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Gerschenfeld G, Coulpier F, Gresset A, Pulh P, Job B, Topilko T, Siegenthaler J, Kastriti ME, Brunet I, Charnay P, Topilko P. Neural tube-associated boundary caps are a major source of mural cells in the skin. eLife 2023; 12:e69413. [PMID: 38095361 PMCID: PMC10786459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to their roles in protecting nerves and increasing conduction velocity, peripheral glia plays key functions in blood vessel development by secreting molecules governing arteries alignment and maturation with nerves. Here, we show in mice that a specific, nerve-attached cell population, derived from boundary caps (BCs), constitutes a major source of mural cells for the developing skin vasculature. Using Cre-based reporter cell tracing and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that BC derivatives migrate into the skin along the nerves, detach from them, and differentiate into pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Genetic ablation of this population affects the organization of the skin vascular network. Our results reveal the heterogeneity and extended potential of the BC population in mice, which gives rise to mural cells, in addition to previously described neurons, Schwann cells, and melanocytes. Finally, our results suggest that mural specification of BC derivatives takes place before their migration along nerves to the mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Gerschenfeld
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, Collège DoctoralParisFrance
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- nstitut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Inserm U955-Team 9CréteilFrance
- Genomic facility, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS)ParisFrance
| | - Aurélie Gresset
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
| | - Pernelle Pulh
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- nstitut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Inserm U955-Team 9CréteilFrance
| | - Bastien Job
- Inserm US23, AMMICA, Institut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Thomas Topilko
- Laboratoire de Plasticité Structurale, Sorbonne Université, ICM Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225ParisFrance
| | - Julie Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Isabelle Brunet
- Inserm U1050, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de FranceParisFrance
| | - Patrick Charnay
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- nstitut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Inserm U955-Team 9CréteilFrance
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2
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Reed CB, Feltri ML, Wilson ER. Peripheral glia diversity. J Anat 2022; 241:1219-1234. [PMID: 34131911 PMCID: PMC8671569 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an evolving appreciation for the role of glial cells in the nervous system. As we move away from the typical neurocentric view of neuroscience, the complexity and variability of central nervous system glia is emerging, far beyond the three main subtypes: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Yet the diversity of the glia found in the peripheral nervous system remains rarely discussed. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin, morphology, and function of the different populations of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, including: myelinating Schwann cells, Remak Schwann cells, repair Schwann cells, satellite glia, boundary cap-derived glia, perineurial glia, terminal Schwann cells, glia found in the skin, olfactory ensheathing cells, and enteric glia. The morphological and functional heterogeneity of glia found in the periphery reflects the diverse roles the nervous system performs throughout the body. Further, it highlights a complexity that should be appreciated and considered when it comes to a complete understanding of the peripheral nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey B Reed
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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3
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Ge LL, Xing MY, Zhang HB, Wang ZC. Neurofibroma Development in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Insights from Cellular Origin and Schwann Cell Lineage Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184513. [PMID: 36139671 PMCID: PMC9497298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic tumor predisposition syndrome that affects about 1 in 3000 newborns, is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene and subsequent inactivation of its encoded neurofibromin. Neurofibromin is a tumor suppressor protein involved in the downregulation of Ras signaling. Despite a diverse clinical spectrum, one of several hallmarks of NF1 is a peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST), which comprises mixed nervous and fibrous components. The distinct spatiotemporal characteristics of plexiform and cutaneous neurofibromas have prompted hypotheses about the origin and developmental features of these tumors, involving various cellular transition processes. METHODS We retrieved published literature from PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to 21 June 2022 and searched references cited in the selected studies to identify other relevant papers. Original articles reporting the pathogenesis of PNSTs during development were included in this review. We highlighted the Schwann cell (SC) lineage shift to better present the evolution of its corresponding cellular origin hypothesis and its important effects on the progression and malignant transformation of neurofibromas. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarized the vast array of evidence obtained on the full range of neurofibroma development based on cellular and molecular pathogenesis. By integrating findings relating to tumor formation, growth, and malignancy, we hope to reveal the role of SC lineage shift as well as the combined impact of additional determinants in the natural history of PNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Ge
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ming-Yan Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (H.-B.Z.); or (Z.-C.W.); Tel.: +86-021-54920988 (H.-B.Z.); +86-021-53315120 (Z.-C.W.)
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (H.-B.Z.); or (Z.-C.W.); Tel.: +86-021-54920988 (H.-B.Z.); +86-021-53315120 (Z.-C.W.)
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4
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Kastriti ME, Faure L, Von Ahsen D, Bouderlique TG, Boström J, Solovieva T, Jackson C, Bronner M, Meijer D, Hadjab S, Lallemend F, Erickson A, Kaucka M, Dyachuk V, Perlmann T, Lahti L, Krivanek J, Brunet J, Fried K, Adameyko I. Schwann cell precursors represent a neural crest-like state with biased multipotency. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108780. [PMID: 35815410 PMCID: PMC9434083 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are nerve-associated progenitors that can generate myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells but also are multipotent like the neural crest cells from which they originate. SCPs are omnipresent along outgrowing peripheral nerves throughout the body of vertebrate embryos. By using single-cell transcriptomics to generate a gene expression atlas of the entire neural crest lineage, we show that early SCPs and late migratory crest cells have similar transcriptional profiles characterised by a multipotent "hub" state containing cells biased towards traditional neural crest fates. SCPs keep diverging from the neural crest after being primed towards terminal Schwann cells and other fates, with different subtypes residing in distinct anatomical locations. Functional experiments using CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function further show that knockout of the common "hub" gene Sox8 causes defects in neural crest-derived cells along peripheral nerves by facilitating differentiation of SCPs towards sympathoadrenal fates. Finally, specific tumour populations found in melanoma, neurofibroma and neuroblastoma map to different stages of SCP/Schwann cell development. Overall, SCPs resemble migrating neural crest cells that maintain multipotency and become transcriptionally primed towards distinct lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dorothea Von Ahsen
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Johan Boström
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tatiana Solovieva
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Cameron Jackson
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Saida Hadjab
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Alek Erickson
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | | | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Laura Lahti
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jan Krivanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jean‐Francois Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale SupérieurePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
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5
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Sinegubov A, Andreeva D, Burzak N, Vasyutina M, Murashova L, Dyachuk V. Heterogeneity and Potency of Peripheral Glial Cells in Embryonic Development and Adults. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:737949. [PMID: 35401107 PMCID: PMC8990813 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.737949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the heterogeneity of peripheral glial cell populations, from the emergence of Schwann cells (SCs) in early development, to their involvement, and that of their derivatives in adult glial populations. We focus on the origin of the first glial precursors from neural crest cells (NCCs), and their ability to differentiate into several cell types during development. We also discuss the heterogeneity of embryonic glia in light of the latest data from genetic tracing and transcriptome analysis. Special attention has been paid to the biology of glial populations in adult animals, by highlighting common features of different glial cell types and molecular differences that modulate their functions. Finally, we consider the communication of glial cells with axons of neurons in normal and pathological conditions. In conclusion, the present review details how information available on glial cell types and their functions in normal and pathological conditions may be utilized in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with neurodiseases.
