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Sobel RA, Albertelli M, Hinojoza JR, Eaton MJ, Grimes KV, Rubenstein E. Azetidine-2-Carboxylic Acid-Induced Oligodendrogliopathy: Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:414-433. [PMID: 35521963 PMCID: PMC9123080 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring imino acid azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze) is consumed by humans and can be misincorporated in place of proline in myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. To determine Aze effects on the mammalian CNS in vivo, adult CD1 mice were given Aze orally or intraperitoneally. Clinical signs reminiscent of MBP-mutant mice occurred with 600 mg/kg Aze exposure. Aze induced oligodendrocyte (OL) nucleomegaly and nucleoplasm clearing, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic vacuolation, abnormal mitochondria, and Aze dose-dependent apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated myelin blistering and nuclear translocation of unfolded protein response (UPR)/proinflammatory molecules (ATF3, ATF4, ATF6, eIF2α, GADD153, NFκB, PERK, XBP1), MHC I expression, and MBP cytoplasmic aggregation in OL. There were scattered microglial nodules in CNS white matter (WM); other CNS cells appeared unaffected. Mice given Aze in utero and postnatally showed more marked effects than their dams. These OL, myelin, and microglial alterations are found in normal-appearing WM (NAWM) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Thus, Aze induces a distinct oligodendrogliopathy in mice that recapitulates MS NAWM pathology without leukocyte infiltration. Because myelin proteins are relatively stable throughout life, we hypothesize that Aze misincorporation in myelin proteins during myelinogenesis in humans results in a progressive UPR that may be a primary process in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Sobel
- From the Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Megan Albertelli
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julian R Hinojoza
- From the Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mary Jane Eaton
- From the Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kevin V Grimes
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edward Rubenstein
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Zhou J, Terluk MR, Orchard PJ, Cloyd JC, Kartha RV. N-Acetylcysteine Reverses the Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Murine Oligodendrocyte Model of Adrenoleukodystrophy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121826. [PMID: 34944641 PMCID: PMC8698433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA, ≥C22:0) due to peroxisomal impairment leads to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Among the neural supporting cells, myelin-producing oligodendrocytes are the most sensitive to the detrimental effect of VLCFA. Here, we characterized the mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death induced by VLFCA, and examined whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, prevents the cytotoxicity. We exposed murine oligodendrocytes (158 N) to hexacosanoic acid (C26:0, 1-100 µM) for 24 h and measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. Low concentrations of C26:0 (≤25 µM) induced a mild effect on cell survival with no alterations in ROS or total glutathione (GSH) concentrations. However, analysis of the mitochondrial status of cells treated with C26:0 (25 µM) revealed depletion in mitochondrial GSH (mtGSH) and a decrease in the inner membrane potential. These results indicate that VLCFA disturbs the mitochondrial membrane potential causing ROS accumulation, oxidative stress, and cell death. We further tested whether NAC (500 µM) can prevent the mitochondria-specific effects of VLCFA in C26:0-treated oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that NAC improves mtGSH levels and mitochondrial function in oligodendrocytes, indicating that it has potential use in the treatment of ALD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Paul J. Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 425 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - James C. Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Reena V. Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-2436
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3
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Zhou J, Terluk MR, Basso L, Mishra UR, Orchard PJ, Cloyd JC, Schröder H, Kartha RV. N-acetylcysteine Provides Cytoprotection in Murine Oligodendrocytes through Heme Oxygenase-1 Activity. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080240. [PMID: 32717964 PMCID: PMC7460204 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytic injury by oxidative stress can lead to demyelination, contributing to neurodegeneration. We investigated the mechanisms by which an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), reduces oxidative stress in murine oligodendrocytes. We used normal 158N and mutant 158JP cells with endogenously high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Oxidative stress was induced in 158N cells using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 500 μM), and both cells were treated with NAC (50 µM to 500 µM). ROS production, total glutathione (GSH) and cell survival were measured 24 h after treatment. In normal cells, H2O2 treatment resulted in a ~5.5-fold increase in ROS and ~50% cell death. These deleterious effects of oxidative stress were attenuated by NAC, resulting in improved cell survival. Similarly, NAC treatment resulted in decreased ROS levels in 158JP cells. Characterization of mechanisms underlying cytoprotection in both cell lines revealed an increase in GSH levels by NAC, which was partially blocked by an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. Interestingly, we observed heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme, play a critical role in cytoprotection. Inhibition of HO-1 activity abolished the cytoprotective effect of NAC with a corresponding decrease in total antioxidant capacity. Our results indicate that NAC promotes oligodendrocyte survival in oxidative stress-related conditions through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Lisa Basso
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Usha R. Mishra
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Paul J. Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 425 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - James C. Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Henning Schröder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Reena V. Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-2436
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4
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Abstract
Clinical myelin diseases, and our best experimental approximations, are complex entities in which demyelination and remyelination proceed unpredictably and concurrently. These features can make it difficult to identify mechanistic details. Toxin-based models offer lesions with predictable spatiotemporal patterns and relatively discrete phases of damage and repair: a simpler system to study the relevant biology and how this can be manipulated. Here, we discuss the most widely used toxin-based models, with a focus on lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and cuprizone. This includes an overview of their respective mechanisms, strengths, and limitations and step-by-step protocols for their use.
