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Zhou F, Guo YX, Gao R, Ji XY, Tang YX, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Quercetin regulates dendritic cell activation by targeting STAT4 in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 488:116980. [PMID: 38823456 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a class of autoimmune diseases mainly caused by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath of the axons in the nervous system. Although the pathogenesis of MS is complex, studies have shown that dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of MS. Quercetin (QU) has a unique advantage in clinical application, especially for treating autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanism of QU in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains unclear. In this study, we explore the potential role of QU in EAE. Finally, we find that QU has anti-inflammatory activities and neural protective effects in EAE. The experimental results suggest that the cellular basis for QU's function is to inhibit the activation of DCs while modulating the Th17 cell differentiation in the co-culture system. Further, QU may target STAT4 to inhibit its activation in DCs. This work will be of great significance for the future development and utilization of QU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Xin Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital/Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Aguilar K, Canal C, Comes G, Díaz-Clavero S, Llanos MA, Quintana A, Sanz E, Hidalgo J. Interleukin-6-elicited chronic neuroinflammation may decrease survival but is not sufficient to drive disease progression in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:1. [PMID: 38212783 PMCID: PMC10782699 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are genetic disorders characterized by dysfunctions in mitochondria. Clinical data suggest that additional factors, beyond genetics, contribute to the onset and progression of this group of diseases, but these influencing factors remain largely unknown. Mounting evidence indicates that immune dysregulation or distress could play a role. Clinical observations have described the co-incidence of infection and the onset of the disease as well as the worsening of symptoms following infection. These findings highlight the complex interactions between MDs and immunity and underscore the need to better understand their underlying relationships. RESULTS We used Ndufs4 KO mice, a well-established mouse model of Leigh syndrome (one of the most relevant MDs), to test whether chronic induction of a neuroinflammatory state in the central nervous system before the development of neurological symptoms would affect both the onset and progression of the disease in Ndufs4 KO mice. To this aim, we took advantage of the GFAP-IL6 mouse, which overexpresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) in astrocytes and produces chronic glial reactivity, by generating a mouse line with IL-6 overexpression and NDUFS4 deficiency. IL-6 overexpression aggravated the mortality of female Ndufs4 KO mice but did not alter the main motor and respiratory phenotypes measured in any sex. Interestingly, an abnormal region-dependent microglial response to IL-6 overexpression was observed in Ndufs4 KO mice compared to controls. CONCLUSION Overall, our data indicate that chronic neuroinflammation may worsen the disease in Ndufs4 KO female mice, but not in males, and uncovers an abnormal microglial response due to OXPHOS dysfunction, which may have implications for our understanding of the effect of OXPHOS dysfunction in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Aguilar
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Canal
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Díaz-Clavero
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Angeles Llanos
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Quintana
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193.
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 08193.
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Vinnenberg L, Rychlik N, Oniani T, Williams B, White JA, Kovac S, Meuth SG, Budde T, Hundehege P. Assessing neuroprotective effects of diroximel fumarate and siponimod via modulation of pacemaker channels in an experimental model of remyelination. Exp Neurol 2024; 371:114572. [PMID: 37852467 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ)-induced alterations in axonal myelination are associated with a period of neuronal hyperexcitability and increased activity of hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the thalamocortical (TC) system. Substances used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been shown to normalize neuronal excitability in CPZ-treated mice. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of diroximel fumarate (DRF) and the sphingosine 1-phospate receptor (S1PR) modulator siponimod on action potential firing and the inward current (Ih) carried by HCN ion channels in naive conditions and during different stages of de- and remyelination. Here, DRF application reduced Ih current density in ex vivo patch clamp recordings from TC neurons of the ventrobasal thalamic complex (VB), thereby counteracting the increase of Ih during early remyelination. Siponimod reduced Ih in VB neurons under control conditions but had no effect in neurons of the auditory cortex (AU). Furthermore, siponimod increased and decreased AP firing properties of neurons in VB and AU, respectively. Computational modeling revealed that both DRF and siponimod influenced thalamic bursting during early remyelination by delaying the onset and decreasing the interburst frequency. Thus, substances used in MS treatment normalize excitability in the TC system by influencing AP firing and Ih.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vinnenberg
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Rychlik
- Institute of Physiology I, Münster University, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Tengiz Oniani
- Institute of Physiology I, Münster University, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, Boston MA-02215, USA
| | - John A White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, Boston MA-02215, USA
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Neurology Clinic, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, Münster University, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Hundehege