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6
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Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DE. Glutamine Synthetase in the Cells of the Developing Rat Spinal Cord. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Fontenas L, Kucenas S. Spinal cord precursors utilize neural crest cell mechanisms to generate hybrid peripheral myelinating glia. eLife 2021; 10:64267. [PMID: 33554855 PMCID: PMC7886336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells myelinate central and peripheral nervous system axons, respectively, while motor exit point (MEP) glia are neural tube-derived, peripheral glia that myelinate axonal territory between these populations at MEP transition zones. From which specific neural tube precursors MEP glia are specified, and how they exit the neural tube to migrate onto peripheral motor axons, remain largely unknown. Here, using zebrafish, we found that MEP glia arise from lateral floor plate precursors and require foxd3 to delaminate and exit the spinal cord. Additionally, we show that similar to Schwann cells, MEP glial development depends on axonally derived neuregulin1. Finally, our data demonstrate that overexpressing axonal cues is sufficient to generate additional MEP glia in the spinal cord. Overall, these studies provide new insight into how a novel population of hybrid, peripheral myelinating glia are generated from neural tube precursors and migrate into the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fontenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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8
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Balakrishnan A, Belfiore L, Chu TH, Fleming T, Midha R, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Insights Into the Role and Potential of Schwann Cells for Peripheral Nerve Repair From Studies of Development and Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:608442. [PMID: 33568974 PMCID: PMC7868393 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.608442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries arising from trauma or disease can lead to sensory and motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite the purported ability of the peripheral nerve to self-repair, lifelong disability is common. New molecular and cellular insights have begun to reveal why the peripheral nerve has limited repair capacity. The peripheral nerve is primarily comprised of axons and Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells that produce myelin to facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Schwann cells are required for successful nerve regeneration; they partially “de-differentiate” in response to injury, re-initiating the expression of developmental genes that support nerve repair. However, Schwann cell dysfunction, which occurs in chronic nerve injury, disease, and aging, limits their capacity to support endogenous repair, worsening patient outcomes. Cell replacement-based therapeutic approaches using exogenous Schwann cells could be curative, but not all Schwann cells have a “repair” phenotype, defined as the ability to promote axonal growth, maintain a proliferative phenotype, and remyelinate axons. Two cell replacement strategies are being championed for peripheral nerve repair: prospective isolation of “repair” Schwann cells for autologous cell transplants, which is hampered by supply challenges, and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion of accessible somatic cells to induced Schwann cells, with the potential of “unlimited” supply. All approaches require a solid understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding Schwann cell development and the repair phenotype, which we review herein. Together these studies provide essential context for current efforts to design glial cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Belfiore
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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10
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Muppirala AN, Limbach LE, Bradford EF, Petersen SC. Schwann cell development: From neural crest to myelin sheath. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e398. [PMID: 33145925 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate nervous system function requires glial cells, including myelinating glia that insulate axons and provide trophic support that allows for efficient signal propagation by neurons. In vertebrate peripheral nervous systems, neural crest-derived glial cells known as Schwann cells (SCs) generate myelin by encompassing and iteratively wrapping membrane around single axon segments. SC gliogenesis and neurogenesis are intimately linked and governed by a complex molecular environment that shapes their developmental trajectory. Changes in this external milieu drive developing SCs through a series of distinct morphological and transcriptional stages from the neural crest to a variety of glial derivatives, including the myelinating sublineage. Cues originate from the extracellular matrix, adjacent axons, and the developing SC basal lamina to trigger intracellular signaling cascades and gene expression changes that specify stages and transitions in SC development. Here, we integrate the findings from in vitro neuron-glia co-culture experiments with in vivo studies investigating SC development, particularly in zebrafish and mouse, to highlight critical factors that specify SC fate. Ultimately, we connect classic biochemical and mutant studies with modern genetic and visualization tools that have elucidated the dynamics of SC development. This article is categorized under: Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoohya N Muppirala
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
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11
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Faure L, Wang Y, Kastriti ME, Fontanet P, Cheung KKY, Petitpré C, Wu H, Sun LL, Runge K, Croci L, Landy MA, Lai HC, Consalez GG, de Chevigny A, Lallemend F, Adameyko I, Hadjab S. Single cell RNA sequencing identifies early diversity of sensory neurons forming via bi-potential intermediates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4175. [PMID: 32826903 PMCID: PMC7442800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic sensation is defined by the existence of a diversity of primary sensory neurons with unique biological features and response profiles to external and internal stimuli. However, there is no coherent picture about how this diversity of cell states is transcriptionally generated. Here, we use deep single cell analysis to resolve fate splits and molecular biasing processes during sensory neurogenesis in mice. Our results identify a complex series of successive and specific transcriptional changes in post-mitotic neurons that delineate hierarchical regulatory states leading to the generation of the main sensory neuron classes. In addition, our analysis identifies previously undetected early gene modules expressed long before fate determination although being clearly associated with defined sensory subtypes. Overall, the early diversity of sensory neurons is generated through successive bi-potential intermediates in which synchronization of relevant gene modules and concurrent repression of competing fate programs precede cell fate stabilization and final commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Faure
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paula Fontanet
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kylie K Y Cheung
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Petitpré
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haohao Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lynn Linyu Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Runge
- INMED INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Croci
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mark A Landy
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Helen C Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | | | | | - François Lallemend
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming-Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saida Hadjab
