1
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Ortiz C, Pearson A, McCartan R, Roche S, Carothers N, Browning M, Perez S, He B, Ginsberg SD, Mullan M, Mufson EJ, Crawford F, Ojo J. Overexpression of pathogenic tau in astrocytes causes a reduction in AQP4 and GLT1, an immunosuppressed phenotype and unique transcriptional responses to repetitive mild TBI without appreciable changes in tauopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:130. [PMID: 38750510 PMCID: PMC11096096 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have unveiled a robust link between exposure to repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) and elevated susceptibility to develop neurodegenerative disorders, notably chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The pathogenic lesion in CTE cases is characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurons around small cerebral blood vessels which can be accompanied by astrocytes that contain phosphorylated tau, the latter termed tau astrogliopathy. However, the contribution of tau astrogliopathy to the pathobiology and functional consequences of r-mTBI/CTE or whether it is merely a consequence of aging remains unclear. We addressed these pivotal questions by utilizing a mouse model harboring tau-bearing astrocytes, GFAPP301L mice, subjected to our r-mTBI paradigm. Despite the fact that r-mTBI did not exacerbate tau astrogliopathy or general tauopathy, it increased phosphorylated tau in the area underneath the impact site. Additionally, gene ontology analysis of tau-bearing astrocytes following r-mTBI revealed profound alterations in key biological processes including immunological and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, gene array analysis of microdissected astrocytes accrued from stage IV CTE human brains revealed an immunosuppressed astroglial phenotype similar to tau-bearing astrocytes in the GFAPP301L model. Additionally, hippocampal reduction of proteins involved in water transport (AQP4) and glutamate homeostasis (GLT1) was found in the mouse model of tau astrogliopathy. Collectively, these findings reveal the importance of understanding tau astrogliopathy and its role in astroglial pathobiology under normal circumstances and following r-mTBI. The identified mechanisms using this GFAPP301L model may suggest targets for therapeutic interventions in r-mTBI pathogenesis in the context of CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ortiz
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | - Andrew Pearson
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin He
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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2
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Ghilardi G, Paruzzo L, Svoboda J, Chong EA, Shestov AA, Chen L, Cohen IJ, Gabrielli G, Nasta SD, Porazzi P, Landsburg DJ, Gerson JN, Carter J, Barta SK, Yelton R, Pajarillo R, Patel V, White G, Ballard HJ, Weber E, Napier E, Chong ER, Fraietta JA, Garfall AL, Porter DL, Milone MC, O’Connor R, Schuster SJ, Ruella M. Bendamustine lymphodepletion before axicabtagene ciloleucel is safe and associates with reduced inflammatory cytokines. Blood Adv 2024; 8:653-666. [PMID: 38113468 PMCID: PMC10839610 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lymphodepletion (LD) is an integral component of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) immunotherapies. In this study, we compared the safety and efficacy of bendamustine (Benda) to standard fludarabine/cyclophosphamide (Flu/Cy) LD before CD19-directed, CD28-costimulated CART axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) for patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL). We analyzed 59 patients diagnosed with LBCL (n = 48) and FL (n = 11) consecutively treated with axi-cel at the University of Pennsylvania. We also analyzed serum samples for cytokine levels and metabolomic changes before and after LD. Flu/Cy and Benda demonstrated similar efficacy, with complete remission rates of 51.4% and 50.0% (P = .981), respectively, and similar progression-free and overall survivals. Any-grade cytokine-release syndrome occurred in 91.9% of patients receiving Flu/Cy vs 72.7% of patients receiving Benda (P = .048); any-grade neurotoxicity after Flu/Cy occurred in 45.9% of patients and after Benda in 18.2% of patients (P = .031). In addition, Flu/Cy was associated with a higher incidence of grade ≥3 neutropenia (100% vs 54.5%; P < .001), infections (78.4% vs 27.3%; P < .001), and neutropenic fever (78.4% vs 13.6%; P < .001). These results were confirmed both in patients with LBCL and those with FL. Mechanistically, patients with Flu/Cy had a greater increase in inflammatory cytokines associated with neurotoxicity and reduced levels of metabolites critical for redox balance and biosynthesis. This study suggests that Benda LD may be a safe alternative to Flu/Cy for CD28-based CART CD19-directed immunotherapy with similar efficacy and reduced toxicities. Benda is associated with reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines and increased anabolic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ghilardi
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jakub Svoboda
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eise A. Chong
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander A. Shestov
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Linhui Chen
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivan J. Cohen
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Giulia Gabrielli
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sunita D. Nasta
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel J. Landsburg
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N. Gerson
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jordan Carter
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stefan K. Barta
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rebecca Yelton
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Raymone Pajarillo
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vrutti Patel
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Griffin White
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hatcher J. Ballard
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth Weber
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ellen Napier
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emeline R. Chong
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alfred L. Garfall
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David L. Porter
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael C. Milone
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roderick O’Connor
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen J. Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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3
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Woodell AS, Landoni E, Valdivia A, Buckley A, Ogunnaike EA, Dotti G, Hingtgen SD. Utilizing induced neural stem cell-based delivery of a cytokine cocktail to enhance chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy for brain cancer. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10538. [PMID: 38023712 PMCID: PMC10658508 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T-cell therapy has shown enormous clinical promise against blood cancers, yet efficacy against solid tumors remains a challenge. Here, we investigated the potential of a new combination cell therapy, where tumor-homing induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) are used to enhance CAR-T-cell therapy and achieve efficacious suppression of brain tumors. Using in vitro and in vivo migration assays, we found iNSC-secreted RANTES/IL-15 increased CAR-T-cell migration sixfold and expansion threefold, resulting in greater antitumor activity in a glioblastoma (GBM) tumor model. Furthermore, multimodal imaging showed iNSC delivery of RANTES/IL-15 in combination with intravenous administration of CAR-T cells reduced established orthotopic GBM xenografts 2538-fold within the first week, followed by durable tumor remission through 60 days post-treatment. By contrast, CAR-T-cell therapy alone only partially controlled tumor growth, with a median survival of only 19 days. Together, these studies demonstrate the potential of combined cell therapy platforms to improve the efficacy of CAR-T-cell therapy for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Woodell
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Elisa Landoni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alain Valdivia
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew Buckley
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Edikan A. Ogunnaike
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shawn D. Hingtgen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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4
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Gazestani V, Kamath T, Nadaf NM, Dougalis A, Burris SJ, Rooney B, Junkkari A, Vanderburg C, Pelkonen A, Gomez-Budia M, Välimäki NN, Rauramaa T, Therrien M, Koivisto AM, Tegtmeyer M, Herukka SK, Abdulraouf A, Marsh SE, Hiltunen M, Nehme R, Malm T, Stevens B, Leinonen V, Macosko EZ. Early Alzheimer's disease pathology in human cortex involves transient cell states. Cell 2023; 186:4438-4453.e23. [PMID: 37774681 PMCID: PMC11107481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular perturbations underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) are primarily studied in human postmortem samples and model organisms. Here, we generated a single-nucleus atlas from a rare cohort of cortical biopsies from living individuals with varying degrees of AD pathology. We next performed a systematic cross-disease and cross-species integrative analysis to identify a set of cell states that are specific to early AD pathology. These changes-which we refer to as the early cortical amyloid response-were prominent in neurons, wherein we identified a transitional hyperactive state preceding the loss of excitatory neurons, which we confirmed by acute slice physiology on independent biopsy specimens. Microglia overexpressing neuroinflammatory-related processes also expanded as AD pathology increased. Finally, both oligodendrocytes and pyramidal neurons upregulated genes associated with β-amyloid production and processing during this early hyperactive phase. Our integrative analysis provides an organizing framework for targeting circuit dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and amyloid production early in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Gazestani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tushar Kamath
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics and Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Naeem M Nadaf
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Antonios Dougalis
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S J Burris
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brendan Rooney
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antti Junkkari
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anssi Pelkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mireia Gomez-Budia