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Razia R, Majeed F, Amin R, Mukhtar S, Mahmood K, Abualait T, Bashir S, Baig DN. Predictive value of α-synuclein expression in peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients: A two-dimensional assessment of a selected biomarker. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285022. [PMID: 37535585 PMCID: PMC10399831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our study aimed to evaluate whether assessing α-synuclein expression levels in blood samples could provide a reliable and straightforward alternative to existing diagnostic and prognostic methods for neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We specifically investigated if α-synuclein and IL-6 expression levels from serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could accurately predict MS severity in patients using a two-dimensional approach. METHODS We designed a case-control study to analyze the expression of α-synuclein and IL-6 in the peripheral blood of an MS patient group (n = 51) and a control group (n = 51). We statistically evaluated the PBMCs and serum profiles of α-synuclein and IL-6 in MS patients, along with their age of onset, disease duration, tobacco exposure, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, using SPSS V22.0 software and GraphPad Prism V9.0. RESULTS Our findings indicate that α-synuclein production was significantly downregulated in MS patients. Principal component analysis also revealed distinct profiles between MS patients and controls. PBMCs and serum profiles of α-synuclein correlated with the EDSS score, suggesting that disease severity can be predicted using α-synuclein profiles. Moreover, α-synuclein showed a significant correlation with IL-6 and age of onset. Lastly, receiver operating characteristic curves of PBMCs and serum activity of α-synuclein profiles displayed discrimination with area under the curve values of 0.856 and 0.705, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results imply that measuring α-synuclein levels in both serum and PBMCs could be a valuable method for diagnosing and predicting MS severity, potentially serving as a non-invasive biomarker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabat Razia
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Rehab Amin
- Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mukhtar
- Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deeba Noreen Baig
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Dedoni S, Scherma M, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Dazzi L, Puliga R, Frau J, Cocco E, Fadda P. An overall view of the most common experimental models for multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106230. [PMID: 37453561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic disease with an unknown etiology. It is considered an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized, in most cases, by an unpredictable onset of relapse and remission phases. The disease generally starts in subjects under 40; it has a higher incidence in women and is described as a multifactorial disorder due to the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for MS. Still, therapies can modify the disease's natural history, reducing the relapse rate and slowing the progression of the disease or managing symptoms. The limited access to human CNS tissue slows down. It limits the progression of research on MS. This limit has been partially overcome over the years by developing various experimental models to study this disease. Animal models of autoimmune demyelination, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and viral and toxin or transgenic MS models, represent the most significant part of MS research approaches. These models have now been complemented by ex vivo studies, using organotypic brain slice cultures and in vitro, through induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss which clinical features of the disorders might be reproduced and investigated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in models commonly used in MS research to understand the processes behind the neuropathological events occurring in the CNS of MS patients. The primary purpose of this review is to give the reader a global view of the main paradigms used in MS research, spacing from the classical animal models to transgenic mice and 2D and 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Dazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - R Puliga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - J Frau
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy
| | - E Cocco
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy; Department Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
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6
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Alomar HA, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Al-Mazroua HA, Alhazzani K, Assiri MA, Alqinyah M, Almudimeegh S, Ahmad SF. Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD98059 improves neuroimmune dysfunction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in B cells. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:45-53. [PMID: 36646144 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe autoimmune disease leading to demyelination, followed by consequent axonal degeneration, causing sensory, motor, cognitive, and visual symptoms. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most well-studied animal model of MS. Most current MS treatments are not completely effective, and severe side effects remain a great challenge. In this study, we report the therapeutic efficacy of PD98059, a potent mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, on proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151-induced EAE in SJL/J mice. Following the induction of EAE, mice were intraperitoneally treated with PD98059 (5 mg/kg for 14 days) daily from day 14 to day 28. This study investigated the effects of PD98059 on C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), CD14, NF-κB p65, IκBα, GM-CSF, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α in CD45R+ B lymphocytes using flow cytometry. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of PD98059 on CCR6, CD14, NF-κB p65, GM-CSF, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA and protein expression levels using qRT-PCR analysis in brain tissues. Mechanistic investigations revealed that PD98059-treated in mice with EAE had reduced CD45R+CCR6+, CD45R+CD14+, CD45R+NF-κB p65+, CD45R+GM-CSF+, CD45R+iNOS+, CD45R+IL-6+, and CD45R+TNF-α+ cells and increased CD45R+IκBα+ cells compared with vehicle-treated control mice in the spleen. Moreover, downregulation of CCR6, CD14, NF-κB p65, GM-CSF, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression level was observed in PD98059-treated mice with EAE compared with vehicle-treated control mice in the brain tissue. The results of this study demonstrate that PD98059 modulates inflammatory mediators through multiple cellular mechanisms. The results of this study suggest that PD98059 may be pursued as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatun A Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alqinyah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Almudimeegh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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TAM receptor signaling dictates lesion location and clinical phenotype during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 375:578016. [PMID: 36708633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by the adoptive transfer of Th17 cells, typically presents with ascending paralysis and inflammatory demyelination of the spinal cord. Brain white matter is relatively spared. Here we show that treatment of Th17 transfer recipients with a highly selective inhibitor to the TAM family of tyrosine kinase receptors results in ataxia associated with a shift of the inflammatory infiltrate to the hindbrain parenchyma. During homeostasis and preclinical EAE, hindbrain microglia express high levels of the TAM receptor Mer. Our data suggest that constitutive TAM receptor signaling in hindbrain microglia confers region-specific protection against Th17 mediated EAE.
