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Groh AMR, Caporicci-Dinucci N, Afanasiev E, Bigotte M, Lu B, Gertsvolf J, Smith MD, Garton T, Callahan-Martin L, Allot A, Hatrock DJ, Mamane V, Drake S, Tai H, Ding J, Fournier AE, Larochelle C, Calabresi PA, Stratton JA. Ependymal cells undergo astrocyte-like reactivity in response to neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38702968 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Ependymal cells form a specialized brain-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interface and regulate local CSF microcirculation. It is becoming increasingly recognized that ependymal cells assume a reactive state in response to aging and disease, including conditions involving hypoxia, hydrocephalus, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Yet what transcriptional signatures govern these reactive states and whether this reactivity shares any similarities with classical descriptions of glial reactivity (i.e., in astrocytes) remain largely unexplored. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we interrogated this phenomenon by directly comparing the reactive ependymal cell transcriptome to the reactive astrocyte transcriptome using a well-established model of autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation (MOG35-55 EAE). In doing so, we unveiled core glial reactivity-associated genes that defined the reactive ependymal cell and astrocyte response to MOG35-55 EAE. Interestingly, known reactive astrocyte genes from other CNS injury/disease contexts were also up-regulated by MOG35-55 EAE ependymal cells, suggesting that this state may be conserved in response to a variety of pathologies. We were also able to recapitulate features of the reactive ependymal cell state acutely using a classic neuroinflammatory cocktail (IFNγ/LPS) both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, by comparing reactive ependymal cells and astrocytes, we identified a conserved signature underlying glial reactivity that was present in several neuroinflammatory contexts. Future work will explore the mechanisms driving ependymal reactivity and assess downstream functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M R Groh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nina Caporicci-Dinucci
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elia Afanasiev
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Bigotte
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brianna Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joshua Gertsvolf
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Garton
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liam Callahan-Martin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis Allot
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dale J Hatrock
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victoria Mamane
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sienna Drake
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Huilin Tai
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jun Ding
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Moradi K, Mitew S, Xing YL, Merson TD. HB-EGF and EGF infusion following CNS demyelination mitigates age-related decline in regeneration of oligodendrocytes from neural precursor cells originating in the ventricular-subventricular zone. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582092. [PMID: 38529498 PMCID: PMC10962700 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic demyelination initiated by immune-mediated destruction of myelin, leads to axonal damage and neuronal cell death, resulting in a progressive decline in neurological function. The development of interventions that potentiate remyelination could hold promise as a novel treatment strategy for MS. To this end, our group has demonstrated that neural precursor cells (NPCs) residing in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the adult mouse brain contribute significantly to remyelination in response to central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and can regenerate myelin of normal thickness. However, aging takes its toll on the regenerative potential of NPCs and reduces their contribution to remyelination. In this study, we investigated how aging influences the contribution of NPCs to oligodendrogenesis during the remyelination process and whether the delivery of growth factors into the brains of aged mice could potentiate the oligodendrogenic potential of NPCs. To enable us to map the fate of NPCs in response to demyelination induced at different postnatal ages, Nestin-CreERT2;Rosa26-LSL-eYFP mice were gavaged with tamoxifen at either 8 weeks, 30 weeks or one year of age before being challenged with cuprizone for a period of six weeks. Using osmotic minipumps, we infused heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF) into the cisterna magna for a period of two weeks beginning at the peak of cuprizone-induced demyelination (n=6-8 mice per group). Control mice received artificial cerebrospinal fluid (vehicle) alone. Mice were perfused six weeks after cuprizone withdrawal and the contribution of NPCs to oligodendrocyte regeneration in the corpus callosum was assessed. Our data reveal that although NPC-derived oligodendrocyte generation declined dramatically with age, this decline was partially reversed by growth factor infusion. Notably, co-infusion of EGF and HB-EGF increased oligodendrocyte regeneration twofold in some regions of the corpus callosum. Our results shed light on the beneficial effects of EGF and HB-EGF for increasing the contribution of NPCs to remyelination and indicate their therapeutic potential to combat the negative effects of aging upon remyelination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Moradi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanislaw Mitew
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yao Lulu Xing
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tobias D. Merson