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nelli-Noora Välimäki
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anne M Koivisto
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Samuel E Marsh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Beth Stevens
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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5
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Gazestani V, Kamath T, Nadaf NM, Burris SJ, Rooney B, Junkkari A, Vanderburg C, Rauramaa T, Therrien M, Tegtmeyer M, Herukka SK, Abdulraouf A, Marsh S, Malm T, Hiltunen M, Nehme R, Stevens B, Leinonen V, Macosko EZ. Early Alzheimer's disease pathology in human cortex is associated with a transient phase of distinct cell states. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.03.543569. [PMID: 37333365 PMCID: PMC10274680 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.03.543569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular perturbations underlying Alzheimer's disease are primarily studied in human postmortem samples and model organisms. Here we generated a single-nucleus atlas from a rare cohort of cortical biopsies from living individuals with varying degrees of Alzheimer's disease pathology. We next performed a systematic cross-disease and cross-species integrative analysis to identify a set of cell states that are specific to early AD pathology. These changes-which we refer to as the Early Cortical Amyloid Response-were prominent in neurons, wherein we identified a transient state of hyperactivity preceding loss of excitatory neurons, which correlated with the selective loss of layer 1 inhibitory neurons. Microglia overexpressing neuroinflammatory-related processes also expanded as AD pathological burden increased. Lastly, both oligodendrocytes and pyramidal neurons upregulated genes associated with amyloid beta production and processing during this early hyperactive phase. Our integrative analysis provides an organizing framework for targeting circuit dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and amyloid production early in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tushar Kamath
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics and Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Naeem M. Nadaf
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - SJ Burris
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Brendan Rooney
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Antti Junkkari
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Samuel Marsh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Evan Z. Macosko
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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6
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Yue JK, Kobeissy FH, Jain S, Sun X, Phelps RR, Korley FK, Gardner RC, Ferguson AR, Huie JR, Schneider AL, Yang Z, Xu H, Lynch CE, Deng H, Rabinowitz M, Vassar MJ, Taylor SR, Mukherjee P, Yuh EL, Markowitz AJ, Puccio AM, Okonkwo DO, Diaz-Arrastia R, Manley GT, Wang KK. Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis and Prognosis: A TRACK-TBI Pilot Study. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:171-183. [PMID: 36974122 PMCID: PMC10039275 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between systemic inflammation and secondary injury in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex. We investigated associations between inflammatory markers and clinical confirmation of TBI diagnosis and prognosis. The prospective TRACK-TBI Pilot (Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Pilot) study enrolled TBI patients triaged to head computed tomography (CT) and received blood draw within 24 h of injury. Healthy controls (HCs) and orthopedic controls (OCs) were included. Thirty-one inflammatory markers were analyzed from plasma. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate discriminatory ability. AUC >0.7 was considered acceptable. Criteria included: TBI diagnosis (vs. OC/HC); moderate/severe vs. mild TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale; GCS); radiographic TBI (CT positive vs. CT negative); 3- and 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) dichotomized to death/greater relative disability versus less relative disability (GOSE 1-4/5-8); and incomplete versus full recovery (GOSE <8/ = 8). One-hundred sixty TBI subjects, 28 OCs, and 18 HCs were included. Markers discriminating TBI/OC: HMGB-1 (AUC = 0.835), IL-1b (0.795), IL-16 (0.784), IL-7 (0.742), and TARC (0.731). Markers discriminating GCS 3-12/13-15: IL-6 (AUC = 0.747), CRP (0.726), IL-15 (0.720), and SAA (0.716). Markers discriminating CT positive/CT negative: SAA (AUC = 0.767), IL-6 (0.757), CRP (0.733), and IL-15 (0.724). At 3 months, IL-15 (AUC = 0.738) and IL-2 (0.705) discriminated GOSE 5-8/1-4. At 6 months, IL-15 discriminated GOSE 1-4/5-8 (AUC = 0.704) and GOSE <8/ = 8 (0.711); SAA discriminated GOSE 1-4/5-8 (0.704). We identified a profile of acute circulating inflammatory proteins with potential relevance for TBI diagnosis, severity differentiation, and prognosis. IL-15 and serum amyloid A are priority markers with acceptable discrimination across multiple diagnostic and outcome categories. Validation in larger prospective cohorts is needed. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT01565551.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
- Address correspondence to: John K. Yue, MD, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Firas H. Kobeissy
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics and Biomarkers, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sonia Jain
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ryan R.L. Phelps
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frederick K. Korley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Raquel C. Gardner
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J. Russell Huie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea L.C. Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cillian E. Lynch
- Department of Neurology, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Miri Rabinowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary J. Vassar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina R. Taylor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Esther L. Yuh
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy J. Markowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ava M. Puccio
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David O. Okonkwo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Manley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin K.W. Wang
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics and Biomarkers, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Choi YJ, Alishir A, Jang T, Kang KS, Lee S, Kim KH. Antiskin Aging Effects of Indole Alkaloid N-Glycoside from Ginkgo Fruit ( Ginkgo biloba fruit) on TNF-α-Exposed Human Dermal Fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13651-13660. [PMID: 36251736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human skin aging has internal and external factors, both of which are characterized by TNF-α overproduction. Therefore, we aimed to identify a natural product that suppresses the damage that occurs in cutaneous dermal fibroblasts exposed to TNF-α. The protective effects of the indole alkaloid N-glycoside, ginkgoside B dimethyl ester (GBDE), isolated from ginkgo fruit (Ginkgo biloba fruit) were evaluated in TNF-α stimulated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). GBDE inhibited TNF-α-induced MMP-1 expression to 2.2 ± 0.1-fold (p < 0.01) and reversed the decrease in collagen levels to 0.4 ± 0.00-fold (p < 0.01) at 50 μM. The effect of GBDE was due to the suppression of the phospolylaton of MAPKs (ERK, 0.47 ± 0.05; JNK, 1.21 ± 0.07; p38, 0.77 ± 0.07-folds, p < 0.001) and Akt (0.14 ± 0.03-fold, p < 0.001) compared to the TNF-α group. GBDE also reduced the expression of COX-2 to 2.06 ± 0.12-fold (p < 0.001) and increased the expression of HO-1 to 10.64 ± 0.2-fold (p < 0.001). In addition, GBDE inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, 2.2 ± 0.0; IL-1β, 1.6 ± 0.0; IL-6, 2.0 ± 0.10-folds, p < 0.05). These results provide experimental evidence that GBDE can protect against skin damage, including aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Jung Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Akida Alishir
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesu Jang
- Health Administration, Dankook University, Cheonan31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
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8
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Heavener KS, Bradshaw EM. The aging immune system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:649-657. [PMID: 35505128 PMCID: PMC9519729 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) both have a myriad of risk factors including genetics, environmental exposures, and lifestyle. However, aging is the strongest risk factor for both diseases. Aging also profoundly influences the immune system, with immunosenescence perhaps the most prominent outcome. Through genetics, mouse models, and pathology, there is a growing appreciation of the role the immune system plays in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the intersection of aging and the immune system in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Heavener
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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9
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WKYMVm/FPR2 Alleviates Spinal Cord Injury by Attenuating the Inflammatory Response of Microglia. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:4408099. [PMID: 35935810 PMCID: PMC9348919 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4408099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common traumatic disease of the nervous system. The pathophysiological process of SCI includes primary injury and secondary injuries. An excessive inflammatory response leads to secondary tissue damage, which in turn exacerbates cellular and organ dysfunction. Due to the irreversibility of primary injury, current research on SCI mainly focuses on secondary injury, and the inflammatory response is considered the primary target. Thus, modulating the inflammatory response has been suggested as a new strategy for the treatment of SCI. In this study, microglial cell lines, primary microglia, and a rat SCI model were used, and we found that WKYMVm/FPR2 plays an anti-inflammatory role and reduces tissue damage after SCI by suppressing the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. FPR2 was activated by WKYMVm, suppressing the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by inhibiting M1 microglial polarization. Moreover, FPR2 activation by WKYMVm could reduce structural disorders and neuronal loss in SCI rats. Overall, this study illustrated that the activation of FPR2 by WKYMVm repressed M1 microglial polarization by suppressing the ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways to alleviate tissue damage and locomotor decline after SCI. These findings provide further insight into SCI and help identify novel treatment strategies.
