes are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pierzchala
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Hadjihambi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessie Mosso
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF Clif), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher F Rose
- Hépato-Neuro Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l', Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Pun CK, Huang HC, Chang CC, Hsu SJ, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lee FY. Hepatic encephalopathy: From novel pathogenesis mechanism to emerging treatments. J Chin Med Assoc 2024; 87:245-251. [PMID: 38109364 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the major complications of liver disease and significantly affects the quality of life (QOL) of patients. HE is common and frequently relapses in cirrhotic patients. The management of HE is supportive, and precipitating conditions should be eliminated. Most drugs used to treat HE are conventional and include nonabsorbable disaccharides such as lactulose, and antibiotics such as rifaximin. However, their therapeutic efficacy is still suboptimal, and novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed. In addition, the optimal management and diagnosis of minimal HE/covert HE are under debate. In this review, we focus on novel pathogenetic mechanisms such as central nervous system clearance, and emerging therapeutic targets of HE, such as fecal material transplantation. We also discuss different classifications and etiologies of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon Kit Pun
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chih Chang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Holistic and Multidisciplinary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Jung Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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6
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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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7
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Weilinger NL, Yang K, Choi HB, Groten CJ, Wendt S, Murugan M, Wicki-Stordeur LE, Bernier LP, Velayudhan PS, Zheng J, LeDue JM, Rungta RL, Tyson JR, Snutch TP, Wu LJ, MacVicar BA. Pannexin-1 opening in neuronal edema causes cell death but also leads to protection via increased microglia contacts. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113128. [PMID: 37742194 PMCID: PMC10824275 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal swelling during cytotoxic edema is triggered by Na+ and Cl- entry and is Ca2+ independent. However, the causes of neuronal death during swelling are unknown. Here, we investigate the role of large-conductance Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels in neuronal death during cytotoxic edema. Panx1 channel inhibitors reduce and delay neuronal death in swelling triggered by voltage-gated Na+ entry with veratridine. Neuronal swelling causes downstream production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that opens Panx1 channels. We confirm that ROS activates Panx1 currents with whole-cell electrophysiology and find scavenging ROS is neuroprotective. Panx1 opening and subsequent ATP release attract microglial processes to contact swelling neurons. Depleting microglia using the CSF1 receptor antagonist PLX3397 or blocking P2Y12 receptors exacerbates neuronal death, suggesting that the Panx1-ATP-dependent microglia contacts are neuroprotective. We conclude that cytotoxic edema triggers oxidative stress in neurons that opens Panx1 to trigger death but also initiates neuroprotective feedback mediated by microglia contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Weilinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hyun B Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher J Groten
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stefan Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Leigh E Wicki-Stordeur
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Prashanth S Velayudhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeffrey M LeDue
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ravi L Rungta
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Stomatology and Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - John R Tyson
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Terrance P Snutch
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Jo D, Jung YS, Song J. Lipocalin-2 Secreted by the Liver Regulates Neuronal Cell Function Through AKT-Dependent Signaling in Hepatic Encephalopathy Mouse Model. Clin Nutr Res 2023; 12:154-167. [PMID: 37214781 PMCID: PMC10193436 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2023.12.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) associated with liver failure is accompanied by hyperammonemia, severe inflammation, depression, anxiety, and memory deficits as well as liver injury. Recent studies have focused on the liver-brain-inflammation axis to identify a therapeutic solution for patients with HE. Lipocalin-2 is an inflammation-related glycoprotein that is secreted by various organs and is involved in cellular mechanisms including iron homeostasis, glucose metabolism, cell death, neurite outgrowth, and neurogenesis. In this study, we investigated that the roles of lipocalin-2 both in the brain cortex of mice with HE and in Neuro-2a (N2A) cells. We detected elevated levels of lipocalin-2 both in the plasma and liver in a bile duct ligation mouse model of HE. We confirmed changes in cytokine expression, such as interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase 2 expression, and iron metabolism related to gene expression through AKT-mediated signaling both in the brain cortex of mice with HE and N2A cells. Our data showed negative effects of hepatic lipocalin-2 on cell survival, iron homeostasis, and neurite outgrowth in N2A cells. Thus, we suggest that regulation of lipocalin-2 in the brain in HE may be a critical therapeutic approach to alleviate neuropathological problems focused on the liver-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Korea
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Sepehrinezhad A, Stolze Larsen F, Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Shahbazi A, Sahab Negah S. The Glymphatic System May Play a Vital Role in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070979. [PMID: 37048052 PMCID: PMC10093707 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of liver disease resulting in cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. Although hyperammonemia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of HE, several other factors have recently been discovered. Among these, the impairment of a highly organized perivascular network known as the glymphatic pathway seems to be involved in the progression of some neurological complications due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and waste substances in the brain interstitial fluids (ISF). The glymphatic system plays an important role in the clearance of brain metabolic derivatives and prevents aggregation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. Impairment of it will result in aggravated accumulation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. This could also be the case in patients with liver failure complicated by HE. Indeed, accumulation of some metabolic by-products and agents such as ammonia, glutamine, glutamate, and aromatic amino acids has been reported in the human brain ISF using microdialysis technique is attributed to worsening of HE and correlates with brain edema. Furthermore, it has been reported that the glymphatic system is impaired in the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus in an experimental model of HE. In this review, we discuss different factors that may affect the function of the glymphatic pathways and how these changes may be involved in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 999017 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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10
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Cellular Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020396. [PMID: 36830765 PMCID: PMC9953810 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome derived from metabolic disorders due to various liver failures. Clinically, HE is characterized by hyperammonemia, EEG abnormalities, and different degrees of disturbance in sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. The molecular mechanism of HE has not been fully elucidated, although it is generally accepted that HE occurs under the influence of miscellaneous factors, especially the synergistic effect of toxin accumulation and severe metabolism disturbance. This review summarizes the recently discovered cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HE. Among the existing hypotheses, ammonia poisoning and the subsequent oxidative/nitrosative stress remain the mainstream theories, and reducing blood ammonia is thus the main strategy for the treatment of HE. Other pathological mechanisms mainly include manganese toxicity, autophagy inhibition, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and senescence, proposing new avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Kim JE, Park H, Kang TC. Peroxiredoxin 6 Regulates Glutathione Peroxidase 1-Medited Glutamine Synthase Preservation in the Hippocampus of Chronic Epilepsy Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010156. [PMID: 36671018 PMCID: PMC9855017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clasmatodendrosis (an autophagic astroglial degeneration) plays an important role in the regulation of spontaneous seizure duration but not seizure frequency or behavioral seizure severity in chronic epilepsy rats. Recently, it has been reported that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor to glutathione (GSH), attenuates clasmatodendritic degeneration and shortens spontaneous seizure duration in chronic epilepsy rats, although the underlying mechanisms of its anti-convulsive effects are not fully understood. To elucidate this, the present study was designed to investigate whether NAC affects astroglial glutamine synthase (GS) expression mediated by GSH peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and/or peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) in the epileptic hippocampus. As compared to control animals, GS and GPx1 expressions were upregulated in reactive CA1 astrocytes of chronic epilepsy rats, while their expressions were significantly decreased in clasmatodendritic CA1 astrocytes and reactive astrocytes within the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Prdx6 expression was increased in reactive CA1 astrocytes as well as clasmatodendritic CA1 astrocytes. In the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, Prdx6 expression levels were similar to those in control animals. NAC ameliorated clasmatodendrosis through the increment of GS and GPx1 expressions, while it abolished Prdx6 upregulation. 1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethgl)-sn-glycerol-2 phosphomethanol (MJ33, a selective inhibitor of aiPLA2 activity of Prdx6) alleviated clasmatodendrosis by enhancing GPx1 and GS expressions in clasmatodendritic CA1 astrocytes without changing the Prdx6 level. NAC or MJ33 did not affect GS, GPx1 and Prdx6 expression in astrocytes within the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. These findings indicate that upregulated aiPLA2 activity of Prdx6 may abolish GPx1-mediated GS preservation and lead to clasmatodendrosis in CA1 astrocytes, which would extend spontaneous seizure duration due to impaired glutamate-glutamine conversion regulated by GS. Therefore, the present data suggest that aiPLA2 activity of Prdx6 in astrocytes may be one of the upstream effectors of seizure duration in the epileptic hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiolog, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiolog, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiolog, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2524; Fax: +82-33-248-2525
