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Xiaoling Q, Yurong G, Ke X, Yuxiang Q, Panpan A, Yinzhen D, Xue L, Tingting L, Chuanxi T. GDNF's Role in Mitigating Intestinal Reactive Gliosis and Inflammation to Improve Constipation and Depressive Behavior in Rats with Parkinson's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:78. [PMID: 39158627 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Constipation is a common symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and is often associated with depression. Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are crucial for regulating intestinal inflammation and colon motility, and their activation can lead to the death of intestinal neurons. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been recognized for its neuroprotective properties in various neurological disorders, including PD. This study explores the potential of GDNF in alleviating intestinal reactive gliosis and inflammation, thereby improving constipation and depressive behavior in a rat model of PD. A PD model was established via unilateral stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Five weeks post-injury, AAV5-GDNF (2 ~ 5 × 10^11) was intraperitoneally injected into experimental and control rats. Fecal moisture percentage (FMP) and colonic propulsion rate (CPPR) were used to evaluate colon motility. Colon-related inflammation and colonic epithelial morphology were assessed, and depressive behavior was analyzed one week before sampling. PD rats exhibited reduced colonic motility and GDNF expression, along with increased EGC reactivity and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Additionally, there was an up-regulation of CX43 and a decrease in PGP 9.5 expression. The intraperitoneal injection of AAV-GDNF significantly protected colonic neurons by inhibiting EGC activation and down-regulating CX43. This treatment also led to a notable reduction in depressive-like symptoms in PD rats with constipation. GDNF effectively reduces markers of reactive gliosis and inflammation, and promotes the survival of colonic neurons, and improves colonic motility in PD rats by regulating CX43 activity. Furthermore, GDNF treatment alleviates depressive behavior, suggesting that GDNF or its agonists could be promising therapeutic agents for managing gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiaoling
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai 4th People's Hospital, Tongji University, No.1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200081, China.
| | - Guo Yurong
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Ke
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu Yuxiang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - An Panpan
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Du Yinzhen
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Xue
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liu Tingting
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai 4th People's Hospital, Tongji University, No.1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200081, China
| | - Tang Chuanxi
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Yamasaki R. Connexins Control Glial Inflammation in Various Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16879. [PMID: 38069203 PMCID: PMC10706219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) form gap junctions through homotypic/heterotypic oligomerization. Cxs are initially synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, then assembled as hexamers in the Golgi apparatus before being integrated into the cell membrane as hemichannels. These hemichannels remain closed until they combine to create gap junctions, directly connecting neighboring cells. Changes in the intracellular or extracellular environment are believed to trigger the opening of hemichannels, creating a passage between the inside and outside of the cell. The size of the channel pore depends on the Cx isoform and cellular context-specific effects such as posttranslational modifications. Hemichannels allow various bioactive molecules, under ~1 kDa, to move in and out of the host cell in the direction of the electrochemical gradient. In this review, we explore the fundamental roles of Cxs and their clinical implications in various neurological dysfunctions, including hereditary diseases, ischemic brain disorders, degenerative conditions, demyelinating disorders, and psychiatric illnesses. The influence of Cxs on the pathomechanisms of different neurological disorders varies depending on the circumstances. Hemichannels are hypothesized to contribute to proinflammatory effects by releasing ATP, adenosine, glutamate, and other bioactive molecules, leading to neuroglial inflammation. Modulating Cxs' hemichannels has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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3
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Wang X, Zhao R, Yang H, Liu C, Zhao Q. Two rare cases of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder in children with leukodystrophy-like imaging findings. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:247. [PMID: 37370056 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) whose sera are positive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunoglobulin (IgG) can be diagnosed with MOG-IgG associated disorder (MOGAD). Cases with leukodystrophy-like imaging findings with recurrent MOGAD have rarely been reported. CASE PRESENTATION Two children with MOGAD, whose onset age was 6 months and 3 years, respectively, were admitted to the hospital due to fever and altered consciousness. In both children, MOG-IgG was detected in the serum using live cell-based assay. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed leukodystrophy-like lesions with diffuse bilateral white matter. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed mild pleocytosis with normal or slightly increased protein levels and no oligoclonal bands. Metabolic and inflammatory blood/CSF markers were all negative. Full exon gene testing revealed normal results, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA were normal. Despite regular immunotherapy and reduction of lesions based on brain MRI results, the patients repeatedly relapsed and had residual neurological dysfunction at 3-4 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Although MOGAD is a monophasic and benign condition, certain MOGAD patients can experience multiple relapses and residual neurologic deficits. The spectrum of clinical manifestations in MOGAD is wider in children than in previously reported cases, including cases with leukodystrophy-like imaging findings. Such imaging findings along with MOG-IgG may occur recurrently and result in severe neurological prognosis. Patients with extensive and confluent white matter lesions should undergo early testing of MOG-IgG to ensure early therapy. In refractory cases, MOGAD treatment may need to be escalated beyond the current therapy, which means second-line immunotherapy should be performed as early as possible and hormone levels should not be rapidly reduced. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may improve the prognosis of children with MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Second Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Ruibin Zhao
- School of Medical Imaging, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huafang Yang
- Second Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Second Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Second Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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Abrams CK. Mechanisms of Diseases Associated with Mutation in GJC2/Connexin 47. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040712. [PMID: 37189458 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins are members of a family of integral membrane proteins that provide a pathway for both electrical and metabolic coupling between cells. Astroglia express connexin 30 (Cx30)-GJB6 and Cx43-GJA1, while oligodendroglia express Cx29/Cx31.3-GJC3, Cx32-GJB1, and Cx47-GJC2. Connexins organize into hexameric hemichannels (homomeric if all subunits are identical or heteromeric if one or more differs). Hemichannels from one cell then form cell-cell channels with a hemichannel from an apposed cell. (These are termed homotypic if the hemichannels are identical and heterotypic if the hemichannels differ). Oligodendrocytes couple to each other through Cx32/Cx32 or Cx47/Cx47 homotypic channels and they couple to astrocytes via Cx32/Cx30 or Cx47/Cx43 heterotypic channels. Astrocytes couple via Cx30/Cx30 and Cx43/Cx43 homotypic channels. Though Cx32 and Cx47 may be expressed in the same cells, all available data suggest that Cx32 and Cx47 cannot interact heteromerically. Animal models wherein one or in some cases two different CNS glial connexins have been deleted have helped to clarify the role of these molecules in CNS function. Mutations in a number of different CNS glial connexin genes cause human disease. Mutations in GJC2 lead to three distinct phenotypes, Pelizaeus Merzbacher like disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis (SPG44) and subclinical leukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Abrams
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Zhang S, Zhang J, Zhang X, Lv P, Guo S. The protective effect of total glucosides of white paeony capsules on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152313. [PMID: 36586141 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To learn about the effect and mechanism of total glucosides of white peony capsule (TGP), on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an acknowledged animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS The rat model of EAE was induced by subcutaneous injection with guinea pig spinal cord homogenate. The severity of the disease model was assessed by clinical score, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and luxol fast blue (LFB). Immunohistochemical assay was used to observe the types of inflammatory cells and adhesive molecule expression. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect content of the stem cell growth factor / mast cell growth factor (scf/MGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-2. Immunofluorescence assay was applied to observe the expression of connexin43 (Cx43), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), connexin47 (Cx47) and the monoclonal antibody anti-adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) clone CC1. RESULTS Compare with the animals in EAE model group, TGP treated rats (particularly those treated with high doses) showed a significant decrease in morbidity, clinical scores, CNS infiltration of inflammatory cells (including mononuclear macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) and demyelination. The key adhesion molecule ICAM-1, cytokines IL-2、IL-6 and scf/MGF were significantly decreased with TGP treatment. Oppositely, PD-1, connexin47 in oligodendrocytes and connexin43 in astrocytes were elevated with TGP treatment. CONCLUSION To sum up, TGP exhibited a significantly prevention and treatment effect on EAE rat model, and this improvement was achieved through a combination way composed of glial and inflammatory cells, junction proteins, various factors including adhesion factors, interleukins and scf/MGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Sanxing Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and the Link Between Gut Microbiota and CNS. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Pechlivanidou M, Kousiappa I, Angeli S, Sargiannidou I, Koupparis AM, Papacostas SS, Kleopa KA. Glial Gap Junction Pathology in the Spinal Cord of the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415597. [PMID: 36555237 PMCID: PMC9779687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are specialized transmembrane channels assembled by two hemi-channels of six connexin (Cx) proteins that facilitate neuroglial crosstalk in the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies confirmed the crucial role of glial GJs in neurodegenerative disorders with dementia or motor dysfunction including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to examine the alterations in astrocyte and related oligodendrocyte GJs in association with Aβ plaques in the spinal cord of the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. Our analysis revealed abundant Aβ plaque deposition, activated microglia, and astrogliosis in 12-month-old (12M) 5xFAD mice, with significant impairment of motor performance starting from 3-months (3M) of age. Additionally, 12M 5xFAD mice displayed increased immunoreactivity of astroglial Cx43 and Cx30 surrounding Aβ plaques and higher protein levels, indicating upregulated astrocyte-to-astrocyte GJ connectivity. In addition, they demonstrated increased numbers of mature CC1-positive and precursor oligodendrocytes (OPCs) with higher immunoreactivity of Cx47-positive GJs in individual cells. Moreover, total Cx47 protein levels were significantly elevated in 12M 5xFAD, reflecting increased oligodendrocyte-to-oligodendrocyte Cx47-Cx47 GJ connectivity. In contrast, we observed a marked reduction in Cx32 protein levels in 12M 5xFAD spinal cords compared with controls, while qRT-PCR analysis revealed a significant upregulation in Cx32 mRNA levels. Finally, myelin deficits were found focally in the areas occupied by Aβ plaques, whereas axons themselves remained preserved. Overall, our data provide novel insights into the altered glial GJ expression in the spinal cord of the 5xFAD model of AD and the implicated role of GJ pathology in neurodegeneration. Further investigation to understand the functional consequences of these extensive alterations in oligodendrocyte-astrocyte (O/A) GJ connectivity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pechlivanidou