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a debilitating inherited tumor syndrome affecting around 1 in 3000 people. Patients present with a variety of tumors caused by biallelic loss of the tumor suppressor neurofibromin (NF1), a negative regulator of Ras signaling. While the mechanism of tumor formation is similar in the majority of NF1 cases, the clinical spectrum of tumors can vary depending on spatiotemporal loss of heterozygosity of NF1 in cells derived from the neural crest during development. The hallmark lesions that give NF1 its namesake are neurofibromas, which are benign Schwann cell tumors composed of nervous and fibrous tissue. Neurofibromas can be found in the skin (cutaneous neurofibroma) or deeper in body near nerve plexuses (plexiform neurofibroma). While neurofibromas have been known to be Schwann cell tumors for many years, the exact timing and initiating cell has remained elusive. This has led to difficulties in developing animal models and successful therapies for NF1. A culmination of recent genetic studies has finally begun to shed light on the detailed cellular origins of neurofibromatosis. In this review, we will examine the hunt for neurofibroma tumor cells of origin through a historical lens, detailing the genetic systems used to delineate the source of plexiform and cutaneous neurofibromas. Through these novel findings, we can better understand the cellular, temporal, and developmental context during tumor initiation. By leveraging this data, we hope to uncover new therapeutic targets and mechanisms to treat NF1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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14
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Suter TACS, Jaworski A. Cell migration and axon guidance at the border between central and peripheral nervous system. Science 2020; 365:365/6456/eaaw8231. [PMID: 31467195 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) are composed of distinct neuronal and glial cell types with specialized functional properties. However, a small number of select cells traverse the CNS-PNS boundary and connect these two major subdivisions of the nervous system. This pattern of segregation and selective connectivity is established during embryonic development, when neurons and glia migrate to their destinations and axons project to their targets. Here, we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control cell migration and axon guidance at the vertebrate CNS-PNS border. We highlight recent advances on how cell bodies and axons are instructed to either cross or respect this boundary, and present open questions concerning the development and plasticity of the CNS-PNS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A C S Suter
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. .,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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15
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The evolution and multi-molecular properties of NF1 cutaneous neurofibromas originating from C-fiber sensory endings and terminal Schwann cells at normal sites of sensory terminations in the skin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216527. [PMID: 31107888 PMCID: PMC6527217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to large plexiform neurofibromas (pNF), NF1 patients are frequently disfigured by cutaneous neurofibromas (cNF) and are often afflicted with chronic pain and itch even from seemingly normal skin areas. Both pNFs and cNF consist primarily of benign hyperproliferating nonmyelinating Schwann cells (nSC). While pNF clearly arise within deep nerves and plexuses, the role of cutaneous innervation in the origin of cNF and in chronic itch and pain is unknown. First, we conducted a comprehensive, multi-molecular, immunofluorescence (IF) analyses on 3mm punch biopsies from three separate locations in normal appearing, cNF-free skin in 19 NF1 patients and skin of 16 normal subjects. At least one biopsy in 17 NF1 patients had previously undescribed micro-lesions consisting of a small, dense cluster of nonpeptidergic C-fiber endings and the affiliated nSC consistently adjoining adnexal structures—dermal papillae, hair follicles, sweat glands, sweat ducts, and arterioles—where C-fiber endings normally terminate. Similar micro-lesions were detected in hind paw skin of mice with conditionally-induced SC Nf1-/- mutations. Hypothesizing that these microlesions were pre-cNF origins of cNF, we subsequently analyzed numerous overt, small cNF (s-cNF, 3–6 mm) and discovered that each had an adnexal structure at the epicenter of vastly increased nonpeptidergic C-fiber terminals, accompanied by excessive nSC. The IF and functional genomics assays indicated that neurturin (NTRN) and artemin (ARTN) signaling through cRET kinase and GFRα2 and GFRα3 co-receptors on the aberrant C-fiber endings and nSC may mutually promote the onset of pre-cNF and their evolution to s-cNF. Moreover, TrpA1 and TrpV1 receptors may, respectively, mediate symptoms of chronic itch and pain. These newly discovered molecular characteristics might be targeted to suppress the development of cNF and to treat chronic itch and pain symptoms in NF1 patients.
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16
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. Schwann Cell Precursors; Multipotent Glial Cells in Embryonic Nerves. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:69. [PMID: 30971890 PMCID: PMC6443887 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the neural crest, often referred to as neural crest stem cells, give rise to a number of sub-lineages, one of which is Schwann cells, the glial cells of peripheral nerves. Crest cells transform to adult Schwann cells through the generation of two well defined intermediate stages, the Schwann cell precursors (SCP) in early embryonic nerves, and immature Schwann cells (iSch) in late embryonic and perinatal nerves. SCP are formed when neural crest cells enter nascent nerves and form intimate relationships with axons, a diagnostic feature of glial cells. This involves large-scale changes in gene expression, including the activation of established glial cell markers. Like early glia in the CNS, radial glia, SCP retain developmental multipotency and contribute to other crest-derived lineages during embryonic development. SCP, as well as closely related cells termed boundary cap cells, and later stages of the Schwann cell lineage have all been implicated as the tumor initiating cell in NF1 associated neurofibromas. iSch are formed from SCP in a process that involves the appearance of additional differentiation markers, autocrine survival circuits, cellular elongation, a formation of endoneurial connective tissue and basal lamina. Finally, in peri- and post-natal nerves, iSch are reversibly induced by axon-associated signals to form the myelin and non-myelin Schwann cells of adult nerves. This review article discusses early Schwann cell development in detail and describes a large number of molecular signaling systems that control glial development in embryonic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Pioneer axons employ Cajal's battering ram to enter the spinal cord. Nat Commun 2019; 10:562. [PMID: 30718484 PMCID: PMC6362287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory axons must traverse a spinal cord glia limitans to connect the brain with the periphery. The fundamental mechanism of how these axons enter the spinal cord is still debatable; both Ramon y Cajal’s battering ram hypothesis and a boundary cap model have been proposed. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we visualized the entry of pioneer axons into the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) with time-lapse imaging in zebrafish. Here, we identify that DRG pioneer axons enter the DREZ before the arrival of neural crest cells at the DREZ. Instead, actin-rich invadopodia in the pioneer axon are necessary and sufficient for DREZ entry. Using photoactivable Rac1, we demonstrate cell-autonomous functioning of invasive structures in pioneer axon spinal entry. Together these data support the model that actin-rich invasion structures dynamically drive pioneer axon entry into the spinal cord, indicating that distinct pioneer and secondary events occur at the DREZ. The fundamental mechanism of how sensory axons traverse a spinal cord glia limitans remains debatable, with some suggesting a role for boundary cap cells at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ). Here, authors use time-lapse imaging of DRG axons at the DREZ to show that pioneer axons enter the DREZ before the presence of boundary cap cells, and that this entry is critically dependent on the development of actin-rich invasion structures reminiscent of invadopodia.