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Zhang C, Luo G, Lin J, Zhao Z, Luo M, Li H. Identification of significant modules and hub genes involved in hepatic encephalopathy using WGCNA. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:264. [PMID: 36424620 PMCID: PMC9685938 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible syndrome of brain dysfunction caused by advanced liver disease. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) could establish a robust co-expression network to identify the hub genes and underlying biological functions. This study was aimed to explore the potential therapeutic targets in HE by WGCNA. RESULTS The green and brown modules were found to be significantly associated with the development of HE. Functional enrichment analyses suggested the neuroinflammation, neuroimmune, extracellular matrix (ECM), and coagulation cascade were involved in HE. CYBB and FOXO1 were calculated as hub genes, which were upregulated in the HE patients. Tamibarotene and vitamin E were suggested as possible drug candidates to alleviate HE. CONCLUSIONS It is the first time to analyze transcriptomic data of HE by WGCNA. Our study not only promoted the current understanding of neuroinflammation in HE, but also provided the first evidence that CYBB and FOXO1 played pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of HE, which might be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Tamibarotene might be a novel drug compound against HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihao Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Guqing Luo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Jiayun Lin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Zhifeng Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Meng Luo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Hongjie Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011 China
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Huang Y, Mo S, Jin Y, Zheng Z, Wang H, Wu S, Ren Z, Wu J. Ammonia-induced excess ROS causes impairment and apoptosis in porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:114006. [PMID: 36037632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the most important toxic metabolites in the intestine of animals. It can cause intestinal damage and associated intestinal diseases through different endogenous or exogenous stimuli. However, the definition of harmful ammonia concentration and the molecular mechanism of ammonia - induced intestinal epithelial injury remain unclear. In this study, we found that the viability of porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells significantly decreased with the increase of NH4Cl dose (20-80 mM). Ammonia (40 mM NH4Cl) increased the expression level of ammonia transporter RHCG and disrupted the intestinal barrier function of IPEC-J2 cells by reducing the expression levels of the tight junction molecules ZO-1 and Claudin-1. Ammonia caused elevated levels of ROS and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. This was manifested by decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. In addition, the expression levels of apoptosis-related molecules Caspase-9, Caspase-3, Fas, Caspase-8, p53 and Bax were increased, the expression level of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 was decreased. Moreover, the antioxidant NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteamine) effectively alleviated ammonia-induced cytotoxicity, reduced ROS level, Ca2+ concentration, and the apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells. The results suggest that ammonia-induced excess ROS triggered apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway, death receptor pathway and DNA damage. This study can provide reference and theoretical basis for the definition of harmful ammonia concentration in pig intestine and the effect and mechanism of ammonia on pig intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Huang
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shangkun Mo
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yi Jin
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhuoning Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hanyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shaojuan Wu
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Simicic D, Cudalbu C, Pierzchala K. Overview of oxidative stress findings in hepatic encephalopathy: From cellular and ammonium-based animal models to human data. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114795. [PMID: 35753389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a natural phenomenon in the body. Under physiological conditions intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal components of signal transduction cascades, and their levels are maintained by a complex antioxidants systems participating in the in-vivo redox homeostasis. Increased oxidative stress is present in several chronic diseases and interferes with phagocytic and nervous cell functions, causing an up-regulation of cytokines and inflammation. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) occurs in both acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver disease. Increased blood and brain ammonium has been considered as an important factor in pathogenesis of HE and has been associated with inflammation, neurotoxicity, and oxidative stress. The relationship between ROS and the pathophysiology of HE is still poorly understood. Therefore, sensing ROS production for a better understanding of the relationship between oxidative stress and functional outcome in HE pathophysiology is critical for determining the disease mechanisms, as well as to improve the management of patients. This review is emphasizing the important role of oxidative stress in HE development and documents the changes occurring as a consequence of oxidative stress augmentation based on cellular and ammonium-based animal models to human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Pierzchala
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Häussinger D, Dhiman RK, Felipo V, Görg B, Jalan R, Kircheis G, Merli M, Montagnese S, Romero-Gomez M, Schnitzler A, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H. Hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:43. [PMID: 35739133 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a prognostically relevant neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in the course of acute or chronic liver disease. Besides ascites and variceal bleeding, it is the most serious complication of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ammonia and inflammation are major triggers for the appearance of HE, which in patients with liver cirrhosis involves pathophysiologically low-grade cerebral oedema with oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and disturbances of oscillatory networks in the brain. Severity classification and diagnostic approaches regarding mild forms of HE are still a matter of debate. Current medical treatment predominantly involves lactulose and rifaximin following rigorous treatment of so-called known HE precipitating factors. New treatments based on an improved pathophysiological understanding are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group ILDH, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald Kircheis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diabetology and Hepatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Universita' degli Studi di Roma - Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Asadi E, Najafi A, Benson JD. Exogenous Melatonin Ameliorates the Negative Effect of Osmotic Stress in Human and Bovine Ovarian Stromal Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061054. [PMID: 35739950 PMCID: PMC9219940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation transplantation (OTCT) is the most flexible option to preserve fertility in women and children with cancer. However, OTCT is associated with follicle loss and an accompanying short lifespan of the grafts. Cryopreservation-induced damage could be due to cryoprotective agent (CPA) toxicity and osmotic shock. Therefore, one way to avoid this damage is to maintain the cell volume within osmotic tolerance limits (OTLs). Here, we aimed to determine, for the first time, the OTLs of ovarian stromal cells (OSCs) and their relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial respiratory chain activity (MRCA) of OSCs. We evaluated the effect of an optimal dose of melatonin on OTLs, viability, MRCA, ROS and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of both human and bovine OSCs in plated and suspended cells. The OTLs of OSCs were between 200 and 375 mOsm/kg in bovine and between 150 and 500 mOsm/kg in human. Melatonin expands OTLs of OSCs. Furthermore, melatonin significantly reduced ROS and improved TAC, MRCA and viability. Due to the narrow osmotic window of OSCs, it is important to optimize the current protocols of OTCT to maintain enough alive stromal cells, which are necessary for follicle development and graft longevity. The addition of melatonin is a promising strategy for improved cryopreservation media.
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Arjunan A, Sah DK, Jung YD, Song J. Hepatic Encephalopathy and Melatonin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050837. [PMID: 35624703 PMCID: PMC9137547 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe metabolic syndrome linked with acute/chronic hepatic disorders. HE is also a pernicious neuropsychiatric complication associated with cognitive decline, coma, and death. Limited therapies are available to treat HE, which is formidable to oversee in the clinic. Thus, determining a novel therapeutic approach is essential. The pathogenesis of HE has not been well established. According to various scientific reports, neuropathological symptoms arise due to excessive accumulation of ammonia, which is transported to the brain via the blood–brain barrier (BBB), triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, and disturbing neuronal-glial functions. The treatment of HE involves eliminating hyperammonemia by enhancing the ammonia scavenging mechanism in systemic blood circulation. Melatonin is the sole endogenous hormone linked with HE. Melatonin as a neurohormone is a potent antioxidant that is primarily synthesized and released by the brain’s pineal gland. Several HE and liver cirrhosis clinical studies have demonstrated impaired synthesis, secretion of melatonin, and circadian patterns. Melatonin can cross the BBB and is involved in various neuroprotective actions on the HE brain. Hence, we aim to elucidate how HE impairs brain functions, and elucidate the precise molecular mechanism of melatonin that reverses the HE effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Arjunan
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.D.J.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2706 (J.S.)
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.D.J.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2706 (J.S.)