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Kousiappa
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Stella Angeli
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Andreas M. Koupparis
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Epilepsy Centre, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Dementia and Cognitive Disorders Centre, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Savvas S. Papacostas
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus
- Epilepsy Centre, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Dementia and Cognitive Disorders Centre, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Center for Neuromuscular Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
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Valenza M, Facchinetti R, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Palmitoylethanolamide and White Matter Lesions: Evidence for Therapeutic Implications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091191. [PMID: 36139030 PMCID: PMC9496237 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), the naturally occurring amide of ethanolamine and palmitic acid, is an endogenous lipid compound endowed with a plethora of pharmacological functions, including analgesic, neuroprotective, immune-modulating, and anti-inflammatory effects. Although the properties of PEA were first characterized nearly 65 years ago, the identity of the receptor mediating these actions has long remained elusive, causing a period of research stasis. In the last two decades, a renewal of interest in PEA occurred, and a series of interesting studies have demonstrated the pharmacological properties of PEA and clarified its mechanisms of action. Recent findings showed the ability of formulations containing PEA in promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation, which represents the first step for the proper formation of myelin. This evidence opens new and promising research opportunities. White matter defects have been detected in a vast and heterogeneous group of diseases, including age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we summarize the history and pharmacology of PEA and discuss its therapeutic potential in restoring white matter defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Università Giustino Fortunato, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (C.S.)
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9
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Connexins Signatures of the Neurovascular Unit and Their Physio-Pathological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179510. [PMID: 36076908 PMCID: PMC9455936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis is closely linked to the delicate balance of the microenvironment in which different cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) coexist. Intercellular communication plays a pivotal role in exchanges of signaling molecules and mediators essential for survival functions, as well as in the removal of disturbing elements that can lead to related pathologies. The specific signatures of connexins (Cxs), proteins which form either gap junctions (GJs) or hemichannels (HCs), represent the biological substrate of the pathophysiological balance. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in glia–neuro–vascular crosstalk. Herein, Cxs signatures of every NVU component are highlighted and their critical influence on functional processes in healthy and pathological conditions of nervous microenvironment is reviewed.
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10
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Kunkl M, Amormino C, Tedeschi V, Fiorillo MT, Tuosto L. Astrocytes and Inflammatory T Helper Cells: A Dangerous Liaison in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:824411. [PMID: 35211120 PMCID: PMC8860818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the recruitment of self-reactive T lymphocytes, mainly inflammatory T helper (Th) cell subsets. Once recruited within the CNS, inflammatory Th cells produce several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that activate resident glial cells, thus contributing to the breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB), demyelination and axonal loss. Astrocytes are recognized as key players of MS immunopathology, which respond to Th cell-defining cytokines by acquiring a reactive phenotype that amplify neuroinflammation into the CNS and contribute to MS progression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the astrocytic changes and behaviour in both MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and the contribution of pathogenic Th1, Th17 and Th1-like Th17 cell subsets, and CD8+ T cells to the morphological and functional modifications occurring in astrocytes and their pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Theotokis P, Kesidou E, Mitsiadou D, Petratos S, Damianidou O, Boziki M, Chatzidimitriou A, Grigoriadis N. Lumbar spine intrathecal transplantation of neural precursor cells promotes oligodendrocyte proliferation in hot spots of chronic demyelination. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13040. [PMID: 34845781 PMCID: PMC9245942 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a basic and reliable model used to study clinical and pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) in rodents. Several studies suggest neural precursor cells (NPCs) as a significant research tool while reporting that transplanted NPCs are a promising therapeutic approach to treating neurological disorders, such as MS. The main objective was to approach a preclinical, in vivo scenario of oligodendrogenesis with NPCs, targeting the main chronic demyelinated lumbosacral milieu of EAE, via the least invasive delivery method which is lumbar puncture. We utilized MOG35‐55 peptide to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice and prior to the acute relapse, we intervened with either the traceable GFP+ cellular therapy or saline solution in the intrathecal space of their lumbar spine. A BrdU injection, which enabled us to monitor endogenous proliferation, marked the endpoint 50 days post‐induction (50 dpi). Neuropathology with high‐throughput, triple immunofluorescent, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data were extracted and analyzed. The experimental treatment attenuated the chronic phase of EAE (50 dpi; score <1) following an acute, clinical relapse. Myelination and axonal integrity were rescued in the NPC‐treated animals along with suppressed immune populations. The differentiation profile of the exogenous NPCs and endogenous BrdU+ cells was location‐dependent where GFP+‐rich areas drove undifferentiated phenotypes toward the oligodendrocyte lineage. In situ oligodendrocyte enrichment was demonstrated through increased (p < 0.001) gap junction channels of Cx32 and Cx47, reliable markers for proliferative oligodendroglia syncytium. TEM morphometric analysis ultimately manifested an increased g‐ratio in lumbosacral fibers of the recovered animals (p < 0.001). Herein, we suggest that a single, lumbar intrathecal administration of NPCs capacitated a viable cellular load and resulted in clinical and pathological amelioration, stimulating resident OPCs to overcome the remyelination failure in EAE demyelinating locale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Mitsiadou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olympia Damianidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Shahla J, Dariush H, Bijan SM, Majid E, Zahra A, Bahman Y. Comparative immunomodulatory effects of jelly royal and 10-H2DA on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Stavropoulos F, Georgiou E, Sargiannidou I, Kleopa KA. Dysregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier and Exacerbated Inflammatory Response in Cx47-Deficient Mice after Induction of EAE. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070621. [PMID: 34203192 PMCID: PMC8308522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), in connexin 32 (Cx32) or Cx47 knockout (KO) mice with deficiency in oligodendrocyte gap junctions (GJs) results in a more severe disease course. In particular, Cx47 KO EAE mice experience an earlier EAE onset and more pronounced disease severity, accompanied by dysregulated pro-inflammatory responses preceding the disease manifestations. In this study, analysis of relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines in wild type EAE, Cx32 KO EAE, and Cx47 KO EAE mice revealed altered expression of Vcam-1 preceding EAE [7 days post injection (dpi)], of Ccl2 at the onset of EAE (12 dpi), and of Gm-csf at the peak of EAE (24 dpi) in Cx47 KO EAE mice. Moreover, Cx47 KO EAE mice exhibited more severe blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, enhanced astrogliosis with defects in tight junction formation at the glia limitans, and increased T-cell infiltration prior to disease onset. Thus, Cx47 deficiency appears to cause dysregulation of the inflammatory profile and BSCB integrity, promoting early astrocyte responses in Cx47 KO EAE mice that lead to a more severe EAE outcome. Further investigation into the role of oligodendrocytic Cx47 in EAE and multiple sclerosis pathology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Stavropoulos
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-358600; Fax: +357-22-392786
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14
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Une H, Yamasaki R, Nagata S, Yamaguchi H, Nakamuta Y, Indiasari UC, Cui Y, Shinoda K, Masaki K, Götz M, Kira JI. Brain gray matter astroglia-specific connexin 43 ablation attenuates spinal cord inflammatory demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:126. [PMID: 34090477 PMCID: PMC8180177 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain astroglia are activated preceding the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We characterized the effects of brain astroglia on spinal cord inflammation, focusing on astroglial connexin (Cx)43, because we recently reported that Cx43 has a critical role in regulating neuroinflammation. Methods Because glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)+ astroglia are enriched in the brain gray matter, we generated Cx43fl/fl;GLAST-CreERT2/+ mice that were brain gray matter astroglia-specific Cx43 conditional knockouts (Cx43 icKO). EAE was induced by immunization with myelin oligodendroglia glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 peptide 10 days after tamoxifen injection. Cx43fl/fl mice were used as controls. Results Acute and chronic EAE signs were significantly milder in Cx43 icKO mice than in controls whereas splenocyte MOG-specific responses were unaltered. Histologically, Cx43 icKO mice showed significantly less demyelination and fewer CD45+ infiltrating immunocytes, including F4/80+ macrophages, and Iba1+ microglia in the spinal cord than controls. Microarray analysis of the whole cerebellum revealed marked upregulation of anti-inflammatory A2-specific astroglia gene sets in the pre-immunized phase and decreased proinflammatory A1-specific and pan-reactive astroglial gene expression in the onset phase in Cx43 icKO mice compared with controls. Astroglia expressing C3, a representative A1 marker, were significantly decreased in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord of Cx43 icKO mice compared with controls in the peak phase. Isolated Cx43 icKO spinal microglia showed more anti-inflammatory and less proinflammatory gene expression than control microglia in the pre-immunized phase. In particular, microglial expression of Ccl2, Ccl5, Ccl7, and Ccl8 in the pre-immunized phase and of Cxcl9 at the peak phase was lower in Cx43 icKO than in controls. Spinal microglia circularity was significantly lower in Cx43 icKO than in controls in the peak phase. Significantly lower interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-γ, and IL-10 levels were present in cerebrospinal fluid from Cx43 icKO mice in the onset phase compared with controls. Conclusions The ablation of Cx43 in brain gray matter astroglia attenuates EAE by promoting astroglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and suppressing proinflammatory activation of spinal microglia partly through depressed cerebrospinal fluid proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels. Brain astroglial Cx43 might be a novel therapeutic target for MS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02176-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Une
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamuta
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ulfa Camelia Indiasari
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yiwen Cui
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Shinoda
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Ookawa, Fukuoka, 831-8501, Japan. .,Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, 2-6-11 Yakuin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0022, Japan.
