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Li Z, Jiang YY, Long C, Peng X, Tao J, Pu Y, Yue R. Bridging metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction: role of astrocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1393253. [PMID: 38800473 PMCID: PMC11116704 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1393253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive dysfunction pose significant challenges to global health and the economy. Systemic inflammation, endocrine disruption, and autoregulatory impairment drive neurodegeneration and microcirculatory damage in MetS. Due to their unique anatomy and function, astrocytes sense and integrate multiple metabolic signals, including peripheral endocrine hormones and nutrients. Astrocytes and synapses engage in a complex dialogue of energetic and immunological interactions. Astrocytes act as a bridge between MetS and cognitive dysfunction, undergoing diverse activation in response to metabolic dysfunction. This article summarizes the alterations in astrocyte phenotypic characteristics across multiple pathological factors in MetS. It also discusses the clinical value of astrocytes as a critical pathologic diagnostic marker and potential therapeutic target for MetS-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-yi Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiyi Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueheng Pu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rensong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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2
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Menezes A, Julião G, Mariath F, Ferreira AL, Oliveira-Nunes MC, Gallucci L, Evaristo JAM, Nogueira FCS, Pereira DDA, Carneiro K. Epigenetic Mechanisms Histone Deacetylase-Dependent Regulate the Glioblastoma Angiogenic Matrisome and Disrupt Endothelial Cell Behavior In Vitro. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100722. [PMID: 38272115 PMCID: PMC10883839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor and different efforts have been employed in the search for new drugs and therapeutic protocols for GBM. Epitranscriptomics has shed light on new druggable Epigenetic therapies specifically designed to modulate GBM biology and behavior such as Histone Deacetylase inhibitors (iHDAC). Although the effects of iHDAC on GBM have been largely explored, there is a lack of information on the underlaying mechanisms HDAC-dependent that modulate the repertoire of GBM secreted molecules focusing on the set of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) associated proteins, the Matrisome, that may impact the surrounding tumor microenvironment. To acquire a better comprehension of the impacts of HDAC activity on the GBM Matrisome, we studied the alterations on the Matrisome-associated ECM regulators, Core Matrisome ECM glycoproteins, ECM-affiliated proteins and Proteoglycans upon HDAC inhibition in vitro as well as their relationship with glioma pathophysiological/clinical features and angiogenesis. For this, U87MG GBM cells were treated for with iHDAC or vehicle (control) and the whole secretome was processed by Mass Spectrometry NANOLC-MS/MS. In silico analyses revealed that proteins associated to the Angiogenic Matrisome (AngioMatrix), including Decorin, ADAM10, ADAM12 and ADAM15 were differentially regulated in iHDAC versus control secretome. Interestingly, genes coding for the Matrisome proteins differentially regulated were found mutated in patients and were correlated to glioma pathophysiological/clinical features. In vitro functional assays, using HBMEC endothelial cells exposed to the secretome of control or iHDAC treated GBM cells, coupled to 2D and 3D GBM cell culture system, showed impaired migratory capacity of endothelial cells and disrupted tubulogenesis in a Fibronectin and VEGF independent fashion. Collectively, our study provides understanding of epigenetic mechanisms HDAC-dependent to key Matrisomal proteins that may contribute to identify new druggable Epigenetic therapies or gliomagenesis biomarkers with relevant implications to improve therapeutic protocols for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Menezes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas e Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina (Anatomia Patológica), UFRJ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Julião
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas e Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina (Anatomia Patológica), UFRJ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mariath
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados em Jornalismo, UNICAMP/SP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas e Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina (Anatomia Patológica), UFRJ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lara Gallucci
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas e Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina (Anatomia Patológica), UFRJ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio César Sousa Nogueira
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Proteomics Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise de Abreu Pereira
- Programa de Oncobiologia Celular e Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional do Câncer- INCA/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas e Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina (Anatomia Patológica), UFRJ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Patitucci E, Lipp I, Stickland RC, Wise RG, Tomassini V. Changes in brain perfusion with training-related visuomotor improvement in MS. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1270393. [PMID: 38025268 PMCID: PMC10665528 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1270393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. A better understanding of the mechanisms supporting brain plasticity in MS would help to develop targeted interventions to promote recovery. A total of 29 MS patients and 19 healthy volunteers underwent clinical assessment and multi-modal MRI acquisition [fMRI during serial reaction time task (SRT), DWI, T1w structural scans and ASL of resting perfusion] at baseline and after 4-weeks of SRT training. Reduction of functional hyperactivation was observed in MS patients following the training, shown by the stronger reduction of the BOLD response during task execution compared to healthy volunteers. The functional reorganization was accompanied by a positive correlation between improvements in task accuracy and the change in resting perfusion after 4 weeks' training in right angular and supramarginal gyri in MS patients. No longitudinal changes in WM and GM measures and no correlation between task performance improvements and brain structure were observed in MS patients. Our results highlight a potential role for CBF as an early marker of plasticity, in terms of functional (cortical reorganization) and behavioral (performance improvement) changes in MS patients that may help to guide future interventions that exploit preserved plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Patitucci
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Lipp
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rachael Cecilia Stickland
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio,”Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio,”Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio,”Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio,”Chieti, Italy
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Jung BK, Ryu KY. Lipocalin-2: a therapeutic target to overcome neurodegenerative diseases by regulating reactive astrogliosis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2138-2146. [PMID: 37779143 PMCID: PMC10618504 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell activation precedes neuronal cell death during brain aging and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Under neuroinflammatory stress conditions, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin or 24p3, is produced and secreted by activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Lcn2 expression levels are known to be increased in various cells, including reactive astrocytes, through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the central nervous system, as LCN2 exerts neurotoxicity when secreted from reactive astrocytes, many researchers have attempted to identify various strategies to inhibit LCN2 production, secretion, and function to minimize neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. These strategies include regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels, as well as blocking its functions using neutralizing antibodies or antagonists of its receptor. The suppression of NF-κB signaling is a strategy to inhibit LCN2 production, but it may also affect other cellular activities, raising questions about its effectiveness and feasibility. Recently, LCN2 was found to be a target of the autophagy‒lysosome pathway. Therefore, autophagy activation may be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the levels of secreted LCN2 and overcome neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focused on research progress on astrocyte-derived LCN2 in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwon Jung
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Yul Ryu
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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McDonald B, Barth K, Schmidt MHH. The origin of brain malignancies at the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:282. [PMID: 37688612 PMCID: PMC10492883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in extracranial therapy, survival rate for patients suffering from brain metastases remains very poor. This is coupled with the incidence of brain metastases continuing to rise. In this review, we focus on core contributions of the blood-brain barrier to the origin of brain metastases. We first provide an overview of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier under physiological conditions. Next, we discuss the emerging idea of a pre-metastatic niche, namely that secreted factors and extracellular vesicles from a primary tumor site are able to travel through the circulation and prime the neurovasculature for metastatic invasion. We then consider the neurotropic mechanisms that circulating tumor cells possess or develop that facilitate disruption of the blood-brain barrier and survival in the brain's parenchyma. Finally, we compare and contrast brain metastases at the blood-brain barrier to the primary brain tumor, glioma, examining the process of vessel co-option that favors the survival and outgrowth of brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan McDonald
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Barth
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