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Aguilar K, Comes G, Canal C, Quintana A, Sanz E, Hidalgo J. Microglial response promotes neurodegeneration in the Ndufs4 KO mouse model of Leigh syndrome. Glia 2022; 70:2032-2044. [PMID: 35770802 PMCID: PMC9544686 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome is a mitochondrial disease characterized by neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and early death. Mice lacking NDUFS4, a mitochondrial complex I subunit (Ndufs4 KO mice), have been established as a good animal model for studying human pathology associated with Leigh syndrome. As the disease progresses, there is an increase in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, thereby leading to deteriorating neurological symptoms, including motor deficits, breathing alterations, and eventually, death of the animal. However, despite the magnitude of neuroinflammation associated with brain lesions, the role of neuroinflammatory pathways and their main cellular components have not been addressed directly as relevant players in the disease pathology. Here, we investigate the role of microglial cells, the main immune cells of the CNS, in Leigh-like syndrome pathology, by pharmacologically depleting them using the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor antagonist PLX3397. Microglial depletion extended lifespan and delayed motor symptoms in Ndufs4 KO mice, likely by preventing neuronal loss. Next, we investigated the role of the major cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the disease progression. IL-6 deficiency partially rescued breathing abnormalities and modulated gliosis but did not extend the lifespan or rescue motor decline in Ndufs4 KO mice. The present results show that microglial accumulation is pathogenic, in a process independent of IL-6, and hints toward a contributing role of neuroinflammation in the disease of Ndufs4 KO mice and potentially in patients with Leigh syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Canal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Quintana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Swindell WR, Bojanowski K, Chaudhuri RK. Transcriptomic Analysis of Fumarate Compounds Identifies Unique Effects of Isosorbide Di-(Methyl Fumarate) on NRF2, NF-kappaB and IRF1 Pathway Genes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040461. [PMID: 35455458 PMCID: PMC9026097 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has emerged as a first-line therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). This treatment, however, has been limited by adverse effects, which has prompted development of novel derivatives with improved tolerability. We compared the effects of fumarates on gene expression in astrocytes. Our analysis included diroximel fumarate (DRF) and its metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF), along with a novel compound isosorbide di-(methyl fumarate) (IDMF). Treatment with IDMF resulted in the largest number of differentially expressed genes. The effects of DRF and MMF were consistent with NRF2 activation and NF-κB inhibition, respectively. IDMF responses, however, were concordant with both NRF2 activation and NF-κB inhibition, and we confirmed IDMF-mediated NF-κB inhibition using a reporter assay. IDMF also down-regulated IRF1 expression and IDMF-decreased gene promoters were enriched with IRF1 recognition sequences. Genes altered by each fumarate overlapped significantly with those near loci from MS genetic association studies, but IDMF had the strongest overall effect on MS-associated genes. These results show that next-generation fumarates, such as DRF and IDMF, have effects differing from those of the MMF metabolite. Our findings support a model in which IDMF attenuates oxidative stress via NRF2 activation, with suppression of NF-κB and IRF1 contributing to mitigation of inflammation and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45236, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Krzysztof Bojanowski
- Sunny BioDiscovery Inc., Santa Paula, CA 93060, USA;
- Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boonton, NJ 07005, USA;
| | - Ratan K. Chaudhuri
- Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boonton, NJ 07005, USA;
- Sytheon Ltd., Boonton, NJ 07005, USA
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10
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Gruol DL, Melkonian C, Huitron-Resendiz S, Roberts AJ. Alcohol alters IL-6 Signal Transduction in the CNS of Transgenic Mice with Increased Astrocyte Expression of IL-6. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:733-750. [PMID: 32447612 PMCID: PMC7680720 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune factors, including the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), are important chemical regulators of central nervous system (CNS) function under both physiological and pathological conditions. Elevated expression of IL-6 occurs in the CNS in a variety of disorders associated with altered CNS function, including excessive alcohol use. Alcohol-induced production of IL-6 has been reported for several CNS regions including the cerebellum. Cerebellar actions of alcohol occur through a variety of mechanisms, but alcohol-induced changes in signal transduction, transcription, and translation are known to play important roles. IL-6 is an activator of signal transduction that regulates gene expression. Thus, alcohol-induced IL-6 production could contribute to cerebellar effects of alcohol by altering gene expression, especially under conditions of chronic alcohol abuse, where IL-6 levels could be habitually elevated. To gain an understanding of the effects of alcohol on IL-6 signal transduction, we studied activation/expression of IL-6 signal transduction partners STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription), CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) beta, and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at the protein level. Cerebella of transgenic mice that express elevated levels of astrocyte produced IL-6 in the CNS were studied. Results show that the both IL-6 and chronic intermittent alcohol exposure/withdrawal affect IL-6 signal transduction partners and that the actions of IL-6 and alcohol interact to alter activation/expression of IL-6 signal transduction partners. The alcohol/IL-6 interactions may contribute to cerebellar actions of alcohol, whereas the effects of IL-6 alone may have relevance to cerebellar changes occurring in CNS disorders associated with elevated levels of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, SR301, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Claudia Melkonian
- Neuroscience Department, SR301, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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11
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Yang T, Zha Z, Yang X, Kang Y, Wang X, Tong Y, Zhao X, Wang L, Fan Y. Neuroprotective Effects of Fingolimod Supplement on the Retina and Optic Nerve in the Mouse Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:663541. [PMID: 33981197 PMCID: PMC8107225 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.663541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Favorable effects exerted by long-term administration of fingolimod therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have been reported, but sporadic side effects, such as reversible macular edema, also have been recorded. The present study aimed to determine whether fingolimod therapy is beneficial to the visual system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. A decrease in demyelination and axon loss in the optic nerve as well as cellular infiltration, especially the recruited macrophages, was observed in EAE with fingolimod treatment. Fingolimod administration diminished hypergliosis of macroglia, including astrocytes and Müller cells in the retina and optic nerve in EAE. Microglia were hyperactivated in the retina and optic nerve in the EAE mice compared to controls, which could be alleviated by fingolimod treatment. Moreover, apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve was significantly reduced with fingolimod treatment compared to that in the untreated EAE mice. These results suggested that fingolimod exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on the retina and optic nerve in a mouse model of EAE. Considering the paradox of favorable and side effects of fingolimod on visual system, we speculate that side effects including macular oedema caused by fingolimod during MS treatment is tendency to be vasogenic rather than hypergliosis in optic nerve and retina which warrants further neuroophthalmological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zha