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Current address: Oligodendroglial Interactions Group, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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Guan T, Guo Y, Zhou T, Yu Q, Sun J, Sun B, Zhang G, Kong J. Oxidized SOD1 accelerates cellular senescence in neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:55. [PMID: 38414053 PMCID: PMC10900543 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells (NSCs), especially human NSCs, undergo cellular senescence characterized by an irreversible proliferation arrest and loss of stemness after prolonged culture. While compelling correlative data have been generated to support the oxidative stress theory as one of the primary determinants of cellular senescence of NSCs, a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the accumulation of oxidation-mediated damage and cellular senescence of NSCs has yet to be firmly established. Human SOD1 (hSOD1) is susceptible to oxidation. Once oxidized, it undergoes aberrant misfolding and gains toxic properties associated with age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aims to examine the role of oxidized hSOD1 in the senescence of NSCs. METHODS NSCs prepared from transgenic mice expressing the wild-type hSOD1 gene were maintained in culture through repeated passages. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from culture media at each passage. To selectively knock down oxidized SOD1 in NSCs and EVs, we used a peptide-directed chaperone-mediated protein degradation system named CT4 that we developed recently. RESULTS In NSCs expressing the hSOD1 from passage 5, we detected a significant increase of oxidized hSOD1 and an increased expression of biomarkers of cellular senescence, including upregulation of P53 and SA-β-Gal and cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1. The removal of oxidized SOD1 remarkably increased the proliferation and stemness of the NSCs. Meanwhile, EVs derived from senescent NSCs carrying the wild-type hSOD1 contained high levels of oxidized hSOD1, which could accelerate the senescence of young NSCs and induce the death of cultured neurons. The removal of oxidized hSOD1 from the EVs abolished their senescence-inducing activity. Blocking oxidized SOD1 on EVs with the SOD1 binding domain of the CT4 peptide mitigated its toxicity to neurons. CONCLUSION Oxidized hSOD1 is a causal factor in the cellular senescence of NSCs. The removal of oxidized hSOD1 is a strategy to rejuvenate NSCs and to improve the quality of EVs derived from senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Yeo RW, Zhou OY, Zhong BL, Sun ED, Navarro Negredo P, Nair S, Sharmin M, Ruetz TJ, Wilson M, Kundaje A, Dunn AR, Brunet A. Chromatin accessibility dynamics of neurogenic niche cells reveal defects in neural stem cell adhesion and migration during aging. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:866-893. [PMID: 37443352 PMCID: PMC10353944 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of brain stem cell niches deteriorates during aging. Yet the mechanisms underlying this decline are largely unknown. Here we characterize genome-wide chromatin accessibility of neurogenic niche cells in vivo during aging. Interestingly, chromatin accessibility at adhesion and migration genes decreases with age in quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) but increases with age in activated (proliferative) NSCs. Quiescent and activated NSCs exhibit opposing adhesion behaviors during aging: quiescent NSCs become less adhesive, whereas activated NSCs become more adhesive. Old activated NSCs also show decreased migration in vitro and diminished mobilization out of the niche for neurogenesis in vivo. Using tension sensors, we find that aging increases force-producing adhesions in activated NSCs. Inhibiting the cytoskeletal-regulating kinase ROCK reduces these adhesions, restores migration in old activated NSCs in vitro, and boosts neurogenesis in vivo. These results have implications for restoring the migratory potential of NSCs and for improving neurogenesis in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Yeo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Y Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian L Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric D Sun
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Surag Nair
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mahfuza Sharmin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tyson J Ruetz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mikaela Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Lu C, Wu X, Wang X, Xiao Z, Ma L, Dai J, Jian F. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals ependymal subtypes related to cytoskeleton dynamics as the core driver of syringomyelia pathological development. iScience 2023; 26:106850. [PMID: 37275526 PMCID: PMC10232665 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Syringomyelia is a common clinical lesion associated with cerebrospinal fluid flow abnormalities. By a reversible model with chronic extradural compression to mimic human canalicular syringomyelia, we explored the spatiotemporal pathological alterations during syrinx development. The most dynamic alterations were observed in ependymal cells (EPCs), oligodendrocyte lineage, and microglia, as a response to neuroinflammation. Among different cell types, EPC subtypes experienced obvious dynamic alterations, which were accompanied by ultrastructural changes involving the ependymal cytoskeleton, cilia, and dynamic injury in parenchyma primarily around the central canal, corresponding to the single-cell transcripts. After effective decompression, the syrinx resolved with the recovery of pathological damage and overall neurological function, implying that for syringomyelia in the early stage, there was still endogenous repair potential coexisting with immune microenvironment imbalance. Ependymal remodeling and cilia restoration might be important for better resolution of syringomyelia and parenchymal injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Lu
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xianming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Longbing Ma
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fengzeng Jian
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
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Bresgen N, Kovacs M, Lahnsteiner A, Felder TK, Rinnerthaler M. The Janus-Faced Role of Lipid Droplets in Aging: Insights from the Cellular Perspective. Biomolecules 2023; 13:912. [PMID: 37371492 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that nine hallmarks-including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis-exist that describe the cellular aging process. Adding to this, a well-described cell organelle in the metabolic context, namely, lipid droplets, also accumulates with increasing age, which can be regarded as a further aging-associated process. Independently of their essential role as fat stores, lipid droplets are also able to control cell integrity by mitigating lipotoxic and proteotoxic insults. As we will show in this review, numerous longevity interventions (such as mTOR inhibition) also lead to strong accumulation of lipid droplets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian cells, just to name a few examples. In mammals, due to the variety of different cell types and tissues, the role of lipid droplets during the aging process is much more complex. Using selected diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we show that lipid droplets are "Janus"-faced. In an early phase of the disease, lipid droplets mitigate the toxicity of lipid peroxidation and protein aggregates, but in a later phase of the disease, a strong accumulation of lipid droplets can cause problems for cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Melanie Kovacs