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Matt RA, Martin RS, Evans AK, Gever JR, Vargas GA, Shamloo M, Ford AP. Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Pharmacology in Neurodegenerative Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 37495851 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Adrenoceptors (ARs) throughout the brain are stimulated by noradrenaline originating mostly from neurons of the locus coeruleus, a brainstem nucleus that is ostensibly the earliest to show detectable pathology in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The α1-AR, α2-AR, and β-AR subtypes expressed in target brain regions and on a range of cell populations define the physiological responses to noradrenaline, which includes activation of cognitive function in addition to modulation of neurometabolism, cerebral blood flow, and neuroinflammation. As these heterocellular functions are critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and neuronal health, combating the loss of noradrenergic tone from locus coeruleus degeneration may therefore be an effective treatment for both cognitive symptoms and disease modification in neurodegenerative indications. Two pharmacologic approaches are receiving attention in recent clinical studies: preserving noradrenaline levels (e.g., via reuptake inhibition) and direct activation of target adrenoceptors. Here, we review the expression and role of adrenoceptors in the brain, the preclinical studies which demonstrate that adrenergic stimulation can support cognitive function and cerebral health by reversing the effects of noradrenaline depletion, and the human data provided by pharmacoepidemiologic analyses and clinical trials which together identify adrenoceptors as promising targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew K Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Wang Y, Xia Y, Kou L, Yin S, Chi X, Li J, Sun Y, Wu J, Zhou Q, Zou W, Jin Z, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. Astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming and crosstalk in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106224. [PMID: 37433411 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently the fastest growing disabling neurological disorder worldwide, with motor and non-motor symptoms being its main clinical manifestations. The primary pathological features include a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and decrease in dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway. Existing treatments only alleviate clinical symptoms and do not stop disease progression; slowing down the loss of dopaminergic neurons and stimulating their regeneration are emerging therapies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that transplantation of dopamine cells generated from human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells can restore the loss of dopamine. However, the application of cell transplantation is limited owing to ethical controversies and the restricted source of cells. Until recently, the reprogramming of astrocytes to replenish lost dopaminergic neurons has provided a promising alternative therapy for PD. In addition, repair of mitochondrial perturbations, clearance of damaged mitochondria in astrocytes, and control of astrocyte inflammation may be extensively neuroprotective and beneficial against chronic neuroinflammation in PD. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on the progress and remaining issues in astrocyte reprogramming using transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs, as well as exploring possible new targets for treating PD by repairing astrocytic mitochondria and reducing astrocytic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaosa Chi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiulu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenkai Zou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zongjie Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Novorolsky RJ, Kasheke GDS, Hakim A, Foldvari M, Dorighello GG, Sekler I, Vuligonda V, Sanders ME, Renden RB, Wilson JJ, Robertson GS. Preserving and enhancing mitochondrial function after stroke to protect and repair the neurovascular unit: novel opportunities for nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1226630. [PMID: 37484823 PMCID: PMC10360135 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1226630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of vascular cells, glia, and neurons that form the basic component of the blood brain barrier. This intricate structure rapidly adjusts cerebral blood flow to match the metabolic needs of brain activity. However, the NVU is exquisitely sensitive to damage and displays limited repair after a stroke. To effectively treat stroke, it is therefore considered crucial to both protect and repair the NVU. Mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) uptake supports NVU function by buffering Ca2+ and stimulating energy production. However, excessive mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake causes toxic mitochondrial Ca2+ overloading that triggers numerous cell death pathways which destroy the NVU. Mitochondrial damage is one of the earliest pathological events in stroke. Drugs that preserve mitochondrial integrity and function should therefore confer profound NVU protection by blocking the initiation of numerous injury events. We have shown that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux in the brain are mediated by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex (MCUcx) and sodium/Ca2+/lithium exchanger (NCLX), respectively. Moreover, our recent pharmacological studies have demonstrated that MCUcx inhibition and NCLX activation suppress ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal cell death by blocking mitochondrial Ca2+ overloading. These findings suggest that combining MCUcx inhibition with NCLX activation should markedly protect the NVU. In terms of promoting NVU repair, nuclear hormone receptor activation is a promising approach. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) agonists activate complementary transcriptional programs that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, suppress inflammation, and enhance the production of new vascular cells, glia, and neurons. RXR and TR agonism should thus further improve the clinical benefits of MCUcx inhibition and NCLX activation by increasing NVU repair. However, drugs that either inhibit the MCUcx, or stimulate the NCLX, or activate the RXR or TR, suffer from adverse effects caused by undesired actions on healthy tissues. To overcome this problem, we describe the use of nanoparticle drug formulations that preferentially target metabolically compromised and damaged NVUs after an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. These nanoparticle-based approaches have the potential to improve clinical safety and efficacy by maximizing drug delivery to diseased NVUs and minimizing drug exposure in healthy brain and peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J. Novorolsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gracious D. S. Kasheke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Antoine Hakim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel G. Dorighello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beersheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Robert B. Renden
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - George S. Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Tureckova J, Hermanova Z, Marchetti V, Anderova M. Astrocytic TRPV4 Channels and Their Role in Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087101. [PMID: 37108263 PMCID: PMC10138480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channels subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) are non-selective cation channels expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system. These channels can be activated by diverse physical and chemical stimuli, including heat and mechanical stress. In astrocytes, they are involved in the modulation of neuronal excitability, control of blood flow, and brain edema formation. All these processes are significantly impaired in cerebral ischemia due to insufficient blood supply to the tissue, resulting in energy depletion, ionic disbalance, and excitotoxicity. The polymodal cation channel TRPV4, which mediates Ca2+ influx into the cell because of activation by various stimuli, is one of the potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, its expression and function vary significantly between brain cell types, and therefore, the effect of its modulation in healthy tissue and pathology needs to be carefully studied and evaluated. In this review, we provide a summary of available information on TRPV4 channels and their expression in healthy and injured neural cells, with a particular focus on their role in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tureckova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Marchetti
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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Li T, Li D, Wei Q, Shi M, Xiang J, Gao R, Chen C, Xu ZX. Dissecting the neurovascular unit in physiology and Alzheimer's disease: Functions, imaging tools and genetic mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106114. [PMID: 37023830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays an essential role in regulating neurovascular coupling, which refers to the communication between neurons, glia, and vascular cells to control the supply of oxygen and nutrients in response to neural activity. Cellular elements of the NVU coordinate to establish an anatomical barrier to separate the central nervous system from the milieu of the periphery system, restricting the free movement of substances from the blood to the brain parenchyma and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β deposition impairs the normal functions of NVU cellular elements, thus accelerating the disease progression. Here, we aim to describe the current knowledge of the NVU cellular elements, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, in regulating the blood-brain barrier integrity and functions in physiology as well as alterations encountered in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the NVU functions as a whole, therefore specific labeling and targeting NVU components in vivo enable us to understand the mechanism mediating cellular communication. We review approaches including commonly used fluorescent dyes, genetic mouse models, and adeno-associated virus vectors for imaging and targeting NVU cellular elements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiakun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Azargoonjahromi A. Dual role of nitric oxide in Alzheimer's Disease. Nitric Oxide 2023; 134-135:23-37. [PMID: 37019299 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), an enzymatic product of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been associated with a variety of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). NO has long been thought to contribute to neurotoxic insults caused by neuroinflammation in AD. This perception shifts as more attention is paid to the early stages before cognitive problems manifest. However, it has revealed a compensatory neuroprotective role for NO that protects synapses by increasing neuronal excitability. NO can positively affect neurons by inducing neuroplasticity, neuroprotection, and myelination, as well as having cytolytic activity to reduce inflammation. NO can also induce long-term potentiation (LTP), a process by which synaptic connections among neurons become more potent. Not to mention that such functions give rise to AD protection. Notably, it is unquestionably necessary to conduct more research to clarify NO pathways in neurodegenerative dementias because doing so could help us better understand their pathophysiology and develop more effective treatment options. All these findings bring us to the prevailing notion that NO can be used either as a therapeutic agent in patients afflicted with AD and other memory impairment disorders or as a contributor to the neurotoxic and aggressive factor in AD. In this review, after presenting a general background on AD and NO, various factors that have a pivotal role in both protecting and exacerbating AD and their correlation with NO will be elucidated. Following this, both the neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of NO on neurons and glial cells among AD cases will be discussed in detail.