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10
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Zhang X, Zhu L, Zhang H, Chen S, Xiao Y. CAR-T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Current Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927153. [PMID: 35757715 PMCID: PMC9226391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy represents a major breakthrough in cancer treatment, and it has achieved unprecedented success in hematological malignancies, especially in relapsed/refractory (R/R) B cell malignancies. At present, CD19 and BCMA are the most common targets in CAR-T cell therapy, and numerous novel therapeutic targets are being explored. However, the adverse events related to CAR-T cell therapy might be serious or even life-threatening, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), CAR-T-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES), infections, cytopenia, and CRS-related coagulopathy. In addition, due to antigen escape, the limited CAR-T cell persistence, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, a considerable proportion of patients relapse after CAR-T cell therapy. Thus, in this review, we focus on the progress and challenges of CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies, such as attractive therapeutic targets, CAR-T related toxicities, and resistance to CAR-T cell therapy, and provide some practical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Pilot Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Yang S, Liu Q, Yang J, Wu J, Wang S. Increased Levels of Serum IL-15 and TNF-β Indicate the Progression of Human Intracranial Aneurysm. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:903619. [PMID: 35783134 PMCID: PMC9247574 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.903619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Existing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation promotes the progression of human intracranial aneurysm (IA) and many cytokines have been detected to participate in the process of inflammation. However, rare cytokines in plasma have been used as proxies for progression of IA. This study aimed to identify novel cytokines as biomarkers to predict the development of IA. Methods Patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) undergoing microsurgical clipping were prospectively recruited from January 2017 to June 2020 and were separated into two groups based on their ELAPSS score (low risk group < 10, intermediate-high risk group ≥ 10). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce imbalances in the baseline characteristics between groups. All blood samples were collected before surgery. A human serum 48-cytokines examination was performed to analyze the concentrations of serological cytokines. Clinical data and cytokines were compared between groups. Results A total of 184 patients were enrolled in this study. The low risk group contained 77 patients and 107 patients were included in the intermediate-high risk group. Finally, there were 69 patients in each group after PSM with a matching rate of 1:1. The concentrations of 3 serum cytokines were significantly increased in intermediate-high risk patients, namely, interleukin-15 (IL-15), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β) (P < 0.05, |log2 fold change| > 2). The result of receiver operator characteristic (ROC)curve revealed that TNF-β had the highest predictive accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.725 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.639–0.811, P < 0.001] followed by IL-15 (AUC = 0.691, 95% CI 0.602–0.781, P < 0.001) and MCP-1 (AUC = 0.661, 95% CI 0.569–0.753, P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated high IL-15 [odds ratio (OR), 3.23; 95% CI, 1.47–7.12; P = 0.004] and high TNF-β (OR, 8.30; 95% CI, 3.25–21.25; P < 0.001) as the risk factors that correlated with intermediate-high risk of IA progression. Conclusion UIA patients with intermediate-high growth risk exhibited increased serum levels of IL-15, MCP-1, and TNF-β. Serum IL-15, and TNF-β could serve as biomarkers to predict the progression of UIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhe Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Wang,
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12
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Liu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Cai Q, Liu H, Xu C, Zhang F. IL-15 Participates in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Affecting the Activity of Granulosa Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:787876. [PMID: 35250857 PMCID: PMC8894602 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.787876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade chronic inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the development of chronic inflammation leading to obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. However, the concentration of IL-15 in follicular fluid of patients with PCOS has yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression level of IL-15 in both patients with PCOS and PCOS mice model and investigate the functional effect of IL-15 on ovarian granulosa cells. METHODS The level of IL-15 in follicular fluid (FF) was measured using cytokine array and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two cohorts from 23 PCOS patients and 18 normo-ovulatory controls. PCOS mice model was induced by subcutaneously implanted with letrozole pellet for 21 days. The expression level of IL-15 in serum, ovarian, and subcutaneous adipose tissue in PCOS mice model was measured by ELISA, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence. The effect of IL-15 on the proliferation and apoptosis of the KGN cells and mouse ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Transcript expression of 17α-hydroxylase17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1(CYP19A1), FSH receptor (FSHR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and proinflammatory cytokine were quantified using RT-PCR. The protein level and phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK and JNK are detected by Western blot. Concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and progesterone (P)were measured by ELISA. RESULTS IL-15 expression in follicular fluid of patients with PCOS was significantly elevated compared with the control group, and similar results were observed in the ovarian and subcutaneous adipose tissue of PCOS mice models. Furthermore, the elevated FF IL-15 levels have a positive correlation with the serum testosterone levels. FSHR co-localized with IL-15 indicating that IL-15 production originate from ovarian granulose cells. IL-15 treatment inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of KGN cells and mouse GCs. Moreover, IL-15 upregulated the transcription levels of CYP17A1, IL-1b and Ifng KGN cells. Similar results were observed in mouse GCs except concentration of DHEAS was higher in IL-15 treatment. IL-15 promoted p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation in KGN cells, treating KGN cells with p38 MAPK inhibitor SP600125 and JNK inhibitor SB203580 could reverse the effect of IL-15 on the proliferation and function of KGN cells. CONCLUSION The results indicate that IL-15 is involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS potentially by affecting survival, the inflammation state and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells. The practical significance of this association between IL-15 and the pathogenesis of PCOS needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feifei Zhang, ; Congjian Xu,
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feifei Zhang, ; Congjian Xu,
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13
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Martinuzzi E, Barbosa S, Courtet P, Olié E, Guillaume S, Ibrahim EC, Daoudlarian D, Davidovic L, Glaichenhaus N, Belzeaux R. Blood cytokines differentiate bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder during a major depressive episode: Initial discovery and independent sample replication. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100232. [PMID: 34589747 PMCID: PMC8474674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) diagnosis currently relies on assessment of clinical symptoms, mainly retrospective and subject to memory bias. BD is often misdiagnosed as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) resulting in ineffective treatment and worsened clinical outcome. The primary purpose of this study was to identify blood biomarkers that discriminate MDD from BD patients when in a depressed state. We have used clinical data and serum samples from two independent naturalistic cohorts of patients with a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) who fulfilled the criteria of either BD or MDD at inclusion. The discovery and replication cohorts consisted of 462 and 133 patients respectively. Patients were clinically assessed using standard diagnostic interviews, and clinical variables including current treatments were recorded. Blood was collected and serum assessed for levels of 31 cytokines using a sensitive multiplex assay. A penalized logistic regression model combined with nonparametric bootstrap was subsequently used to identify cytokines associated with BD. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-27 and C-X-C ligand chemokine (CXCL)-10 were positively associated with BD in the discovery cohort. Of the five cytokines identified as discriminant features in the discovery cohort, IL-10, IL-15 and IL-27 were also positively associated with BD in the replication cohort therefore providing an external validation to our finding. Should our results be validated in a prospective cohort, they could provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Martinuzzi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Clinical Research Unit, Valbonne, France