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18
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Lin Y, Yan G, Feng F, Wang M, Long F. Characterization of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:139-154. [PMID: 35350446 PMCID: PMC8919820 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild micro-hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a severe complication of cirrhosis. At present, there are differences in the consistency of detection strategies and treatment directions for MHE. The characteristic changes in intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in MHE patients and the possible relevant interaction mechanisms would inevitably affect the developmental direction of MHE. Therefore, the changes in the characteristics of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites of MHE patients were determined, and the possible interactions between them were analyzed. Stool and serum tests were performed on both the MHE patients and healthy individuals. The 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to analyze the differences in intestinal microbiota in MHE patients. The serum metabolites were detected using liquid LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) technology, and the differences in the metabolic networks of blood metabolites in MHE patients were analyzed. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis approach was adopted to identify the composition and characteristics of microbiota and serum metabolites and the possible correlation between them. The main characteristics of the structural imbalance in the intestinal microbiota of MHE patients included a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria at the levels of phylum, class, order, family, and genus and an increase in the pathogenic bacteria, resulting in substantial changes in the relative abundances of bacteria in the intestinal microbiota. The main predicted functions that showed significant differences included chromosome, amino acid-related enzymes, methane metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. The detection of serum metabolites resulted in 10 different metabolites, including taurocholic acid, citrulline, d-phenyl-lactic acid, l-tyrosine, benzoate, phenylalanine, linoleic acid, eicosapedienic acid, alpha-dimorphecolic acid, and dehydroepiandrosterone. The subsequent metabolite pathways analysis showed differences in the metabolism of linoleic acid, phenyl-propane, caffeine, arginine, proline, glycine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and pyrimidine compared to the control group. In summary, it seems that the changes in the microbiome that we have identified have resulted in corresponding changes to the serum metabolome. In turn, this may represent changes in the absorption of metabolites from the gut or reflect the changed metabolic capacity of the MHE liver or both. There were characteristic changes in the intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in the MHE patients. There might be a related interaction mechanism between the two, which would provide evidence and direction for the detection and treatment strategies of MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Department of Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanning , Guangxi 530023 , China
| | - Gengjie Yan
- Department of Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanning , Guangxi 530023 , China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanning , Guangxi 530023 , China
| | - Minggang Wang
- Department of Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanning , Guangxi 530023 , China
| | - Fuli Long
- Department of Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanning , Guangxi 530023 , China
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Yang J, Yin M, Hou Y, Li H, Guo Y, Yu H, Zhang K, Zhang C, Jia L, Zhang F, Li X, Bian H, Li Z. Role of ammonia for brain abnormal protein glycosylation during the development of hepatitis B virus-related liver diseases. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:16. [PMID: 35164881 PMCID: PMC8842931 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ammonia is the most typical neurotoxin in hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the underlying pathophysiology between ammonia and aberrant glycosylation in HE remains unknown. Results Here, we used HBV transgenic mice and astrocytes to present a systems-based study of glycosylation changes and corresponding enzymes associated with the key factors of ammonia in HE. We surveyed protein glycosylation changes associated with the brain of HBV transgenic mice by lectin microarrays. Upregulation of Galβ1-3GalNAc mediated by core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) was identified as a result of ammonia stimulation. Using in vitro assays, we validated that upregulation of C1GALT1 is a driver of deregulates calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis by overexpression of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) in astrocytes. Conclusions We demonstrated that silencing C1GALT1 could depress the IP3R1 expression, an effective strategy to inhibit the ammonia-induced upregulation of Ca2+ activity, thereby C1GALT1 and IP3R1 may serve as therapeutic targets in hyperammonemia of HE. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00751-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Yang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yao Hou
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Hao Li
- Cell Engineering Research Centre and Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Liyuan Jia
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xia Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Huijie Bian
- Cell Engineering Research Centre and Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Kim Y, Cho AY, Kim HC, Ryu D, Jo SA, Jung YS. Effects of Natural Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020197. [PMID: 35204080 PMCID: PMC8868362 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists mainly of brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes connected by tight junctions (TJs) and adhesion molecules (AMs), maintains the homeostatic balance between brain parenchyma and extracellular fluid. Accumulating evidence shows that BBB dysfunction is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. Among the various pathological pathways of BBB dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to play a key role in inducing BBB disruption mediated via TJ modification, AM induction, cytoskeletal reorganization, and matrix metalloproteinase activation. Thus, antioxidants have been suggested to exert beneficial effects on BBB dysfunction-associated brain diseases. In this review, we summarized the sources of ROS production in multiple cells that constitute or surround the BBB, such as BBB endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neutrophils. We also reviewed various pathological mechanisms by which BBB disruption is caused by ROS in these cells. Finally, we summarized the effects of various natural polyphenols on BBB dysfunction to suggest a therapeutic strategy for BBB disruption-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - A Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Hong Cheol Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Dajung Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sangmee Ahn Jo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-3444
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Matsubara Y, Kiyohara H, Teratani T, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Organ and brain crosstalk: The liver-brain axis in gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108915. [PMID: 34919906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the largest organ in the human body and is responsible for the metabolism and storage of the three principal nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In addition, the liver contributes to the breakdown and excretion of alcohol, medicinal agents, and toxic substances and the production and secretion of bile. In addition to its role as a metabolic centre, the liver has recently attracted attention for its function in the liver-brain axis, which interacts closely with the central nervous system via the autonomic nervous system, including the vagus nerve. The liver-brain axis influences the control of eating behaviour in the central nervous system through stimuli from the liver. Conversely, neural signals from the central nervous system influence glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in the liver. The liver also receives a constant influx of nutrients and hormones from the intestinal tract and compounds of bacterial origin via the portal system. As a result, the intestinal tract and liver are involved in various immunological interactions. A good example is the co-occurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. These heterogeneous roles of the liver-brain axis are mediated via the vagus nerve in an asymmetrical manner. In this review, we provide an overview of these interactions, mainly with the liver but also with the brain and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsubara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kiyohara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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22
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Kronsten VT, Shawcross DL. Hepatic encephalopathy and depression in chronic liver disease: is the common link systemic inflammation? Anal Biochem 2021; 636:114437. [PMID: 34715068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy and depression share a number of clinical features, such as cognitive impairment and psychomotor retardation, and are highly prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease. Both conditions signify a poor prognosis, carry an increased mortality and are major determinants of reduced health related quality of life. The pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy is complex. Whilst cerebral accumulation of ammonia is well-recognised as being central to the development of hepatic encephalopathy, systemic inflammation, which acts in synergy with hyperammonaemia, is emerging as a key driver in its development. The pro-inflammatory state is also widely documented in depression, and peripheral to brain communication occurs resulting in central inflammation, behavioural changes and depressive symptoms. Gut dysbiosis, with a similar reduction in beneficial bacteria, increase in pathogens and decreased bacterial diversity, has been observed in both hepatic encephalopathy and depression, and it may be that the resultant increased bacterial translocation causes their shared inflammatory pathophysiology. Whilst the literature on a positive association between hepatic encephalopathy and depression in cirrhosis remains to be substantiated, there is evolving evidence that treatment with psychobiotics may be of dual benefit, improving cognition and mood in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tatiana Kronsten
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| | - Debbie Lindsay Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
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23