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15
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Liu YD, Tang G, Qian F, Liu L, Huang JR, Tang FR. Astroglial Connexins in Neurological and Neuropsychological Disorders and Radiation Exposure. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1970-1986. [PMID: 32520676 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200610175037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common treatment for brain and spinal cord tumors and also a risk factor for neuropathological changes in the brain leading to different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Astroglial connexins are involved in brain inflammation, development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), depressive, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and are affected by radiation exposure. Therefore, it is speculated that radiation-induced changes of astroglial connexins may be related to the brain neuropathology and development of neurological and neuropsychological disorders. In this paper, we review the functional expression and regulation of astroglial connexins expressed between astrocytes and different types of brain cells (including oligodendrocytes, microglia, neurons and endothelial cells). The roles of these connexins in the development of AD, depressive, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain inflammation have also been summarized. The radiation-induced astroglial connexins changes and development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders are then discussed. Based on currently available data, we propose that radiation-induced astroglial connexins changes may be involved in the genesis of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders which depends on the age, brain regions, and radiation doses/dose rates. The abnormal astroglial connexins may be novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of radiation-induced cognitive impairment, neurological and neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Duo Liu
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Ge Tang
- Woodlands Health Campus, National Healthcare Group Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Qian
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | | | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Raffaele S, Boccazzi M, Fumagalli M. Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030565. [PMID: 33807572 PMCID: PMC8000560 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is the lipid-rich structure formed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) that wraps the axons in multilayered sheaths, assuring protection, efficient saltatory signal conduction and metabolic support to neurons. In the last few years, the impact of OL dysfunction and myelin damage has progressively received more attention and is now considered to be a major contributing factor to neurodegeneration in several neurological diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Upon OL injury, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) of adult nervous tissue sustain the generation of new OLs for myelin reconstitution, but this spontaneous regeneration process fails to successfully counteract myelin damage. Of note, the functions of OPCs exceed the formation and repair of myelin, and also involve the trophic support to axons and the capability to exert an immunomodulatory role, which are particularly relevant in the context of neurodegeneration. In this review, we deeply analyze the impact of dysfunctional OLs in ALS pathogenesis. The possible mechanisms underlying OL degeneration, defective OPC maturation, and impairment in energy supply to motor neurons (MNs) have also been examined to provide insights on future therapeutic interventions. On this basis, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility in ALS of several molecules, based on their remyelinating potential or capability to enhance energy metabolism.
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17
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Sargiannidou I, Christophidou-Anastasiadou V, Hadjisavvas A, Tanteles GA, Kleopa KA. Novel GJA1/Cx43 Variant Associated With Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia Syndrome: Clinical Phenotype and Cellular Mechanisms. Front Genet 2021; 11:604806. [PMID: 33584802 PMCID: PMC7873484 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.604806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculodentodigital dysplasia syndrome is associated with numerous pathogenic variants in GJA1, the gene encoding connexin43 gap junction protein. A novel in-frame deletion (p.Lys134del) was found in our clinic. The patient showed all the typical dysmorphic features of the syndrome. The functional consequences of this variant were also studied in an in vitro system. Cells expressed significantly less number of gap junction plaques with a great number of them retained intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sargiannidou
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Violetta Christophidou-Anastasiadou
- Clinical Genetics Center, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Makarios Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Electron Microscopy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George A Tanteles
- Clinical Genetics Center, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Center of Neuromuscular Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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18
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Kalafatakis I, Savvaki M, Velona T, Karagogeos D. Implication of Contactins in Demyelinating Pathologies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010051. [PMID: 33451101 PMCID: PMC7828632 DOI: 10.3390/life11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating pathologies comprise of a variety of conditions where either central or peripheral myelin is attacked, resulting in white matter lesions and neurodegeneration. Myelinated axons are organized into molecularly distinct domains, and this segregation is crucial for their proper function. These defined domains are differentially affected at the different stages of demyelination as well as at the lesion and perilesion sites. Among the main players in myelinated axon organization are proteins of the contactin (CNTN) group of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) of cell adhesion molecules, namely Contactin-1 and Contactin-2 (CNTN1, CNTN2). The two contactins perform their functions through intermolecular interactions, which are crucial for myelinated axon integrity and functionality. In this review, we focus on the implication of these two molecules as well as their interactors in demyelinating pathologies in humans. At first, we describe the organization and function of myelinated axons in the central (CNS) and the peripheral (PNS) nervous system, further analyzing the role of CNTN1 and CNTN2 as well as their interactors in myelination. In the last section, studies showing the correlation of the two contactins with demyelinating pathologies are reviewed, highlighting the importance of these recognition molecules in shaping the function of the nervous system in multiple ways.