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5
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Church JS, Milich LM, Lerch JK, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. E6020, a synthetic TLR4 agonist, accelerates myelin debris clearance, Schwann cell infiltration, and remyelination in the rat spinal cord. Glia 2017; 65:883-899. [PMID: 28251686 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are present throughout the adult brain and spinal cord and can replace oligodendrocytes lost to injury, aging, or disease. Their differentiation, however, is inhibited by myelin debris, making clearance of this debris an important step for cellular repair following demyelination. In models of peripheral nerve injury, TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promotes macrophage phagocytosis of debris. Here we tested whether the novel synthetic TLR4 agonist E6020, a Lipid A mimetic, promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in spinal cord white matter following lysolecithin-induced demyelination. In vitro, E6020 induced TLR4-dependent cytokine expression (TNFα, IL1β, IL-6) and NF-κB signaling, albeit at ∼10-fold reduced potency compared to LPS. Microinjection of E6020 into the intact rat spinal cord gray/white matter border induced macrophage activation, OPC proliferation, and robust oligodendrogenesis, similar to what we described previously using an intraspinal LPS microinjection model. Finally, a single co-injection of E6020 with lysolecithin into spinal cord white matter increased axon sparing, accelerated myelin debris clearance, enhanced Schwann cell infiltration into demyelinated lesions, and increased the number of remyelinated axons. In vitro assays confirmed that direct stimulation of macrophages by E6020 stimulates myelin phagocytosis. These data implicate TLR4 signaling in promoting repair after CNS demyelination, likely by stimulating phagocytic activity of macrophages, sparing axons, recruiting myelinating cells, and promoting remyelination. This work furthers our understanding of immune-myelin interactions and identifies a novel synthetic TLR4 agonist as a potential therapeutic avenue for white matter demyelinating conditions such as spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Church
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsay M Milich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica K Lerch
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Cao L, Walker MP, Vaidya NK, Fu M, Kumar S, Kumar A. Cocaine-Mediated Autophagy in Astrocytes Involves Sigma 1 Receptor, PI3K, mTOR, Atg5/7, Beclin-1 and Induces Type II Programed Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4417-30. [PMID: 26243186 PMCID: PMC4744147 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a commonly used drug of abuse, has been shown to cause neuropathological dysfunction and damage in the human brain. However, the role of autophagy in this process is not defined. Autophagy, generally protective in nature, can also be destructive leading to autophagic cell death. This study was designed to investigate whether cocaine induces autophagy in the cells of CNS origin. We employed astrocyte, the most abundant cell in the CNS, to define the effects of cocaine on autophagy. We measured levels of the autophagic marker protein LC3II in SVGA astrocytes after exposure with cocaine. The results showed that cocaine caused an increase in LC3II level in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with the peak observed at 1 mM cocaine after 6-h exposure. This result was also confirmed by detecting LC3II in SVGA astrocytes using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Next, we sought to explore the mechanism by which cocaine induces the autophagic response. We found that cocaine-induced autophagy was mediated by sigma 1 receptor, and autophagy signaling proteins p-mTOR, Atg5, Atg7, and p-Bcl-2/Beclin-1 were also involved, and this was confirmed by using selective inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In addition, we found that chronic treatment with cocaine resulted in cell death, which is caspase-3 independent and can be ameliorated by autophagy inhibitor. Therefore, this study demonstrated that cocaine induces autophagy in astrocytes and is associated with autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mary P Walker
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry Center of Excellence in Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Naveen K Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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7
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Willebrords J, Crespo Yanguas S, Maes M, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L, Kwak BR, Green CR, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexins and their channels in inflammation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:413-439. [PMID: 27387655 PMCID: PMC5584657 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1204980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may be caused by a variety of factors and is a hallmark of a plethora of acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cell injury trigger, to clear out dead cells from damaged tissue and to initiate tissue regeneration. Despite the wealth of knowledge regarding the involvement of cellular communication in inflammation, studies on the role of connexin-based channels in this process have only begun to emerge in the last few years. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of the effects of inflammation on connexin signaling is provided. Vice versa, the involvement of connexins and their channels in inflammation will be discussed by relying on studies that use a variety of experimental tools, such as genetically modified animals, small interfering RNA and connexin-based channel blockers. A better understanding of the importance of connexin signaling in inflammation may open up towards clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Elke Decrock
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Division of Cardiology,
University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Brenda R.