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Claeys W, Van Hoecke L, Lefere S, Geerts A, Verhelst X, Van Vlierberghe H, Degroote H, Devisscher L, Vandenbroucke RE, Van Steenkiste C. The neurogliovascular unit in hepatic encephalopathy. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100352. [PMID: 34611619 PMCID: PMC8476774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of hepatic dysfunction and portosystemic shunting. It is highly prevalent in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with poor outcomes. New insights into the role of peripheral origins in HE have led to the development of innovative treatment strategies like faecal microbiota transplantation. However, this broadening of view has not been applied fully to perturbations in the central nervous system. The old paradigm that HE is the clinical manifestation of ammonia-induced astrocyte dysfunction and its secondary neuronal consequences requires updating. In this review, we will use the holistic concept of the neurogliovascular unit to describe central nervous system disturbances in HE, an approach that has proven instrumental in other neurological disorders. We will describe HE as a global dysfunction of the neurogliovascular unit, where blood flow and nutrient supply to the brain, as well as the function of the blood-brain barrier, are impaired. This leads to an accumulation of neurotoxic substances, chief among them ammonia and inflammatory mediators, causing dysfunction of astrocytes and microglia. Finally, glymphatic dysfunction impairs the clearance of these neurotoxins, further aggravating their effect on the brain. Taking a broader view of central nervous system alterations in liver disease could serve as the basis for further research into the specific brain pathophysiology of HE, as well as the development of therapeutic strategies specifically aimed at counteracting the often irreversible central nervous system damage seen in these patients.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AD, acute decompensation
- ALF, acute liver failure
- AOM, azoxymethane
- AQP4, aquaporin 4
- Acute Liver Failure
- Ammonia
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Blood-brain barrier
- Brain edema
- CCL, chemokine ligand
- CCR, C-C chemokine receptor
- CE, cerebral oedema
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CLDN, claudin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Cirrhosis
- Energy metabolism
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- Glymphatic system
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- IL-, interleukin
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NGVU
- NGVU, neurogliovascular unit
- NKCC1, Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1
- Neuroinflammation
- OCLN, occludin
- ONS, oxidative and nitrosative stress
- Oxidative stress
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PCA, portacaval anastomosis
- PSS, portosystemic shunt
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SUR1, sulfonylurea receptor 1
- Systemic inflammation
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- TJ, tight junction
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TNFR1, tumour necrosis factor receptor 1
- ZO, zonula occludens
- mPT, mitochondrial pore transition
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Claeys
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Lefere
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Degroote
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Antwerp University, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Kou L, Wei S, Kou P. Current Progress and Perspectives on Using Gold Compounds for the Modulation of Tumor Cell Metabolism. Front Chem 2021; 9:733463. [PMID: 34434922 PMCID: PMC8382570 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.733463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism, which is essential for the growth and survival of tumor cells in a specific microenvironment, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Among the most significant changes in the metabolic pattern of tumor cells is the shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for glucose utilization. Tumor cells also exhibit changes in patterns of protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Recently, gold compounds have been shown to target several metabolic pathways and a number of metabolites in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize how gold compounds modulate glucose, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism in tumor cells, resulting in anti-tumor effects. We also discuss the rationale underlying the anti-tumor effects of these gold compounds and highlight how to effectively utilize against various types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiya Kou
- The First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Kou
- The First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Medical Record, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
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25
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Häussinger D, Butz M, Schnitzler A, Görg B. Pathomechanisms in hepatic encephalopathy. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1087-1102. [PMID: 34049427 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication in patients with acute or chronic liver failure. Symptoms of HE in particular include disturbances of sensory and motor functions and cognition. HE is triggered by heterogeneous factors such as ammonia being a main toxin, benzodiazepines, proinflammatory cytokines and hyponatremia. HE in patients with liver cirrhosis is triggered by a low-grade cerebral edema and cerebral oxidative/nitrosative stress which bring about a number of functionally relevant alterations including posttranslational protein modifications, oxidation of RNA, gene expression changes and senescence. These alterations are suggested to impair astrocyte/neuronal functions and communication. On the system level, a global slowing of oscillatory brain activity and networks can be observed paralleling behavioral perceptual and motor impairments. Moreover, these changes are related to increased cerebral ammonia, alterations in neurometabolite and neurotransmitter concentrations and cortical excitability in HE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Butz
- Department of Neurology/Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Department of Neurology/Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Milewski K, Czarnecka AM, Albrecht J, Zielińska M. Decreased Expression and Uncoupling of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Cerebral Cortex of Rats with Thioacetamide-Induced Acute Liver Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6662. [PMID: 34206365 PMCID: PMC8268495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is associated with deregulated nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the brain, which is one of the key molecular abnormalities leading to the neuropsychiatric disorder called hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This study focuses on the effect of ALF on the relatively unexplored endothelial NOS isoform (eNOS). The cerebral prefrontal cortices of rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced ALF showed decreased eNOS expression, which resulted in an overall reduction of NOS activity. ALF also decreased the content of the NOS cofactor, tetrahydro-L-biopterin (BH4), and evoked eNOS uncoupling (reduction of the eNOS dimer/monomer ratio). The addition of the NO precursor L-arginine in the absence of BH4 potentiated ROS accumulation, whereas nonspecific NOS inhibitor L-NAME or EDTA attenuated ROS increase. The ALF-induced decrease of eNOS content and its uncoupling concurred with, and was likely causally related to, both increased brain content of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and decreased cerebral cortical blood flow (CBF) in the same model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.M.C.); (J.A.)
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27
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Turner REF, Gatterer H, Falla M, Lawley JS. High-altitude cerebral edema: its own entity or end-stage acute mountain sickness? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:313-325. [PMID: 33856254 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00861.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and acute mountain sickness (AMS) are neuropathologies associated with rapid exposure to hypoxia. However, speculation remains regarding the exact etiology of both HACE and AMS and whether they share a common mechanistic pathology. This review outlines the basic principles of HACE development, highlighting how edema could develop from 1) a progression from cytotoxic swelling to ionic edema or 2) permeation of the blood brain barrier (BBB) with or without ionic edema. Thereafter, discussion turns to the available neuroimaging literature in the context of cytotoxic, ionic, or vasogenic edema in both HACE and AMS. Although HACE is clearly caused by an increase in brain water of ionic and/or vasogenic origin, there is very little evidence that this type of edema is present when AMS develops. However, cerebral vasodilation, increased intracranial blood volume, and concomitant intracranial fluid shifts from the extracellular to the intracellular space, as interpreted from changes in diffusion indices within white matter, are observed consistently in persons acutely exposed to hypoxia and with AMS. Therefore, herein we explore the idea that intracellular swelling occurs alongside AMS, and is a critical precursor to extracellular ionic edema formation. We propose that this process produces a subtle modulation of the BBB, which either together with or independent of vasogenic edema provides a transvascular segue from the end-stage of AMS to HACE. Ultimately, this review seeks to shed light on the possible processes underlying HACE pathophysiology, and thus highlights potential avenues for future prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E F Turner
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marika Falla
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences and Centre for Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Vandenberg GG, Dawson NJ, Head A, Scott GR, Scott AL. Astrocyte-mediated disruption of ROS homeostasis in Fragile X mouse model. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105036. [PMID: 33785420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, glial cells within the brain, work to protect neurons during high levels of activity by maintaining oxidative homeostasis via regulation of energy supply and antioxidant systems. In recent years, mitochondrial dysfunction has been highlighted as an underlying factor of pathology in many neurological disorders. In animal studies of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the leading genetic cause of autism, higher levels of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation within the brain indicates that mitochondria function is also altered in FXS. Despite their integral contribution to redox homeostasis within the CNS, the role of astrocytes on the occurrence or progression of neurodevelopmental disorders in this way is rarely considered. This study specifically examines changes to astrocyte mitochondrial function and antioxidant expression that may occur in FXS. Using the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model, mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission were analyzed in primary cortical astrocytes. While mitochondrial respiration was similar between genotypes, ROS emission was significantly elevated in Fmr1 KO astrocytes. Notably, NADPH-oxidase 2 expression in Fmr1 KO astrocytes was also enhanced but only changes in catalase antioxidant enzyme expression were noted. Characterization of astrocyte factors involved in redox imbalance is invaluable to uncovering potential sources of oxidative stress in neurodevelopmental disorders and more specifically, the intercellular mechanisms that contribute to dysfunction in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Vandenberg
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Neal J Dawson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alison Head
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Angela L Scott
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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29
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Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8815441. [PMID: 33688394 PMCID: PMC7920740 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8815441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and plays an important role in secondary brain injury caused by the inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of brain injury after ICH, markers for detecting OS, and therapeutic strategies that target OS to mitigate brain injury.