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19
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Mozafari S, Deboux C, Laterza C, Ehrlich M, Kuhlmann T, Martino G, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Beneficial contribution of induced pluripotent stem cell-progeny to Connexin 47 dynamics during demyelination-remyelination. Glia 2020; 69:1094-1109. [PMID: 33301181 PMCID: PMC7984339 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are extensively coupled to astrocytes, a phenomenon ensuring glial homeostasis and maintenance of central nervous system myelin. Molecular disruption of this communication occurs in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Less is known about the vulnerability and reconstruction of the panglial network during adult demyelination‐remyelination. Here, we took advantage of lysolcithin‐induced demyelination to investigate the expression dynamics of the oligodendrocyte specific connexin 47 (Cx47) and to some extent that of astrocyte Cx43, and whether this dynamic could be modulated by grafted induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐neural progeny. Our data show that disruption of Cx43‐Cx47 mediated hetero‐cellular gap‐junction intercellular communication following demyelination is larger in size than demyelination. Loss of Cx47 expression is timely rescued during remyelination and accelerated by the grafted neural precursors. Moreover, mouse and human iPSC‐derived oligodendrocytes express Cx47, which co‐labels with astrocyte Cx43, indicating their integration into the panglial network. These data suggest that in rodents, full lesion repair following transplantation occurs by panglial reconstruction in addition to remyelination. Targeting panglial elements by cell therapy or pharmacological compounds may help accelerating or stabilizing re/myelination in myelin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Mozafari
- INSERM, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris 06, UM-75, Paris, France.,ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- INSERM, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris 06, UM-75, Paris, France.,ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Institute of Experimental Neurology-DIBIT 2, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Industrial Engineering Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marc Ehrlich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology-DIBIT 2, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- INSERM, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université UPMC Paris 06, UM-75, Paris, France.,ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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20
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Angeli S, Kousiappa I, Stavrou M, Sargiannidou I, Georgiou E, Papacostas SS, Kleopa KA. Altered Expression of Glial Gap Junction Proteins Cx43, Cx30, and Cx47 in the 5XFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:582934. [PMID: 33117125 PMCID: PMC7575794 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.582934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial gap junction proteins, called connexins (Cxs), form gap junctions in the central nervous system (CNS) to allow the bidirectional cytosolic exchange of molecules between adjacent cells. Their involvement in inheritable diseases and the use of experimental animal models that closely mimic such diseases revealed the critical role of glial GJs in myelination and homeostasis. Cxs are also implicated in acquired demyelinating disorders, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Animal and human studies have revealed a role of the astrocytic Cx43 in the progression of AD but the role of Cx47, which is the main partner of Cx43 in the astrocyte-oligodendrocyte GJs is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the astrocytic connexins, Cx43 and Cx30 in relation to oligodendrocytic Cx47 in the cortex and thalamus of the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. The model was characterized by increased Aβ deposition, gliosis, neuronal loss, and memory impairment. Compared to wild-type mice, Cx43 and Cx30 showed increased immunoreactivity in older 5XFAD mice, reflecting astrogliosis, while Cx47 immunoreactivity was reduced. Moreover, Cx47 GJ plaques showed reduced colocalization with Cx43 plaques. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocyte populations were also depleted, and myelin deficits were observed. Our findings indicate reduced astrocyte-oligodendrocyte gap junction connectivity and possibly a shift in Cx43 expression toward astrocyte-astrocyte gap junctions and/or hemichannels, that could impair oligodendrocyte homeostasis and myelination. However, other factors, such as Aβ toxicity, could directly affect oligodendrocyte survival in AD. Our study provides evidence that Cxs might have implications in the progression of AD, although the role of oligodendrocyte Cxs in AD requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Angeli
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Kousiappa
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Stavrou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Savvas S. Papacostas
- Neurobiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Dementia and Cognitive Disorders Center, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Neuromuscular disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Papaneophytou C, Georgiou E, Kleopa KA. The role of oligodendrocyte gap junctions in neuroinflammation. Channels (Austin) 2020; 13:247-263. [PMID: 31232168 PMCID: PMC6602578 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1631107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) provide channels for direct cell-to-cell connectivity serving the homeostasis in several organs of vertebrates including the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. GJs are composed of connexins (Cx), which show a highly distinct cellular and subcellular expression pattern. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS, are characterized by extensive GJ connectivity with each other as well as with astrocytes. The main oligodendrocyte connexins forming these GJ channels are Cx47 and Cx32. The importance of these channels has been highlighted by the discovery of human diseases caused by mutations in oligodendrocyte connexins, manifesting with leukodystrophy or transient encephalopathy. Experimental models have provided further evidence that oligodendrocyte GJs are essential for CNS myelination and homeostasis, while a strong inflammatory component has been recognized in the absence of oligodendrocyte connexins. Further studies revealed that connexins are also disrupted in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain, and in experimental models of induced inflammatory demyelination. Moreover, induced demyelination was more severe and associated with higher degree of CNS inflammation in models with oligodendrocyte GJ deficiency, suggesting that disrupted connexin expression in oligodendrocytes is not only a consequence but can also drive a pro-inflammatory environment in acquired demyelinating disorders such as MS. In this review, we summarize the current insights from human disorders as well as from genetic and acquired models of demyelination related to oligodendrocyte connexins, with the remaining challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Papaneophytou
- a Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus.,b Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering , University of Nicosia , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Elena Georgiou
- a Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- a Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus.,c Neurology Clinics , the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, and the Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus
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22
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Effects of EHP-101 on inflammation and remyelination in murine models of Multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104994. [PMID: 32599064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a combination of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the spinal cord and the brain. Natural and synthetic cannabinoids such as VCE-004.8 have been studied in preclinical models of MS and represent promising candidates for drug development. VCE-004.8 is a multitarget synthetic cannabidiol (CBD) derivative acting as a dual Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma/Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (PPARγ/CB2) ligand agonist that also activates the Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. EHP-101 is an oral lipidic formulation of VCE-004.8 that has shown efficacy in several preclinical models of autoimmune, inflammatory, fibrotic, and neurodegenerative diseases. EHP-101 alleviated clinical symptomatology in EAE and transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that EHP-101 prevented the expression of many inflammatory genes closely associated with MS pathophysiology in the spinal cord. EHP-101 normalized the expression of several genes associated with oligodendrocyte function such as Teneurin 4 (Tenm4) and Gap junction gamma-3 (Gjc3) that were downregulated in EAE. EHP-101 treatment prevented microglia activation and demyelination in both the spinal cord and the brain. Moreover, EAE was associated with a loss in the expression of Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) in the corpus callosum, a marker for oligodendrocyte differentiation, which was restored by EHP-101 treatment. In addition, EHP-101 enhanced the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTpi), a marker for mature oligodendrocytes in the brain. We also found that a diet containing 0.2% cuprizone for six weeks induced a clear loss of myelin in the brain measured by Cryomyelin staining and Myelin basic protein (MBP) expression. Moreover, EHP-101 also prevented cuprizone-induced microglial activation, astrogliosis and reduced axonal damage. Our results provide evidence that EHP-101 showed potent anti-inflammatory activity, prevented demyelination, and enhanced remyelination. Therefore, EHP-101 represents a promising drug candidate for the potential treatment of different forms of MS.
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Debarba LK, Marangon PB, Borges BC, Veida-Silva H, Venâncio JC, Almeida-Pereira G, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. Neonatal nutritional programming induces gliosis and alters the expression of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase and connexins in male rats. Horm Behav 2020; 120:104690. [PMID: 31954709 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Changes to neonatal nutrition result in long-lasting impairments in energy balance, which may be described as metabolic programing. Astrocytes, which are interconnected by gap junctions, have emerged as important players in the hypothalamic control of food intake. In order to study the effects of nutritional programming on glial morphology and protein expression, cross-fostered male Wistar rats at postnatal day 3 were assigned to three groups based on litter size: small litter (3 pups per dam, SL), normal litter (10 pups per dam, NL), and large litter (16 pups per dam, LL). Rats from the SL group exhibited higher body weight throughout the study and hyperphagia after weaning. LL animals exhibited hyperphagia, high energy efficiency and catch-up of body weight after weaning. Both the SL and LL groups at postnatal day 60 (PN60) exhibited increased levels of plasma leptin, the Lee index (as an index of obesity), adiposity content, immunoreactivity toward T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. Astrocyte morphology was altered in the ARC of SL and LL animals, and this effect occurred in parallel with a reduction in immunoreactivity toward connexin 30 (CX30). The data obtained demonstrate that both neonatal over- and underfeeding promote not only alterations in the metabolic status but also morphological changes in glial cells in parallel with increasing TCPTP and changes in connexin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Kniess Debarba
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900.