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Lahnsteiner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Klaus Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Zhao X, Zhang S, Sanders AR, Duan J. Brain Lipids and Lipid Droplet Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Complex Psychiatry 2023; 9:154-171. [PMID: 38058955 PMCID: PMC10697751 DOI: 10.1159/000535131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids are essential components of the structure and for the function of brain cells. The intricate balance of lipids, including phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and triglycerides, is crucial for maintaining normal brain function. The roles of lipids and lipid droplets and their relevance to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) remain largely unknown. Summary Here, we reviewed the basic role of lipid components as well as a specific lipid organelle, lipid droplets, in brain function, highlighting the potential impact of altered lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NDPs. Key Messages Brain lipid dysregulation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative and NPDs including AD and schizophrenia. Understanding the cell type-specific mechanisms of lipid dysregulation in these diseases is crucial for identifying better diagnostic biomarkers and for developing therapeutic strategies aiming at restoring lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhao
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Bueno C, Blanquer M, García-Bernal D, Martínez S, Moraleda JM. Binucleated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells can be formed during neural-like differentiation with independence of any cell fusion events. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20615. [PMID: 36450873 PMCID: PMC9712539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been reported that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) can transdifferentiate into neural cells, the findings are considered unlikely. It has been argued that the rapid neural transdifferentiation of BMDCs reported in culture studies is actually due to cytotoxic changes induced by the media. While transplantation studies indicated that BMDCs can form new neurons, it remains unclear whether the underlying mechanism is transdifferentiation or BMDCs-derived cell fusion with the existing neuronal cells. Cell fusion has been put forward to explain the presence of gene-marked binucleated neurons after gene-marked BMDCs transplantation. In the present study, we demostrated that human BMDCs can rapidly adopt a neural-like morphology through active neurite extension and binucleated human BMDCs can form with independence of any cell fusion events. We also showed that BMDCs neural-like differentiation involves the formation of intermediate cells which can then redifferentiate into neural-like cells, redifferentiate back to the mesenchymal fate or even repeatedly switch lineages without cell division. Furthermore, we have discovered that nuclei from intermediate cells rapidly move within the cell, adopting different morphologies and even forming binucleated cells. Therefore, our results provide a stronger basis for rejecting the idea that BMDCs neural transdifferentiation is merely an artefact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bueno
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanquer
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain ,grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (UMH-CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernandez, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. Moraleda
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Nelles DG, Hazrati LN. Ependymal cells and neurodegenerative disease: outcomes of compromised ependymal barrier function. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac288. [PMID: 36415662 PMCID: PMC9677497 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the central nervous system, ependymal cells form critical components of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier. These barriers provide biochemical, immunological and physical protection against the entry of molecules and foreign substances into the cerebrospinal fluid while also regulating cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, such as the composition, flow and removal of waste from the cerebrospinal fluid. Previous research has demonstrated that several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, display irregularities in ependymal cell function, morphology, gene expression and metabolism. Despite playing key roles in maintaining overall brain health, ependymal barriers are largely overlooked and understudied in the context of disease, thus limiting the development of novel diagnostic and treatment options. Therefore, this review explores the anatomical properties, functions and structures that define ependymal cells in the healthy brain, as well as the ways in which ependymal cell dysregulation manifests across several neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we will address potential mechanisms, causes and consequences of ependymal cell dysfunction and describe how compromising the integrity of ependymal barriers may initiate, contribute to, or drive widespread neurodegeneration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Nelles
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Canada
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Correspondence to: Dr. Lili-Naz Hazrati 555 University Ave, Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada E-mail:
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10
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Reddy DS, Abeygunaratne HN. Experimental and Clinical Biomarkers for Progressive Evaluation of Neuropathology and Therapeutic Interventions for Acute and Chronic Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11734. [PMID: 36233034 PMCID: PMC9570151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes commonly used experimental and clinical biomarkers of neuronal injury and neurodegeneration for the evaluation of neuropathology and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Biomarkers are vital for diagnostics of brain disease and therapeutic monitoring. A biomarker can be objectively measured and evaluated as a proxy indicator for the pathophysiological process or response to therapeutic interventions. There are complex hurdles in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of neurological disorders and the ability to diagnose them at initial stages. Novel biomarkers for neurological diseases may surpass these issues, especially for early identification of disease risk. Validated biomarkers can measure the severity and progression of both acute neuronal injury and chronic neurological diseases such as epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and other brain diseases. Biomarkers are deployed to study progression and response to treatment, including noninvasive imaging tools for both acute and chronic brain conditions. Neuronal biomarkers are classified into four core subtypes: blood-based, immunohistochemical-based, neuroimaging-based, and electrophysiological biomarkers. Neuronal conditions have progressive stages, such as acute injury, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurogenesis, which can serve as indices of pathological status. Biomarkers are critical for the targeted identification of specific molecules, cells, tissues, or proteins that dramatically alter throughout the progression of brain conditions. There has been tremendous progress with biomarkers in acute conditions and chronic diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Intercollegiate School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hasara Nethma Abeygunaratne