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30
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Feng L, Liao H, Liu J, Xu C, Zhong K, Zhu H, Guo S, Guo Y, Han L, Li H, Wang Y. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by ammonium chloride induced apoptosis and autophagy in MAC-T cell. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:622-630. [PMID: 33930632 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is a harmful gas with a pungent odor, participates in the regulation of a variety of apoptosis and autophagy, which in turn affects the growth and differentiation of cells. To test the regulation of NH3 on the apoptosis and autophagy of mammary epithelial cells, we selected NH4Cl as NH3 donor in vitro model. MTT and CCK-8 assay kits were employed to detect cell activity. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot methods were used to detect the abundance of inflammatory molecules, apoptosis markers, and autophagy genes. We selected TUNEL kit and the Annexin-FITC/PI method to detect apoptosis. TEM analysis was used to detect autophagic vesicles, and MDC stain evaluated the formation of autophagosome. The results indicated that NH4Cl reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner and promoted cell inflammatory response, apoptosis, and autophagy. NH4Cl stimulation notable increased the autophagosomes number. Interestingly, we also detected that the addition of LY294002 and Rapamycin inhibited the PI3K/Akt pathway and the mTOR pathway, respectively, resulting in changes in both apoptosis and autophagy. Therefore, we draw a conclusion that NH3 may regulate the apoptosis and autophagic response of bovine mammary epithelial cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Further investigations on ammonia's function in other physiological respects, will be critical to provide theoretical help for the improvement of production performance. It will be also helpful for controlling the harmful gas ammonia concentration in the livestock house to protect the health of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; University of Dublin Trinity College School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jingsong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Heshui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Yueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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31
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Dominguini D, Dall'igna DM, Nogueira L, Steckert AV, GonÇalves RC, Michels M, Quevedo J, Ritter C, Barichello T, Dal-Pizzol F. Ammonia exposition during gestation induces neonatal oxidative damage in the brain and long-term cognitive alteration in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190925. [PMID: 33295575 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological conditions associated with hyperammonemia, including hepatic encephalopathy. Few is known about the effects of gestational exposition to ammonia in the developing brain, and the possible long-term consequences of such exposure. We aimed to evaluate the effects of ammonia exposure during the gestation and the possible long-term cognitive alterations on pups. Eight female rats were divided into two groups: (1) control (saline solution); (2) ammonia (ammonium acetate, 2,5mmol/Kg). Each rat received a single subcutaneous injection during all gestational period. The brains from 1-day-old rats were obtained to the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein carbonyl and nitrite/nitrate levels. Some animals were followed 30 days after delivery and were subjected to the step-down inhibitory avoidance task. It was observed a significant increase in protein carbonyl, but not TBARS or nitrite/nitrate levels, in pups exposed to ammonia. Rats exposed to ammonia presented long-term cognitive impairment. Gestational exposition to ammonia induces protein oxidative damage in the neonatal rat brain, and long-term cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Dominguini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - DhÉbora M Dall'igna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lauro Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Renata C GonÇalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - JoÃo Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina/UFSC, Centro de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina/ NENASC, Rua Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Gong P, Chen YQ, Lin AH, Zhang HB, Zhang Y, Ye RD, Yu Y. p47 phox deficiency improves cognitive impairment and attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse models of AD. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:146. [PMID: 33183342 PMCID: PMC7659091 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. The aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein are two major pathological features of AD. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase, NOX) has been indicated in Aβ pathology; however, whether and how it affects tau pathology are not yet clear. Methods The role of NOX2 in cognitive function, amyloid plaque formation, and tau hyperphosphorylation were examined in APP/PS1 transgenic mice mated with p47phox-deficient mice (with deletion of the gene of neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, Ncf1) and/or in p47phox-deficient mice receiving intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The cognitive and non-cognitive functions in these mice were assessed by Morris water maze, Rotarod test, open field, and elevated plus maze. Aβ levels, amyloid plaques, p47phox expression, and astrocyte activation were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining, ELISA, and/or Western blotting. Cultured primary neuronal cells were treated with okadaic acid or conditioned media (CM) from high glucose-stimulated primary astrocytes. The alteration in tau pathology was determined using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Results Deletion of the gene coding for p47phox, the organizer subunit of NOX2, significantly attenuated cognitive impairment and tau pathology in these mice. p47phox deficiency decreased the activation of astrocytes but had no effect on Aβ levels and amyloid plaque formation in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice, which displayed markedly increased expression of p47phox in neurons and astrocytes. Cell culture studies found that neuronal p47phox deletion attenuated okadaic acid-induced tau hyperphosphorylation at specific sites in primary cultures of neurons. CM from high glucose-treated WT astrocytes increased tau hyperphosphorylation in primary neurons, whereas this effect was absent from p47phox-deficient astrocytes. Conclusions These results suggest that p47phox is associated with cognitive function and tau pathology in AD. p47phox expressed in neurons contributes to tau hyperphosphorylation directly, while p47phox in astrocytes affect tau hyperphosphorylation by activating astrocytes indirectly. Our results provide new insights into the role of NOX2 in AD and indicate that targeted inhibition of p47phox may be a new strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan-Qing Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ai-Hua Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Jin X, Chen D, Wu F, Zhang L, Huang Y, Lin Z, Wang X, Wang R, Xu L, Chen Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Protects Against Ammonia-Induced Neurotoxicity Through Activation of Nrf2/ARE Signaling in Astrocytic Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573422. [PMID: 33192318 PMCID: PMC7642620 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) characterized by neuropsychiatric abnormalities is a major complication of cirrhosis with high mortality. However, the pathogenesis of HE has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the blood of HE patients and investigate the role of H2S in an astrocytic model of HE. Methods: Patients with and without HE were recruited to determine plasma H2S levels and blood microbial 16S rRNA gene. Rat astrocytes were employed as a model of HE by treatment of NH4Cl. Exogenous H2S was preadded. Cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and cell death was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33342/Propidium Iodide (PI) Double Staining and Western blot analysis of apoptosis-related protein expression. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed by flow cytometer. Expressions of Nrf2 and its downstream regulated genes were examined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot, respectively. Nrf2 gene knockdown was performed by antisense shRNA of Nrf2 gene. Results: There was a significant decrease in H2S levels in cirrhotic patients with HE compared with without HE. Blood microbiota analyses revealed that certain strains associated with H2S production were negatively correlated with HE. In vitro, H2S markedly attenuated NH4Cl-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This effect was mediated by Nrf2/ARE signaling, and knockdown of Nrf2 expression abolished the antagonistic effect of H2S on NH4Cl-induced neurotoxicity in astrocytes. Conclusion: Levels of H2S and bacteria associated with H2S production are decreased in HE, and H2S functions as the neuroprotector against NH4Cl-induced HE by activating Nrf2/ARE signaling of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dazhi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Faling Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
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Gonzalez A, Huerta-Salgado C, Orozco-Aguilar J, Aguirre F, Tacchi F, Simon F, Cabello-Verrugio C. Role of Oxidative Stress in Hepatic and Extrahepatic Dysfunctions during Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1617805. [PMID: 33149804 PMCID: PMC7603619 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1617805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathology that contains a broad liver dysfunctions spectrum. These alterations span from noninflammatory isolated steatosis until nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more aggressive form of the disease characterized by steatosis, inflammatory status, and varying liver degrees fibrosis. NAFLD is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. The causes of NAFLD are diverse and include genetic and environmental factors. The presence of NASH is strongly associated with cirrhosis development and hepatocellular carcinoma, two conditions that require liver transplantation. The liver alterations during NAFLD are well described. Interestingly, this pathological condition also affects other critical tissues and organs, such as skeletal muscle and even the cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems. Oxidative stress (OS) is a harmful state present in several chronic diseases, such as NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to describe hepatic and extrahepatic dysfunctions in NAFLD. We will also review the influence of OS on the physiopathological events that affect the critical function of the liver and peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Huerta-Salgado