Kwak: Tel: +41 22 379 57 37
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre,
University of Auckland, New Zealand; Colin R. Green: Tel: +64 9 923 61 35
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87,
05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Bruno Cogliati: Tel: +55 11 30 91 12 00
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
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8
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Goldstein EZ, Church JS, Hesp ZC, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. A silver lining of neuroinflammation: Beneficial effects on myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:550-9. [PMID: 27151600 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin accelerates action potential conduction velocity and provides essential energy support for axons. Unfortunately, myelin and myelinating cells are often vulnerable to injury or disease, resulting in myelin damage, which in turn can lead to axon dysfunction, overt pathology and neurological impairment. Inflammation is a common component of trauma and disease in both the CNS and PNS and therefore an active inflammatory response is often considered deleterious to myelin health. While inflammation can certainly damage myelin, inflammatory processes also can positively affect oligodendrocyte lineage progression, myelin debris clearance, oligodendrocyte metabolism and myelin repair. In the periphery, inflammatory cascades can also augment myelin repair, including processes initiated by infiltrating immune cells as well as by local Schwann cells. In this review, various aspects of inflammation beneficial to myelin repair are discussed and should be considered when designing or implementing anti-inflammatory therapies for CNS and PNS injury involving myelinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Z Goldstein
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Jamie S Church
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Zoe C Hesp
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States.
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9
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Arrigoni F, Romaniello R, Peruzzo D, Righini A, Parazzini C, Colombo P, Bassi MT, Triulzi F, Borgatti R. Aberrant supracallosal longitudinal bundle: MR features, pathogenesis and associated clinical phenotype. Eur Radiol 2015; 26:2587-96. [PMID: 26560723 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-4084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the MRI and structural features of a peculiar malformation of the corpus callosum (CC) in a group of young patients with intellectual disability. METHODS We studied with conventional MRI and DTI a group of subjects showing an aberrant supracallosal bundle, characterized by the presence of a triangle-shaped bulging above the dorsal surface of CC on the midline. Clinical evaluations, CGH-array and instrumental analysis were also collected. RESULTS Among 85 patients with malformed CC, we identified 15 subjects that showed the supracallosal bundle. The CC was thickened in five cases, long and thinned in three cases, short and thinned in three cases and it had a "ribbon-like" appearance in four subjects. Additional brain anomalies were present in eight cases. DTI colour maps and tractography showed that the bundle had an antero-posterior longitudinal orientation and that the tract bifurcated posteriorly, ending in the posterior hippocampi. Patients had different combinations of neurological symptoms, but all showed mild or severe intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS Combining radiological and genetic data with embryological knowledge of the development of cerebral commissures, we hypothesize that the supracallosal bundle represents a vestigial structure, the dorsal fornix, present during fetal life. Its persistence is associated with intellectual disability. KEY POINTS • An aberrant longitudinal bundle can be detected above corpus callosum. • The presence of the supracallosal bundle is associated with intellectual disability. • The supracallosal bundle may represent a persistent dorsal fornix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Arrigoni
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via don Luigi Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Romina Romaniello
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Denis Peruzzo
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via don Luigi Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Andrea Righini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children Hospital V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Parazzini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children Hospital V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Colombo
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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10
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Campbell A, Bushman J, Munger J, Noble M, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. Mutation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated is associated with dysfunctional glutathione homeostasis in cerebellar astroglia. Glia 2015; 64:227-39. [PMID: 26469940 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial dysfunction plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases otherwise attributed to neuronal loss of function. Here we focus on the role of astroglia in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a disease caused by mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. A hallmark of A-T pathology is progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, but the mechanisms that impact neuronal survival are unclear. We now provide a possible mechanism by which A-T astroglia affect the survival of cerebellar neurons. As astroglial functions are difficult to study in an in vivo setting, particularly in the cerebellum where these cells are intertwined with the far more numerous neurons, we conducted in vitro coculture experiments that allow for the generation and pharmacological manipulation of purified cell populations. Our analyses revealed that