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18
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Radomska KJ, Coulpier F, Gresset A, Schmitt A, Debbiche A, Lemoine S, Wolkenstein P, Vallat JM, Charnay P, Topilko P. Cellular Origin, Tumor Progression, and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Cutaneous Neurofibromas Revealed by Mice with Nf1 Knockout in Boundary Cap Cells. Cancer Discov 2018; 9:130-147. [PMID: 30348676 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients carrying an inactive NF1 allele develop tumors of Schwann cell origin called neurofibromas (NF). Genetically engineered mouse models have significantly enriched our understanding of plexiform forms of NFs (pNF). However, this has not been the case for cutaneous neurofibromas (cNF), observed in all NF1 patients, as no previous model recapitulates their development. Here, we show that conditional Nf1 inactivation in Prss56-positive boundary cap cells leads to bona fide pNFs and cNFs. This work identifies subepidermal glia as a likely candidate for the cellular origin of cNFs and provides insights on disease mechanisms, revealing a long, multistep pathologic process in which inflammation-related signals play a pivotal role. This new mouse model is an important asset for future clinical and therapeutic investigations of NF1-associated neurofibromas. SIGNIFICANCE: Patients affected by NF1 develop numerous cNFs. We present a mouse model that faithfully recapitulates cNFs, identify a candidate cell type at their origin, analyze the steps involved in their formation, and show that their development is dramatically accelerated by skin injury. These findings have important clinical/therapeutic implications.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna J Radomska
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Gresset
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Amal Debbiche
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Genomic facility, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Wolkenstein
- Département de Dermatologie, Centre de Référence des Neurofibromatoses, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- National Reference Centre "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies," Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Patrick Charnay
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France.
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France.
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19
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Fontenas L, Kucenas S. Motor Exit Point (MEP) Glia: Novel Myelinating Glia That Bridge CNS and PNS Myelin. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:333. [PMID: 30356886 PMCID: PMC6190867 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) and Schwann cells (SCs) have traditionally been thought of as the exclusive myelinating glial cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS), respectively, for a little over a century. However, recent studies demonstrate the existence of a novel, centrally-derived peripheral glial population called motor exit point (MEP) glia, which myelinate spinal motor root axons in the periphery. Until recently, the boundaries that exist between the CNS and PNS, and the cells permitted to cross them, were mostly described based on fixed histological collections and static lineage tracing. Recent work in zebrafish using in vivo, time-lapse imaging has shed light on glial cell interactions at the MEP transition zone and reveals a more complex picture of myelination both centrally and peripherally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fontenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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20
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Furlan A, Adameyko I. Schwann cell precursor: a neural crest cell in disguise? Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S25-S35. [PMID: 29454705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are multipotent embryonic progenitors covering all developing peripheral nerves. These nerves grow and navigate with unprecedented precision, delivering SCP progenitors to almost all locations in the embryonic body. Within specific developing tissues, SCPs detach from nerves and generate neuroendocrine cells, autonomic neurons, mature Schwann cells, melanocytes and other cell types. These properties of SCPs evoke resemblances between them and their parental population, namely, neural crest cells. Neural crest cells are incredibly multipotent migratory cells that revolutionized the course of evolution in the lineage of early chordate animals. Given this similarity and recent data, it is possible to hypothesize that proto-neural crest cells are similar to SCPs spreading along the nerves. Here, we review the multipotency of SCPs, the signals that govern them, their potential therapeutic value, SCP's embryonic origin and their evolutionary connections. We dedicate this article to the memory of Wilhelm His, the father of the microtome and "Zwischenstrang", currently known as the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furlan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 USA
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Moreno-Bravo JA, Roig Puiggros S, Blockus H, Dominici C, Zelina P, Mehlen P, Chédotal A. Commissural neurons transgress the CNS/PNS boundary in absence of ventricular zone-derived netrin 1. Development 2018; 145:dev.159400. [PMID: 29343638 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), only motor axons project into peripheral nerves. Little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control the development of a boundary at the CNS surface and prevent CNS neuron emigration from the neural tube. It has previously been shown that a subset of spinal cord commissural axons abnormally invades sensory nerves in Ntn1 hypomorphic embryos and Dcc knockouts. However, whether netrin 1 also plays a similar role in the brain is unknown. In the hindbrain, precerebellar neurons migrate tangentially under the pial surface, and their ventral migration is guided by netrin 1. Here, we show that pontine neurons and inferior olivary neurons, two types of precerebellar neurons, are not confined to the CNS in Ntn1 and Dcc mutant mice, but that they invade the trigeminal, auditory and vagus nerves. Using a Ntn1 conditional knockout, we show that netrin 1, which is released at the pial surface by ventricular zone progenitors is responsible for the CNS confinement of precerebellar neurons. We propose, that netrin 1 distribution sculpts the CNS boundary by keeping CNS neurons in netrin 1-rich domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Moreno-Bravo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Sergi Roig Puiggros
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Heike Blockus
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Dominici
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Pavol Zelina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
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22
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Boundary cap cells in development and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:209-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Livin' On The Edge: glia shape nervous system transition zones. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:44-51. [PMID: 28957729 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate nervous system is divided into two functional halves; the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves and ganglia. Incoming peripheral stimuli transmitted from the periphery to the CNS and subsequent motor responses created because of this information, require efficient communication between the two halves that make up this organ system. Neurons and glial cells of each half of the nervous system, which are the main actors in this communication, segregate across nervous system transition zones and never mix, allowing for efficient neurotransmission. Studies aimed at understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the development and maintenance of these transition zones have predominantly focused on mammalian models. However, zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model organism to study these structures and has allowed researchers to identify novel glial cells and mechanisms essential for nervous system assembly. This review will highlight recent advances into the important role that glial cells play in building and maintaining the nervous system and its boundaries.