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12
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St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, González Ibáñez F, Khakpour M, Wallman MJ, Parent M, Tremblay MÈ. Astrocytes display ultrastructural alterations and heterogeneity in the hippocampus of aged APP-PS1 mice and human post-mortem brain samples. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:73. [PMID: 36918925 PMCID: PMC10015698 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed increasing evidence for a crucial role played by glial cells, notably astrocytes, in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To provide novel insights into the roles of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of AD, we performed a quantitative ultrastructural characterization of their intracellular contents and parenchymal interactions in an aged mouse model of AD pathology, as aging is considered the main risk factor for developing AD. We compared 20-month-old APP-PS1 and age-matched C57BL/6J male mice, among the ventral hippocampus CA1 strata lacunosum-moleculare and radiatum, two hippocampal layers severely affected by AD pathology. Astrocytes in both layers interacted more with synaptic elements and displayed more ultrastructural markers of increased phagolysosomal activity in APP-PS1 versus C57BL6/J mice. In addition, we investigated the ultrastructural heterogeneity of astrocytes, describing in the two examined layers a dark astrocytic state that we characterized in terms of distribution, interactions with AD hallmarks, and intracellular contents. This electron-dense astrocytic state, termed dark astrocytes, was observed throughout the hippocampal parenchyma, closely associated with the vasculature, and possessed several ultrastructural markers of cellular stress. A case study exploring the hippocampal head of an aged human post-mortem brain sample also revealed the presence of a similar electron-dense, dark astrocytic state. Overall, our study provides the first ultrastructural quantitative analysis of astrocytes among the hippocampus in aged AD pathology, as well as a thorough characterization of a dark astrocytic state conserved from mouse to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mohammadparsa Khakpour
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Wallman
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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13
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The opposite effect of convulsant drugs on neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase - A possible explanation for the dual proconvulsive/anticonvulsive action of nitric oxide. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:59-74. [PMID: 36692466 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in processes such as endothelium-dependent vasodilation and neurotransmission/neuromodulation. The role of NO in epilepsy is controversial, attributing it to anticonvulsant but also proconvulsant properties. Clarification of this dual effect of NO might lead to the development of new antiepileptic drugs. Previous results in our laboratory indicated that this contradictory role of NO in seizures could depend on the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoform involved, which could play opposite roles in epileptogenesis, one of them being proconvulsant but the other anticonvulsant. The effect of convulsant drugs on neuronal NO (nNO) and endothelial NO (eNO) levels was investigated. Considering the distribution of neuronal and endothelial NOS in neurons and astrocytes, resp., primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes were used as a study model. The effects of convulsant drugs pentylenetetrazole, thiosemicarbazide, 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline on NO levels were studied, using a spectrophotometric method. Their effects on NO levels in neurons and astrocytes depend on the concentration and time of treatment. These convulsant drugs caused an increase in nNO, but a decrease in eNO was proportional to the duration of treatment in both cases. Apparently, nNO possesses convulsant properties mediated by its effect on the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, probably through GABAA receptors. Anticonvulsant properties of eNO may be the consequence of its effect on endothelial vasodilation and its capability to induce angiogenesis. Described effects last as seizures do. Considering the limitations of these kinds of studies and the unexplored influence of inducible NO, further investigations are required.
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14
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Chen L, Lv F, Min S, Yang Y, Liu D. Roles of prokineticin 2 in electroconvulsive shock-induced memory impairment via regulation of phenotype polarization in astrocytes. Behav Brain Res 2023; 446:114350. [PMID: 36804440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive shock (ECT) is the most effective treatment for depression but can impair learning and memory. ECT is increasingly being shown to activate astrocytes and induce neuroinflammation, resulting in cognitive decline. Activated astrocytes can differentiate into two subtypes, A1-type astrocytes and A2-type astrocytes. Regarding cognitive function, neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and neuroprotective A2 astrocytes may exhibit opposite effects. Specifically, prokineticin 2 (PK2) functions as an essential mediator of inflammation and induces a selective A2-protective phenotype in astrocytes. This study aimed to clarify how PK2 promotes improved learning memory following electroconvulsive shock (ECS). As part of the study, rats were modeled using chronic unpredictable mild stress. Behavioral experiments were conducted to assess their cognitive abilities and depression-like behaviors. Western blot was used to determine the expression of PK2. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopy analyses of the hippocampal CA1 region were conducted to study the activation of astrocyte subtypes and synaptic ultrastructure, respectively. In this study, rats' spatial learning and memory impairment began to improve as activated A1-subtype astrocytes gradually decreased, and PK2 and A2 phenotype activation peaked on the third day after ECS. PKRA7 (PK2 antagonist) inhibits A2-type astrocyte activation partially and suppresses spatial learning and memory improvement. Collectively, our findings support that PK2 may induce a selective modulation of astrocytic polarization to a protective phenotype to promote learning and memory improvement after ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Feng Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Su Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - You Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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15
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Moreno-Domínguez A, Colinas O, Smani T, Ureña J, López-Barneo J. Acute oxygen sensing by vascular smooth muscle cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1142354. [PMID: 36935756 PMCID: PMC10020353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1142354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An adequate supply of oxygen (O2) is essential for most life forms on earth, making the delivery of appropriate levels of O2 to tissues a fundamental physiological challenge. When O2 levels in the alveoli and/or blood are low, compensatory adaptive reflexes are produced that increase the uptake of O2 and its distribution to tissues within a few seconds. This paper analyzes the most important acute vasomotor responses to lack of O2 (hypoxia): hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and hypoxic vasodilation (HVD). HPV affects distal pulmonary (resistance) arteries, with its homeostatic role being to divert blood to well ventilated alveoli to thereby optimize the ventilation/perfusion ratio. HVD is produced in most systemic arteries, in particular in the skeletal muscle, coronary, and cerebral circulations, to increase blood supply to poorly oxygenated tissues. Although vasomotor responses to hypoxia are modulated by endothelial factors and autonomic innervation, it is well established that arterial smooth muscle cells contain an acute O2 sensing system capable of detecting changes in O2 tension and to signal membrane ion channels, which in turn regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels and myocyte contraction. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the nature of O2 sensing and signaling systems underlying acute vasomotor responses to hypoxia. We also discuss similarities and differences existing in O2 sensors and effectors in the various arterial territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tarik Smani
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Ureña
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José López-Barneo,
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16
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Danielski LG, Giustina AD, Gava FF, Barichello T, Petronilho F. The Many Faces of Astrocytes in the Septic Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7229-7235. [PMID: 36136265 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Surviving patients have cognitive and memory damage that started during sepsis. These neurologic damages have been associated with increased BBB permeability and microglial activation. However, a few discrete studies have seen over the years pointing to the potential role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of neurological damage after sepsis. The purpose of this article is to review information on the potential role of astrocytes during sepsis, as well as to provoke further studies in this area. These published articles show astrocytic activation after sepsis; they also evidence the release of inflammatory mediators by these cells. In this sense, the role of astrocytes should be better elucidated during sepsis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fernanda Frederico Gava
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.,Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, Translational Psychiatry Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
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17
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Npas3 deficiency impairs cortical astrogenesis and induces autistic-like behaviors. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111289. [PMID: 36044858 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors with basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motifs can control neural progenitor fate determination to neurons and oligodendrocytes. How bHLH transcription factors regulate astrogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we report that NPAS3, a bHLH transcription factor, is a critical regulator of astrogenesis. Npas3 deficiency impairs cortical astrogenesis, correlating with abnormal brain development and autistic-like behaviors. Single-cell transcriptomes reveal that Npas3 knockout induces abnormal transition states in the differentiation trajectories from radial glia to astrocytes. Analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data in primary cortical astrocytes shows that NPAS3 binding targets are involved in functions of brain development and synapse organization. Co-culture assay further indicates that NPAS3-impaired astrogenesis induces synaptic deficits in wild-type neurons. Astrocyte-specific knockdown of NPAS3 in wild-type cortex causes synaptic and behavioral abnormalities associated with the core symptoms in autism. Together, our findings suggest that transcription factor NPAS3 regulates astrogenesis and its subsequent consequences for brain development and behavior.
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18
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Burboa PC, Puebla M, Gaete PS, Durán WN, Lillo MA. Connexin and Pannexin Large-Pore Channels in Microcirculation and Neurovascular Coupling Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137303. [PMID: 35806312 PMCID: PMC9266979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcirculation homeostasis depends on several channels permeable to ions and/or small molecules that facilitate the regulation of the vasomotor tone, hyperpermeability, the blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular coupling function. Connexin (Cxs) and Pannexin (Panxs) large-pore channel proteins are implicated in several aspects of vascular physiology. The permeation of ions (i.e., Ca2+) and key metabolites (ATP, prostaglandins, D-serine, etc.) through Cxs (i.e., gap junction channels or hemichannels) and Panxs proteins plays a vital role in intercellular communication and maintaining vascular homeostasis. Therefore, dysregulation or genetic pathologies associated with these channels promote deleterious tissue consequences. This review provides an overview of current knowledge concerning the physiological role of these large-pore molecule channels in microcirculation (arterioles, capillaries, venules) and in the neurovascular coupling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pía C. Burboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (P.C.B.); (W.N.D.)