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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11
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Norton ES, Whaley LA, Ulloa-Navas MJ, García-Tárraga P, Meneses KM, Lara-Velazquez M, Zarco N, Carrano A, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, García-Verdugo JM, Guerrero-Cázares H. Glioblastoma disrupts the ependymal wall and extracellular matrix structures of the subventricular zone. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:58. [PMID: 35821139 PMCID: PMC9277938 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common type of primary brain tumor in adults. Tumor location plays a role in patient prognosis, with tumors proximal to the lateral ventricles (LVs) presenting with worse overall survival, increased expression of stem cell genes, and increased incidence of distal tumor recurrence. This may be due in part to interaction of GBM with factors of the subventricular zone (SVZ), including those contained within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, direct interaction of GBM tumors with CSF has not been proved and would be hindered in the presence of an intact ependymal cell layer. Methods Here, we investigate the ependymal cell barrier and its derived extracellular matrix (ECM) fractones in the vicinity of a GBM tumor. Patient-derived GBM cells were orthotopically implanted into immunosuppressed athymic mice in locations distal and proximal to the LV. A PBS vehicle injection in the proximal location was included as a control. At four weeks post-xenograft, brain tissue was examined for alterations in ependymal cell health via immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Results We identified local invading GBM cells within the LV wall and increased influx of CSF into the LV-proximal GBM tumor bulk compared to controls. In addition to the physical disruption of the ependymal cell barrier, we also identified increased signs of compromised ependymal cell health in LV-proximal tumor-bearing mice. These signs include increased accumulation of lipid droplets, decreased cilia length and number, and decreased expression of cell channel proteins. We additionally identified elevated numbers of small fractones in the SVZ within this group, suggesting increased indirect CSF-contained molecule signaling to tumor cells. Conclusions Our data is the first to show that LV-proximal GBMs physically disrupt the ependymal cell barrier in animal models, resulting in disruptions in ependymal cell biology and increased CSF interaction with the tumor bulk. These findings point to ependymal cell health and CSF-contained molecules as potential axes for therapeutic targeting in the treatment of GBM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00354-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Norton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Regenerative Sciences Training Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren A Whaley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - María José Ulloa-Navas
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Patricia García-Tárraga
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain
| | - Kayleah M Meneses
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Natanael Zarco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Anna Carrano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain
| | - Hugo Guerrero-Cázares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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12
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Gao XY, Yang T, Gu Y, Sun XH. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: From Mechanistic Insights to Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885500. [PMID: 35795234 PMCID: PMC9250984 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders worldwide. There are currently no cures or preventative treatments for PD. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with pathogenesis of sporadic and familial PD. Because dopaminergic neurons have high energy demand, cells affected by PD exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction that promotes the disease-defining the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The mitochondrion has a particularly important role as the cellular “powerhouse” of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, mitochondria have become a promising therapeutic target for PD treatments. This review aims to describe mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathology of PD, outline the genes associated with familial PD and the factors related to sporadic PD, summarize current knowledge on mitochondrial quality control in PD, and give an overview of therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondria in neuroprotective interventions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Hong Sun,
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13
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Coelho P, Fão L, Mota S, Rego AC. Mitochondrial function and dynamics in neural stem cells and neurogenesis: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101667. [PMID: 35714855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been largely described as the powerhouse of the cell and recent findings demonstrate that this organelle is fundamental for neurogenesis. The mechanisms underlying neural stem cells (NSCs) maintenance and differentiation are highly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mitochondrial-mediated switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, accompanied by mitochondrial remodeling and dynamics are vital to NSCs fate. Deregulation of mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial DNA, function, fission/fusion and metabolism underly several neurodegenerative diseases; data show that these impairments are already present in early developmental stages and NSC fate decisions. However, little is known about mitochondrial role in neurogenesis. In this Review, we describe the recent evidence covering mitochondrial role in neurogenesis, its impact in selected neurodegenerative diseases, for which aging is the major risk factor, and the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies that may alleviate neurodegenerative disorders-related neuronal deregulation through improvement of mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Coelho