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, China
| | - YueZhi Kang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Tong
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - XueSong Zhao
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - YongPing Fan
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Sanchis P, Fernández-Gayol O, Comes G, Aguilar K, Escrig A, Giralt M, Palmiter RD, Hidalgo J. A new mouse model to study restoration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in a Cre-dependent manner: microglial IL-6 regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:304. [PMID: 33059703 PMCID: PMC7565836 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that controls numerous physiological processes both in basal and neuroinflammatory conditions, including the inflammatory response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). IL-6 is produced by multiple peripheral and central cells, and until now, the putative roles of IL-6 from different cell types have been evaluated through conditional cell-specific IL-6 knockout mice. Nevertheless, these mice probably undergo compensatory responses of IL-6 from other cells, which makes it difficult to assess the role of each source of IL-6. Methods To give some insight into this problem, we have produced a novel mouse model: a conditional reversible IL-6 KO mouse (IL6-DIO-KO). By using double-inverted, open-reading-frame (DIO) technology, we created a mouse line with the loss of Il6 expression in all cells that can be restored by the action of Cre recombinase. Since microglia are one of the most important sources and targets of IL-6 into the central nervous system, we have recovered microglial Il6 expression in IL6-DIO-KO mice through breeding to Cx3cr1-CreER mice and subsequent injection of tamoxifen (TAM) when mice were 10–16 weeks old. Then, they were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide (MOG35-55) 7 weeks after TAM treatment to induce EAE. Clinical symptoms and demyelination, CD3 infiltration, and gliosis in the spinal cord were evaluated. Results IL6-DIO-KO mice were resistant to EAE, validating the new model. Restoration of microglial Il6 was sufficient to develop a mild version of EAE-related clinical symptoms and neuropathology. Conclusions IL6-DIO-KO mouse is an excellent model to understand in detail the role of specific cellular sources of IL-6 within a recovery-of-function paradigm in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olaya Fernández-Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Current affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin Aguilar
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Escrig
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Genome Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Safa A, Arsang-Jang S, Taheri M, Omrani MD, Ghafouri-Fard S. Dysregulation of NF-κB-Associated lncRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:80-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Comes G, Fernandez-Gayol O, Molinero A, Giralt M, Capdevila M, Atrian S, Hidalgo J. Mouse metallothionein-1 and metallothionein-2 are not biologically interchangeable in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, EAE. Metallomics 2020; 11:327-337. [PMID: 30543238 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse metallothionein-1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) are often considered physiologically equivalent, because they are normally regulated coordinately by a wide range of stimuli, and it is assumed that in vivo they will be normally fully loaded with zinc(ii) (Zn7-MT1/2), although other metal ions, such as copper(i), may be eventually found as well. However, mouse MT2, in contrast to MT1, exhibits a preference for Zn(ii) coordination in comparison to that for Cu(i), which might underlie putatively different biological functions for these two mammalian isoforms. We have characterized the effects of exogenously administered mouse MT1 and MT2, and of transgenic Mt1 overexpression, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), by active immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. Mice treated daily with MT2 showed a significant amelioration of the clinical course, with decreased peak and cumulative scores and delayed onset of EAE. In contrast, treatment with MT1 or its transgenic overexpression only caused a non-significant trend. MT2 treatment preserved better the myelin of the spinal cord, and the pattern of leukocyte infiltrates and gene expression are compatible with an inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation. Splenocytes from these animals in culture responded adequately to MOG35-55 peptide, but a bias for a Th2 profile seemed to be present in the MT2-treated mice. Interestingly, MT1 but not MT2 decreased the number of cytokines in the serum. The present results indicate that mouse MT1 and MT2 are not biologically interchangeable in the EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Comes
- Animal Physiology Unit, C/Vall Moronta s/n, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Sanchis P, Fernández-Gayol O, Comes G, Escrig A, Giralt M, Palmiter RD, Hidalgo J. Interleukin-6 Derived from the Central Nervous System May Influence the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Cell-Dependent Manner. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020330. [PMID: 32023844 PMCID: PMC7072597 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although EAE has always been considered a peripherally elicited disease, Il6 expression exclusively within central nervous system is sufficient to induce EAE development. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia can secrete and respond to IL-6. Methods: To dissect the relevance of each cell source for establishing EAE, we generated and immunized conditional Il6 knockout mice for each of these cell types with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) peptide dissolved in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and supplemented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results and conclusions: The combined results reveal a minor role for Il6 expression in both astrocytes and microglia for symptomatology and neuropathology of EAE, whereas neuronal Il6 expression was not relevant for the variables analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Olaya Fernández-Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
- Current affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032, USA
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Anna Escrig
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Richard D. Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Genome Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-581-2037; Fax: +34-93-581-2390
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16