- Departamento de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Sede Santiago Centro, Universidad de las Américas, Avenue República 71, Santiago 8370040, Chile;
| | - Mariela Puebla
- Departamento de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Sede Santiago Centro, Universidad de las Américas, Avenue República 71, Santiago 8370040, Chile;
| | - Pablo S. Gaete
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Walter N. Durán
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (P.C.B.); (W.N.D.)
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Lillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (P.C.B.); (W.N.D.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Reeson P, Schager B, Van Sprengel M, Brown CE. Behavioral and Neural Activity-Dependent Recanalization of Plugged Capillaries in the Brain of Adult and Aged Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:876746. [PMID: 35722620 PMCID: PMC9204343 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.876746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capillaries of the brain, owing to their small diameter and low perfusion pressure, are vulnerable to interruptions in blood flow. These tiny occlusions can have outsized consequences on angioarchitecture and brain function; especially when exacerbated by disease states or accumulate with aging. A distinctive feature of the brain’s microvasculature is the ability for active neurons to recruit local blood flow. The coupling of neural activity to blood flow could play an important role in recanalizing obstructed capillaries. To investigate this idea, we experimentally induced capillary obstructions in mice by injecting fluorescent microspheres and then manipulated neural activity levels though behavioral or pharmacologic approaches. We show that engaging adult and aged mice with 12 h exposure to an enriched environment (group housing, novel objects, exercise wheels) was sufficient to significantly reduce the density of obstructed capillaries throughout the forebrain. In order to more directly manipulate neural activity, we pharmacologically suppressed or increased neuronal activity in the somatosensory cortex. When we suppressed cortical activity, recanalization was impaired given the density of obstructed capillaries was significantly increased. Conversely, increasing cortical activity improved capillary recanalization. Since systemic cardiovascular factors (changes in heart rate, blood pressure) could explain these effects on recanalization, we demonstrate that unilateral manipulations of neural activity through whisker trimming or injection of muscimol, still had significant and hemisphere specific effects on recanalization, even in mice exposed to enrichment where cardiovascular effects would be evident in both hemispheres. In summary, our studies reveal that neural activity bi-directionally regulates the recanalization of obstructed capillaries. Further, we show that stimulating brain activity through behavioral engagement (i.e., environmental enrichment) can promote vascular health throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Reeson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ben Schager
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Craig E. Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Craig E. Brown,
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20
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Bai T, Yu S, Feng J. Advances in the Role of Endothelial Cells in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:861714. [PMID: 35481273 PMCID: PMC9035937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.861714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) poses a serious socio-economic burden due to its high prevalence and severe impact on the quality of life of elderly patients. Pathological changes in CSVD mainly influence small cerebral arteries, microarteries, capillaries, and small veins, which are usually caused by multiple vascular risk factors. CSVD is often identified on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by recent small subcortical infarcts, white matter hyperintensities, lacune, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVSs), and brain atrophy. Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is earlier than clinical symptoms. Immune activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress may be potential mechanisms of EC injury. ECs of the blood–brain–barrier (BBB) are the most important part of the neurovascular unit (NVU) that ensures constant blood flow to the brain. Impaired cerebral vascular autoregulation and disrupted BBB cause cumulative brain damage. This review will focus on the role of EC injury in CSVD. Furthermore, several specific biomarkers will be discussed, which may be useful for us to assess the endothelial dysfunction and explore new therapeutic directions.
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21
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Gorzo KA, Gordon GR. Photonics tools begin to clarify astrocyte calcium transients. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:021907. [PMID: 35211642 PMCID: PMC8857908 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.2.021907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes integrate information from neurons and the microvasculature to coordinate brain activity and metabolism. Using a variety of calcium-dependent cellular mechanisms, these cells impact numerous aspects of neurophysiology in health and disease. Astrocyte calcium signaling is highly diverse, with complex spatiotemporal features. Here, we review astrocyte calcium dynamics and the optical imaging tools used to measure and analyze these events. We briefly cover historical calcium measurements, followed by our current understanding of how calcium transients relate to the structure of astrocytes. We then explore newer photonics tools including super-resolution techniques and genetically encoded calcium indicators targeted to specific cellular compartments and how these have been applied to astrocyte biology. Finally, we provide a brief overview of analysis software used to accurately quantify the data and ultimately aid in our interpretation of the various functions of astrocyte calcium transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea A. Gorzo
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Grant R. Gordon
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Li L, Zhou J, Han L, Wu X, Shi Y, Cui W, Zhang S, Hu Q, Wang J, Bai H, Liu H, Guo W, Feng D, Qu Y. The Specific Role of Reactive Astrocytes in Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:850866. [PMID: 35321205 PMCID: PMC8934938 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.850866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential in maintaining normal brain functions such as blood brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis and synapse formation as the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). After the stroke, astrocytes are known as reactive astrocytes (RAs) because they are stimulated by various damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines, resulting in significant changes in their reactivity, gene expression, and functional characteristics. RAs perform multiple functions after stroke. The inflammatory response of RAs may aggravate neuro-inflammation and release toxic factors to exert neurological damage. However, RAs also reduce excitotoxicity and release neurotrophies to promote neuroprotection. Furthermore, RAs contribute to angiogenesis and axonal remodeling to promote neurological recovery. Therefore, RAs’ biphasic roles and mechanisms make them an effective target for functional recovery after the stroke. In this review, we summarized the dynamic functional changes and internal molecular mechanisms of RAs, as well as their therapeutic potential and strategies, in order to comprehensively understand the role of RAs in the outcome of stroke disease and provide a new direction for the clinical treatment of stroke.