| | - Paula Beatriz Marangon
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900
| | - Beatriz C Borges
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900
| | - Hellen Veida-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900
| | - Jade Cabestre Venâncio
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900
| | - Gislaine Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900
| | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14049-900
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Xia CY, Xu JK, Pan CH, Lian WW, Yan Y, Ma BZ, He J, Zhang WK. Connexins in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes: Possible factors for demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104731. [PMID: 32201280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences support that glial connexins are involved in the demyelination pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder. Here, we review the data from patients with MS and animal models of MS that implicate connexins in demyelination. Connexins expressed in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes show diverse changes at the different phases of MS. Loss of oligodendrocyte or astrocyte connexins contributes to demyelination and exaggerates the pathology of MS. Channel-dependent and -independent connexins are involved in the pathology of demyelination, which is related with myelin integrity, metabolic homeostasis, the brain-blood barrier, the immune cell infiltration, and the inflammatory response. A comprehensive understanding of connexin function in demyelination may provide new therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Hao Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage express a wide range of Ca2+ channels and receptors that regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and oligodendrocyte formation and function. Here we define those key channels and receptors that regulate Ca2+ signaling and OPC development and myelination. We then discuss how the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ in turn affects OPC and oligodendrocyte biology in the healthy nervous system and under pathological conditions. Activation of Ca2+ channels and receptors in OPCs and oligodendrocytes by neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca2+, making Ca2+ signaling a central candidate mediator of activity-driven myelination. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that localized changes in Ca2+ in oligodendrocytes can regulate the formation and remodeling of myelin sheaths and perhaps additional functions of oligodendrocytes and OPCs. Thus, decoding how OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes integrate and process Ca2+ signals will be important to fully understand central nervous system formation, health, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Paez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA;
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom;
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Oligodendroglial connexin 47 regulates neuroinflammation upon autoimmune demyelination in a novel mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2160-2169. [PMID: 31932428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901294117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis plaques, oligodendroglial connexin (Cx) 47 constituting main gap junction channels with astroglial Cx43 is persistently lost. As mice with Cx47 single knockout exhibit no demyelination, the roles of Cx47 remain undefined. We aimed to clarify the effects of oligodendroglia-specific Cx47 inducible conditional knockout (icKO) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55) in PLP/CreERT;Cx47fl/fl mice at 14 d after tamoxifen injection. Cx47 icKO mice demonstrated exacerbation of acute and chronic relapsing EAE with more pronounced demyelination than Cx47 flox (fl)/fl littermates. CD3+ T cells more abundantly infiltrated the spinal cord in Cx47 icKO than in Cx47 fl/fl mice throughout the acute to chronic phases. CXCR3-CCR6+CD4+ and IL17+IFNγ-CD4+ helper T (Th) 17 cells isolated from spinal cord and brain tissues were significantly increased in Cx47 icKO mice compared with Cx47 fl/fl mice, while MOG35-55-specific proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production of splenocytes were unaltered. Microarray analysis of isolated microglia revealed stronger microglial activation toward proinflammatory and injury-response phenotypes with increased expressions of chemokines that can attract Th17 cells, including Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl7, and Ccl8, in Cx47 icKO mice compared with Cx47 fl/fl mice. In Cx47 icKO mice, NOS2+ and MHC class II+ microglia were more enriched immunohistochemically, and A1-specific astroglial gene expressions and astroglia immunostained for C3, a representative A1 astrocyte marker, were significantly increased at the acute phase, compared with Cx47 fl/fl mice. These findings suggest that oligodendroglia-specific Cx47 ablation induces severe inflammation upon autoimmune demyelination, underscoring a critical role for Cx47 in regulating neuroinflammation.
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Koutsis G, Breza M, Velonakis G, Tzartos J, Kasselimis D, Kartanou C, Karavasilis E, Tzanetakos D, Anagnostouli M, Andreadou E, Evangelopoulos ME, Kilidireas C, Potagas C, Panas M, Karadima G. X linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and multiple sclerosis: emerging evidence for an association. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:187-194. [PMID: 30196252 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX) is a hereditary neuropathy caused by mutations in GJB1 coding for connexin-32, a gap junction protein expressed in Schwann cells, but also found in oligodendrocytes. Four patients with CMTX developing central nervous system (CNS) demyelination compatible with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been individually published. We presently sought to systematically investigate the relationship between CMTX and MS. METHODS Over 20 years, 70 consecutive patients (36 men) with GJB1 mutations were identified at our Neurogenetics Unit, Athens, Greece, and assessed for clinical features suggestive of MS. Additionally, 18 patients with CMTX without CNS symptoms and 18 matched controls underwent brain MRI to investigate incidental findings. Serum from patients with CMTX and MS was tested for CNS immunoreactivity. RESULTS We identified three patients with CMTX who developed clinical features suggestive of inflammatory CNS demyelination fulfilling MS diagnostic criteria. The resulting 20-year MS incidence (4.3%) differed significantly from the highest background 20-year MS incidence ever reported from Greece (p=0.00039). The search for incidental brain MRI findings identified two CMTX cases (11%) with lesions suggestive of focal demyelination compared with 0 control. Moreover, 10 cases in the CMTX cohort had hyperintensity in the splenium of the corpus callosum compared with 0 control (p=0.0002). No specific CNS-reactive humoral factors were identified in patients with CMTX and MS. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a higher than expected frequency of MS in patients with CMTX and identified incidental focal demyelinating lesions on brain MRI in patients with CMTX without CNS symptoms. This provides circumstantial evidence for GJB1 mutations acting as a possible MS risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Koutsis
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianthi Breza
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Velonakis
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Tzartos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kasselimis
- Neuropsychology and Speech Pathology Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Chrisoula Kartanou
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Karavasilis
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tzanetakos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Anagnostouli
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Andreadou
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Kilidireas
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin Potagas
- Neuropsychology and Speech Pathology Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Panas
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Karadima
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Vejar S, Oyarzún JE, Retamal MA, Ortiz FC, Orellana JA. Connexin and Pannexin-Based Channels in Oligodendrocytes: Implications in Brain Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:3. [PMID: 30760982 PMCID: PMC6361860 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to this main physiological function, these cells play key roles by providing energy substrates to neurons as well as information required to sustain proper synaptic transmission and plasticity at the CNS. The latter requires a fine coordinated intercellular communication with neurons and other glial cell types, including astrocytes. In mammals, tissue synchronization is mainly mediated by connexins and pannexins, two protein families that underpin the communication among neighboring cells through the formation of different plasma membrane channels. At one end, gap junction channels (GJCs; which are exclusively formed by connexins in vertebrates) connect the cytoplasm of contacting cells allowing electrical and metabolic coupling. At the other end, hemichannels and pannexons (which are formed by connexins and pannexins, respectively) communicate the intra- and extracellular compartments, serving as diffusion pathways of ions and small molecules. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge about the expression and function of hemichannels, pannexons and GJCs in oligodendrocytes, as well as the evidence regarding the possible role of these channels in metabolic and synaptic functions at the CNS. In particular, we focus on oligodendrocyte-astrocyte coupling during axon metabolic support and its implications in brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Vejar
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan E. Oyarzún
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A. Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, and Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Fernando C. Ortiz
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A. Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Papaneophytou CP, Georgiou E, Karaiskos C, Sargiannidou I, Markoullis K, Freidin MM, Abrams CK, Kleopa KA. Regulatory role of oligodendrocyte gap junctions in inflammatory demyelination. Glia 2018; 66:2589-2603. [PMID: 30325069 PMCID: PMC6519212 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) coupling oligodendrocytes to astrocytes and to other oligodendrocytes are formed mainly by connexin47 (Cx47) and a smaller portion by connexin32 (Cx32). Mutations in both connexins cause inherited demyelinating disorders, but their expression is also disrupted in multiple sclerosis (MS). To clarify whether the loss of either Cx47 or Cx32 could modify the outcome of inflammation and myelin loss, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in fully backcrossed Cx32 knockout (KO) and Cx47KO mice and compared their outcome with wild type (WT, C57BI/6 N) mice. Cx47KO EAE mice developed the most severe phenotype assessed by clinical scores and behavioral testing, followed by Cx32KO and WT mice. Cx47KO more than Cx32KO EAE mice developed more microglial activation, myelin, and axonal loss than did WT mice. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis and precursor proliferation was also higher in Cx47KO than in Cx32KO or WT EAE mice. Similarly, blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption and inflammatory infiltrates of macrophages, T- and B-cells were more severe in Cx47KO than either Cx32KO or WT EAE groups. Finally, expression profiling revealed that several proinflammatory cytokines were higher at the peak of inflammation in the Cx47KO mice and persisted at later stages of EAE in contrast to reduction of their levels in WT EAE mice. Thus, loss of oligodendrocyte GJs aggravates BSCB disruption and inflammatory myelin loss, likely due to dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. This mechanism may play an important role in MS brain with reduced connexin expression, as well as in patients with inherited mutations in oligodendrocyte connexins and secondary inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Gap Junctions/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hand Strength/physiology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Gap Junction beta-1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos P. Papaneophytou
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of NicosiaNicosiaCyprus
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Christos Karaiskos
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Kyriaki Markoullis
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Mona M. Freidin
- Department of Neurology and RehabilitationUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Charles K. Abrams
- Department of Neurology and RehabilitationUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
- Neurology Clinics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
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30
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Fang M, Yamasaki R, Li G, Masaki K, Yamaguchi H, Fujita A, Isobe N, Kira JI. Connexin 30 Deficiency Attenuates Chronic but Not Acute Phases of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Through Induction of Neuroprotective Microglia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2588. [PMID: 30464764 PMCID: PMC6234958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial connexins (Cxs) form gap junction channels through which a pan-glial network plays key roles in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), expression of astrocytic Cx43 is lost in acute lesions but upregulated in chronic plaques, while astrocytic Cx30 is very low in normal white matter and changes in its expression have not been convincingly shown. In Cx30 or Cx43 single knockout (KO) mice and even in Cx30/Cx43 double KO mice, acute EAE is unaltered. However, the effects of Cx30/Cx43 deficiency on chronic EAE remains to be elucidated. We aimed to clarify the roles of Cx30 in chronic neuroinflammation by studying EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55 in Cx30 KO mice. We found that Cx30 deficiency improved the clinical symptoms and demyelination of chronic but not acute EAE without influencing CD3+ T cell infiltration. Furthermore, increased ramified microglia in the naïve state and induced earlier and stronger microglial activation in the acute and chronic phases of EAE was observed. These activated microglia had an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as shown by the upregulation of arginase-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the downregulation of nitric oxide synthase 2. In the naïve state, Cx30 deficiency induced modest enlargement of astrocytic processes in the spinal cord gray matter and a partial reduction of Cx43 expression in the spinal cord white matter. These astrocytes in Cx30 KO mice showed earlier and stronger activation during the acute phase of EAE, with upregulated A2 astrocyte markers and a significant decrease in Cx43 in the chronic phases. Spinal cord neurons and axons were more preserved in Cx30 KO mice than in littermates in the chronic phase of EAE. These findings suggest that Cx30 deficiency increased ramified microglia in the CNS in the naïve state and improved chronic EAE through redirecting microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, suggesting a hitherto unknown critical role of astrocytic Cx30 in regulating microglial number and functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Guangrui Li
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurological Therapeutics, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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31
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Function of Connexins in the Interaction between Glial and Vascular Cells in the Central Nervous System and Related Neurological Diseases. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:6323901. [PMID: 29983707 PMCID: PMC6015683 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6323901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal signaling together with synapse activity in the central nervous system requires a precisely regulated microenvironment. Recently, the blood-brain barrier is considered as a “neuro-glia-vascular unit,” a structural and functional compound composed of capillary endothelial cells, glial cells, pericytes, and neurons, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining the balance of the microenvironment in and out of the brain. Tight junctions and adherens junctions, which function as barriers of the blood-brain barrier, are two well-known kinds in the endothelial cell junctions. In this review, we focus on the less-concerned contribution of gap junction proteins, connexins in blood-brain barrier integrity under physio-/pathology conditions. In the neuro-glia-vascular unit, connexins are expressed in the capillary endothelial cells and prominent in astrocyte endfeet around and associated with maturation and function of the blood-brain barrier through a unique signaling pathway and an interaction with tight junction proteins. Connexin hemichannels and connexin gap junction channels contribute to the physiological or pathological progress of the blood-brain barrier; in addition, the interaction with other cell-cell-adhesive proteins is also associated with the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. Lastly, we explore the connexins and connexin channels involved in the blood-brain barrier in neurological diseases and any programme for drug discovery or delivery to target or avoid the blood-brain barrier.