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24
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Liu J, Gao F, Liu YF, Dou HT, Yan JQ, Fan ZM, Yang ZM. HB-EGF regulates Prss56 expression during mouse decidualization via EGFR/ERK/EGR2 signaling pathway. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:247-254. [PMID: 28611210 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Embryo implantation and decidualization are key steps for successful reproduction. Although numerous factors have been identified to be involved in embryo implantation and decidualization, the mechanisms underlying these processes are still unclear. Based on our preliminary data, Prss56, a trypsin-like serine protease, is strongly expressed at implantation site in mouse uterus. However, the expression, regulation and function of Prss56 during early pregnancy are still unknown. In mouse uterus, Prss56 is strongly expressed in the subluminal stromal cells at implantation site on day 5 of pregnancy compared to inter-implantation site. Under delayed implantation, Prss56 expression is undetected. After delayed implantation is activated by estrogen, Prss56 is obviously induced at implantation site. Under artificial decidualization, Prss56 signal is seen at the primary decidual zone at the initial stage of artificial decidualization. When stromal cells are induced for in vitro decidualization, Prss56 expression is significantly elevated. Dtprp expression under in vitro decidualization is suppressed by Prss56 siRNA. In cultured stromal cells, HB-EGF markedly stimulates Prss56 expression through EGFR/ERK pathway. Based on promoter analysis, we also showed that Egr2 is involved in Prss56 regulation by HB-EGF. Collectively, Prss56 expression at implantation site is modulated by HB-EGF/EGFR/ERK signaling pathway and involved in mouse decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of BiologyShantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of BiologyShantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yue-Fang Liu
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ting Dou
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qi Yan
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Min Fan
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Ming Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Brinkmann BG, Quintes S. Zeb2: Inhibiting the inhibitors in Schwann cells. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1271495. [PMID: 28203609 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1271495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of Schwann cells is tightly regulated by concerted action of activating and inhibiting factors. Most of the regulatory feedback loops identified to date are transcriptional activators promoting induction of genes coding for integral myelin proteins and lipids. The mechanisms by which inhibitory factors are silenced during Schwann cell maturation are less well understood. We could recently show a pivotal function for the transcription factor zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2) during Schwann cell development and myelination as a transcriptional repressor of maturation inhibitors. Zeb2 belongs to a family of highly conserved 2-handed zinc-finger proteins and represses gene transcription by binding to E-box sequences in the regulatory region of target genes. The protein is known to repress E-cadherin during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor malignancy and mediates its functions by interacting with multiple co-factors. During nervous system development, Zeb2 is expressed in neural crest cells, the precursors of Schwann cells, the myelinating glial cells of peripheral nerves. Schwann cells lacking Zeb2 fail to fully differentiate and are unable to sort and myelinate peripheral nerve axons. The maturation inhibitors Sox2, Ednrb and Hey2 emerge as targets for Zeb2-mediated transcriptional repression and show persistent aberrant expression in Zeb2-deficient Schwann cells. While dispensible for adult Schwann cells, re-activation of Zeb2 is essential after nerve injury to allow remyelination and functional recovery. In summary, Zeb2 emerges as an "inhibitor of inhibitors," a novel concept in Schwann cell development and nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian G Brinkmann
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Quintes
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany; University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Smith CJ, Johnson K, Welsh TG, Barresi MJF, Kucenas S. Radial glia inhibit peripheral glial infiltration into the spinal cord at motor exit point transition zones. Glia 2016; 64:1138-53. [PMID: 27029762 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the mature vertebrate nervous system, central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) GLIA myelinate distinct motor axon domains at the motor exit point transition zone (MEP TZ). How these cells preferentially associate with and myelinate discrete, non-overlapping CNS versus PNS axonal segments, is unknown. Using in vivo imaging and genetic cell ablation in zebrafish, we demonstrate that radial glia restrict migration of PNS glia into the spinal cord during development. Prior to development of radial glial endfeet, peripheral cells freely migrate back and forth across the MEP TZ. However, upon maturation, peripherally located cells never enter the CNS. When we ablate radial glia, peripheral glia ectopically migrate into the spinal cord during developmental stages when they would normally be restricted. These findings demonstrate that radial glia contribute to both CNS and PNS development and control the unidirectional movement of glial cell types across the MEP TZ early in development. GLIA 2016. GLIA 2016;64:1138-1153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
| | - Kimberly Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01003
| | - Taylor G Welsh
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
| | - Michael J F Barresi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01003.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
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27
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Pitzler L, Auler M, Probst K, Frie C, Bergmeier V, Holzer T, Belluoccio D, van den Bergen J, Etich J, Ehlen H, Zhou Z, Bielke W, Pöschl E, Paulsson M, Brachvogel B. miR-126-3p Promotes Matrix-Dependent Perivascular Cell Attachment, Migration and Intercellular Interaction. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1297-309. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Pitzler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Markus Auler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Kristina Probst
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Christian Frie
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Vera Bergmeier
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Tatjana Holzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Daniele Belluoccio
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging - Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Jocelyn van den Bergen
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Julia Etich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Harald Ehlen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | | | - Ernst Pöschl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich United Kingdom
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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28
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Jourdon A, Gresset A, Spassky N, Charnay P, Topilko P, Santos R. Prss56, a novel marker of adult neurogenesis in the mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4411-4427. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Monk KR, Feltri ML, Taveggia C. New insights on Schwann cell development. Glia 2015; 63:1376-93. [PMID: 25921593 PMCID: PMC4470834 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are glial cells that are in intimate contact with axons throughout development. Schwann cells generate the insulating myelin sheath and provide vital trophic support to the neurons that they ensheathe. Schwann cell precursors arise from neural crest progenitor cells, and a highly ordered developmental sequence controls the progression of these cells to become mature myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Here, we discuss both seminal discoveries and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive Schwann cell development and myelination with a focus on cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Gresset A, Coulpier F, Gerschenfeld G, Jourdon A, Matesic G, Richard L, Vallat JM, Charnay P, Topilko P. Boundary Caps Give Rise to Neurogenic Stem Cells and Terminal Glia in the Skin. Stem Cell Reports 2015. [PMID: 26212662 PMCID: PMC4618659 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While neurogenic stem cells have been identified in rodent and human skin, their manipulation and further characterization are hampered by a lack of specific markers. Here, we perform genetic tracing of the progeny of boundary cap (BC) cells, a neural-crest-derived cell population localized at peripheral nerve entry/exit points. We show that BC derivatives migrate along peripheral nerves to reach the skin, where they give rise to terminal glia associated with dermal nerve endings. Dermal BC derivatives also include cells that self-renew in sphere culture and have broad in vitro differentiation potential. Upon transplantation into adult mouse dorsal root ganglia, skin BC derivatives efficiently differentiate into various types of mature sensory neurons. Together, this work establishes the embryonic origin, pathway of migration, and in vivo neurogenic potential of a major component of skin stem-like cells. It provides genetic tools to study and manipulate this population of high interest for medical applications. Boundary cap cells give rise to all types of sensory neurons in the developing DRG BC derivatives migrate along peripheral nerves to reach the trunk skin BC cell progeny include glia associated with nerve endings Dermal BC-derived stem cells possess powerful in vivo neurogenic potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Gresset