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Zhang F, Zhang Y, Yang T, Ye ZQ, Tian J, Fang HR, Han JJ, Wang ZZ, Li X. Scopoletin Suppresses Activation of Dendritic Cells and Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:863. [PMID: 31427972 PMCID: PMC6688631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scopoletin, a phenolic coumarin derived from many medical or edible plants, is involved in various pharmacological functions. In the present study, we showed that Scopoletin effectively ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), through novel regulatory mechanisms involving inhibition of NF-κB activity in dendritic cells (DCs). Scopoletin treatment significantly improved the severity of the disease and prominently decreased inflammation and demyelination of central nervous system (CNS) in EAE mice. Disease alleviation correlated with the downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD80 and CD86, expressed on DCs of CNS or spleens, and the infiltration and polarization of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells. Consistent with the in vivo data, Scopoletin-treated, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) exhibited reduced expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD80 and CD86) and reduced NF-κB phosphorylation. These findings, for the first time, demonstrated the ability of Scopoletin to impair DC activation, downregulating pathogenic Th1/Th17 inflammatory cell responses and, eventually, reducing EAE severity. Our study demonstrates new evidence that natural products derived from medical or edible plants, such as Scopoletin, will be valuable in developing a novel therapeutic agent for MS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze-Qing Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai-Rong Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan-Juan Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe-Zhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Gyengesi E, Rangel A, Ullah F, Liang H, Niedermayer G, Asgarov R, Venigalla M, Gunawardena D, Karl T, Münch G. Chronic Microglial Activation in the GFAP-IL6 Mouse Contributes to Age-Dependent Cerebellar Volume Loss and Impairment in Motor Function. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:303. [PMID: 31001075 PMCID: PMC6456818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation is a prominent feature of many chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. To investigate the effects of chronic microglial activation on cerebellar structure and motor function throughout the lifespan, the transgenic GFAP-IL6 mouse model was used. The aim of the study was to examine inflammatory markers and neuronal degeneration while simultaneously characterizing the motor performance of GFAP-IL6 mice at 3, 6, 14, and 24 months of age in comparison to WT (C57BL/6) mice. In respect to markers of neuroinflammation in the cerebellum, increased numbers of Iba1+ microglia were observed as early as at 3 months of age. In addition, TNF-α levels proved to be significantly higher in the GFAP-IL6 compared to WT mice at all time points. A difference in cerebellar volume between the GFAP-IL6 and WT mice was observed later in life, starting at 6 months and increasing to a loss of about 50% in aged (24 months old) GFAP-IL6 mice. Synaptic deficits were also assessed by using pre- (synaptophysin) and post-synaptic (PSD95) markers. While synaptophysin levels remained unchanged, PSD95 levels decreased in the aging GFAP-IL6 mice compared to their WT littermates from 14 months onward. To assess the effect of microglia activation and neurodegeneration on behavior, a variety of motor function tests, semi-quantitative cerebellar ataxia score, accelerod, beam walking, and open field tests were performed. An age-dependent difference between the genotypes was observed in many of the motor function tests. For example, reduced performance on the accelerod and higher ataxia scores were observed at 6 months of age, followed by the beam walking test showing differences at 14 months of age. In summary, this study constitutes a comprehensive, age-dependent examination of inflammatory, synaptic and neurodegenerative changes in the brains of GFAP-IL6 mice leading to a deterioration in motor performance. The results also indicate that early chronic microglia activation in the GFAP-IL6 mouse leads to observable cerebellar volume loss and motor deficits later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gyengesi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Alejandra Rangel
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Faheem Ullah
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Garry Niedermayer
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rustam Asgarov
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Madhuri Venigalla
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Dhanushka Gunawardena
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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18
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Gogoleva VS, Atretkhany KSN, Drutskaya MS, Mufazalov IA, Kruglov AA, Nedospasov SA. Cytokines as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1089-1103. [PMID: 30472948 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system and in regulation of the immune response. Cytokine dysregulation is often associated with development of various pathological conditions, including autoimmunity. Recent studies have provided insights into the cytokine signaling pathways that are involved not only in pathogenesis of autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, but also in neurodegenerative states, for example, Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the exact molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and evaluation of relevant experimental animal models are necessary for development of effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Gogoleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - K-S N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - M S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - I A Mufazalov
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - A A Kruglov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - S A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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19
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Perriot S, Mathias A, Perriard G, Canales M, Jonkmans N, Merienne N, Meunier C, El Kassar L, Perrier AL, Laplaud DA, Schluep M, Déglon N, Du Pasquier R. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes Are Differentially Activated by Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Cytokines. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1199-1210. [PMID: 30409508 PMCID: PMC6234919 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlighted the importance of astrocytes in neuroinflammatory diseases, interacting closely with other CNS cells but also with the immune system. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining human astrocytes, their role in these pathologies is still poorly characterized. Here, we develop a serum-free protocol to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into astrocytes. Gene expression and functional assays show that our protocol consistently yields a highly enriched population of resting mature astrocytes across the 13 hiPSC lines differentiated. Using this model, we first highlight the importance of serum-free media for astrocyte culture to generate resting astrocytes. Second, we assess the astrocytic response to IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, all cytokines important in neuroinflammation, such as multiple sclerosis. Our study reveals very specific profiles of reactive astrocytes depending on the triggering stimulus. This model provides ideal conditions for in-depth and unbiased characterization of astrocyte reactivity in neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Perriard
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Canales
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils Jonkmans
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Merienne
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and NeuroModulation, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Meunier
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and NeuroModulation, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lina El Kassar
- Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases (I-Stem), Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Anselme L Perrier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR861, I-Stem, AFM, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Schluep