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguirre
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Tacchi
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Chile
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cai Z, Zhu X, Zhang G, Wu F, Lin H, Tan M. Ammonia induces calpain-dependent cleavage of CRMP-2 during neurite degeneration in primary cultured neurons. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4354-4366. [PMID: 31278888 PMCID: PMC6660054 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia in the CNS induces irreversible damages to neurons due to ultimate cell loss. Neurite degeneration, a primary event that leads to neuronal cell death, remains less elucidated especially in hyperammonemia circumstances. Here, we found that the administration of ammonia induced neurite degeneration in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. The resulting altered neuronal morphology, rupture of neurites, and disassembly of the cytoskeleton led to cell death. Calcein and Fluo-4 staining revealed that ammonia induced intracellular calcium dysregulation. Subsequently activated calpain cleaved CRMP-2, a microtubule assembly protein. Pharmacologically inhibition of calpain, but not caspases or GSK-3, suppressed the cleavage of CRMP-2 and reversed neurite degeneration under ammonia treatment. Exposure to ammonia decreased whereas inhibition of calpain restored the amplitude and frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. These data suggest a mechanism by which elevated ammonia level may induce neuronal dysfunction via abnormal calcium influx and calpain-dependent CRMP-2 cleavage, leading to abnormal synaptic transmission, cytoskeletal collapse, and neurite degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Sfarti C, Ciobica A, Balmus IM, Ilie OD, Trifan A, Petrea O, Cojocariu C, Gîrleanu I, Sîngeap AM, Stanciu C. Systemic Oxidative Stress Markers in Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy: Possible Connections with Systemic Ammoniemia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:medicina56040196. [PMID: 32340177 PMCID: PMC7231105 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Oxidative stress shows evidence of dysregulation in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE), although there are still controversies regarding the connections between oxidative stress and ammonia in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress implication in overt HE pathogenesis of cirrhotic patients. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective case-control study, which included 40 patients divided into two groups: group A consisted of 20 cirrhotic patients with HE and increased systemic ammoniemia, and group B consisted of 20 cirrhotic patients with HE and normal systemic ammoniemia. The control group consisted of 21 healthy subjects matched by age and sex. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (lipid peroxidation marker), and ammoniemia were evaluated. Results: We found a significant decrease in SOD and GPx activity and also a significant increase of MDA levels in cirrhotic patients with HE as compared to the healthy age-matched control group (1.35 ± 0.08 vs. 0.90 ± 0.08 U/mL, p = 0.002; 0.093 ± 0.06 vs. 0.006 ± 0.008 U/mL, p = 0.001; and 35.94 ± 1.37 vs. 68.90 ± 5.68 nmols/mL, p = 0.0001, respectively). Additionally, we found significant correlations between the main oxidative stress markers and the levels of systemic ammonia (r = 0.452, p = 0.005). Patients from group A had a significant increase of MDA as compared with those from group B (76.93 ± 5.48 vs. 50.06 ± 5.60 nmols/mL, p = 0.019). Also, there was a compensatory increase in the activity of both antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in patients with increased systemic ammoniemia (group A), as compared to HE patients from group B. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated a significant decrease in antioxidants enzymes activities (SOD and GPx), as well as a significant increase in MDA concentrations, adding new data regarding the influence of oxidative stress in HE pathogenesis in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Sfarti
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Independence Avenue, no 1, 700111 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (A.T.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, no 11, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (O.-D.I.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, no 11, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (O.-D.I.)
- Department of Interdisciplinary Research in Science, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu-Dumitru Ilie
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, no 11, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (O.-D.I.)
| | - Anca Trifan
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Independence Avenue, no 1, 700111 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (A.T.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Oana Petrea
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Independence Avenue, no 1, 700111 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (A.T.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Camelia Cojocariu
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Independence Avenue, no 1, 700111 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (A.T.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (A.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Irina Gîrleanu
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Independence Avenue, no 1, 700111 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (A.T.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ana Maria Sîngeap
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Independence Avenue, no 1, 700111 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (A.T.); (O.P.); (I.G.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Carol Stanciu
- Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Nr. 8, Carol I Avenue, no. 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania;
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Jia W, Liu J, Hu R, Hu A, Tang W, Li L, Li J. Xiaochaihutang Improves the Cortical Astrocyte Edema in Thioacetamide-Induced Rat Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy by Activating NRF2 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:382. [PMID: 32372950 PMCID: PMC7179068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by high ammonia, which leads to astrocyte edema, is the key to acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has been implicated in oxidative stress, but the mechanism of NRF2 against ammonia-induced astrocytes edema has not been fully studied. We confirmed that the NRF2 pathway is related to brain edema caused by AHE and found that Xiaochaihutang (XCHT) could effectively activate the NRF2 pathway to treat AHE. The model of AHE was established with thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. Rat behaviors were observed, brain water content, blood ammonia levels, glutamine synthetase (GS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) were determined after XCHT treatment. Furthermore, the expression of NRF2 pathway proteins and mRNA, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporins 4 (AQP4) were examined. In order to determine whether XCHT has a direct effect on cerebral edema caused by high ammonia, we examined the effect of XCHT compound serum on cortical astrocytes in the presence of ammonia, through microscopic observation and immunofluorescence (IF). Results showed that AHE induced by TAA changed the behavior of the rats, and increased brain water content, blood ammonia levels, GS and MDA content meanwhile decreasing T-SOD, but these symptoms were improved by treatment with XCHT. XCHT protected brain edema by activating the NRF2 pathway and increasing the expression of downstream proteins and genes. Astrocytes treated with 5 mM ammonia also showed an increase in the AQP4 protein expression but a decrease in XCHT compound serum and ammonia-induced cell edema groups. This study demonstrates that the NRF2 pathway is involved in the brain edema in AHE, and XCHT may represent a useful prescription for the treatment of AHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, and Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Anling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, and Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Sepehrinezhad A, Zarifkar A, Namvar G, Shahbazi A, Williams R. Astrocyte swelling in hepatic encephalopathy: molecular perspective of cytotoxic edema. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:559-578. [PMID: 32146658 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) may occur in patients with liver failure. The most critical pathophysiologic mechanism of HE is cerebral edema following systemic hyperammonemia. The dysfunctional liver cannot eliminate circulatory ammonia, so its plasma and brain levels rise sharply. Astrocytes, the only cells that are responsible for ammonia detoxification in the brain, are dynamic cells with unique phenotypic properties that enable them to respond to small changes in their environment. Any pathological changes in astrocytes may cause neurological disturbances such as HE. Astrocyte swelling is the leading cause of cerebral edema, which may cause brain herniation and death by increasing intracranial pressure. Various factors may have a role in astrocyte swelling. However, the exact molecular mechanism of astrocyte swelling is not fully understood. This article discusses the possible mechanisms of astrocyte swelling which related to hyperammonia, including the possible roles of molecules like glutamine, lactate, aquaporin-4 water channel, 18 KDa translocator protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, alanine, glutathione, toll-like receptor 4, epidermal growth factor receptor, glutamate, and manganese, as well as inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition, ATP depletion, and astrocyte senescence. All these agents and factors may be targeted in therapeutic approaches to HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Namvar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roger Williams
- The Institute of Hepatology London and Foundation for Liver Research, 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT, UK.