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Gaspard Gerschenfeld
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexandre Jourdon
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Graziella Matesic
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- National Reference Centre "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies" Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- National Reference Centre "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies" Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Patrick Charnay
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
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31
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Vidal M, Maniglier M, Deboux C, Bachelin C, Zujovic V, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Adult DRG Stem/Progenitor Cells Generate Pericytes in the Presence of Central Nervous System (CNS) Developmental Cues, and Schwann Cells in Response to CNS Demyelination. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2011-24. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vidal
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Madlyne Maniglier
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
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32
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Jacob C. Transcriptional control of neural crest specification into peripheral glia. Glia 2015; 63:1883-1896. [PMID: 25752517 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient migratory multipotent cell population that originates from the neural plate border and is formed at the end of gastrulation and during neurulation in vertebrate embryos. These cells give rise to many different cell types of the body such as chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, endocrine cells, melanocytes, and cells of the peripheral nervous system including different subtypes of neurons and peripheral glia. Acquisition of lineage-specific markers occurs before or during migration and/or at final destination. What are the mechanisms that direct specification of neural crest cells into a specific lineage and how do neural crest cells decide on a specific migration route? Those are fascinating and complex questions that have existed for decades and are still in the research focus of developmental biologists. This review discusses transcriptional events and regulations occurring in neural crest cells and derived lineages, which control specification of peripheral glia, namely Schwann cell precursors that interact with peripheral axons and further differentiate into myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells, satellite cells that remain tightly associated with neuronal cell bodies in sensory and autonomous ganglia, and olfactory ensheathing cells that wrap olfactory axons, both at the periphery in the olfactory mucosa and in the central nervous system in the olfactory bulb. Markers of the different peripheral glia lineages including intermediate multipotent cells such as boundary cap cells, as well as the functions of these specific markers, are also reviewed. Enteric ganglia, another type of peripheral glia, will not be discussed in this review. GLIA 2015;63:1883-1896.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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33
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Czaja K, Fornaro M, Geuna S. Neurogenesis in the adult peripheral nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1047-54. [PMID: 25722694 PMCID: PMC4340017 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.14.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most researchers believe that neurogenesis in mature mammals is restricted only to the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, neurogenesis is thought to be active only during prenatal development, with the exception of the olfactory neuroepithelium. However, sensory ganglia in the adult peripheral nervous system have been reported to contain precursor cells that can proliferate in vitro and be induced to differentiate into neurons. The occurrence of insult-induced neurogenesis, which has been reported by several investigators in the brain, is limited to a few recent reports for the peripheral nervous system. These reports suggest that damage to the adult nervous system induces mechanisms similar to those that control the generation of new neurons during prenatal development. Understanding conditions under which neurogenesis can be induced in physiologically non-neurogenic regions in adults is one of the major challenges for developing therapeutic strategies to repair neurological damage. However, the induced neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system is still largely unexplored. This review presents the history of research on adult neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system, which dates back more than 100 years and reveals the evidence on the under estimated potential for generation of new neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology (VCAPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163-6520, USA
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO) & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10043, Italy
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34
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Abstract
Peripheral nerves contain large myelinated and small unmyelinated (Remak) fibers that perform different functions. The choice to myelinate or not is dictated to Schwann cells by the axon itself, based on the amount of neuregulin I-type III exposed on its membrane. Peripheral axons are more important in determining the final myelination fate than central axons, and the implications for this difference in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are discussed. Interestingly, this choice is reversible during pathology, accounting for the remarkable plasticity of Schwann cells, and contributing to the regenerative potential of the peripheral nervous system. Radial sorting is the process by which Schwann cells choose larger axons to myelinate during development. This crucial morphogenetic step is a prerequisite for myelination and for differentiation of Remak fibers, and is arrested in human diseases due to mutations in genes coding for extracellular matrix and linkage molecules. In this review we will summarize progresses made in the last years by a flurry of reverse genetic experiments in mice and fish. This work revealed novel molecules that control radial sorting, and contributed unexpected ideas to our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control radial sorting of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Carlo Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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35
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Newbern JM. Molecular control of the neural crest and peripheral nervous system development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:201-31. [PMID: 25662262 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A transient and unique population of multipotent stem cells, known as neural crest cells (NCCs), generate a bewildering array of cell types during vertebrate development. An attractive model among developmental biologists, the study of NCC biology has provided a wealth of knowledge regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms important for embryogenesis. Studies in numerous species have defined how distinct phases of NCC specification, proliferation, migration, and survival contribute to the formation of multiple functionally distinct organ systems. NCC contributions to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are well known. Critical developmental processes have been defined that provide outstanding models for understanding how extracellular stimuli, cell-cell interactions, and transcriptional networks cooperate to direct cellular diversification and PNS morphogenesis. Dissecting the complex extracellular and intracellular mechanisms that mediate the formation of the PNS from NCCs may have important therapeutic implications for neurocristopathies, neuropathies, and certain forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Newbern
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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36
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Chen Z, Liu C, Patel AJ, Liao CP, Wang Y, Le LQ. Cells of origin in the embryonic nerve roots for NF1-associated plexiform neurofibroma. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:695-706. [PMID: 25446898 PMCID: PMC4254535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a tumor-predisposing genetic disorder. Plexiform neurofibromas are common NF1 tumors carrying a risk of malignant transformation, which is typically fatal. Little is known about mechanisms mediating initiation and identity of specific cell type that gives rise to neurofibromas. Using cell-lineage tracing, we identify a population of GAP43(+) PLP(+) precursors in embryonic nerve roots as the cells of origin for these tumors and report a non-germline neurofibroma model for preclinical drug screening to identify effective therapies. The identity of the tumor cell of origin and facility for isolation and expansion provides fertile ground for continued analysis to define factors critical for neurofibromagenesis. It also provides unique approaches to develop therapies to prevent neurofibroma formation in NF1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Chiachi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Amish J Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA; Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA; UTSW Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA.