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23
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Barber HM, Ali MF, Kucenas S. Glial Patchwork: Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Astrocytes Blanket the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:803057. [PMID: 35069117 PMCID: PMC8766310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.803057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiling is a developmental process where cell populations become evenly distributed throughout a tissue. In this review, we discuss the developmental cellular tiling behaviors of the two major glial populations in the central nervous system (CNS)—oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and astrocytes. First, we discuss OPC tiling in the spinal cord, which is comprised of the three cellular behaviors of migration, proliferation, and contact-mediated repulsion (CMR). These cellular behaviors occur simultaneously during OPC development and converge to produce the emergent behavior of tiling which results in OPCs being evenly dispersed and occupying non-overlapping domains throughout the CNS. We next discuss astrocyte tiling in the cortex and hippocampus, where astrocytes migrate, proliferate, then ultimately determine their exclusive domains by gradual removal of overlap rather than sustained CMR. This results in domains that slightly overlap, allowing for both exclusive control of “synaptic islands” and astrocyte-astrocyte communication. We finally discuss the similarities and differences in the tiling behaviors of these glial populations and what remains unknown regarding glial tiling and how perturbations to this process may impact injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Barber
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Maria F. Ali
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah Kucenas
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24
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Chavda V, Singh K, Patel V, Mishra M, Mishra AK. Neuronal Glial Crosstalk: Specific and Shared Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010075. [PMID: 35053818 PMCID: PMC8773743 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain maintains billions of neurons functional across the lifespan of the individual. The glial, supportive cells of the brain are indispensable to neuron elasticity. They undergo various states (active, reactive, macrophage, primed, resting) and carefully impose either quick repair or the cleaning of injured neurons to avoid damage extension. Identifying the failure of these interactions involving the relation of the input of glial cells to the inception and/or progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (ND) is crucial in identifying therapeutic options, given the well-built neuro-immune module of these diseases. In the present review, we scrutinize different interactions and important factors including direct cell–cell contact, intervention by the CD200 system, various receptors present on their surfaces, CXC3RI and TREM2, and chemokines and cytokines with special reference to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present review of the available literature will elucidate the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to the pathophysiology of AD, thus evidencing glial cells as obligatory transducers of pathology and superlative targets for interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anesthesia, Dreamzz IVF Center and Women’s Care Hospital, Ahmedabad 382350, Gujarat, India;
| | - Kavita Singh
- Centre for Translational Research, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vimal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India;
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
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25
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Gamage PT, Dong P, Lee J, Gharaibeh Y, Zimin VN, Dallan LAP, Bezerra HG, Wilson DL, Gu L. Hemodynamic alternations following stent deployment and post-dilation in a heavily calcified coronary artery: In silico and ex-vivo approaches. Comput Biol Med 2021; 139:104962. [PMID: 34715552 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, hemodynamic alterations in a patient-specific, heavily calcified coronary artery following stent deployment and post-dilations are quantified using in silico and ex-vivo approaches. Three-dimensional artery models were reconstructed from OCT images. Stent deployment and post-dilation with various inflation pressures were performed through both the finite element method (FEM) and ex vivo experiments. Results from FEM agreed very well with the ex-vivo measurements, interms of lumen areas, stent underexpansion, and strut malapposition. In addition, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to delineate the hemodynamic alterations after stent deployment and post-dilations. A pressure time history at the inlet and a lumped parameter model (LPM) at the outlet were adopted to mimic the aortic pressure and the distal arterial tree, respectively. The pressure drop across the lesion, pertaining to the clinical measure of instantaneous wave-free flow ratio (iFR), was investigated. Results have shown that post-dilations are necessary for the lumen gain as well as the hemodynamic restoration towards hemostasis. Malapposed struts induced much higher shear rate, flow disturbances and lower time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) around struts. Post-dilations mitigated the strut malapposition, and thus the shear rate. Moreover, stenting induced larger area of low TAWSS (<0.4 Pa) and lager volume of high shear rate (>2000 s-1), indicating higher risks of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and stent thrombosis (ST), respectively. Oscillatory shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT) indicated the wall regions more prone to ISR are located near the malapposed stent struts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peshala T Gamage
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Pengfei Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
| | - Juhwan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yazan Gharaibeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Vladislav N Zimin
- Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratory, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Luis A P Dallan
- Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratory, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hiram G Bezerra
- Interventional Cardiology Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
| | - David L Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Linxia Gu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
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26
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Zisis E, Keller D, Kanari L, Arnaudon A, Gevaert M, Delemontex T, Coste B, Foni A, Abdellah M, Calì C, Hess K, Magistretti PJ, Schürmann F, Markram H. Digital Reconstruction of the Neuro-Glia-Vascular Architecture. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5686-5703. [PMID: 34387659 PMCID: PMC8568010 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes connect the vasculature to neurons mediating the supply of nutrients and biochemicals. They are involved in a growing number of physiological and pathophysiological processes that result from biophysical, physiological, and molecular interactions in this neuro-glia-vascular ensemble (NGV). The lack of a detailed cytoarchitecture severely restricts the understanding of how they support brain function. To address this problem, we used data from multiple sources to create a data-driven digital reconstruction of the NGV at micrometer anatomical resolution. We reconstructed 0.2 mm3 of the rat somatosensory cortex with 16 000 morphologically detailed neurons, 2500 protoplasmic astrocytes, and its microvasculature. The consistency of the reconstruction with a wide array of experimental measurements allows novel predictions of the NGV organization, allowing the anatomical reconstruction of overlapping astrocytic microdomains and the quantification of endfeet connecting each astrocyte to the vasculature, as well as the extent to which they cover the latter. Structural analysis showed that astrocytes optimize their positions to provide uniform vascular coverage for trophic support and signaling. However, this optimal organization rapidly declines as their density increases. The NGV digital reconstruction is a resource that will enable a better understanding of the anatomical principles and geometric constraints, which govern how astrocytes support brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Zisis
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Keller
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Lida Kanari
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Arnaudon
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gevaert
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Delemontex
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Coste
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Foni
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Marwan Abdellah
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Calì
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn Hess
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Julius Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Felix Schürmann
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
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27
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Kugler EC, Greenwood J, MacDonald RB. The "Neuro-Glial-Vascular" Unit: The Role of Glia in Neurovascular Unit Formation and Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732820. [PMID: 34646826 PMCID: PMC8502923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex multi-cellular structure consisting of endothelial cells (ECs), neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and pericytes. Each component is closely linked to each other, establishing a structural and functional unit, regulating central nervous system (CNS) blood flow and energy metabolism as well as forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inner blood-retina barrier (BRB). As the name suggests, the “neuro” and “vascular” components of the NVU are well recognized and neurovascular coupling is the key function of the NVU. However, the NVU consists of multiple cell types and its functionality goes beyond the resulting neurovascular coupling, with cross-component links of signaling, metabolism, and homeostasis. Within the NVU, glia cells have gained increased attention and it is increasingly clear that they fulfill various multi-level functions in the NVU. Glial dysfunctions were shown to precede neuronal and vascular pathologies suggesting central roles for glia in NVU functionality and pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we take a “glio-centric” view on NVU development and function in the retina and brain, how these change in disease, and how advancing experimental techniques will help us address unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C Kugler
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Rinaldi C, Donato L, Alibrandi S, Scimone C, D’Angelo R, Sidoti A. Oxidative Stress and the Neurovascular Unit. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080767. [PMID: 34440511 PMCID: PMC8398978 DOI: 10.3390/life11080767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept that clearly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The components of the NVU, comprising different types of cells, are so interrelated and associated with each other that they are considered as a single functioning unit. For this reason, even slight disturbances in the NVU could severely affect brain homeostasis and health. In this review, we aim to describe the current state of knowledge concerning the role of oxidative stress on the neurovascular unit and the role of a single cell type in the NVU crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Via Michele Miraglia, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Via Michele Miraglia, 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
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29