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, CHUV BH-10/131, 46, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and NeuroModulation, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, CHUV BH-10/131, 46, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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Madhu K, T P, S M. Bacoside-A inhibits inflammatory cytokines and chemokine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1339-1345. [PMID: 30551384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the myelin sheath is the crucial event behind the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Bacoside-A is one of the major constituents obtained from Bacopa monerii (L.) Wettst., and possess neuroprotective as well as anti-inflammatory actions. The current study explores the effect of Bacoside-A in acute and chronic models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). The results indicate that the Bacoside-A treated mice produced a significant reduction in disease score compared to disease control in both models. The treatment with Bacoside-A downregulated the inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17a, and TNFα) and inflammatory chemokine CCL-5 in EAE mice. On the other hand, Bacoside-A treated mice showed a nonsignificant effect on promoting the expressions of NCAM, BDNF1, and FOXP3 in acute and chronic models of EAE. Histopathological analysis revealed that the Bacoside-A treated mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg exhibited a significant reduction in cellular infiltrations, cellular changes, and demyelination in cerebral tissues, but unable to protect at a higher dose in both models. In conclusion, Bacoside-A can able to inhibit the progression of EAE may be by the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine evolved during active EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnadas Madhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Prakash T
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Maya S
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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21
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Tizaoui K. Multiple sclerosis genetics: Results from meta-analyses of candidate-gene association studies. Cytokine 2018; 106:154-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yan Z, Gibson SA, Buckley JA, Qin H, Benveniste EN. Role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in regulation of innate immunity in neuroinflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol 2018; 189:4-13. [PMID: 27713030 PMCID: PMC5573639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines and interferons, and is essential for the development and function of both innate and adaptive immunity. Aberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is evident in neuroinflammatory diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease. Innate immunity is the front line defender of the immune system and is composed of various cell types, including microglia, macrophages and neutrophils. Innate immune responses have both pathogenic and protective roles in neuroinflammation, depending on disease context and the microenvironment in the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, how the JAK/STAT signaling pathway regulates the innate immune response, and finally, the potential for ameliorating neuroinflammation by utilization of JAK/STAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Yan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Jessica A Buckley
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Göbel K, Ruck T, Meuth SG. Cytokine signaling in multiple sclerosis: Lost in translation. Mult Scler 2018; 24:432-439. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458518763094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disorder of putative autoimmune origin. Clinical studies delineate abnormal expression of specific cytokines over the course of disease. Preclinical studies using animal models of MS have yielded promising results in manipulating the activity of certain cytokines to improve the clinical outcome. However, the translation of these findings into the clinic is often disappointing. The reason for this might be the complex nature of cytokine networks and the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation, as well as an oversimplified interpretation of preclinical observations. This review presents an overview on cytokines that potentially contribute to the development of MS and provides examples of success and failure in translating basic science into clinical benefit for people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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24
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Giralt M, Molinero A, Hidalgo J. Active Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) with MOG 35-55 in the Mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1791:227-232. [PMID: 30006713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7862-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is one of the most popular animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). There are a number of EAE models, being actively induced EAE in strains such as C57Bl/6 mice very robust and reproducible. We herewith present details of the materials and methods for active EAE. Mice are immunized with an emulsion of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55) + complete Freund's adjuvant (supplemented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis), and treated with Bordetella pertussis toxin, to induce EAE. Sham-EAE mice are immunized with bovine serum albumin instead of MOG35-55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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O'Sullivan SA, Velasco-Estevez M, Dev KK. Demyelination induced by oxidative stress is regulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Glia 2017; 65:1119-1136. [PMID: 28375547 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathological condition defined as an imbalance between production and removal of reactive oxygen species. This process causes structural cell damage, disrupts DNA repair and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Many in vitro studies have used direct bolus application of H2 O2 to investigate the role of oxidative stress in cell culture. In this study, using mouse organotypic cerebellar slice cultures, the effects of H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress on myelination state were examined, using bolus concentrations of H2 O2 (0.1-1 mM) and low-continuous H2 O2 (∼20 μM) generated from glucose oxidase and catalase (GOX-CAT). Using these models, the potential therapeutic effects of pFTY720, an oral therapy used in multiple sclerosis, was also examined. We found bolus treatment of H2 O2 (0.5 mM) and, for the first time, low-continuous H2 O2 (GOX-CAT) to induce demyelination in organotypic slices. Both bolus H2 O2 and GOX-CAT treatments significantly decreased vimentin expression in these slice cultures as well as increased cell death in isolated astrocyte cultures. Importantly, pre-treatment with pFTY720 significantly attenuated both bolus H2 O2 and GOX-CAT-induced demyelination and the GOX-CAT-induced decrease in vimentin in cerebellar slices, without altering levels of the proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and CX3CL1. We also observed increased SMI-32 immunoreactivity in the white matter tract induced by GOX-CAT indicating axonal damage, which was remarkably attenuated by pFTY720. Taken together, this data establishes a novel GOX-CAT model of demyelination and demonstrates that pFTY720 can act independently of inflammatory cytokines to attenuate decreases in vimentin, as well as axonal damage and demyelination induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead A O'Sullivan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Astrocytic IL-6 Influences the Clinical Symptoms of EAE in Mice. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6020015. [PMID: 27196935 PMCID: PMC4931492 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that not only plays major roles in the immune system, but also serves as a coordinator between the nervous and endocrine systems. IL-6 is produced in multiple cell types in the CNS, and in turn, many cells respond to it. It is therefore important to ascertain which cell type is the key responder to IL-6 during both physiological and pathological conditions. In order to test the role of astrocytic IL-6 in neuroinflammation, we studied an extensively-used animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in mice with an IL-6 deficiency in astrocytes (Ast-IL-6 KO). Results indicate that lack of astrocytic IL-6 did not cause major changes in EAE symptomatology. However, a delay in the onset of clinical signs was observed in Ast-IL-6 KO females, with fewer inflammatory infiltrates and decreased demyelination and some alterations in gliosis and vasogenesis, compared to floxed mice. These results suggest that astrocyte-secreted IL-6 has some roles in EAE pathogenesis, at least in females.