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Fão
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Mota
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; III, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
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14
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Dabelow S, LeHanka A, Jilkine A. Distinguishing between multiple mathematical models of neural stem cell quiescence and activation during age-related neural stem cell decline in neurogenesis. Math Biosci 2022; 346:108807. [PMID: 35304227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are required for tissue maintenance and homeostasis during an organism's lifetime. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be in an actively dividing state or in a quiescent state. The balance between stem cell quiescence and cycling activity determines the rate of neurogenesis. With age, more NSCs enter the quiescent state, while the total number of NSCs decreases. Here we reconsider an existing mathematical model of how neural stem cells switch between active and quiescent states from the point of view of control theory by considering the activation rate, self-renewal probability, and division rate as control parameters rather than as pre-defined functions. Our goal is to test whether those modifications to the basic model could explain the observed decline of neural stem cells with age better than Gomerzian time-dependent parameters, and compare the output from different model variants to experimental data from mice using AIC. We find that time-dependent activation rate provides the best fit to the activated cell fraction (ACF) of NSCs over time, but that other model variants with constant parameter values can better fit the total number of NSCs over time. We also consider an alternate model for NSCs with nonlinear feedback from progenitor cells that affect NSC parameters, and compare all models to experimental stem cell and progenitor data. However, all of the feedback models considered provide a worse fit to the experimental data. This suggests that when switching between active and quiescent stem cells is considered, a time-dependent linear model outperforms the integral feedback mechanism considered by other models of stem cell lineages. Fitting progenitor data for both the time varying models and feedback models indicates that four or five intermediate transit amplifying progenitor states are necessary. Our modeling suggests that in order to determine whether an increase in age-related neural stem cell quiescence is determined by by a decreasing stem cell activation rate or an increased stem cell depletion rate, additional experiments should be designed to explore whether or not depletion of the stem cell pool is occurring, and that a higher resolution time series for activated cell fraction (ACF) would be best to resolve this issue.
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15
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Zhao X, Fisher ES, Wang Y, Zuloaga K, Manley L, Temple S. 4D imaging analysis of the aging mouse neural stem cell niche reveals a dramatic loss of progenitor cell dynamism regulated by the RHO-ROCK pathway. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:245-258. [PMID: 35030320 PMCID: PMC8828534 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to transit-amplifying progenitor (TAP) cells. These progenitors reside in different subniche locations, implying that cell movement must accompany lineage progression, but the dynamic behaviors of adult NSCs and TAPs remain largely unexplored. Here, we performed live time-lapse imaging with computer-based image analysis of young and aged 3D V-SVZ wholemounts from transgenic mice with fluorescently distinguished NSCs and TAP cells. Young V-SVZ progenitors are highly dynamic, with regular process outgrowth and retraction and cell migration. However, these activities dramatically declined with age. An examination of single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data revealed age-associated changes in the Rho-Rock pathway that are important for cell motility. Applying a small molecule to inhibit ROCK transformed young into old V-SVZ progenitor cell dynamic behaviors. Hence RHO-ROCK signaling is critical for normal adult NSC and TAP movement and interactions, which are compromised with age, concomitant with the loss of regenerative ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhao
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | | | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Kristen Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical Center, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Luke Manley
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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16
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Pathophysiology of Lipid Droplets in Neuroglia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010022. [PMID: 35052526 PMCID: PMC8773017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing evidence regarding the functional importance of lipid droplets (LDs), cytoplasmic storage organelles in the central nervous system (CNS), has emerged. Although not abundantly present in the CNS under normal conditions in adulthood, LDs accumulate in the CNS during development and aging, as well as in some neurologic disorders. LDs are actively involved in cellular lipid turnover and stress response. By regulating the storage of excess fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides in addition to their subsequent release in response to cell needs and/or environmental stressors, LDs are involved in energy production, in the synthesis of membranes and signaling molecules, and in the protection of cells against lipotoxicity and free radicals. Accumulation of LDs in the CNS appears predominantly in neuroglia (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), which provide trophic, metabolic, and immune support to neuronal networks. Here we review the most recent findings on the characteristics and functions of LDs in neuroglia, focusing on astrocytes, the key homeostasis-providing cells in the CNS. We discuss the molecular mechanisms affecting LD turnover in neuroglia under stress and how this may protect neural cell function. We also highlight the role (and potential contribution) of neuroglial LDs in aging and in neurologic disorders.