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37
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Smith CJ, Morris AD, Welsh TG, Kucenas S. Contact-mediated inhibition between oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and motor exit point glia establishes the spinal cord transition zone. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001961. [PMID: 25268888 PMCID: PMC4181976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo experiments in zebrafish determine that CNS-derived glial cells contribute to the myelinating population of cells in the PNS and ensure that CNS and PNS glia remain segregated. Rapid conduction of action potentials along motor axons requires that oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells myelinate distinct central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS) domains along the same axon. Despite the importance of this arrangement for nervous system function, the mechanisms that establish and maintain this precise glial segregation at the motor exit point (MEP) transition zone are unknown. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging in zebrafish, we observed that prior to myelination, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) extend processes into the periphery via the MEP and immediately upon contact with spinal motor root glia retract back into the spinal cord. Characterization of the peripheral cell responsible for repelling OPC processes revealed that it was a novel, CNS-derived population of glia we propose calling MEP glia. Ablation of MEP glia resulted in the absence of myelinating glia along spinal motor root axons and an immediate breach of the MEP by OPCs. Taken together, our results identify a novel population of CNS-derived peripheral glia located at the MEP that selectively restrict the migration of OPCs into the periphery via contact-mediated inhibition. The nervous system is often thought as two distinct halves: the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes the nerves that control movement and sense the environment. The cells within these two halves, however, do not commonly mix. To address how cells are segregated within these two compartments of the nervous system, we used live, transgenic zebrafish embryos to watch nerve development. Our study shows that CNS-residing myelinating glia (nonneuronal cells that wrap around nerves to ensure nerve impulse conduction) are restricted from entering the PNS by a cell we call motor exit point (MEP) glia. MEP glia originate from within the CNS, and then migrate into the PNS, divide, and produce cells that ensheath and myelinate spinal motor root axons. Ablation of MEP glia causes CNS glia to migrate inappropriately into the PNS, disrupting the normal boundary that is present between the CNS and PNS. Overall, the identification and characterization of MEP glia identifies an aspect of peripheral nerve composition that may be pertinent in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Angela D. Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Taylor G. Welsh
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Hey bHLH transcription factors are direct targets of canonical Notch signaling. The three mammalian Hey proteins are closely related to Hes proteins and they primarily repress target genes by either directly binding to core promoters or by inhibiting other transcriptional activators. Individual candidate gene approaches and systematic screens identified a number of Hey target genes, which often encode other transcription factors involved in various developmental processes. Here, we review data on interaction partners and target genes and conclude with a model for Hey target gene regulation. Furthermore, we discuss how expression of Hey proteins affects processes like cell fate decisions and differentiation, e.g., in cardiovascular, skeletal, and neural development or oncogenesis and how this relates to the observed developmental defects and phenotypes observed in various knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weber
- Developmental Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiese
- Developmental Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Developmental Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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39
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Morimura R, Nozawa K, Tanaka H, Ohshima T. Phosphorylation of Dpsyl2 (CRMP2) and Dpsyl3 (CRMP4) is required for positioning of caudal primary motor neurons in the zebrafish spinal cord. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:911-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rii Morimura
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Keisuke Nozawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Hideomi Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation; RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI); 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
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40
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McGraw HF, Snelson CD, Prendergast A, Suli A, Raible DW. Postembryonic neuronal addition in zebrafish dorsal root ganglia is regulated by Notch signaling. Neural Dev 2012; 7:23. [PMID: 22738203 PMCID: PMC3438120 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sensory neurons and glia of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) arise from neural crest cells in the developing vertebrate embryo. In mouse and chick, DRG formation is completed during embryogenesis. In contrast, zebrafish continue to add neurons and glia to the DRG into adulthood, long after neural crest migration is complete. The molecular and cellular regulation of late DRG growth in the zebrafish remains to be characterized. Results In the present study, we use transgenic zebrafish lines to examine neuronal addition during postembryonic DRG growth. Neuronal addition is continuous over the period of larval development. Fate-mapping experiments support the hypothesis that new neurons are added from a population of resident, neural crest-derived progenitor cells. Conditional inhibition of Notch signaling was used to assess the role of this signaling pathway in neuronal addition. An increase in the number of DRG neurons is seen when Notch signaling is inhibited during both early and late larval development. Conclusions Postembryonic growth of the zebrafish DRG comes about, in part, by addition of new neurons from a resident progenitor population, a process regulated by Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Faye McGraw
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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41
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Abstract
A highly enriched population of neural crest cells (NCCs) from amniote embryos, such as from chicks, mice and humans, is desirable for experiments in fate determination. NCCs are also useful for testing the functional effects of molecular changes underlying numerous human diseases of neural crest derivatives and for investigating their potential for therapeutic compensation. This protocol details embryonic microdissection followed by neural tube explantation. Conditions favoring NCC expansion and the maintenance of their stem cell-like properties are described. Although neural crest-like cells can be derived from a number of sites in the mature organism, full potential is best ensured by their purification from their source tissue at the outset of migration. Going from embryo to established cell line takes 4 d; the first is the most labor-intensive day, but minimal intervention is required thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Etchevers
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U910, Université de Méditerranée Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
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Peripheral nervous system progenitors can be reprogrammed to produce myelinating oligodendrocytes and repair brain lesions. J Neurosci 2011; 31:6379-91. [PMID: 21525278 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0129-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). NCSC-like cells can be isolated from multiple peripheral organs and maintained in neurosphere culture. Combining in vitro culture and transplantation, we show that expanded embryonic NCSC-like cells lose PNS traits and are reprogrammed to generate CNS cell types. When transplanted into the embryonic or adult mouse CNS, they differentiate predominantly into cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage without any signs of tumor formation. NCSC-derived oligodendrocytes generate CNS myelin and contribute to the repair of the myelin deficiency in shiverer mice. These results demonstrate a reprogramming of PNS progenitors to CNS fates without genetic modification and imply that PNS cells could be a potential source for cell-based CNS therapy.
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Boundary cap cells are peripheral nervous system stem cells that can be redirected into central nervous system lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10714-9. [PMID: 21670295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018687108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Boundary cap cells (BC), which express the transcription factor Krox20, participate in the formation of the boundary between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. To study BC stemness, we developed a method to purify and amplify BC in vitro from Krox20(Cre/+), R26R(YFP/+) mouse embryos. We show that BC progeny are EGF/FGF2-responsive, form spheres, and express neural crest markers. Upon growth factor withdrawal, BC progeny gave rise to multiple neural crest and CNS lineages. Transplanted into the developing murine forebrain, they successfully survived, migrated, and integrated within the host environment. Surprisingly, BC progeny generated exclusively CNS cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. In vitro experiments indicated that a sequential combination of ventralizing morphogens and glial growth factors was necessary to reprogram BC into oligodendrocytes. Thus, BC progeny are endowed with differentiation plasticity beyond the peripheral nervous system. The demonstration that CNS developmental cues can reprogram neural crest-derived stem cells into CNS derivatives suggests that BC could serve as a source of cell type-specific lineages, including oligodendrocytes, for cell-based therapies to treat CNS disorders.