cerebellar astroglia isolated from Atm mutant mice show decreased expression of the cystine/glutamate exchanger subunit xCT, glutathione (GSH) reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase. We also found decreased levels of intercellular and secreted GSH in A-T astroglia. Metabolic labeling of l-cystine, the major precursor for GSH, revealed that a key component of the defect in A-T astroglia is an impaired ability to import this rate-limiting precursor for the production of GSH. This impairment resulted in suboptimal extracellular GSH supply, which in turn impaired survival of cerebellar neurons. We show that by circumventing the xCT-dependent import of L-cystine through addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as an alternative cysteine source, we were able to restore GSH levels in A-T mutant astroglia providing a possible future avenue for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Jared Bushman
- School of Pharmacy Health Sciences Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071
| | - Joshua Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
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Masaki K. Early disruption of glial communication via connexin gap junction in multiple sclerosis, Baló's disease and neuromyelitis optica. Neuropathology 2015; 35:469-80. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology; Neurological Institute; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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12
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Lieury A, Chanal M, Androdias G, Reynolds R, Cavagna S, Giraudon P, Confavreux C, Nataf S. Tissue remodeling in periplaque regions of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions. Glia 2014; 62:1645-58. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lieury
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Marie Chanal
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine; London United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Cavagna
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Pascale Giraudon
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Christian Confavreux
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Serge Nataf
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Banque de Cellules et de Tissus, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Lyon France
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13
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Li T, Giaume C, Xiao L. Connexins-mediated glia networking impacts myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:1460-71. [PMID: 24395132 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the glial gap junctions are established among astrocytes (ASTs), oligodendrocytes (OLs), and/or between ASTs and OLs due to the expression of membrane proteins called connexins (Cxs). Together, the glial cells form a network of communicating cells that is important for the homeostasis of brain function for its involvement in the intercellular calcium wave propagation, exchange of metabolic substrates, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Alternatively, Cxs are also involved in hemichannel function and thus participate in gliotransmission. In recent years, pathologic changes of oligodendroglia or demyelination found in transgenic mice with different subsets of Cxs or pharmacological insults suggest that glial Cxs may participate in the regulation of the myelination or remyelination processes. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we will mainly focus on the functions of Cx-mediated gap junction channels, as well as hemichannels, in brain glial cells and discuss the way by which they impact myelination and remyelination. These aspects will be considered at the light of recent genetic and non-genetic studies related to demyelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China,
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14
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Masaki K. Connexin pathology in acute multiple sclerosis, Baló's disease and neuromyelitis optica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology; Neurological Institute; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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Activation of NOD2/RIPK2 pathway induces mitochondrial injury to oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro and CNS demyelination in vivo. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 265:51-60. [PMID: 24169446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the activation of innate immune pathway mediated by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We show that activation of NOD2 by ligand peptidoglycan (PGN) leads to the recruitment and phosphorylation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2). Phosphorylation of RIPK2 is followed by phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), increase in NOS activity and subsequent accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) mediated N-tyrosinylated compounds in OPCs. The reversal of NOS activity by the nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), but not by the iNOS inhibitor L-canavanine, supported the conclusion that the increased NOS activity was due to the selective activation of nNOS in OPCs. In addition, NO mediated injury to OPC was reflected in reduction in activity of respiratory enzymes such as complex I and IV, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome-C from mitochondria. Furthermore, intracerebral injection of PGN into corpus callosum (CC) of rats led to the development of demyelination, which appeared as early as by day 3 post-injection, and involved the trunk of the CC by day 14. Accumulation of N-tyrosinylated proteins was seen in oligodendrocytes in regions of the CC which were in close proximity to the injection site. Taken together, these results suggest that PGN induced formation of NO, mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of N-tyrosinylated proteins in oligodendrocytes are likely mediators of central nervous system demyelination.
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