| | - Susana Barbosa
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Clinical Research Unit, Valbonne, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ho^pital Lapeyronie, Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Olié
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ho^pital Lapeyronie, Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ho^pital Lapeyronie, Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Douglas Daoudlarian
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Clinical Research Unit, Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Clinical Research Unit, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Clinical Research Unit, Valbonne, France.,Fondation FondaMental, France
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Psychiatry, Marseille, France.,Fondation FondaMental, France
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14
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Gust J, Ponce R, Liles WC, Garden GA, Turtle CJ. Cytokines in CAR T Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577027. [PMID: 33391257 PMCID: PMC7772425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells provide new therapeutic options for patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. However, neurotoxicity is a frequent, and potentially fatal, complication. The spectrum of manifestations ranges from delirium and language dysfunction to seizures, coma, and fatal cerebral edema. This novel syndrome has been designated immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). In this review, we draw an arc from our current understanding of how systemic and potentially local cytokine release act on the CNS, toward possible preventive and therapeutic approaches. We systematically review reported correlations of secreted inflammatory mediators in the serum/plasma and cerebrospinal fluid with the risk of ICANS in patients receiving CAR T cell therapy. Possible pathophysiologic impacts on the CNS are covered in detail for the most promising candidate cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-15, and GM-CSF. To provide insight into possible final common pathways of CNS inflammation, we place ICANS into the context of other systemic inflammatory conditions that are associated with neurologic dysfunction, including sepsis-associated encephalopathy, cerebral malaria, thrombotic microangiopathy, CNS infections, and hepatic encephalopathy. We then review in detail what is known about systemic cytokine interaction with components of the neurovascular unit, including endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes, and how microglia and neurons respond to systemic inflammatory challenges. Current therapeutic approaches, including corticosteroids and blockade of IL-1 and IL-6 signaling, are reviewed in the context of what is known about the role of cytokines in ICANS. Throughout, we point out gaps in knowledge and possible new approaches for the investigation of the mechanism, prevention, and treatment of ICANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Gust
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - W. Conrad Liles
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cameron J. Turtle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Bottai D, Adami R, Paroni R, Ghidoni R. Brain Cancer-Activated Microglia: A Potential Role for Sphingolipids. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4039-4061. [PMID: 31057101 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190506120213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost no neurological disease exists without microglial activation. Microglia has exert a pivotal role in the maintenance of the central nervous system and its response to external and internal insults. Microglia have traditionally been classified as, in the healthy central nervous system, "resting", with branched morphology system and, as a response to disease, "activated", with amoeboid morphology; as a response to diseases but this distinction is now outmoded. The most devastating disease that hits the brain is cancer, in particular glioblastoma. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive glioma with high invasiveness and little chance of being surgically removed. During tumor onset, many brain alterations are present and microglia have a major role because the tumor itself changes microglia from the pro-inflammatory state to the anti-inflammatory and protects the tumor from an immune intervention. What are the determinants of these changes in the behavior of the microglia? In this review, we survey and discuss the role of sphingolipids in microglia activation in the progression of brain tumors, with a particular focus on glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Aldo Ravelli Research Center, Milan, Italy
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16
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Sundaramoorthy V, Godde N, J. Farr R, Green D, M. Haynes J, Bingham J, O’Brien CM, Dearnley M. Modelling Lyssavirus Infections in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cultures. Viruses 2020; 12:E359. [PMID: 32218146 PMCID: PMC7232326 DOI: 10.3390/v12040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic neurological infection caused by lyssavirus that continues to result in devastating loss of human life. Many aspects of rabies pathogenesis in human neurons are not well understood. Lack of appropriate ex-vivo models for studying rabies infection in human neurons has contributed to this knowledge gap. In this study, we utilize advances in stem cell technology to characterize rabies infection in human stem cell-derived neurons. We show key cellular features of rabies infection in our human neural cultures, including upregulation of inflammatory chemokines, lack of neuronal apoptosis, and axonal transmission of viruses in neuronal networks. In addition, we highlight specific differences in cellular pathogenesis between laboratory-adapted and field strain lyssavirus. This study therefore defines the first stem cell-derived ex-vivo model system to study rabies pathogenesis in human neurons. This new model system demonstrates the potential for enabling an increased understanding of molecular mechanisms in human rabies, which could lead to improved control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Sundaramoorthy
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Nathan Godde
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Ryan J. Farr
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Diane Green
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - John M. Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Carmel M. O’Brien
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
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Na EJ, Ryu JY. Anti-inflammatory effects of prunin on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-018-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Basuodan R, Basu AP, Clowry GJ. Human neural stem cells dispersed in artificial ECM form cerebral organoids when grafted in vivo. J Anat 2018; 233:155-166. [PMID: 29745426 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSC) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into neurons that could be used for transplantation to repair brain injury. In this study we dispersed such hNSC in a three-dimensional artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) and compared their differentiation in vitro and following grafting into the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of postnatal day (P)14 rat pups lesioned by localised injection of endothelin-1 at P12. After 10-43 days of in vitro differentiation, a few cells remained as PAX6+ neuroprogenitors but many more resembled post-mitotic neurons expressing doublecortin, β-tubulin and MAP2. These cells remained dispersed throughout the ECM, but with extended long processes for over 50 μm. In vivo, by 1 month post grafting, cells expressing human specific markers instead organised into cerebral organoids: columns of tightly packed PAX6 co-expressing progenitor cells arranged around small tubular lumen in rosettes, with a looser network of cells with processes around the outside co-expressing markers of immature neurons including doublecortin, and CTIP2 characteristic of corticofugal neurons. Host cells also invaded the graft including microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells forming blood vessels. By 10 weeks post-grafting, the organoids had disappeared and the aECM had started to break down with fewer transplanted cells remaining. In vitro, cerebral organoids form in rotating incubators that force oxygen and nutrients to the centre of the structures. We have shown that cerebral organoids can form in vivo; intrinsic factors may direct their organisation including infiltration by host blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura bint Abdulrhman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna P Basu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Fernström E, Minta K, Andreasson U, Sandelius Å, Wasling P, Brinkmalm A, Höglund K, Blennow K, Nyman J, Zetterberg H, Kalm M. Cerebrospinal fluid markers of extracellular matrix remodelling, synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation before and after cranial radiotherapy. J Intern Med 2018; 284:211-225. [PMID: 29664192 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in the treatment of