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32
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Protective potential of dimethyl fumarate in a mouse model of thalamocortical demyelination. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3091-3106. [PMID: 29744572 PMCID: PMC6132667 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cortical cellular organization, network functionality, as well as cognitive and locomotor deficits were recently suggested to be pathological hallmarks in multiple sclerosis and corresponding animal models as they might occur following demyelination. To investigate functional changes following demyelination in a well-defined, topographically organized neuronal network, in vitro and in vivo, we focused on the primary auditory cortex (A1) of mice in the cuprizone model of general de- and remyelination. Following myelin loss in this model system, the spatiotemporal propagation of incoming stimuli in A1 was altered and the hierarchical activation of supra- and infragranular cortical layers was lost suggesting a profound effect exerted on neuronal network level. In addition, the response latency in field potential recordings and voltage-sensitive dye imaging was increased following demyelination. These alterations were accompanied by a loss of auditory discrimination abilities in freely behaving animals, a reduction of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) protein in the nucleus in histological staining and persisted during remyelination. To find new strategies to restore demyelination-induced network alteration in addition to the ongoing remyelination, we tested the cytoprotective potential of dimethyl fumarate (DMF). Therapeutic treatment with DMF during remyelination significantly modified spatiotemporal stimulus propagation in the cortex, reduced the cognitive impairment, and prevented the demyelination-induced decrease in nuclear Nrf-2. These results indicate the involvement of anti-oxidative mechanisms in regulating spatiotemporal cortical response pattern following changes in myelination and point to DMF as therapeutic compound for intervention.
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Vicario N, Zappalà A, Calabrese G, Gulino R, Parenti C, Gulisano M, Parenti R. Connexins in the Central Nervous System: Physiological Traits and Neuroprotective Targets. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1060. [PMID: 29326598 PMCID: PMC5741605 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell interaction and cell-to-extracellular environment communication are emerging as new therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders. Dynamic expression of connexins leads to distinctive hemichannels and gap junctions, characterized by cell-specific conduction, exchange of stimuli or metabolites, and particular channel functions. Herein, we briefly reviewed classical physiological traits and functions of connexins, hemichannels, and gap junctions, in order to discuss the controversial role of these proteins and their mediated interactions during neuroprotection, with a particular focus on Cx43-based channels. We pointed out the contribution of connexins in neural cells populations during neurodegenerative processes to explore potential neuroprotective therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Vicario
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Salehipour Z, Haghmorad D, Sankian M, Rastin M, Nosratabadi R, Soltan Dallal MM, Tabasi N, Khazaee M, Nasiraii LR, Mahmoudi M. Bifidobacterium animalis in combination with human origin of Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorate neuroinflammation in experimental model of multiple sclerosis by altering CD4+ T cell subset balance. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1535-1548. [PMID: 28946394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent reports have shown that probiotics can induce immunomodulatory activity with promising effects in inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum A7, which comprises human commensal bacteria, and Bifidobacterium animalis, a potential probiotic strain, on alleviation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. METHODS To evaluate the therapeutic effects of probiotic strains, female C57BL/6 mice (8-10 wks old) received Lactobacillus plantarum A7, Bifidobacterium animalis PTCC 1631or a mixture of both strains through oral administration daily for 22days beginning simultaneous with induction of EAE. The clinical parameters were recorded daily. On Day 22, each mouse was bled, and their spinal cord was removed for histology analysis. The effects of the treatments on regulatory T (Treg) cells level were evaluated using flow cytometry, and T-cell proliferation was assessed using a BrdU incorporation assay. The supernatants of spleen and lymph nodes cultured and mononuclear cells were collected for quantification of different panel of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines by ELISA. The analysis of gene expression was performed at RNA level for transcription factors by real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that treatment with a mixture of the two strains caused a more significant delay in the time of disease onset and clinical score compared to when the strains were used alone. The pathological features of the disease, such as mononuclear infiltration into the CNS, were also inhibited more significantly by the combinational approach. The results also revealed that treatment with combination of both strains enhanced the population of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+-expressing T-cells in the lymph nodes and the spleen. TREATMENT with our probiotic strains markedly inhibited disease associated cytokines while increased anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, L. plantarumA7 and B. animalis ameliorated EAE condition by favoring Th2 and Treg differentiation via up-regulation of Foxp3 and GATA3 in the brain and spleen as well as inhibited the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS The current research provided evidence that probiotic therapy with L. plantarum and B. animalis can effectively attenuate EAE progression as well as reinforce the polarization of regulatory T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Salehipour
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Immunology Department, Faculty of medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nafiseh Tabasi
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahdieh Khazaee
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Philips T, Rothstein JD. Oligodendroglia: metabolic supporters of neurons. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3271-3280. [PMID: 28862639 DOI: 10.1172/jci90610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that populate the entire CNS after they have differentiated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. From birth onward, oligodendrocytes initiate wrapping of neuronal axons with a multilamellar lipid structure called myelin. Apart from their well-established function in action potential propagation, more recent data indicate that oligodendrocytes are essential for providing metabolic support to neurons. Oligodendrocytes transfer energy metabolites to neurons through cytoplasmic "myelinic" channels and monocarboxylate transporters, which allow for the fast delivery of short-carbon-chain energy metabolites like pyruvate and lactate to neurons. These substrates are metabolized and contribute to ATP synthesis in neurons. This Review will discuss our current understanding of this metabolic supportive function of oligodendrocytes and its potential impact in human neurodegenerative disease and related animal models.