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17
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Kerever A, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Optimal Extracellular Matrix Niches for Neurogenesis: Identifying Glycosaminoglycan Chain Composition in the Subventricular Neurogenic Zone. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:764458. [PMID: 34671246 PMCID: PMC8520954 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.764458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, new neurons are generated in a restricted region called the neurogenic niche, which refers to the specific regulatory microenvironment of neural stem cells (NSCs). Among the constituents of neurogenic niches, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a key player in NSC maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation. In particular, heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are capable of regulating various growth factor signaling pathways that influence neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ECM niche in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), with a special focus on basement membrane (BM)-like structures called fractones, and discuss how fractones, particularly their composition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), may influence neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Kerever
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Vanhunsel S, Bergmans S, Beckers A, Etienne I, Van Houcke J, Seuntjens E, Arckens L, De Groef L, Moons L. The killifish visual system as an in vivo model to study brain aging and rejuvenation. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 34404797 PMCID: PMC8371010 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, people are getting older, and this prolonged lifespan unfortunately also results in an increased prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, contributing to a diminished life quality of elderly. Age-associated neuropathies typically include diseases leading to dementia (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), as well as eye diseases such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Despite many research attempts aiming to unravel aging processes and their involvement in neurodegeneration and functional decline, achieving healthy brain aging remains a challenge. The African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) is the shortest-lived reported vertebrate that can be bred in captivity and displays many of the aging hallmarks that have been described for human aging, which makes it a very promising biogerontology model. As vision decline is an important hallmark of aging as well as a manifestation of many neurodegenerative diseases, we performed a comprehensive characterization of this fish's aging visual system. Our work reveals several aging hallmarks in the killifish retina and brain that eventually result in a diminished visual performance. Moreover, we found evidence for the occurrence of neurodegenerative events in the old killifish retina. Altogether, we introduce the visual system of the fast-aging killifish as a valuable model to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying aging in the vertebrate central nervous system. These findings put forward the killifish for target validation as well as drug discovery for rejuvenating or neuroprotective therapies ensuring healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vanhunsel
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jolien Van Houcke
- Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Arckens
- Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Trujillo-Cenóz O, Rehermann MI, Maciel C, Falco MV, Fabbiani G, Russo RE. The ependymal cell cytoskeleton in the normal and injured spinal cord of mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2592-2609. [PMID: 34288039 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of ependymal cells is fundamental to organize and maintain the normal architecture of the central canal (CC). However, little is known about the plasticity of cytoskeletal components after spinal cord injury. Here, we focus on the structural organization of the cytoskeleton of ependymal cells in the normal and injured spinal cord of mice (both females and males) using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy techniques. We found that in uninjured animals, the actin cytoskeleton (as revealed by phalloidin staining) was arranged following the typical pattern of polarized epithelial cells with conspicuous actin pools located in the apical domain of ependymal cells. Transmission electron microscopy images showed microvilli tufts, long cilia, and characteristic intercellular membrane specializations. After spinal cord injury, F-actin rearrangements paralleled by fine structural modifications of the apical domain of ependymal cells were observed. These changes involved disruptions of the apical actin pools as well as fine structural modifications of the microvilli tufts. When comparing the control and injured spinal cords, we also found modifications in the expression of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After injury, vimentin expression disappeared from the most apical domains of ependymal cells but the number of GFAP-expressing cells within the CC increased. As in other polarized epithelia, the plastic changes in the cytoskeleton may be critically involved in the reaction of ependymal cells following a traumatic injury of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Trujillo-Cenóz
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María I Rehermann
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Maciel
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María V Falco
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Fabbiani
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl E Russo
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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20
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Ralhan I, Chang CL, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Ioannou MS. Lipid droplets in the nervous system. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202102136. [PMID: 34152362 PMCID: PMC8222944 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are dynamic intracellular lipid storage organelles that respond to the physiological state of cells. In addition to controlling cell metabolism, they play a protective role for many cellular stressors, including oxidative stress. Despite prior descriptions of lipid droplets appearing in the brain as early as a century ago, only recently has the role of lipid droplets in cells found in the brain begun to be understood. Lipid droplet functions have now been described for cells of the nervous system in the context of development, aging, and an increasing number of neuropathologies. Here, we review the basic mechanisms of lipid droplet formation, turnover, and function and discuss how these mechanisms enable lipid droplets to function in different cell types of the nervous system under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Ralhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chi-Lun Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA
| | | | - Maria S. Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Pannese E. Quantitative, structural and molecular changes in neuroglia of aging mammals: A review. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34346664 PMCID: PMC8239453 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroglia of the central and peripheral nervous systems undergo numerous changes during normal aging. Astrocytes become hypertrophic and accumulate intermediate filaments. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells undergo alterations that are often accompanied by degenerative changes to the myelin sheath. In microglia, proliferation in response to injury, motility of cell processes, ability to migrate to sites of neural injury, and phagocytic and autophagic capabilities are reduced. In sensory ganglia, the number and extent of gaps between perineuronal satellite cells – that leave the surfaces of sensory ganglion neurons directly exposed to basal lamina – increase significantly. The molecular profiles of neuroglia also change in old age, which, in view of the interactions between neurons and neuroglia, have negative consequences for important physiological processes in the nervous system. Since neuroglia actively participate in numerous nervous system processes, it is likely that not only neurons but also neuroglia will prove to be useful targets for interventions to prevent, reverse or slow the behavioral changes and cognitive decline that often accompany senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Pannese
- Emeritus, Full Professor of Normal Human Anatomy and Neurocytology at the University of Milan.