brain tumours have increased the number of long-term survivors, but at the cost of side effects following cranial radiotherapy ranging from neurocognitive deficits to outright tissue necrosis. At present, there are no tools reflecting the molecular mechanisms underlying such side effects, and thus no means to evaluate interventional effects after cranial radiotherapy. Therefore, fluid biomarkers are of great clinical interest. OBJECTIVE Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of proteins involved in inflammatory signalling, synaptic plasticity and extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity were investigated following radiotherapy to the brain. METHODS Patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) eligible for prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) were asked to participate in the study. PCI was prescribed either as 2 Gy/fraction to a total dose of 30 Gy (limited disease) or 4 Gy/fraction to 20 Gy (extensive disease). CSF was collected by lumbar puncture at baseline, 3 months and 1 year following PCI. Protein concentrations were measured using immunobased assays or mass spectrometry. RESULTS The inflammatory markers IL-15, IL-16 and MCP-1/CCL2 were elevated in CSF 3 months following PCI compared to baseline. The plasticity marker GAP-43 was elevated 3 months following PCI, and the same trend was seen for SNAP-25, but not for SYT1. The investigated ECM proteins, brevican and neurocan, showed a decline following PCI. There was a strong correlation between the progressive decline of soluble APPα and brevican levels. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first time ECM-related proteins have been shown to be affected by cranial radiotherapy in patients with cancer. These findings may help us to get a better understanding of the mechanisms behind side effects following radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fernström
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Minta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - U Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Å Sandelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - P Wasling
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Höglund
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Nyman
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - M Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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IL-15 stimulates NKG2D while promoting IgM expression of B-1a cells. Cytokine 2017; 95:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Markers of neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:203-211. [PMID: 28161476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and animal studies have linked neuroinflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Studies on markers of inflammation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia provided inconsistent results. We hypothesized that distinct blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers are associated with biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology in older adults without cognitive impairment or with beginning cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To identify blood-based and CSF neuroinflammation marker signatures associated with AD pathology (i.e. an AD CSF biomarker profile) and to investigate associations of inflammation markers with CSF biomarkers of amyloid, tau pathology, and neuronal injury. DESIGN/METHODS Cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from 120 older community-dwelling adults with normal cognition (n=48) or with cognitive impairment (n=72). CSF Aβ1-42, tau and p-tau181, and a panel of 37 neuroinflammatory markers in both CSF and serum were quantified. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to determine a reference model that best predicts an AD CSF biomarker profile defined a priori as p-tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio >0.0779. It was then compared to a second model that included the inflammatory markers from either serum or CSF. In addition, the correlations between inflammatory markers and CSF Aβ1-42, tau and p-tau181 levels were assessed. RESULTS Forty-two subjects met criteria for having an AD CSF biomarker profile. The best predictive models included 8 serum or 3 CSF neuroinflammatory markers related to cytokine mediated inflammation, vascular injury, and angiogenesis. Both models improved the accuracy to predict an AD biomarker profile when compared to the reference model. In analyses separately performed in the subgroup of participants with cognitive impairment, adding the serum or the CSF neuroinflammation markers also improved the accuracy of the diagnosis of AD pathology. None of the inflammatory markers correlated with the CSF Aβ1-42 levels. Six CSF markers (IL-15, MCP-1, VEGFR-1, sICAM1, sVCAM-1, and VEGF-D) correlated with the CSF tau and p-tau181 levels, and these associations remained significant after controlling for age, sex, cognitive impairment, and APOEε4 status. CONCLUSIONS The identified serum and CSF neuroinflammation biomarker signatures improve the accuracy of classification for AD pathology in older adults. Our results suggest that inflammation, vascular injury, and angiogenesis as reflected by CSF markers are closely related to cerebral tau pathology.
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Xu Z, Liu Y, Yang D, Yuan F, Ding J, Wang L, Qu M, Yang G, Tian H. Glibenclamide–sulfonylurea receptor 1 antagonist alleviates LPS-induced BV2 cell activation through the p38/MAPK pathway. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory activity and mechanism of glibenclamide, sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1) antagonist, against LPS-induced microglial activationin vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dianxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology
- Ruijin Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Meijie Qu
- Department of Neurology
- Ruijin Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Guoyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology
- Ruijin Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Hengli Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai
- China
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An activation-induced IL-15 isoform is a natural antagonist for IL-15 function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25822. [PMID: 27166125 PMCID: PMC4863161 DOI: 10.1038/srep25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) expression induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the apoptosis of activated T cells and prolongs the survival of CD8+ memory T cells. Here we identified an IL-15 isoform lacking exon-6, IL-15ΔE6, generated by alternative splicing events of activated immune cells, including macrophages and B cells. In vitro study showed that IL-15ΔE6 could antagonize IL-15-mediated T cell proliferation. The receptor binding assay revealed that IL-15ΔE6 could bind to IL-15Rα and interfere with the binding between IL-15 and IL-15Rα. Over-expression of IL-15ΔE6 in the murine EAE model ameliorated the EAE symptoms of the mice. The clinical scores were significantly lower in the mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 than the control mice and the mice expressing IL-15. The inflammation and demyelination of the EAE mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 were less severe than the control group. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 expression reduced the percentages of inflammatory T cells in the spleen and spinal cord, and inhibited the infiltration of macrophages to the CNS. Our results demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 could be induced during immune activation and function as a negative feedback mechanism to dampen IL-15-mediated inflammatory events.
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A novel synthetic compound MCAP suppresses LPS-induced murine microglial activation in vitro via inhibiting NF-kB and p38 MAPK pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:334-43. [PMID: 26838070 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of a novel synthetic compound, 7-methylchroman-2-carboxylic acid N-(2-trifluoromethyl) phenylamide (MCAP) against LPS-induced microglial activation in vitro. METHODS Primary mouse microglia and BV2 microglia cells were exposed to LPS (50 or 100 ng/mL). The expression of iNOS and COX-2, proinflammatory cytokines, NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling molecules were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA. The morphological changes of microglia and nuclear translocation of NF-ĸB were visualized using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Pretreatment with MCAP (0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in BV2 microglia cells. Similar results were obtained in primary microglia pretreated with MCAP (0.1, 0.5 μmol/L). MCAP dose-dependently abated LPS-induced release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and mitigated LPS-induced activation of NF-κB by reducing the phosphorylation of IκBα in BV2 microglia cells. Moreover, MCAP attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, whereas SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, significantly potentiated MCAP-caused inhibition on the expression of MEF-2 (a transcription factor downstream of p38 MAPK). CONCLUSION MCAP exerts anti-inflammatory effects in murine microglia in vitro by inhibiting the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and proinflammatory responses. MCAP may be developed as a novel agent for treating diseases involving activated microglial cells.