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Tanaka S, Ito S, Shimamoto C, Matsumura H, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Nitric oxide synthesis stimulated by arachidonic acid accumulation via PPARα in acetylcholine-stimulated gastric mucous cells. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1939-1949. [PMID: 34216172 DOI: 10.1113/ep089517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Arachidonic acid (AA) stimulates NO production in antral mucous cells without any increase in [Ca2+ ]i . Given that the intracellular AA concentration is too low to measure, the relationship between AA accumulation and NO production remains uncertain. Is AA accumulation a key step for NO production? What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that AA accumulation is a key step for NO production. The amount of AA released could be measured using fluorescence-HPLC. The intracellular AA concentration was maintained at < 1 μM. Nitric oxide is produced by AA accumulation in antral mucous cells, not as a direct effect of [Ca2+ ]i . ABSTRACT In the present study, we demonstrate that NO production is stimulated by an accumulation of arachidonic acid (AA) mediated via peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor α (PPARα) and that the NO produced enhances Ca2+ -regulated exocytosis in ACh-stimulated antral mucous cells. The amount of AA released from the antral mucosa, measured by fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography (F-HPLC), was increased by addition of ionomycin (10 μM) or ACh, suggesting that AA accumulation is stimulated by an increase in [Ca2+ ]i . The AA production was inhibited by an inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2-inhα). GW6471 (a PPARα inhibitor) and cPLA2-inhα inhibited NO synthesis stimulated by ACh. Moreover, indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, stimulated AA accumulation and NO production. However, acetylsalicylic acid did not stimulate AA production and NO synthesis. An analogue of AA (AACOCF3) alone stimulated NO synthesis, which was inhibited by GW6471. In antral mucous cells, indomethacin enhanced Ca2+ -regulated exocytosis by increasing NO via PPARα, and the enhancement was abolished by GW6471 and cPLA2-inhα. Thus, AA produced via PLA2 activation is the key step for NO synthesis in ACh-stimulated antral mucous cells and plays important roles in maintaining antral mucous secretion, especially in Ca2+ -regulated exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Tanaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Shigenori Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Chikao Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Yabluchanskiy A, Nyul-Toth A, Csiszar A, Gulej R, Saunders D, Towner R, Turner M, Zhao Y, Abdelkari D, Rypma B, Tarantini S. Age-related alterations in the cerebrovasculature affect neurovascular coupling and BOLD fMRI responses: Insights from animal models of aging. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13718. [PMID: 33141436 PMCID: PMC9166153 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present and future research efforts in cognitive neuroscience and psychophysiology rely on the measurement, understanding, and interpretation of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to effectively investigate brain function. Aging and age-associated pathophysiological processes change the structural and functional integrity of the cerebrovasculature which can significantly alter how the BOLD signal is recorded and interpreted. In order to gain an improved understanding of the benefits, drawbacks, and methodological implications for BOLD fMRI in the context of cognitive neuroscience, it is crucial to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism of age-related vascular pathologies. This review discusses the multifaceted effects of aging and the contributions of age-related pathologies on structural and functional integrity of the cerebral microcirculation as they has been investigated in animal models of aging, including age-related alterations in neurovascular coupling responses, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in microvascular damage, vascular rarefaction, blood-brain barrier disruption, senescence, humoral deficiencies as they relate to, and potentially introduce confounding factors in the interpretation of BOLD fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Adam Nyul-Toth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA,Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Monroe Turner
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dema Abdelkari
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA,International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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31
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Shahrampour S, Heholt J, Wang A, Vedaei F, Mohamed FB, Alizadeh M, Wang Z, Zabrecky G, Wintering N, Bazzan AJ, Leist TP, Monti DA, Newberg AB. N-acetyl cysteine administration affects cerebral blood flow as measured by arterial spin labeling MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07615. [PMID: 34377857 PMCID: PMC8327674 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore if administration of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) resulted in altered cerebral blood flow (CBF) based on Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Twenty-three patients with mild to moderate MS, (17 relapsing remitting and 6 primary progressive) were randomized to either NAC plus standard of care (N = 11), or standard of care only (N = 12). The experimental group received NAC intravenously (50 mg/kg) once per week and orally (500mg 2x/day) the other six days. Patients in both groups were evaluated initially and after 2 months (of receiving the NAC or waitlist control) with ASL MRI to measure CBF. Clinical symptom questionnaires were also completed at both time points. RESULTS The CBF data showed significant differences in several brain regions including the pons, midbrain, left temporal and frontal lobe, left thalamus, right middle frontal lobe and right temporal/hippocampus (p < 0.001) in the MS group after treatment with NAC, when compared to the control group. Self-reported scores related to cognition and attention were also significantly improved in the NAC group as compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that NAC administration alters resting CBF in MS patients, and this is associated with qualitative improvements in cognition and attention. Given these findings, large scale efficacy studies will be of value to determine the potential clinical impact of NAC over the course of illness in patients with MS, as well as the most effective dosages and differential effects across subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shahrampour
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Heholt
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health at FAU Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL USA
| | - Faezeh Vedaei
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Feroze B. Mohamed
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mahdi Alizadeh
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Zabrecky
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Wintering
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony J. Bazzan
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Leist
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Monti
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew B. Newberg
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Maugeri G, D’Agata V, Magrì B, Roggio F, Castorina A, Ravalli S, Di Rosa M, Musumeci G. Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity via the Adaptation of Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061542. [PMID: 34207393 PMCID: PMC8234474 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifold benefits of regular physical exercise have been largely demonstrated in human and animal models. Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of physical activity, both in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). Regular exercise improves cognition, brain plasticity, neurogenesis and reduces the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, making timeless the principle of “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., a healthy mind in a healthy body). Physical exercise promotes morphological and functional changes in the brain, acting not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, which represent the most numerous glial cells in the brain. The multiple effects of exercise on astrocytes comprise the increased number of new astrocytes, the maintenance of basal levels of catecholamine, the increase in glutamate uptake, the major release of trophic factors and better astrocytic coverage of cerebral blood vessels. The purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of exercise on brain function, emphasize the role of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, and provide an update for a better understanding of the effects of physical exercise in the modulation of astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Federico Roggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95100 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2043
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Wei ZYD, Shetty AK. Treating Parkinson's disease by astrocyte reprogramming: Progress and challenges. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabg3198. [PMID: 34162545 PMCID: PMC8221613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is typified by both motor and nonmotor symptoms. The current medications provide symptomatic relief but do not stimulate the production of new dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Astrocyte reprogramming has recently received much attention as an avenue for increasing functional dopaminergic neurons in the mouse PD brain. By targeting a microRNA (miRNA) loop, astrocytes in the mouse brain could be reprogrammed into functional dopaminergic neurons. Such in vivo astrocyte reprogramming in the mouse model of PD has successfully added new dopaminergic neurons to the substantia nigra and increased dopamine levels associated with axonal projections into the striatum. This review deliberates the astrocyte reprogramming methods using specific transcription factors and mRNAs and the progress in generating dopaminergic neurons in vivo. In addition, the translational potential, challenges, and potential risks of astrocyte reprogramming for an enduring alleviation of parkinsonian symptoms are conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang-Yao D Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
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Ghosh K, Ghosh S, Chatterjee U, Bhattacharjee P, Ghosh A. Dichotomy in Growth and Invasion from Low- to High-Grade Glioma Cellular Variants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2219-2234. [PMID: 33978861 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial dysfunction outraging CNS plasticity and integrity results in one of the most dangerous cancers, namely glioma, featuring little median survival period and high recurrence. The hallmark properties of proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis with the infiltrated macrophages in glioma are expected to be tightly coupled or cross-linked, but not properly related so far. The present study is aimed to find a relationship between this featured quadrangle from lower to higher grades (HG) of post-operative glioma tissues and their invading subsets. Elevated Ki67-associated proliferation in lower grades (LG) was supported with VEGF dependent angiogenic maintenance which found a decrease unlikely in HG. In contrast, MMP 2 and 9-associated invasions augmented high in HG with the dominant presence of CD204+ M2 polarized macrophages and a general increase in global DNMT1-associated methylation. Marked differences found in ECM invading cellular subsets of HG showing high proliferative capacity indicating rationally for recurrence, contrasting the nature of gross tumor tissue of the same grade. Thus in LG, the neoplastic lesion is more inclined to its growth while in higher grade more disposed towards tissue wreckage in support with cellular environmental milieu whereas the cellular variants and subsets of invaded cells showed different trends. Therefore, some operational dichotomy or coupling among cellular variants in glioma is active in determining its low- to high-grade transition and aggressive progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Ghosh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Environmental Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Samarendranath Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Environmental Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. .,Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Netaji Subhas Open University, DD-26, Salt Lake, Sector-I, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700064, India.