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Lapato AS, Tiwari-Woodruff SK. Connexins and pannexins: At the junction of neuro-glial homeostasis & disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:31-44. [PMID: 28580666 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), connexin (Cx)s and pannexin (Panx)s are an integral component of homeostatic neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Neuronal Cx gap junctions form electrical synapses across biochemically similar GABAergic networks, allowing rapid and extensive inhibition in response to principle neuron excitation. Glial Cx gap junctions link astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the pan-glial network that is responsible for removing excitotoxic ions and metabolites. In addition, glial gap junctions help constrain excessive excitatory activity in neurons and facilitate astrocyte Ca2+ slow wave propagation. Panxs do not form gap junctions in vivo, but Panx hemichannels participate in autocrine and paracrine gliotransmission, alongside Cx hemichannels. ATP and other gliotransmitters released by Cx and Panx hemichannels maintain physiologic glutamatergic tone by strengthening synapses and mitigating aberrant high frequency bursting. Under pathological depolarizing and inflammatory conditions, gap junctions and hemichannels become dysregulated, resulting in excessive neuronal firing and seizure. In this review, we present known contributions of Cxs and Panxs to physiologic neuronal excitation and explore how the disruption of gap junctions and hemichannels lead to abnormal glutamatergic transmission, purinergic signaling, and seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Lapato
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521.,Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Seema K Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521.,Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521
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Basu R, Bose A, Thomas D, Das Sarma J. Microtubule-assisted altered trafficking of astrocytic gap junction protein connexin 43 is associated with depletion of connexin 47 during mouse hepatitis virus infection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14747-14763. [PMID: 28566289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.786491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are important for maintenance of CNS homeostasis. GJ proteins, connexin 43 (Cx43) and connexin 47 (Cx47), play a crucial role in production and maintenance of CNS myelin. Cx43 is mainly expressed by astrocytes in the CNS and forms gap junction intercellular communications between astrocytes-astrocytes (Cx43-Cx43) and between astrocytes-oligodendrocytes (Cx43-Cx47). Mutations of these connexin (Cx) proteins cause dysmyelinating diseases in humans. Previously, it has been shown that Cx43 localization and expression is altered due to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-A59 infection both in vivo and in vitro; however, its mechanism and association with loss of myelin protein was not elaborated. Thus, we explored potential mechanisms by which MHV-A59 infection alters Cx43 localization and examined the effects of viral infection on Cx47 expression and its association with loss of the myelin marker proteolipid protein. Immunofluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy confirmed that MHV-A59 used microtubules (MTs) as a conduit to reach the cell surface and restricted MT-mediated Cx43 delivery to the cell membrane. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that Cx43-β-tubulin molecular interaction was depleted due to protein-protein interaction between viral particles and MTs. During acute MHV-A59 infection, oligodendrocytic Cx47, which is mainly stabilized by Cx43 in vivo, was down-regulated, and its characteristic staining remained disrupted even at chronic phase. The loss of Cx47 was associated with loss of proteolipid protein at the chronic stage of MHV-A59 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Basu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India
| | - Abhishek Bose
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India
| | - Deepthi Thomas
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India
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Th1 cells downregulate connexin 43 gap junctions in astrocytes via microglial activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38387. [PMID: 27929069 PMCID: PMC5143974 DOI: 10.1038/srep38387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported early and extensive loss of astrocytic connexin 43 (Cx43) in acute demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Because it is widely accepted that autoimmune T cells initiate MS lesions, we hypothesized that infiltrating T cells affect Cx43 expression in astrocytes, which contributes to MS lesion formation. Primary mixed glial cell cultures were prepared from newborn mouse brains, and microglia were isolated by anti-CD11b antibody-conjugated magnetic beads. Next, we prepared astrocyte-rich cultures and astrocyte/microglia-mixed cultures. Treatment of primary mixed glial cell cultures with interferon (IFN) γ, interleukin (IL)-4, or IL-17 showed that only IFNγ or IL-17 at high concentrations reduced Cx43 protein levels. Upon treatment of astrocyte-rich cultures and astrocyte/microglia-mixed cultures with IFNγ, Cx43 mRNA/protein levels and the function of gap junctions were reduced only in astrocyte/microglia-mixed cultures. IFNγ-treated microglia-conditioned media and IL-1β, which was markedly increased in IFNγ-treated microglia-conditioned media, reduced Cx43 protein levels in astrocyte-rich cultures. Finally, we confirmed that Th1 cell-conditioned medium decreased Cx43 protein levels in mixed glial cell cultures. These findings suggest that Th1 cell-derived IFNγ activates microglia to release IL-1β that reduces Cx43 gap junctions in astrocytes. Thus, Th1-dominant inflammatory states disrupt astrocytic intercellular communication and may exacerbate MS.
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Haghmorad D, Salehipour Z, Nosratabadi R, Rastin M, Kokhaei P, Mahmoudi MB, Amini AA, Mahmoudi M. Medium-dose estrogen ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in ovariectomized mice. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:885-896. [PMID: 27602995 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1223768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a neuro-protective hormone in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The present study evaluated the role of estrogen during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at doses selected to mimic any suppressive potential from the hormone during pregnancy. Here, mice were ovariectomized and then 2 weeks later treated with MOG antigen to induce EAE. Concurrently, mice then received (subcutaneously) an implanted pellet to deliver varying estrogen amounts over a 21-day period. Clinical scores and other parameters were monitored daily for the 21 days. At the end of the period, brain/spinal cord histology was performed to measure lymphocyte infiltration; T-cell profiles were determined through ELISA, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR. Transcription factor expression levels in the CNS were assessed using real-time PCR; T-cell differentiation was evaluated via flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that estrogen inhibited development of EAE. Histological studies revealed limited leukocyte infiltration into the CNS. High and medium dose of estrogen increased TH2 and Treg cell production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, but concurrently resulted in a significant reduction in production of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17, and IL-6. Flow cytometry revealed there were also significant decreases in the percentages of TH1 and TH17 cells, as well as significant increase in percentages of Treg and TH2 cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Real-time PCR results indicated that high- and medium-dose estrogen treatments reduced T-bet and ROR-γt factor expression, but enhanced Foxp3 and GATA3 expression. Collectively, these results demonstrated that a medium dose of estrogen - similar to a pregnancy level of estrogen - could potentially reduce the incidence and severity of autoimmune EAE and possibly other autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Haghmorad
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Semnan University of Medical Sciences , Semnan , Iran
| | - Zohreh Salehipour
- b Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- c Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- b Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Semnan University of Medical Sciences , Semnan , Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ali Amini
- e Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- b Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Olympiou M, Sargiannidou I, Markoullis K, Karaiskos C, Kagiava A, Kyriakoudi S, Abrams CK, Kleopa KA. Systemic inflammation disrupts oligodendrocyte gap junctions and induces ER stress in a model of CNS manifestations of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:95. [PMID: 27585976 PMCID: PMC5009701 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1X) is a common form of inherited neuropathy resulting from different mutations affecting the gap junction (GJ) protein connexin32 (Cx32). A subset of CMT1X patients may additionally present with acute fulminant CNS dysfunction, typically triggered by conditions of systemic inflammation and metabolic stress. To clarify the underlying mechanisms of CNS phenotypes in CMT1X we studied a mouse model of systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to compare wild type (WT), connexin32 (Cx32) knockout (KO), and KO T55I mice expressing the T55I Cx32 mutation associated with CNS phenotypes. Following a single intraperitoneal LPS or saline (controls) injection at the age of 40-60 days systemic inflammatory response was documented by elevated TNF-α and IL-6 levels in peripheral blood and mice were evaluated 1 week after injection. Behavioral analysis showed graded impairment of motor performance in LPS treated mice, worse in KO T55I than in Cx32 KO and in Cx32 KO worse than WT. Iba1 immunostaining revealed widespread inflammation in LPS treated mice with diffusely activated microglia throughout the CNS. Immunostaining for the remaining major oligodendrocyte connexin Cx47 and for its astrocytic partner Cx43 revealed widely reduced expression of Cx43 and loss of Cx47 GJs in oligodendrocytes. Real-time PCR and immunoblot analysis indicated primarily a down regulation of Cx43 expression with secondary loss of Cx47 membrane localization. Inflammatory changes and connexin alterations were most severe in the KO T55I group. To examine why the presence of the T55I mutant exacerbates pathology even more than in Cx32 KO mice, we analyzed the expression of ER-stress markers BiP, Fas and CHOP by immunostaining, immunoblot and Real-time PCR. All markers were increased in LPS treated KO T55I mice more than in other genotypes. In conclusion, LPS induced neuroinflammation causes disruption of the main astrocyte-oligodendrocyte GJs, which may contribute to the increased sensitivity of Cx32 KO mice to LPS and of patients with CMT1X to various stressors. Moreover the presence of an intracellularly retained, misfolded CMT1X mutant such as T55I induces ER stress under inflammatory conditions, further exacerbating oligodendrocyte dysfunction and pathological changes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Olympiou
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Markoullis
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Karaiskos
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexia Kagiava
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Styliana Kyriakoudi
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Charles K Abrams
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Neurology Clinics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, 6 International Airport Avenue, P.O. Box 23462, , 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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41
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Regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation: Insights and approaches for the management of neurodegenerative disease. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2016; 23:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Coulibaly AP, Isaacson LG. Increased Cx32 expression in spinal cord TrkB oligodendrocytes following peripheral axon injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:115-20. [PMID: 27246301 PMCID: PMC4971883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Following injury to motor axons in the periphery, retrograde influences from the injury site lead to glial cell plasticity in the vicinity of the injured neurons. Following the transection of peripherally located preganglionic axons of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST), a population of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells expressing full length TrkB, the cognate receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is significantly increased in number in the spinal cord. Such robust plasticity in OL lineage cells in the spinal cord following peripheral axon transection led to the hypothesis that the gap junction communication protein connexin 32 (Cx32), which is specific to OL lineage cells, was influenced by the injury. Following CST transection, Cx32 expression in the spinal cord intermediolateral cell column (IML), the location of the parent cell bodies, was significantly increased. The increased Cx32 expression was localized specifically to TrkB OLs in the IML, rather than other cell types in the OL cell lineage, with the population of Cx32/TrkB cells increased by 59%. Cx32 expression in association with OPCs was significantly decreased at one week following the injury. The results of this study provide evidence that peripheral axon injury can differentially affect the gap junction protein expression in OL lineage cells in the adult rat spinal cord. We conclude that the retrograde influences originating from the peripheral injury site elicit dramatic changes in the CNS expression of Cx32, which in turn may mediate the plasticity of OL lineage cells observed in the spinal cord following peripheral axon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata P Coulibaly
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States.