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Bortell N, Morsey B, Basova L, Fox HS, Marcondes MCG. Phenotypic changes in the brain of SIV-infected macaques exposed to methamphetamine parallel macrophage activation patterns induced by the common gamma-chain cytokine system. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:900. [PMID: 26441851 PMCID: PMC4568411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One factor in the development of neuroAIDS is the increase in the migration of pro-inflammatory CD8 T cells across the blood–brain barrier. Typically these cells are involved with keeping the viral load down. However, the persistence of above average numbers of CD8 T cells in the brain, not necessarily specific to viral peptides, is facilitated by the upregulation of IL15 from astrocytes, in the absence of IL2, in the brain environment. Both IL15 and IL2 are common gamma chain (γc) cytokines. Here, using the non-human primate model of neuroAIDS, we have demonstrated that exposure to methamphetamine, a powerful illicit drug that has been associated with HIV exposure and neuroAIDS severity, can cause an increase in molecules of the γc system. Among these molecules, IL15, which is upregulated in astrocytes by methamphetamine, and that induces the proliferation of T cells, may also be involved in driving an inflammatory phenotype in innate immune cells of the brain. Therefore, methamphetamine and IL15 may be critical in the development and aggravation of central nervous system immune-mediated inflammatory pathology in HIV-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Bortell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Liana Basova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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Franco R, Fernández-Suárez D. Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:65-86. [PMID: 26067058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical known as M1, or the alternative known as M2. M1 markers are mostly mediators of pro-inflammatory responses whereas M2 markers emerge for resolution and cleanup. Microglia exerts in the central nervous system (CNS) a function similar to that of macrophages in the periphery. Microglia activation and proliferation occurs in almost any single pathology affecting the CNS. Often microglia activation has been considered detrimental and drugs able to stop microglia activation were considered for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Cumulative evidence shows that microglia may undergo the alternative activation pathway, express M2-type markers and contribute to neuroprotection. This review focuses on details about the role of M2 microglia and in the approaches available for its identification. Approaches to drive the M2 phenotype and data on its potential in CNS diseases are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Diana Fernández-Suárez
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rajalakshmy AR, Malathi J, Madhavan HN. Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Mediated Microglial Inflammation via TLR2/TLR6 MyD88/NF-κB Pathway and Toll Like Receptor Ligand Treatment Furnished Immune Tolerance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125419. [PMID: 25965265 PMCID: PMC4428696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence suggests the neurotrophic potential of hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV NS3 protein is one of the potent antigens of this virus mediating inflammatory response in different cell types. Microglia being the immune surveillance cells in the central nervous system (CNS), the inflammatory potential of NS3 on microglia was studied. Role of toll like receptor (TLR) ligands Pam2CSK3 and Pam3CSK4 in controlling the NS3 mediated microglial inflammation was studied using microglial cell line CHME3. Methods IL (Interleukin)-8, IL-6, TNF-α (Tumor nicrosis factor alpha) and IL-1β gene expressions were measured by semi quantitative RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR). ELISA was performed to detect IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 secretion. FACS (Flourescent activated cell sorting) was performed to quantify TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, MyD88 (Myeloid differntiation factor 88), IkB-α (I kappaB alpha) and pNF-κB (phosphorylated nuclear factor kappaB) expression. Immunofluorescence staining was performed for MyD88, TLR6 and NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappaB). Student's t-test or One way analysis of variance with Bonferoni post hoc test was performed and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Microglia responded to NS3 by secreting IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β via TLR2 or TLR6 mediated MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Transcription factor NF-κB was involved in activating the cytokine gene expression and the resultant inflammatory response was controlled by NF-κB inhibitor, Ro106-9920, which is known to down regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Activation of the microglia by TLR agonists Pam3CSK4 and Pam2CSK4 induced immune tolerance against NS3. TLR ligand treatment significantly down regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in the microglia. IL-10 secretion was suggested as the possible mechanism by which TLR agonists induced immune tolerance. NS3 as such was not capable of self-inducing immune tolerance in microglia. Conclusion In conclusion, NS3 protein was capable of activating microglia and the inflammatory response could be controlled via blocking the transcription factor NF-κB, or by treating the microglia with TLR ligands which likely function via secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. This can have therapeutic potential in controlling HCV mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayilam Ramachandran Rajalakshmy
- L & T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Jambulingam Malathi
- L & T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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Bishnoi RJ, Palmer RF, Royall DR. Serum interleukin (IL)-15 as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117282. [PMID: 25710473 PMCID: PMC4339977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-15), a pro-inflammatory cytokine has been studied as a possible marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however its exact role in neuro-inflammation or the pathogenesis AD is not well understood yet. A Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) approach was used to examine the relationship between serum IL-15 levels and AD in a well characterized AD cohort, the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC). Instead of categorical diagnoses, we used two latent construct d (for dementia) and g’ (for cognitive impairments not contributing to functional impairments) in our analysis. The results showed that the serum IL-15 level has significant effects on cognition, exclusively mediated by latent construct d and g’. Contrasting directions of association lead us to speculate that IL-15’s effects in AD are mediated through functional networks as d scores have been previously found to be specifically related to default mode network (DMN). Our finding warrants the need for further research to determine the changes in structural and functional networks corresponding to serum based biomarkers levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram J. Bishnoi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Royall
- Department of Psychiatry, Family and Community Medicine, and Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans’ Health System Audie L. Murphy Division, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Westhoff D, Witlox J, Koenderman L, Kalisvaart KJ, de Jonghe JFM, van Stijn MFM, Houdijk APJ, Hoogland ICM, Maclullich AMJ, van Westerloo DJ, van de Beek D, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Preoperative cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels and the risk of postoperative delirium in elderly hip fracture patients. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:122. [PMID: 24093540 PMCID: PMC3851488 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging and neurodegenerative disease predispose to delirium and are both associated with increased activity of the innate immune system resulting in an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the brain. We examined whether hip fracture patients who develop postoperative delirium have altered levels of inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to surgery. Methods Patients were 75 years and older and admitted for surgical repair of an acute hip fracture. CSF samples were collected preoperatively. In an exploratory study, we measured 42 cytokines and chemokines by multiplex analysis. We compared CSF levels between patients with and without postoperative delirium and examined the association between CSF cytokine levels and delirium severity. Delirium was diagnosed with the Confusion Assessment Method; severity of delirium was measured with the Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98. Mann–Whitney U tests or Student t-tests were used for between-group comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used for correlation analyses. Results Sixty-one patients were included, of whom 23 patients (37.7%) developed postsurgical delirium. Concentrations of Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (P=0.021), Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (P=0.032) and Interleukin-6 (P=0.005) were significantly lower in patients who developed delirium postoperatively. Conclusions Our findings fit the hypothesis that delirium after surgery results from a dysfunctional neuroinflammatory response: stressing the role of reduced levels of anti-inflammatory mediators in this process. Trial registration The Effect of Taurine on Morbidity and Mortality in the Elderly Hip Fracture Patient. Registration number: NCT00497978. Local ethical protocol number: NL16222.094.07.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Westhoff
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a ubiquitously expressed cytokine existing in both intracellular and secretory forms. Here we review the expression, regulation, and functions of IL15 and its receptors in the brain. IL15 receptors show robust upregulation after neuroinflammation, suggesting a major role of IL15 signaling in cerebral function. Involvement of the IL15 system in neuropsychiatric behavior is reflected by the effects of IL15, IL15Rα, and IL2Rγ deletions on neurobehavior and neurotransmitters, the effects of IL15 treatment on neuronal activity, and the potential role of IL15 in neuroplasticity/neurogenesis. The results show that IL15 modulates GABA and serotonin transmission. This may underlie deficits in mood (depressive-like behavior and decreased normal anxiety) and memory, as well as activity level, sleep, and thermoregulation. Although IL15 has only a low level of permeation across the blood-brain barrier, peripheral IL15 is able to activate multiple signaling pathways in neurons widely distributed in CNS regions. The effects of IL15 in "preventing" neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal mice implicate a potential therapeutic role of this polypeptide cytokine.