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McCann MS, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Environmental toxicants in the brain: A review of astrocytic metabolic dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103608. [PMID: 33556584 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants is linked to long-term adverse outcomes in the brain and involves the dysfunction of glial and neuronal cells. Astrocytes, the most numerous cell type, are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes are critical for proper brain function in part due to their robust antioxidant and unique metabolic capabilities. Additionally, astrocytes are positioned both at the blood-brain barrier, where they are the primary responders to xenobiotic penetrance of the CNS, and at synapses where they are in close contact with neurons and synaptic machinery. While exposure to several classes of environmental toxicants, including chlorinated and fluorinated compounds, and trace metals, have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, their impact on astrocytes represents an important and growing field of research. Here, we review existing literature focused on the impact of a range of synthetic compounds on astrocytic function. We focus specifically on perturbed metabolic processes in response to these compounds and consider how perturbation of these pathways impacts disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondona S McCann
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States
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He JT, Zhao X, Xu L, Mao CY. Vascular Risk Factors and Alzheimer's Disease: Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Metabolic Syndromes, and Molecular Links. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:39-58. [PMID: 31815697 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, marked by cortical and hippocampal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive impairment. Studies indicate a prominent link between cerebrovascular abnormalities and the onset and progression of AD, where blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and metabolic disorders play key risk factors. Pericyte degeneration, endothelial cell damage, astrocyte depolarization, diminished tight junction integrity, and basement membrane disarray trigger BBB damage. Subsequently, the altered expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products at the microvascular endothelial cells dysregulate Aβ transport across the BBB. White matter lesions and microhemorrhages, dyslipidemia, altered brain insulin signaling, and insulin resistance contribute to tau and Aβ pathogenesis, and oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and hypoperfusion serve as mechanistic links between pathophysiological features of AD and ischemia. Deregulated calcium homeostasis, voltage gated calcium channel functioning, and protein kinase C signaling are also common mechanisms for both AD pathogenesis and cerebrovascular abnormalities. Additionally, APOE polymorphic alleles that characterize impaired cerebrovascular integrity function as primary genetic determinants of AD. Overall, the current review enlightens key vascular risk factors for AD and underscores pathophysiologic relationship between AD and vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Cui-Ying Mao
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Romeo R, Boden-El Mourabit D, Scheller A, Mark MD, Faissner A. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) as a Novel Regulator of Early Astroglial Differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:642521. [PMID: 33679332 PMCID: PMC7930235 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.642521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) with various functions. Furthermore, astrocytes show a regional and developmental heterogeneity traceable with specific markers. In this study, the influence of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) on astrocytic maturation within the hippocampus was analyzed during development. Previous studies mostly focused on the involvement of LRP1 in the neuronal compartment, where the deletion caused hyperactivity and motor dysfunctions in knockout animals. However, the influence of LRP1 on glia cells is less intensively investigated. Therefore, we used a newly generated mouse model, where LRP1 is specifically deleted from GLAST-positive astrocytes co-localized with the expression of the reporter tdTomato to visualize recombination and knockout events in vivo. The influence of LRP1 on the maturation of hippocampal astrocytes was assessed with immunohistochemical stainings against stage-specific markers as well as on mRNA level with RT-PCR analysis. The examination revealed that the knockout induction caused a significantly decreased number of mature astrocytes at an early developmental timepoint compared to control animals. Additionally, the delayed maturation of astrocytes also caused a reduced activity of neurons within the hippocampus. As previous studies showed that the glial specification and maturation of astrocytes is dependent on the signaling cascades Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk and PI3K/Akt, the phosphorylation of the signaling molecules Erk1/2 and Akt was analyzed. The hippocampal tissue of LRP1-deficient animals at P21 showed a significantly decreased amount of activated Erk in comparison to control tissue leading to the conclusion that the activation of this signaling cascade is dependent on LRP1 in astrocytes, which in turn is necessary for proper maturation of astrocytes. Our results showed that the deletion of LRP1 at an early developmental timepoint caused a delayed maturation of astrocytes in the hippocampus based on an altered activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk signaling pathway. However, with ongoing development these effects were compensated and the number of mature astrocytes was comparable as well as the activity of neurons. Therefore, LRP1 acts as an early regulator of the differentiation and maturation of astrocytes within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Romeo
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anja Scheller
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Institoris A, Murphy-Royal C, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A, Haidey JN, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Gordon GR. Whole brain irradiation in mice causes long-term impairment in astrocytic calcium signaling but preserves astrocyte-astrocyte coupling. GeroScience 2021; 43:197-212. [PMID: 33094399 PMCID: PMC8050172 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole brain irradiation (WBI) therapy is an important treatment for brain metastases and potential microscopic malignancies. WBI promotes progressive cognitive dysfunction in over half of surviving patients, yet, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Astrocytes play critical roles in the regulation of neuronal activity, brain metabolism, and cerebral blood flow, and while neurons are considered radioresistant, astrocytes are sensitive to γ-irradiation. Hallmarks of astrocyte function are the ability to generate stimulus-induced intercellular Ca2+ signals and to move metabolic substrates through the connected astrocyte network. We tested the hypothesis that WBI-induced cognitive impairment associates with persistent impairment of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling and/or gap junctional coupling. Mice were subjected to a clinically relevant protocol of fractionated WBI, and 12 to 15 months after irradiation, we confirmed persistent cognitive impairment compared to controls. To test the integrity of astrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junctional coupling postWBI, astrocytes were loaded with Alexa-488-hydrazide by patch-based dye infusion, and the increase of fluorescence signal in neighboring astrocyte cell bodies was assessed with 2-photon microscopy in acute slices of the sensory-motor cortex. We found that WBI did not affect astrocyte-to-astrocyte gap junctional coupling. Astrocytic Ca2+ responses induced by bath administration of phenylephrine (detected with Rhod-2/AM) were also unaltered by WBI. However, an electrical stimulation protocol used in long-term potentiation (theta burst), revealed attenuated astrocyte Ca2+ responses in the astrocyte arbor and soma in WBI. Our data show that WBI causes a long-lasting decrement in synaptic-evoked astrocyte Ca2+ signals 12-15 months postirradiation, which may be an important contributor to cognitive decline seen after WBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Institoris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ciaran Murphy-Royal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jordan N Haidey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Grant R Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Matsuura H, Ohnishi M, Yoshioka Y, Togami Y, Hosomi S, Umemura Y, Ebihara T, Shimizu K, Ogura H, Shimazu T. Original experimental rat model of blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Brain Inj 2021; 35:368-381. [PMID: 33455463 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1861653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnosing blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is difficult due to minimal imaging findings. This study aimed to establish a rat model of behavioral abnormality caused by blast-induced mTBI and detect new findings for therapeutic intervention. METHODS We used a bench-top blast wave generator with the blast wave exiting through a 20-mm I.D. nozzle aimed at the focused target. The blast wave was directed at the head of male Wistar rats under general anesthesia positioned prone 2.5 cm below the nozzle. Peak shock wave pressure was 646.2 ± 70.3 kPa. RESULTS After blast injury, mTBI rats did not show the findings of brain hemorrhage or contusion macroscopically and on hematoxylin-eosin-stained frozen sections but did show anorexia and weight loss in the early post-injury phase. Behavioral experiments revealed short-term memory impairment at 2 weeks and depression-like behavior at 2 and 6 weeks. Diffusion-weighted ex vivo MRI showed high-intensity areas in layers of the bilateral hippocampus. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed accumulation of reactive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the same region and loss of NeuN-positive neurons in the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer. CONCLUSIONS This model can reflect the pathophysiology of blast-induced mTBI and could potentially be used to develop therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsuura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ohnishi
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (Cinet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), and Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Togami
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sanae Hosomi
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Umemura
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebihara
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimizu
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimazu
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Verhoog QP, Holtman L, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Astrocytes as Guardians of Neuronal Excitability: Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:591690. [PMID: 33324329 PMCID: PMC7726323 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.591690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by e.g., status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or stroke, astrocytes may adopt a reactive phenotype. This process of reactive astrogliosis is important to restore brain homeostasis. However, persistent reactive astrogliosis can be detrimental for the brain and contributes to the development of epilepsy. In this review, we will focus on physiological functions of astrocytes in the normal brain as well as pathophysiological functions in the epileptogenic brain, with a focus on acquired epilepsy. We will discuss the role of astrocyte-related processes in epileptogenesis, including reactive astrogliosis, disturbances in energy supply and metabolism, gliotransmission, and extracellular ion concentrations, as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction and dysregulation of blood flow. Since dysfunction of astrocytes can contribute to epilepsy, we will also discuss their role as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirijn P. Verhoog
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Holtman
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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4′-Fluoropyrrolidinononanophenone elicits neuronal cell apoptosis through elevating production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li X, Li M, Tian L, Chen J, Liu R, Ning B. Reactive Astrogliosis: Implications in Spinal Cord Injury Progression and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9494352. [PMID: 32884625 PMCID: PMC7455824 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9494352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most populous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are essential to CNS physiology and play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, development of synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. Nevertheless, under the influence of certain factors, astrocytes may also exert detrimental effects through a process of reactive astrogliosis. Previous studies have shown that astrocytes have more than one type of polarization. Two types have been extensively researched. One is a damaging change that occurs under inflammation and has been termed A1 astrocyte, while the other is a restorative change that occurs under ischemic induction and was termed A2 astrocyte. Researchers are now increasingly paying attention to the role of astrocytes in spinal cord injury (SCI), degenerative diseases, chronic pain, neurological tumors, and other CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss (a) the characteristics of polarized astrocytes, (b) the relationship between astrocyte polarization and SCI, and (c) new implications of reactive astrogliosis for future SCI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Meng Li
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Lige Tian
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Jianan Chen
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
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Gómez-Budia M, Konttinen H, Saveleva L, Korhonen P, Jalava PI, Kanninen KM, Malm T. Glial smog: Interplay between air pollution and astrocyte-microglia interactions. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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44
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Gollihue J, Norris C. Astrocyte mitochondria: Central players and potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101039. [PMID: 32105849 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function has long been the focus of many therapeutic strategies for ameliorating age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Historically, the role of mitochondria in non-neuronal cell types has been overshadowed by neuronal mitochondria, which are responsible for the bulk of oxidative metabolism in the brain. Despite this neuronal bias, mitochondrial function in glial cells, particularly astrocytes, is increasingly recognized to play crucial roles in overall brain metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuronal protection. Changes in astrocytic mitochondrial function appear to be intimately linked to astrocyte activation/reactivity found in most all age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we address the importance of mitochondrial function to astrocyte signaling and consider how mitochondria could contribute to both the detrimental and protective properties of activated astrocytes. Strategies for protecting astrocytic mitochondrial function, promoting bidirectional transfer of mitochondria between astrocytes and neurons, and transplanting healthy mitochondria to diseased nervous tissue are also discussed.