| | - Lori G Isaacson
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States.
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Willebrords J, Crespo Yanguas S, Maes M, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L, Kwak BR, Green CR, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexins and their channels in inflammation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:413-439. [PMID: 27387655 PMCID: PMC5584657 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1204980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may be caused by a variety of factors and is a hallmark of a plethora of acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cell injury trigger, to clear out dead cells from damaged tissue and to initiate tissue regeneration. Despite the wealth of knowledge regarding the involvement of cellular communication in inflammation, studies on the role of connexin-based channels in this process have only begun to emerge in the last few years. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of the effects of inflammation on connexin signaling is provided. Vice versa, the involvement of connexins and their channels in inflammation will be discussed by relying on studies that use a variety of experimental tools, such as genetically modified animals, small interfering RNA and connexin-based channel blockers. A better understanding of the importance of connexin signaling in inflammation may open up towards clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Elke Decrock
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Division of Cardiology,
University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Brenda R.
Kwak: Tel: +41 22 379 57 37
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre,
University of Auckland, New Zealand; Colin R. Green: Tel: +64 9 923 61 35
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87,
05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Bruno Cogliati: Tel: +55 11 30 91 12 00
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
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Domingues HS, Portugal CC, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:71. [PMID: 27551677 PMCID: PMC4923166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contributes to axonal integrity. Devastating neurological deficits caused by demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, illustrate well the importance of the process. In this review, we focus on the positive and negative interactions between oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia during developmental myelination and remyelination. Even though many lines of evidence support a crucial role for glia crosstalk during these processes, the nature of such interactions is often neglected when designing therapeutics for repair of demyelinated lesions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell communication and how they influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination is fundamental to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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Niu J, Li T, Yi C, Huang N, Koulakoff A, Weng C, Li C, Zhao CJ, Giaume C, Xiao L. Connexin-based channels contribute to metabolic pathways in the oligodendroglial lineage. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1902-14. [PMID: 27006115 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo a series of energy-consuming developmental events; however, the uptake and trafficking pathways for their energy metabolites remain unknown. In the present study, we found that 2-NBDG, a fluorescent glucose analog, can be delivered between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes through connexin-based gap junction channels but cannot be transferred between astrocytes and OPCs. Instead, connexin hemichannel-mediated glucose uptake supports OPC proliferation, and ethidium bromide uptake or increase of 2-NBDG uptake rate is correlated with intracellular Ca(2+) elevation in OPCs, indicating a Ca(2+)-dependent activation of connexin hemichannels. Interestingly, deletion of connexin 43 (Cx43, also known as GJA1) in astrocytes inhibits OPC proliferation by decreasing matrix glucose levels without impacting on OPC hemichannel properties, a process that also occurs in corpus callosum from acute brain slices. Thus, dual functions of connexin-based channels contribute to glucose supply in oligodendroglial lineage, which might pave a new way for energy-metabolism-directed oligodendroglial-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris 75231, Cedex 05, France
| | - Nanxin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Annette Koulakoff
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris 75231, Cedex 05, France
| | - Chuanhuang Weng
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chengren Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cong-Jian Zhao
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Christian Giaume
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris 75231, Cedex 05, France
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Kıray H, Lindsay SL, Hosseinzadeh S, Barnett SC. The multifaceted role of astrocytes in regulating myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:541-9. [PMID: 26988764 PMCID: PMC5019113 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial cell of the central nervous system (CNS), providing both metabolic and physical support to other neural cells. After injury, astrocytes become reactive and express a continuum of phenotypes which may be supportive or inhibitory to CNS repair. This review will focus on the ability of astrocytes to influence myelination in the context of specific secreted factors, cytokines and other neural cell targets within the CNS. In particular, we focus on how astrocytes provide energy and cholesterol to neurons, influence synaptogenesis, affect oligodendrocyte biology and instigate cross-talk between the many cellular components of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Kıray
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Hosseinzadeh
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom..
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Domingues HS, Portugal CC, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016. [PMID: 27551677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00071.ecollection2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contributes to axonal integrity. Devastating neurological deficits caused by demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, illustrate well the importance of the process. In this review, we focus on the positive and negative interactions between oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia during developmental myelination and remyelination. Even though many lines of evidence support a crucial role for glia crosstalk during these processes, the nature of such interactions is often neglected when designing therapeutics for repair of demyelinated lesions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell communication and how they influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination is fundamental to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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Nosratabadi R, Rastin M, Sankian M, Haghmorad D, Tabasi N, Zamani S, Aghaee A, Salehipour Z, Mahmoudi M. St. John’s wort and its component hyperforin alleviate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through expansion of regulatory T-cells. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:364-74. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nosratabadi
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Tabasi
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Zamani
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azita Aghaee
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohre Salehipour
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Wasseff SK, Scherer SS. Activated immune response in an inherited leukodystrophy disease caused by the loss of oligodendrocyte gap junctions. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:86-98. [PMID: 26051537 PMCID: PMC4640986 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte:oligodendrocyte (O:O) gap junction (GJ) coupling is a widespread and essential feature of the CNS, and is mediated by connexin47 (Cx47) and Cx32. Loss of function mutations affecting Cx47 results in a severe leukodystrophy, Pelizeus-Merzbacher-like disease (also known as Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy 2), which can be reproduced in mice lacking both Cx47 and Cx32. Here we report the gene expression profile of the cerebellum--an affected brain region--in mice lacking both Cx47 and Cx32. Of the 43,174 mRNA probes examined, we find decreased expression of 23 probes (corresponding to 23 genes) and increased expression of 545 probes (corresponding to 348 genes). Many of the genes with reduced expression map to oligodendrocytes, and two of them (Fa2h and Ugt8a) are involved in the synthesis of myelin lipids. Many of the genes with increased expression map to lymphocytes and microglia, and involved in leukotrienes/prostaglandins synthesis and chemokines/cytokines interactions and signaling pathways. In accord, immunostaining showed T- and B-cells in the cerebella of mutant mice as well as activated microglia and astrocytes. Thus, in addition to the loss of GJ coupling, there is a prominent immune response in mice lacking both Cx47 and Cx32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh K Wasseff
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 450 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA USA 19104-6077.
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 450 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA USA 19104-6077.
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Wei L, Sheng H, Chen L, Hao B, Shi X, Chen Y. Effect of pannexin-1 on the release of glutamate and cytokines in astrocytes. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 23:135-141. [PMID: 26385361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of pannexin-1 (PANX-1) on the release of glutamate and cytokines in U87 human malignant glioma (U87-MG) cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection and adenosine triphosphate/lipopolysaccharide treatment. PANX-1 is a new family member of the gap junction proteins, and is permeable to ions, metabolic molecules, second messengers, and neurotransmitters, among other factors. PANX-1 plays an important role in the regulation of cell inflammation. However, the relationship between PANX-1 and the secretion of glutamate, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in astrocytes is still poorly understood. We found that the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and glutamate were lower in PANX-1 siRNA transfected cells, while the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and glutamate were unaltered in cells without changes in the expression of PANX-1 protein. This provides further support for the hypothesis that PANX-1 plays an important role in the release of IL-6, IL-8 and glutamate in U87-MG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hanmiao Sheng
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, PR China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201508, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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