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31
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Joshi S, Platanias LC. Mnk Kinases in Cytokine Signaling and Regulation of Cytokine Responses. Biomol Concepts 2012; 3:255-266. [PMID: 23710261 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2011-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinases Mnk1 and Mnk2 are activated downstream of the p38 MAPK and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Extensive work over the years has shown that these kinases control phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and regulate engagement of other effector elements, including hnRNPA1 and PSF. Mnk kinases are ubiquitously expressed and play critical roles in signaling for various cytokine receptors, while there is emerging evidence that they have important functions as mediators of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In this review the mechanisms of activation of MNK pathways by cytokine receptors are addressed and their roles in diverse cytokine-dependent biological processes are reviewed. The clinical-translational implications of such work and the relevance of future development of specific MNK inhibitors for the treatment of malignancies and auto-immune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Joshi
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, and Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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32
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Abstract
IL-15 is a proinflammatory cytokine. It is produced by activated blood monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated glial cells. It promotes T-cell proliferation, induction of cytolytic effector cells including natural killer and cytotoxic cells and stimulates B-cell to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulins. Little information is available on the exact role of IL-15 in the neurological diseases. Microglial cells are the main regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). IL-15 may be involved in the inflammatory reactions and microglial activation of some common CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, but its exact role in their pathogenesis is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rentzos
- Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens National University, School of Medicine, Greece.
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33
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Joshi S, Platanias LC. Mnk Kinases in Cytokine Signaling and Regulation of Cytokine Responses. Biomol Concepts 2012. [PMID: 23710261 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2011-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinases Mnk1 and Mnk2 are activated downstream of the p38 MAPK and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Extensive work over the years has shown that these kinases control phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and regulate engagement of other effector elements, including hnRNPA1 and PSF. Mnk kinases are ubiquitously expressed and play critical roles in signaling for various cytokine receptors, while there is emerging evidence that they have important functions as mediators of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In this review the mechanisms of activation of MNK pathways by cytokine receptors are addressed and their roles in diverse cytokine-dependent biological processes are reviewed. The clinical-translational implications of such work and the relevance of future development of specific MNK inhibitors for the treatment of malignancies and auto-immune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Joshi
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, and Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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34
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Stone KP, Kastin AJ, Pan W. NFĸB is an unexpected major mediator of interleukin-15 signaling in cerebral endothelia. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:115-24. [PMID: 21865854 DOI: 10.1159/000331720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 and its receptors are induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) in the cerebral endothelial cells composing the blood-brain barrier, but it is not yet clear how IL-15 modulates endothelial function. Contrary to the known induction of JAK/STAT3 signaling, here we found that nuclear factor (NF)- κB is mainly responsible for IL-15 actions on primary brain microvessel endothelial cells and cerebral endothelial cell lines. IL-15-induced transactivation of an NFκB luciferase reporter resulted in phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitory subunit IκB that was followed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NFκB. An IκB kinase inhibitor Bay 11-7082 only partially inhibited IL-15-induced NFκB luciferase activity. The effect of IL-15 was mediated by its specific receptor IL-15Rα, since endothelia from IL-15Rα knockout mice showed delayed nuclear translocation of p65, whereas those from knockout mice lacking a co-receptor IL-2Rγ did not show such changes. At the mRNA level, IL-15 and TNF showed similar effects in decreasing the tight junction protein claudin-2 and increasing the p65 subunit of NFκB but exerted different regulation on caveolin-1 and vimentin. Taken together, NFκB is a major signal transducer by which IL-15 affects cellular permeability, endocytosis, and intracellular trafficking at the level of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten P Stone
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, USA.
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35
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Huang Z, Meola D, Petitto JM. Loss of CNS IL-2 gene expression modifies brain T lymphocyte trafficking: response of normal versus autoreactive Treg-deficient T cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499:213-8. [PMID: 21669253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data from our lab and others suggested that dysregulation of the brain's endogenous neuroimmunological milieu may occur with the loss of brain IL-2 gene expression and be involved in initiating processes that lead to CNS autoimmunity. We sought to test our working hypothesis that IL-2 deficiency induces endogenous changes in the CNS that play a key role in eliciting T cell homing into the brain. To accomplish this goal, we used an experimental approach that combined mouse congenic breeding and immune reconstitution. In congenic mice without brain IL-2 (two IL-2 KO alleles) that were reconstituted with a normal wild-type immune system, the loss of brain IL-2 doubled the number of T cells that trafficked into the brain in all regions quantified (hippocampus, septum, and cerebellum) compared to mice with two wild-type brain IL-2 alleles and a wild-type peripheral immune system. Congenic mice with normal brain IL-2 (two wild-type IL-2 alleles) that were immune reconstituted with autoreactive Treg-deficient T cells from IL-2 KO mice developed the expected peripheral autoimmunity (splenomegaly) and had a comparable doubling of T cell trafficking into the hippocampus and septum, whereas they exhibited an additional twofold proclivity for the cerebellum over the septohippocampal regions. Unlike brain trafficking of wild-type T cells, the increased homing of IL-2 KO T cells to the cerebellum was independent of brain IL-2 gene expression. These findings demonstrate that brain IL-2 deficiency induces endogenous CNS changes that may lead to the development of brain autoimmunity, and that autoreactive Treg-deficient IL-2 KO T cells trafficking to the brain could have a proclivity to induce cerebellar neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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36
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Gómez-Nicola D, Valle-Argos B, Pallas-Bazarra N, Nieto-Sampedro M. Interleukin-15 regulates proliferation and self-renewal of adult neural stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1960-70. [PMID: 21508317 PMCID: PMC3113763 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-01-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-15 in the regulation of neural stem cell biology appears as a key mechanism in the control of adult neurogenesis, with direct implications for the development of pathologies with a neuroimmune component. The impact of inflammation is crucial for the regulation of the biology of neural stem cells (NSCs). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) appears as a likely candidate for regulating neurogenesis, based on its well-known mitogenic properties. We show here that NSCs of the subventricular zone (SVZ) express IL-15, which regulates NSC proliferation, as evidenced by the study of IL-15−/− mice and the effects of acute IL-15 administration, coupled to 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine/5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine dual-pulse labeling. Moreover, IL-15 regulates NSC differentiation, its deficiency leading to an impaired generation of neuroblasts in the SVZ–rostral migratory stream axis, recoverable through the action of exogenous IL-15. IL-15 expressed in cultured NSCs is linked to self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. IL-15–/– NSCs presented deficient proliferation and self-renewal, as evidenced in proliferation and colony-forming assays and the analysis of cell cycle–regulatory proteins. Moreover, IL-15–deficient NSCs were more prone to differentiate than wild-type NSCs, not affecting the cell population balance. Lack of IL-15 led to a defective activation of the JAK/STAT and ERK pathways, key for the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. The results show that IL-15 is a key regulator of neurogenesis in the adult and is essential to understanding diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Tapia-González S, García-Segura LM, Tena-Sempere M, Frago LM, Castellano JM, Fuente-Martín E, García-Cáceres C, Argente J, Chowen JA. Activation of microglia in specific hypothalamic nuclei and the cerebellum of adult rats exposed to neonatal overnutrition. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:365-70. [PMID: 21314736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has been drawn to the possible involvement of hypothalamic inflammation in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, especially in response to a high-fat diet. Microglia, the macrophages of the central nervous system, can be activated by proinflammatory signals resulting in the local production of specific interleukins and cytokines, which in turn could exacerbate the pathogenic process. Because obesity itself is considered to be a state of chronic inflammation, we evaluated whether being overweight results in microglial activation in the hypothalamus of rats on a normal diet. Accordingly, we used a model of neonatal overnutrition that entailed adjustment of litter size at birth (small litters: four pups/dam versus normal litters: 12 pups/dam) and resulted in a 15% increase in bodyweight and increased circulating leptin levels at postnatal day 60. Rats that were overnourished during neonatal life had an increased number of activated microglia in specific hypothalamic areas such as the ventromedial hypothalamus, which is an important site for metabolic control. However, this effect was not confined to the hypothalamus because significant microglial activation was also observed in the cerebellar white matter. There was no change in circulating tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α levels or TNFα mRNA levels in either the hypothalamus or cerebellum. Interleukin (IL)6 protein levels were higher in both the hypothalamus and cerebellum, with no change in IL6 mRNA levels. Because circulating IL6 levels were elevated, this rise in central IL6 could be a result of increased uptake. Thus, activation of microglia occurs in adult rats exposed to neonatal overnutrition and a moderate increase in weight gain on a normal diet, possibly representing a secondary response to systemic inflammation. Moreover, this activation could result in local changes in specific hypothalamic nuclei that in turn further deregulate metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tapia-González
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Spain
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38
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T-cell production of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibition of parasite clearance by TIMP-1 during chronic Toxoplasma infection in the brain. ASN Neuro 2011; 3:e00049. [PMID: 21434872 PMCID: PMC3024837 DOI: 10.1042/an20100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii leads to tissue remodelling in the brain and a continuous requirement for peripheral leucocyte migration within the CNS (central nervous system). In the present study, we investigate the role of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and their inhibitors in T-cell migration into the infected brain. Increased expression of two key molecules, MMP-8 and MMP-10, along with their inhibitor, TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1), was observed in the CNS following infection. Analysis of infiltrating lymphocytes demonstrated MMP-8 and -10 production by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. In addition, infiltrating T-cells and CNS resident astrocytes increased their expression of TIMP-1 following infection. TIMP-1-deficient mice had a decrease in perivascular accumulation of lymphocyte populations, yet an increase in the proportion of CD4+ T-cells that had trafficked into the CNS. This was accompanied by a reduction in parasite burden in the brain. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a role for MMPs and TIMP-1 in the trafficking of lymphocytes into the CNS during chronic infection in the brain.
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39
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Valle-Argos B, Gómez-Nicola D, Nieto-Sampedro M. Neurostatin blocks glioma cell cycle progression by inhibiting EGFR activation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 46:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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40
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Gorina R, Font-Nieves M, Márquez-Kisinousky L, Santalucia T, Planas AM. Astrocyte TLR4 activation induces a proinflammatory environment through the interplay between MyD88-dependent NFκB signaling, MAPK, and Jak1/Stat1 pathways. Glia 2010; 59:242-55. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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41
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CCR7 is expressed in astrocytes and upregulated after an inflammatory injury. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 227:87-92. [PMID: 20638137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases are frequently regulated by chemokines and their receptors, controlling both glial activation and immune cell infiltration. CCL19 and CCL21 have been described to mediate crucial functions during CNS pathological states, regulating both immune cell traffic to the CNS and communication between glia and neurons. Here, we describe the expression pattern and cellular sources of CCR7, receptor of CCL19 and CCL21, in the normal mouse brain. Moreover, we found that CCR7 is upregulated in reactive astrocytes upon intracerebral LPS, regulating early glial reactivity through its ligands CCL19 and CCL21. Our results indicate that CCR7 is playing an important role for the intercellular communication during the inflammatory activation in the CNS.
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42
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Valle-Argos B, Gómez-Nicola D, Nieto-Sampedro M. Glioma growth inhibition by neurostatin and O-But GD1b. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:1135-46. [PMID: 20615925 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of their low incidence, central nervous system tumors have elevated morbidity and mortality, being responsible for 2.3% of total cancer deaths. The ganglioside O-acetylated GD1b (O-Ac GD1b; neurostatin), present in the mammalian brain, and the semi-synthetic O-butyrylated GD1b (O-But GD1b) are potent glioma proliferation inhibitors, appearing as possible candidates for the treatment of nervous system tumors. Tumoral cell division inhibitory activity in culture correlated with growth inhibition of glioma xenotransplants in Foxn1(nu) nude mice and intracranial glioma allotransplants. Both O-Ac GD1b and O-But GD1b inhibited in vivo cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and potentiated immune cell response to the tumor. Furthermore, the increased stability of the butyrylated compound (O-But GD1b) enhanced its activity with respect to the acetylated ganglioside (neurostatin). These results are the first report of the antitumoral activity of neurostatin and a neurostatin-like compound in vivo and indicate that semi-synthetic O-acetylated and O-butyrylated gangliosides are potent antitumoral compounds that should be considered in strategies for brain tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valle-Argos
- Neural Plasticity Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Valle-Argos B, Gómez-Nicola D, Nieto-Sampedro M. Synthesis and characterization of neurostatin-related compounds with high inhibitory activity of glioma growth. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2034-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Gomez-Nicola D, Spagnolo A, Guaza C, Nieto-Sampedro M. Aggravated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IL-15 knockout mice. Exp Neurol 2010; 222:235-42. [PMID: 20070942 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 initially identified as a T proliferating cytokine has several structural and biological similarities with IL-2 and has been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases. Because of the scarcity of information available on the role of IL-15 in MS pathogenesis, we have investigated how the absence of IL-15 affected the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS. Following immunization of IL-15(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice with MOG(35-55), we observed a more severe neurological impairment in the IL-15 knockout mice than in the wild-type group. The enhanced disease severity in IL-15(-/-) mice was associated with greater demyelination in the spinal cord, increased immune cell infiltration and inflammation. These events may be related to the higher CD4/CD8 ratio and the almost absent NK cell activity, congenital immune features of IL-15KO mice. Moreover, we found that the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 was overexpressed in the spinal cord of IL-15(-/-) mice, mainly localized on infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. How these findings are contributing to the aggravated EAE development in IL-15 KO mice remain unclear and need to be further investigated.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/etiology
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Eliminative Behavior, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glycoproteins
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Neural Plasticity Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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