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Autosomal-recessive posterior microphthalmos is caused by mutations in PRSS56, a gene encoding a trypsin-like serine protease. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:382-90. [PMID: 21397065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior microphthalmos (MCOP) is a rare isolated developmental anomaly of the eye characterized by extreme hyperopia due to short axial length. The population of the Faroe Islands shows a high prevalence of an autosomal-recessive form (arMCOP) of the disease. Based on published linkage data, we refined the position of the disease locus (MCOP6) in an interval of 250 kb in chromosome 2q37.1 in two large Faroese families. We detected three different mutations in PRSS56. Patients of the Faroese families were either homozygous for c.926G>C (p.Trp309Ser) or compound heterozygous for c.926G>C and c.526C>G (p.Arg176Gly), whereas a homozygous 1 bp duplication (c.1066dupC) was identified in five patients with arMCOP from a consanguineous Tunisian family. In one patient with MCOP from the Faroe Islands and in another one from Turkey, no PRSS56 mutation was detected, suggesting nonallelic heterogeneity of the trait. Using RT-PCR, PRSS56 transcripts were detected in samples derived from the human adult retina, cornea, sclera, and optic nerve. The expression of the mouse ortholog could be first detected in the eye at E17 and was maintained into adulthood. The predicted PRSS56 protein is a 603 amino acid long secreted trypsin-like serine peptidase. The c.1066dupC is likely to result in a functional null allele, whereas the two point mutations predict the replacement of evolutionary conserved and functionally important residues. Molecular modeling of the p.Trp309Ser mutant suggests that both the affinity and reactivity of the enzyme toward in vivo protein substrates are likely to be substantially reduced.
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Zujovic V, Thibaud J, Bachelin C, Vidal M, Coulpier F, Charnay P, Topilko P, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Boundary cap cells are highly competitive for CNS remyelination: fast migration and efficient differentiation in PNS and CNS myelin-forming cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:470-9. [PMID: 20039366 DOI: 10.1002/stem.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During development, boundary cap cells (BC) and neural crest cell (NCC) derivatives generate Schwann cells (SC) of the spinal roots and a subpopulation of neurons and satellite cells in the dorsal root ganglia. Despite their stem-like properties, their therapeutic potential in the diseased central nervous system (CNS) was never explored. The aim of this work was to explore BC therapeutic potential for CNS remyelination. We derived BC from Krox20(Cre) x R26R(Yfp) embryos at E12.5, when Krox20 is exclusively expressed by BC. Combining microdissection and cell fate mapping, we show that acutely isolated BC are a unique population closely related but distinct from NCC and SC precursors. Moreover, when grafted in the demyelinated spinal cord, BC progeny expands in the lesion through a combination of time-regulated processes including proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, when grafted away from the lesion, BC progeny, in contrast to committed SC, show a high migratory potential mediated through enhanced interactions with astrocytes and white matter, and possibly with polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression. In response to demyelinated axons of the CNS, BC progeny generates essentially myelin-forming SC. However, in contact with axons and astrocytes, some of them generate also myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. There are two primary outcomes of this study. First, the high motility of BC and their progeny, in addition to their capacity to remyelinate CNS axons, supports the view that BC are a reservoir of interest to promote CNS remyelination. Second, from a developmental point of view, BC behavior in the demyelinated CNS raises the question of the boundary between central and peripheral myelinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zujovic
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
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Abstract
Dicer is responsible for the generation of mature micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and loading them into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC functions as a probe that targets mRNAs leading to translational suppression and mRNA degradation. Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nervous system undergo remarkable differentiation both in morphology and gene expression patterns throughout lineage progression to myelinating and nonmyelinating phenotypes. Gene expression in SCs is particularly tightly regulated and critical for the organism, as highlighted by the fact that a 50% decrease or an increase to 150% of normal gene expression of some myelin proteins, like PMP22, results in peripheral neuropathies. Here, we selectively deleted Dicer and consequently gene expression regulation by mature miRNAs from Mus musculus SCs. Our results show that in the absence of Dicer, most SCs arrest at the promyelinating stage and fail to start forming myelin. At the molecular level, the promyelinating transcription factor Krox20 and several myelin proteins [including myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) and PMP22] were strongly reduced in mutant sciatic nerves. In contrast, the myelination inhibitors SOX2, Notch1, and Hes1 were increased, providing an additional potential basis for impaired myelination. A minor fraction of SCs, with some peculiar differences between sensory and motor fibers, overcame the myelination block and formed unusually thin myelin, in line with observed impaired neuregulin and AKT signaling. Surprisingly, we also found signs of axonal degeneration in Dicer mutant mice. Thus, our data indicate that miRNAs critically regulate Schwann cell gene expression that is required for myelination and to maintain axons via axon-glia interactions.
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CNS/PNS boundary transgression by central glia in the absence of Schwann cells or Krox20/Egr2 function. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5958-67. [PMID: 20427655 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0017-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS/PNS interfaces constitute cell boundaries, because they delimit territories with different neuronal and glial contents. Despite their potential interest in regenerative medicine, the mechanisms restricting oligodendrocytes and astrocytes to the CNS and Schwann cells to the PNS in mammals are not known. To investigate the involvement of peripheral glia and myelin in the maintenance of the CNS/PNS boundary, we have first made use of different mouse mutants. We show that depletion of Schwann cells and boundary cap cells or inactivation of Krox20/Egr2, a master regulatory gene for myelination in Schwann cells, results in transgression of the CNS/PNS boundary by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and in myelination of nerve root axons by oligodendrocytes. In contrast, such migration does not occur with the Trembler(J) mutation, which prevents PNS myelination without affecting Krox20 expression. Altogether, these data suggest that maintenance of the CNS/PNS boundary requires a Krox20 function separable from myelination control. Finally, we have analyzed a human patient affected by a congenital amyelinating neuropathy, associated with the absence of the KROX20 protein in Schwann cells. In this case, the nerve roots were also invaded by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. This indicates that transgression of the CNS/PNS boundary by central glia can occur in pathological situations in humans and suggests that the underlying mechanisms are common with the mouse.
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48
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Kucenas S, Wang WD, Knapik EW, Appel B. A selective glial barrier at motor axon exit points prevents oligodendrocyte migration from the spinal cord. J Neurosci 2009; 29:15187-94. [PMID: 19955371 PMCID: PMC2837368 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4193-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve roots have specialized transition zones that permit axon extension but limit cell movement between the CNS and PNS. Boundary cap cells prevent motor neuron soma from following their axons into the periphery, thereby contributing to a selective barrier. Transition zones also restrict movement of glial cells. Consequently, axons that cross the CNS-PNS interface are insulated by central and peripheral myelin. The mechanisms that prevent the migratory progenitors of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, the myelinating cells of the CNS and PNS, respectively, from crossing transition zones are not known. Here, we show that interactions between myelinating glial cells prevent their movements across the interface. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging in zebrafish we found that, in the absence of Schwann cells, oligodendrocyte progenitors cross ventral root transition zones and myelinate motor axons. These studies reveal that distinct mechanisms regulate the movement of axons, neurons, and glial cells across the CNS-PNS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Vanderbilt Program in Developmental Biology, and
| | - Wen-Der Wang
- Vanderbilt Program in Developmental Biology, and
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, and
| | - Ela W. Knapik
- Vanderbilt Program in Developmental Biology, and
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, and
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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