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Chen Y, Qin C, Huang J, Tang X, Liu C, Huang K, Xu J, Guo G, Tong A, Zhou L. The role of astrocytes in oxidative stress of central nervous system: A mixed blessing. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12781. [PMID: 32035016 PMCID: PMC7106951 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) maintains a high level of metabolism, which leads to the generation of large amounts of free radicals, and it is also one of the most vulnerable organs to oxidative stress. Emerging evidences have shown that, as the key homeostatic cells in CNS, astrocytes are deeply involved in multiple aspects of CNS function including oxidative stress regulation. Besides, the redox level in CNS can in turn affect astrocytes in morphology and function. The complex and multiple roles of astrocytes indicate that their correct performance is crucial for the normal functioning of the CNS, and its dysfunction may result in the occurrence and progression of various neurological disorders. To date, the influence of astrocytes in CNS oxidative stress is rarely reviewed. Therefore, in this review we sum up the roles of astrocytes in redox regulation and the corresponding mechanisms under both normal and different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keru Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sharma M, Anjum H, Bulathsinghala CP, De Silva PR, Surani S. An Intriguing Case of Acute Encephalopathy: Lesson Learned from a Constipated Man. Cureus 2020; 12:e6678. [PMID: 32104618 PMCID: PMC7026865 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is a common cause of encephalopathy encountered in an intensive care unit (ICU). Absence of pre-existing liver disease may misguide a clinician and cases of non-cirrhotic hyperammonemia may be missed in ICU leading to life-threatening outcomes such as cerebral edema and herniation. A critical care physician must look beyond liver cirrhosis as a cause of hyperammonemia so that infrequent but potentially reversible causes of encephalopathy are not missed, and patient treatment is not jeopardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Sharma
- Internal Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Humayun Anjum
- Pulmonary/Critical Care, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA
| | | | | | - Salim Surani
- Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, USA
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Jaeger V, DeMorrow S, McMillin M. The Direct Contribution of Astrocytes and Microglia to the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:352-361. [PMID: 31915605 PMCID: PMC6943208 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological complication resulting from loss of hepatic function and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. During acute liver failure over 20% of mortality can be associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy. In patients with liver cirrhosis, 1-year survival for those that develop overt hepatic encephalopathy is under 50%. The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy is complicated due to the multiple disruptions in homeostasis that occur following a reduction in liver function. Of these, elevations of ammonia and neuroinflammation have been shown to play a significant contributing role to the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Disruption of the urea cycle following liver dysfunction leads to elevations of circulating ammonia, which enter the brain and disrupt the functioning of astrocytes. This results in dysregulation of metabolic pathways in astrocytes, oxidative stress and cerebral edema. Besides ammonia, circulating chemokines and cytokines are increased following liver injury, leading to activation of microglia and a subsequent neuroinflammatory response. The combination of astrocyte dysfunction and microglia activation are significant contributing factors to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Jaeger
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Medical Physiology, Temple, TX, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Austin, TX, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Department of Medical Physiology, Temple, TX, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Austin, TX, USA
- Correspondence to: Matthew McMillin, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, TX 78701, USA. Tel: +1-512-495-5037, Fax: +1-512-495-5839, E-mail:
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Lu K, Zimmermann M, Görg B, Bidmon HJ, Biermann B, Klöcker N, Häussinger D, Reichert AS. Hepatic encephalopathy is linked to alterations of autophagic flux in astrocytes. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:539-553. [PMID: 31648987 PMCID: PMC6838440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by various types of liver failure resulting in hyperammonemia-induced dysfunction of astrocytes. It is unclear whether autophagy, an important pro-survival pathway, is altered in the brains of ammonia-intoxicated animals as well as in HE patients. Methods Using primary rat astrocytes, a co-culture model of primary mouse astrocytes and neurons, an in vivo rat HE model, and post mortem brain samples of liver cirrhosis patients with HE we analyzed whether and how hyperammonemia modulates autophagy. Findings We show that autophagic flux is efficiently inhibited after administration of ammonia in astrocytes. This occurs in a fast, reversible, time-, dose-, and ROS-dependent manner and is mediated by ammonia-induced changes in intralysosomal pH. Autophagic flux is also strongly inhibited in the cerebral cortex of rats after acute ammonium intoxication corroborating our results using an in vivo rat HE model. Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), a factor promoting autophagy, is upregulated in astrocytes of in vitro- and in vivo-HE models as well as in post mortem brain samples of liver cirrhosis patients with HE, but not in patients without HE. LC3, a commonly used autophagy marker, is significantly increased in the brain of HE patients. Ammonia also modulated autophagy moderately in neuronal cells. We show that taurine, known to ameliorate several parameters caused by hyperammonemia in patients suffering from liver failure, is highly potent in reducing ammonia-induced impairment of autophagic flux. This protective effect of taurine is apparently not linked to inhibition of mTOR signaling but rather to reducing ammonia-induced ROS formation. Interpretation Our data support a model in which autophagy aims to counteract ammonia-induced toxicity, yet, as acidification of lysosomes is impaired, possible protective effects thereof, are hampered. We propose that modulating autophagy in astrocytes and/or neurons, e.g. by taurine, represents a novel strategy to treat liver diseases associated with HE. Funding Supported by the DFG, CRC974 “Communication and Systems Relevance in Liver Injury and Regeneration“, Düsseldorf (Project number 190586431) Projects A05 (DH), B04 (BG), B05 (NK), and B09 (ASR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bidmon
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Biermann
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolaj Klöcker
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Zuo Z, Niu Z, Liu Z, Ma J, Qu P, Qiao F, Su J, Zhang Y, Wang Y. The effects of glycine-glutamine dipeptide replaced l-glutamine on bovine parthenogenetic and IVF embryo development. Theriogenology 2019; 141:82-90. [PMID: 31518732 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Relative to alanine and serine amino acid levels, glutamine is highly abundant in follicular fluid, and is an important source of energy required for oocyte maturation and embryo development. Thus, glutamine is an essential component of in vitro embryo culture media. However, glutamine has poor stability and degrades spontaneously in solution to form ammonia and pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of substituting l-glutamine with glycine-glutamine, a more stable glutamine, on development of early parthenogenetic embryos and in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos in bovine. Results revealed that glycine-glutamine can significantly increase cleavage rate (parthenogenetic embryos:87.24% vs. 72.61%, IVF embryos:89.33% vs. 83.79%, P < 0.01), blastocyst number (parthenogenetic embryos:24.98% vs. 18.07%, IVF embryos:33.53% vs. 27.29%, P < 0.01), and blastocyst number (parthenogenetic embryos:96 vs. 76, IVF embryos:114 vs. 109, P < 0.01), reduce blastocyst apoptosis (parthenogenetic embryos:3.72% vs. 6.65%, IVF embryos:2.53% vs.6.23%, P < 0.01), alleviate embryo ammonia toxicity, and reduce the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with the l-glutamine. In addition, glycine-glutamine can alter epigenetic reprogramming by increasing the expression of HDAC1 (Histone Deacetylase 1) and decreasing the relative expression levels of H3K9 acetylation in early parthenogenetic embryos and IVF embryos. From our present study, we concluded that glycine-glutamine is an effective substitute of glutamine in modified synthetic oviduct fluid with amino acids (mSOFaa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzi Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Zhihan Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Zhengqing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jukui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Fang Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jianmin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Lu Y, Wang L, Ding W, Wang D, Wang X, Luo Q, Zhu L. Ammonia mediates mitochondrial uncoupling and promotes glycolysis via HIF-1 activation in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:153-159. [PMID: 31481238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that ammonia produced by glutaminolysis activates the HIF-1 pathway in several types of cancer cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of ammonia on the activation of HIF-1 pathway and glycolysis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were investigated and the underlying mechanisms involved were elucidated. The results showed that NH4Cl concentration-dependently increased the protein level of HIF-1α and enhanced the transactivation activity of HIF-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, NH4Cl increased the expression of GluT1 and LDHA and promoted aerobic glycolysis by activating the HIF-1 pathway. Further study revealed that NH4Cl increased the mitochondrial ROS level and decreased the cellular Fe2+ level in MDA-MB-231 cells. Activation of the HIF-1 pathway induced by NH4Cl was inhibited by addition of the antioxidant NAC or the NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor apocynin, indicating the involvement of the NOX-induced ROS generation. When MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with NH4Cl, the oxygen consumption of cells increased, followed by the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP level, indicating the uncoupling of mitochondria. In conclusion, NH4Cl activated the HIF-1 signaling pathway and promoted aerobic glycolysis in MDA-MB-231 cells, likely through the promotion of mitochondrial ROS release and mitochondrial uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Wangwang Ding
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
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The roles of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in cryopreservation. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20191601. [PMID: 31371631 PMCID: PMC6712439 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation has facilitated advancement of biological research by allowing the storage of cells over prolonged periods of time. While cryopreservation at extremely low temperatures would render cells metabolically inactive, cells suffer insults during the freezing and thawing process. Among such insults, the generation of supra-physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could impair cellular functions and survival. Antioxidants are potential additives that were reported to partially or completely reverse freeze-thaw stress-associated impairments. This review aims to discuss the potential sources of cryopreservation-induced ROS and the effectiveness of antioxidant administration when used individually or in combination.