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27
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Rothaug M, Becker-Pauly C, Rose-John S. The role of interleukin-6 signaling in nervous tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1218-27. [PMID: 27016501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders and in the physiological homeostasis of neural tissue. Profound neuropathological changes, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are associated with increased IL-6 expression in brain. Increased nocturnal concentrations of serum IL-6 are found in patients with impaired sleep whereas IL-6-deficient mice spend more time in rapid eye movement sleep associated with dreaming. IL-6 is crucial in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, regeneration of peripheral nerves and acts as a neurotrophic factor. It exerts its cellular effects through two distinct pathways which include the anti-inflammatory pathway involving the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) expressed on selective cells, including microglia, in a process known as classical signaling that is also critical for bacterial defense. In classical signaling binding of IL-6 to the membrane-bound IL-6R activates the β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and subsequent down-stream signaling. The alternative, rather pro-inflammatory pathway, shown to mediate neurodegeneration in mice, termed trans-signaling, depends on a soluble form of the IL-6R that is capable of binding IL-6 to stimulate a response on distal cells that express gp130. A naturally occurring soluble form of gp130 (sgp130) has been identified that can specifically bind and neutralize the IL-6R/IL-6 complex. Thus, trans-signaling is blocked but classical signaling is completely unaffected. A modified, recombinant dimerized version of sgp130 (sgp130Fc) has successfully been used to block inflammatory processes in mice and may also be used in the clarification of IL-6 trans-signaling in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rothaug
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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28
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Hernandez RV, Puro AC, Manos JC, Huitron-Resendiz S, Reyes KC, Liu K, Vo K, Roberts AJ, Gruol DL. Transgenic mice with increased astrocyte expression of IL-6 show altered effects of acute ethanol on synaptic function. Neuropharmacology 2015; 103:27-43. [PMID: 26707655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has revealed that resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and particularly the glial cells, comprise a neuroimmune system that serves a number of functions in the normal CNS and during adverse conditions. Cells of the neuroimmune system regulate CNS functions through the production of signaling factors, referred to as neuroimmune factors. Recent studies show that ethanol can activate cells of the neuroimmune system, resulting in the elevated production of neuroimmune factors, including the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Here we analyzed the consequences of this CNS action of ethanol using transgenic mice that express elevated levels of IL-6 through increased astrocyte expression (IL-6-tg) to model the increased IL-6 expression that occurs with ethanol use. Results show that increased IL-6 expression induces neuroadaptive changes that alter the effects of ethanol. In hippocampal slices from non-transgenic (non-tg) littermate control mice, synaptically evoked dendritic field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and somatic population spike (PS) at the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal neuron synapse were reduced by acute ethanol (20 or 60 mM). In contrast, acute ethanol enhanced the fEPSP and PS in hippocampal slices from IL-6 tg mice. Long-term synaptic plasticity of the fEPSP (i.e., LTP) showed the expected dose-dependent reduction by acute ethanol in non-tg hippocampal slices, whereas LTP in the IL-6 tg hippocampal slices was resistant to this depressive effect of acute ethanol. Consistent with altered effects of acute ethanol on synaptic function in the IL-6 tg mice, EEG recordings showed a higher level of CNS activity in the IL-6 tg mice than in the non-tg mice during the period of withdrawal from an acute high dose of ethanol. These results suggest a potential role for neuroadaptive effects of ethanol-induced astrocyte production of IL-6 as a mediator or modulator of the actions of ethanol on the CNS, including persistent changes in CNS function that contribute to cognitive dysfunction and the development of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alana C Puro
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica C Manos
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Salvador Huitron-Resendiz
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth C Reyes
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Khanh Vo
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donna L Gruol
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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29
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Chanaday NL, Roth GA. Microglia and astrocyte activation in the frontal cortex of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2015; 314:160-9. [PMID: 26679600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model for the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating and neurodegenerative pathology of the central nervous system. Both diseases share physiopathological and clinical characteristics, mainly associated with a neuroinflammatory process that leads to a set of motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms. In MS, gray matter atrophy is related to the emergence of cognitive deficits and contributes to clinical progression. In particular, injury and dysfunction in certain areas of the frontal cortex (FrCx) have been related to the development of cognitive impairments with high incidence, like central fatigue and executive dysfunction. In the present work we show the presence of region-specific microglia and astrocyte activation in the FrCx, during the first hours of acute EAE onset. It is accompanied by the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, in the absence of detectable leukocyte infiltration. These findings expand previous studies showing presynaptic neural dysfunction occurring at the FrCx and might contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the genesis and prevalence of common MS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Chanaday
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, CONICET-UNC), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - G A Roth
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, CONICET-UNC), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
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30
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a neurologic disease caused by immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system, resulting in gray and white matter inflammation, progressive demyelination, and neuronal loss. Astrocytes, the most abundant cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), have been considered inert scaffold or housekeeping cells for many years. However, recently, it has become clear that this cell population actively modulates the immune response in the CNS at multiple levels. While being exposed to a plethora of cytokines during ongoing autoimmune inflammation, astrocytes modulate local CNS inflammation by secreting cytokines and chemokines, among other factors. This review article gives an overview of the most recent understanding about cytokine networks operational in astrocytes during autoimmune neuroinflammation and highlights potential targets for immunomodulatory therapies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, HIM 714, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, HIM 714, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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31
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Anderson G, Rodriguez M. Multiple sclerosis: the role of melatonin and N-acetylserotonin. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 4:112-23. [PMID: 25787187 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated disorder that is under intensive investigation in an attempt to improve on available treatments. Many of the changes occurring in MS, including increased mitochondrial dysfunction, pain reporting and depression may be partly mediated by increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which drives tryptophan to the production of neuroregulatory tryptophan catabolites and away from serotonin, N-acetylserotonin and melatonin production. The consequences of decreased melatonin have classically been attributed to circadian changes following its release from the pineal gland. However, recent data shows that melatonin may be produced by all mitochondria containing cells to some degree, including astrocytes and immune cells, thereby providing another important MS treatment target. As well as being a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive, melatonin improves mitochondrial functioning, partly via increased oxidative phosphorylation. Melatonin also inhibits demyelination and increases remyelination, suggesting that its local regulation in white matter astrocytes by serotonin availability and apolipoprotein E4, among other potential factors, will be important in the etiology, course and treatment of MS. Here we review the role of local melatonin and its precursors, N-acetylserotonin and serotonin, in MS.