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Belopasova AV, Dobrynina LA, Kadykov AS, Berdnikovich ES, Bergelson TM, Tsypushtanova MM. [Noninvasive brain stimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke aphasia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:23-28. [PMID: 32307426 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012003223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, non-invasive brain stimulation, in particular transcranial stimulation by direct electric current (TES), has been increasingly included in the array of methods used for rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke impairments (motor, speech, cognitive). Development of stimulation protocols with determination of the zones of exposure, as well as better understanding of the patterns of restoration of functional systems, became possible due to basic research using functional MRI paradigm. However, the complexity of the organization of the speech system, the variety of forms of aphasia that occur when it is damaged, the individual variability of neuroplastic processes, motivated a search for optimal stimulation protocols that contribute to the personification of the rehabilitation process. Portability, low cost of equipment, a good safety and tolerance profile, as well as a proven effect on neuroplasticity processes, are the undoubted advantages of TES-therapy. There is reason to believe that further study and clinical testing of this technique will turn it into the promising tool for enhancing the effectiveness of classical speech therapy approaches in patients with post-stroke aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A S Kadykov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
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Novel insights into astrocyte-mediated signaling of proliferation, invasion and tumor immune microenvironment in glioblastoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110086. [PMID: 32172060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to be the most aggressive cancer of the brain. The dismal prognosis is largely attributed to the microenvironment surrounding tumor cells. Astrocytes, the main component of the GBM microenvironment, play several fundamental physiological roles in the central nervous system. During the development of GBM, tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) directly contact GBM cells, which activate astrocytes to form reactive astrocytes, facilitating tumor progression, proliferation and migration through multiple well-understood signaling pathways. Notably, TAAs also influence GBM cell behaviors via suppressing immune responses and enhancing the chemoradiotherapy resistance of tumor cells. These new activities are closely linked with the treatment and prognosis of GBM. In this review, we discuss recent advances regarding new functions of reactive astrocytes, including TAA-cancer cell interactions, mechanisms involved in immunosuppressive regulation, and chemoradiotherapy resistance. It is expected that these updated experimental or clinical studies of TAAs may provide a promising approach for GBM treatment in the near future.
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Zakarya R, Sapkota A, Chan YL, Shah J, Saad S, Bottle SE, Oliver BG, Gorrie CA, Chen H. Nitroxides affect neurological deficits and lesion size induced by a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Nitric Oxide 2020; 97:57-65. [PMID: 32061903 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Research has attributed tissue damage post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) to two-pronged effects, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of endogenous antioxidant defence systems, underpinned by manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Novel antioxidant nitroxides have been shown to mimic MnSOD to ameliorate oxidative stress related disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two nitroxides, CTMIO and DCTEIO, on the neurological outcomes following moderate TBI in rats induced by a weight drop device. The rats were immediately treated with CTMIO and DCTEIO (40 mM in drinking water) post-injury for up to 2 weeks. The brains were histologically examined at 24 h and 6 weeks post injury. DCTEIO reduced the lesion size at both 24h and 6 weeks, with normalised performance in sensory, motor and cognitive tests at 24h post-injury. Astrogliosis was heightened by DCTEIO at 24h and still elevated at 6 weeks in this group. In TBI brains, cellular damage was evident as reflected by changes in markers of mitophagy and autophagy (increased fission marker dynamin-related protein (Drp)-1, and autophagy marker light chain 3 (LC3)A/B and reduced fusion marker optic atrophy (Opa)-1). These were normalised by DCTEIO treatment. CTMIO, on the other hand, seems to be toxic to the injured brains, by increasing injury size at 6 weeks. In conclusion, DCTEIO significantly improved tissue repair and preserved neurological function in rats with TBI possibly via a mitophagy mechanism. This study provides evidence for DCTEIO as a promising new option to alleviate lesion severity after moderate TBI, which is not actively treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Zakarya
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; RCMB, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arjun Sapkota
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jadvi Shah
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; RCMB, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine A Gorrie
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Bell AH, Miller SL, Castillo-Melendez M, Malhotra A. The Neurovascular Unit: Effects of Brain Insults During the Perinatal Period. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1452. [PMID: 32038147 PMCID: PMC6987380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept in neuroscience that broadly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The NVU incorporates cellular and extracellular components involved in regulating cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier function. The NVU within the adult brain has attracted strong research interest and its structure and function is well described, however, the NVU in the developing brain over the fetal and neonatal period remains much less well known. One area of particular interest in perinatal brain development is the impact of known neuropathological insults on the NVU. The aim of this review is to synthesize existing literature to describe structure and function of the NVU in the developing brain, with a particular emphasis on exploring the effects of perinatal insults. Accordingly, a brief overview of NVU components and function is provided, before discussion of NVU development and how this may be affected by perinatal pathologies. We have focused this discussion around three common perinatal insults: prematurity, acute hypoxia, and chronic hypoxia. A greater understanding of processes affecting the NVU in the perinatal period may enable application of targeted therapies, as well as providing a useful basis for research as it expands further into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Bell
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Beiersdorfer A, Wolburg H, Grawe J, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Lohr C. Sublamina-specific organization of the blood brain barrier in the mouse olfactory nerve layer. Glia 2019; 68:631-645. [PMID: 31696993 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes constitute the main glial component of the mammalian blood brain barrier (BBB). However, in the olfactory bulb (OB), the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) is almost devoid of astrocytes, raising the question which glial cells are part of the BBB. We used mice expressing EGFP in astrocytes and tdTomato in olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized type of glial cells in the ONL, to unequivocally identify both glial cell types and investigate their contribution to the BBB in the olfactory bulb. OECs were located exclusively in the ONL, while somata of astrocytes were located in deeper layers and extended processes in the inner sublamina of the ONL. These processes surrounded blood vessels and contained aquaporin-4, an astrocytic protein enriched at the BBB. In the outer sublamina of the ONL, in contrast, blood vessels were surrounded by aquaporin-4-negative processes of OECs. Transcardial perfusion of blood vessels with lanthanum and subsequent visualization by electron microscopy showed that blood vessels enwrapped by OECs possessed intact tight junctions. In acute olfactory bulb preparations, injection of fluorescent glucose 6-NBDG into blood vessels resulted in labeling of OECs, indicating glucose transport from the perivascular space into OECs. In addition, Ca2+ transients in OECs in the outer sublamina evoked vasoconstriction, whereas Ca2+ signaling in OECs of the inner sublamina had no effect on adjacent blood vessels. Our results demonstrate that the BBB in the inner sublamina of the ONL contains astrocytes, while in the outer ONL OECs are part of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Grawe
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Leukodystrophies are genetically determined disorders affecting the white matter of the central nervous system. The combination of MRI pattern recognition and next-generation sequencing for the definition of novel disease entities has recently demonstrated that many leukodystrophies are due to the primary involvement and/or mutations in genes selectively expressed by cell types other than the oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells in the brain. This has led to a new definition of leukodystrophies as genetic white matter disorders resulting from the involvement of any white matter structural component. As a result, the research has shifted its main focus from oligodendrocytes to other types of neuroglia. Astrocytes are the housekeeping cells of the nervous system, responsible for maintaining homeostasis and normal brain physiology and to orchestrate repair upon injury. Several lines of evidence show that astrocytic interactions with the other white matter cellular constituents play a primary pathophysiologic role in many leukodystrophies. These are thus now classified as astrocytopathies. This chapter addresses how the crosstalk between astrocytes, other glial cells, axons and non-neural cells are essential for the integrity and maintenance of the white matter in health. It also addresses the current knowledge of the cellular pathomechanisms of astrocytic leukodystrophies, and specifically Alexander disease, vanishing white matter, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts and Aicardi-Goutière Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jorge
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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