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Wang F, Chen S, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Sun L, Zheng B, Chen L, Liu Z, Zheng X, Yi K, Li C, Zhou X. Effects of ammonia on apoptosis and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Mutagenesis 2019; 33:291-299. [PMID: 30184101 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia, produced mainly from the deamination of amino acids and glutamine, is one of the major toxic components in blood and tissues that may affect bovine health. However, the physiological and pathological roles of ammonia in the mammary glands are not understood clearly. In the present study, the bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) was utilised as an in vitro model to determine the effects of ammonia on bovine mammary gland. We demonstrated that ammonia stimulated the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, interrupted intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis and induced cell apoptosis. Ammonia also significantly reduced cell viability and increased the proportion of apoptotic cells through enhancing the level of p53 phosphorylation and increasing the expressions of BAX, caspase 8, caspase 9, caspase 3. Interestingly, bumetanide, a specific Na+ K+ 2Cl--cotransporter inhibitor, dramatically abolished the damaging effects of ammonia on the cells. These data suggest that ammonia exposure induces apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells via activation of the p53 pathway and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and that these effects involved the Na+ K+ 2Cl--cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Liting Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Biaobiao Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Kangle Yi
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Sun X, Chen T, Li C, Zhang X, Guo J. Intracellular ion and protein nanoparticle-induced osmotic pressure modify astrocyte swelling and brain edema in response to glutamate stimuli. Redox Biol 2019; 21:101112. [PMID: 30685709 PMCID: PMC6351271 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular tension activity plays a crucial role in cytotoxic brain edema and astrocyte swelling. Here, a few genetically encoded FRET-based tension probes were designed to detect cytoskeletal structural tension optically, including their magnitude and vectors. The astrocyte swelling resulted in GFAP tension increment, which is associated with the antagonistic effect of inward microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs) forces. In glutamate-induced astrocyte swelling, GFAP tension rise resulted from outward ion and protein nanoparticle-induced osmotic pressure (PN-OP) increases, where PN-OP could be elicited by MF and MT depolymerization, protein nanoparticle production, and activation of cofilin and stathmin-1. Attenuation of both ion osmotic pressure and PN-OP by drug combinations, together with free-radical scavenger, relieved cerebral edema in vivo. The study suggests that intracellular osmotic pressure (especially PN-OP) has a pivotal role in glutamate-induced astrocyte swelling and brain edema. Recovery of cytoplasmic potential is a promising target to develop new drugs and cure brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaRui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - YuXuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - ZiHui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - XiaoHe Sun
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - TingTing Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - XiaoLong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
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Increase in P-glycoprotein levels in the blood-brain barrier of partial portal vein ligation /chronic hyperammonemia rats is medicated by ammonia/reactive oxygen species/ERK1/2 activation: In vitro and in vivo studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 846:119-127. [PMID: 30639310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver failure altered P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function and expression at blood-brain barrier (BBB), partly owing to hyperammonemia. We aimed to examine the effects of partial portal vein ligation (PVL) plus chronic hyperammonemia (CHA) on P-gp function and expression at rat BBB. Experimental rats included sham-operation (SH), PVL, CHA and PVL+CHA. The PVL+CHA rats were developed by ammonia-containing diet for 2 weeks after operation. The brain-to-plasma concentration ratios (Kp) and apparent unidirectional influx constants (Kin) of rhodamine123 and sodium fluorescein were measured to assess function of P-gp and BBB integrity, respectively. Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC/D3) were used to assess effects of ammonia on P-gp expression and function. It was found that PVL+CHA significantly decreased Kp and Kin of rhodamine123 without affecting brain distribution of fluorescein. The P-gp expressions in membrane protein in cortex and hippocampus were significantly increased in CHA and PVL +CHA rats, especially in PVL + CHA rats, while remarkably increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 was only found in PVL +CHA rats. Expressions of tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occluding in rat brain remained unchanged. In vitro data showed that NH4Cl increased reactive oxygen species, membrane expression and function of P-gp as well as phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels in HCMEC/D3. The NH4Cl-induced alterations were reversed by reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine and ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. In conclusion, PVL+CHA increased function and membrane translocation of P-gp at rat BBB partly via ammonia. Reactive oxygen species/ERK1/2 pathway activation may be one of the reasons that ammonia upregulated P-gp expression and function at BBB.
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Wattanathorn J, Ohnon W, Thukhammee W, Muchmapura S, Wannanon P, Tong-un T. Cerebroprotective Effect against Cerebral Ischemia of the Combined Extract of Oryza sativa and Anethum graveolens in Metabolic Syndrome Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9658267. [PMID: 31827714 PMCID: PMC6885298 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9658267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel strategy against ischemic stroke in metabolic syndrome (MetS) targeting at oxidative stress and inflammation has gained attention due to the limitation of the current therapy. Due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammation of the combined extract of Oryza sativa and Anethum graveolens, the cerebroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia in MetS condition has been focused. Since no data were available, this study was set up to determine the effects of the combined extract of Oryza sativa L. and Anethum graveolens Linn. against ischemic stroke in the animal model of metabolic syndrome. The possible underlying mechanism was also further investigated. Male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were fed with high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF diet) to induce metabolic syndrome-like condition. Then, MetS rats were subjected to reperfusion injury at the right middle cerebral artery. The combined extract of O. sativa and A. graveolens (OA extract) at doses of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg BW was fed once daily for 21 days. Neurological assessment was performed every 7 days throughout the experimental period. At the end of study, brain infarction volume, neuron and glial fibrillary acidic protein- (GFAP-) positive cell density, the oxidative stress status, the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-6), and eNOS in the cortical area together with the expression of VCAM-1 and the histological changes of common carotid artery were determined. It was found that OA extract decreased brain infarction, neurological score, oxidative stress status, and inflammatory mediators but increased eNOS expression in the cortical area; the increased VCAM-1 and intima-media thickness together with the reduction of lumen diameter of common carotid artery of MetS eats with MCAO were also mitigated by OA extract. These data suggest the cerebroprotective effect of OA, and the underlying mechanism may occur partly via the improvement of oxidative stress status, inflammation, and brain blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Warin Ohnon
- 4Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thukhammee
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Muchmapura
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panakaporn Wannanon
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Terdthai Tong-un
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Görg B, Karababa A, Häussinger D. Hepatic Encephalopathy and Astrocyte Senescence. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:294-300. [PMID: 30302047 PMCID: PMC6175776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) is a severe complication of acute or chronic liver diseases with a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms including motor disturbances and cognitive impairment of different severity. Contrary to former beliefs, a growing number of studies suggest that cognitive impairment may not fully reverse after an acute episode of overt HE in patients with liver cirrhosis. The reasons for persistent cognitive impairment in HE are currently unknown but recent observations raise the possibility that astrocyte senescence may play a role here. Astrocyte senescence is closely related to oxidative stress and correlate with irreversible cognitive decline in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In line with this, surrogate marker for oxidative stress and senescence were upregulated in ammonia-exposed cultured astrocytes and in post mortem brain tissue from patients with liver cirrhosis with but not without HE. Ammonia-induced senescence in astrocytes involves glutamine synthesis-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53 activation and upregulation of cell cycle inhibitory factors p21 and GADD45α. More recent studies also suggest a role of ROS-induced downregulation of Heme Oxygenase (HO)1-targeting micro RNAs and upregulation of HO1 for ammonia-induced proliferation inhibition in cultured astrocytes. Further studies are required to identify the precise sequence of events that lead to astrocyte senescence and to elucidate functional implications of senescence for cognitive performance in patients with liver cirrhosis and HE.
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Key Words
- ARE, Antioxidant Response Elements
- BDNF, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
- Eph, Ephrine
- EphR, Ephrine Receptor
- GADD45α, Growth Arrest and DNA Damage Inducible 45α
- GS, Glutamine Synthetase
- HE, Hepatic Encephalopathy
- HO1, Heme Oxygenase 1
- LOLA, l-Ornithine-l-Aspartate
- MAP, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases
- NAPDH, Reduced Form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
- Nox, NADPH Oxidase
- Nrf2, Nuclear Factor-Like 2
- PBR, Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor
- PTN, Protein Tyrosine Nitration
- RNOS, Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- SA-β-Gal, Senescence-Associated β-d-Galactosidase
- TSP, Trombospondin
- TrkBT, Truncated Tyrosine Receptor Kinase B
- ZnPP, Zinc Protoporphyrin
- ammonia
- astrocytes
- heme oxygenase 1
- hepatic encephalopathy
- mPT, Mitochondrial Permeability Transition
- miRNAs
- nNOS, Neuronal-Type Nitric-Oxide Synthase
- oxidative stress
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dieter Häussinger
- Address for correspondence: Dieter Häussinger, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Tel.: +49 211 811 7569; fax: +49 211 811 8838.
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