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Almolda B, Villacampa N, Manders P, Hidalgo J, Campbell IL, González B, Castellano B. Effects of astrocyte-targeted production of interleukin-6 in the mouse on the host response to nerve injury. Glia 2014; 62:1142-61. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Nàdia Villacampa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Peter Manders
- School of Molecular Bioscience; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Iain L. Campbell
- School of Molecular Bioscience; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
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33
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Hu S, Chen Y, Sun XD, Li FJ, Shu QF, Liu XL, Jiang SF. Association between IL-6-174G/C polymorphism and risk of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 18:127-30. [PMID: 24328460 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine and important mediator of many inflammatory processes, which might affect susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of IL-6-174G/C polymorphism on the risk of MS using a meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, Wanfang, VIP, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were screened and six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between the IL-6-174G/C polymorphism and risk of MS. RESULTS No significant association between the IL-6-174G/C polymorphism and risk of MS was observed in overall analyses. With stratification according to ethnicity, we found that carriers with the IL-6-174CC genotype had a 1.87-fold increased risk for the development of MS in Asians (recessive model: OR=1.87, 95% CI, 1.08-3.24), but not in Caucasians. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides evidence that the IL-6-174G/C polymorphism may be a risk factor for the development of MS in Asians. Further association studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm the result in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hu
- 1 Air Force Centre of Aviation Medical Evaluation and Training in Hangzhou , Hangzhou, China
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34
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardón R, Chao CK, Thompson C, Chang J, Zhu H, D'Angiulli A. Brain immune interactions and air pollution: macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), prion cellular protein (PrP(C)), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cerebrospinal fluid and MIF in serum differentiate urban children exposed to severe vs. low air pollution. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24133408 PMCID: PMC3794301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants exhibit an early brain imbalance in genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses along with accumulation of misfolded proteins observed in the early stages of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. A complex modulation of serum cytokines and chemokines influences children's brain structural and gray/white matter volumetric responses to air pollution. The search for biomarkers associating systemic and CNS inflammation to brain growth and cognitive deficits in the short term and neurodegeneration in the long-term is our principal aim. We explored and compared a profile of cytokines, chemokines (Multiplexing LASER Bead Technology) and Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in normal cerebro-spinal-fluid (CSF) of urban children with high vs. low air pollution exposures. PrP(C) and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) were also measured in serum. Samples from 139 children ages 11.91 ± 4.2 years were measured. Highly exposed children exhibited significant increases in CSF MIF (p = 0.002), IL6 (p = 0.006), IL1ra (p = 0.014), IL-2 (p = 0.04), and PrP(C) (p = 0.039) vs. controls. MIF serum concentrations were higher in exposed children (p = 0.009). Our results suggest CSF as a MIF, IL6, IL1Ra, IL-2, and PrP(C) compartment that can possibly differentiate air pollution exposures in children. MIF, a key neuro-immune mediator, is a potential biomarker bridge to identify children with CNS inflammation. Fine tuning of immune-to-brain communication is crucial to neural networks appropriate functioning, thus the short and long term effects of systemic inflammation and dysregulated neural immune responses are of deep concern for millions of exposed children. Defining the linkage and the health consequences of the brain / immune system interactions in the developing brain chronically exposed to air pollutants ought to be of pressing importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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35
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Mao P, Manczak M, Shirendeb UP, Reddy PH. MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, delays disease progression and alleviates pathogenesis in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2322-31. [PMID: 24055980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the progression and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). MitoQ is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant that has a neuroprotective role in several mitochondrial and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Here we sought to determine the possible effects of a systematic administration of MitoQ as a therapy, using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. We studied the beneficial effects of MitoQ in EAE mice that mimic MS like symptoms by treating EAE mice with MitoQ and pretreated C57BL6 mice with MitoQ plus EAE induction. We found that pretreatment and treatment of EAE mice with MitoQ reduced neurological disabilities associated with EAE. We also found that both pretreatment and treatment of the EAE mice with MitoQ significantly suppressed inflammatory markers of EAE, including the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. MitoQ treatments reduced neuronal cell loss in the spinal cord, a factor underlying motor disability in EAE mice. The neuroprotective role of MitoQ was confirmed by a neuron-glia co-culture system designed to mimic the mechanism of MS and EAE in vitro. We found that axonal inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with impaired behavioral functions in the EAE mouse model and that treatment with MitoQ can exert protective effects on neurons and reduce axonal inflammation and oxidative stress. These protective effects are likely via multiple mechanisms, including the attenuation of the robust immune response. These results suggest that MitoQ may be a new candidate for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Mao
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Immune privilege as an intrinsic CNS property: astrocytes protect the CNS against T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:320519. [PMID: 24023412 PMCID: PMC3760105 DOI: 10.1155/2013/320519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have many functions in the central nervous system (CNS). They support differentiation and homeostasis of neurons and influence synaptic activity. They are responsible for formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and make up the glia limitans. Here, we review their contribution to neuroimmune interactions and in particular to those induced by the invasion of activated T cells. We discuss the mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory aspects of T-cell responses within the CNS. Depending on the microenvironment, they may become potent antigen-presenting cells for T cells and they may contribute to inflammatory processes. They are also able to abrogate or reprogram T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis or secreting inhibitory mediators. We consider apparently contradictory functions of astrocytes in health and disease, particularly in their interaction with lymphocytes, which may either aggravate or suppress neuroinflammation.
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