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22
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Differentiation of human adult-derived stem cells towards a neural lineage involves a dedifferentiation event prior to differentiation to neural phenotypes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12034. [PMID: 34103613 PMCID: PMC8187441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been reported that mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adult tissues can be induced to overcome their mesenchymal fate and transdifferentiate into neural cells, the findings and their interpretation have been challenged. The main argument against this process is that the cells rapidly adopt neuron-like morphologies through retraction of the cytoplasm rather than active neurite extension. In this study, we examined the sequence of biological events during neural differentiation of human periodontal ligament-derived stem cells (hPDLSCs), human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMSCs) and human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) by time-lapse microscopy. We have demonstrated that hPDLSCs, hBMSCs and hDPSCs can directly differentiate into neuron-like cells without passing through a mitotic stage and that they shrink dramatically and change their morphology to that of neuron-like cells through active neurite extension. Furthermore, we observed micronuclei movement and transient cell nuclei lobulation concurrent to in vitro neurogenesis from hBMSCs and hDPSCs. Our results demonstrate that the differentiation of hPDLSCs, hBMSCs and hDPSCs towards a neural lineage occurs through a dedifferentiation step followed by differentiation to neural phenotypes, and therefore we definitively confirm that the rapid acquisition of the neural phenotype is via a differentiation trait.
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23
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Rojas-Vázquez S, Blasco-Chamarro L, López-Fabuel I, Martínez-Máñez R, Fariñas I. Vascular Senescence: A Potential Bridge Between Physiological Aging and Neurogenic Decline. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:666881. [PMID: 33958987 PMCID: PMC8093510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.666881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian brain contains distinct neurogenic niches harboring populations of neural stem cells (NSCs) with the capacity to sustain the generation of specific subtypes of neurons during the lifetime. However, their ability to produce new progeny declines with age. The microenvironment of these specialized niches provides multiple cellular and molecular signals that condition NSC behavior and potential. Among the different niche components, vasculature has gained increasing interest over the years due to its undeniable role in NSC regulation and its therapeutic potential for neurogenesis enhancement. NSCs are uniquely positioned to receive both locally secreted factors and adhesion-mediated signals derived from vascular elements. Furthermore, studies of parabiosis indicate that NSCs are also exposed to blood-borne factors, sensing and responding to the systemic circulation. Both structural and functional alterations occur in vasculature with age at the cellular level that can affect the proper extrinsic regulation of NSCs. Additionally, blood exchange experiments in heterochronic parabionts have revealed that age-associated changes in blood composition also contribute to adult neurogenesis impairment in the elderly. Although the mechanisms of vascular- or blood-derived signaling in aging are still not fully understood, a general feature of organismal aging is the accumulation of senescent cells, which act as sources of inflammatory and other detrimental signals that can negatively impact on neighboring cells. This review focuses on the interactions between vascular senescence, circulating pro-senescence factors and the decrease in NSC potential during aging. Understanding the mechanisms of NSC dynamics in the aging brain could lead to new therapeutic approaches, potentially include senolysis, to target age-dependent brain decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rojas-Vázquez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Blasco-Chamarro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene López-Fabuel
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.,Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València, IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Wait E, Mankowski W, Bjornsson CS, Cohen AR, Zuloaga KL, Temple S. 3D Image Analysis of the Complete Ventricular-Subventricular Zone Stem Cell Niche Reveals Significant Vasculature Changes and Progenitor Deficits in Males Versus Females with Aging. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:836-850. [PMID: 33836145 PMCID: PMC8072131 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With age, neural stem cell (NSC) function in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) declines, reducing memory and cognitive function in males; however, the impact on females is not well understood. To obtain a global view of how age and sex impact the mouse V-SVZ, we constructed 3D montages after multiplex immunostaining, and used computer-based 3D image analysis to quantify data across the entire niche at 2, 18, and 22 months. We discovered dramatic sex differences in the aging of the V-SVZ niche vasculature, which regulates NSC activity: females showed increased diameter but decreased vessel density with age, while males showed decreased diameter and increased tortuosity and vessel density. Accompanying these vascular changes, males showed significant decline in NSC numbers, progenitor cell proliferation, and more disorganized migrating neuroblast chains with age; however, females did not. By examining the entire 3D niche, we found significant sex differences, with females being relatively spared through very old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhao
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Eric Wait
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Walt Mankowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Cohen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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25
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Neurotrophins Time Point Intervention after Traumatic Brain Injury: From Zebrafish to Human. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041585. [PMID: 33557335 PMCID: PMC7915547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains the leading cause of long-term disability, which annually involves millions of individuals. Several studies on mammals reported that neurotrophins could play a significant role in both protection and recovery of function following neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and TBI. This protective role of neurotrophins after an event of TBI has also been reported in the zebrafish model. Nevertheless, reparative mechanisms in mammalian brain are limited, and newly formed neurons do not survive for a long time. In contrast, the brain of adult fish has high regenerative properties after brain injury. The evident differences in regenerative properties between mammalian and fish brain have been ascribed to remarkable different adult neurogenesis processes. However, it is not clear if the specific role and time point contribution of each neurotrophin and receptor after TBI is conserved during vertebrate evolution. Therefore, in this review, I reported the specific role and time point of intervention for each neurotrophic factor and receptor after an event of TBI in zebrafish and mammals.
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26
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Coronas V, Terrié E, Déliot N, Arnault P, Constantin B. Calcium Channels in Adult Brain Neural Stem Cells and in Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:600018. [PMID: 33281564 PMCID: PMC7691577 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain of adult mammals, including humans, contains neural stem cells (NSCs) located within specific niches of which the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) is the largest one. Under physiological conditions, NSCs proliferate, self-renew and produce new neurons and glial cells. Several recent studies established that oncogenic mutations in adult NSCs of the V-SVZ are responsible for the emergence of malignant primary brain tumors called glioblastoma. These aggressive tumors contain a small subpopulation of cells, the glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), that are endowed with proliferative and self-renewal abilities like NSCs from which they may arise. GSCs are thus considered as the cells that initiate and sustain tumor growth and, because of their resistance to current treatments, provoke tumor relapse. A growing body of studies supports that Ca2+ signaling controls a variety of processes in NSCs and GSCs. Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger whose fluctuations of its intracellular concentrations are handled by channels, pumps, exchangers, and Ca2+ binding proteins. The concerted action of the Ca2+ toolkit components encodes specific Ca2+ signals with defined spatio-temporal characteristics that determine the cellular responses. In this review, after a general overview of the adult brain NSCs and GSCs, we focus on the multiple roles of the Ca2+ toolkit in NSCs and discuss how GSCs hijack these mechanisms to promote tumor growth. Extensive knowledge of the role of the Ca2+ toolkit in the management of essential functions in healthy and pathological stem cells of the adult brain should help to identify promising targets for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Coronas
- Laboratoire STIM, Université de Poitiers-CNRS ERL 7003, Poitiers, France
| | - Elodie Terrié
- Laboratoire STIM, Université de Poitiers-CNRS ERL 7003, Poitiers, France
| | - Nadine Déliot
- Laboratoire STIM, Université de Poitiers-CNRS ERL 7003, Poitiers, France
| | - Patricia Arnault
- Laboratoire STIM, Université de Poitiers-CNRS ERL 7003, Poitiers, France
| | - Bruno Constantin
- Laboratoire STIM, Université de Poitiers-CNRS ERL 7003, Poitiers, France
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27
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Vanhunsel S, Beckers A, Moons L. Designing neuroreparative strategies using aged regenerating animal models. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101086. [PMID: 32492480 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our ever-aging world population, the risk of age-related neuropathies has been increasing, representing both a social and economic burden to society. Since the ability to regenerate in the adult mammalian central nervous system is very limited, brain trauma and neurodegeneration are often permanent. As a consequence, novel scientific challenges have emerged and many research efforts currently focus on triggering repair in the damaged or diseased brain. Nevertheless, stimulating neuroregeneration remains ambitious. Even though important discoveries have been made over the past decades, they did not translate into a therapy yet. Actually, this is not surprising; while these disorders mainly manifest in aged individuals, most of the research is being performed in young animal models. Aging of neurons and their environment, however, greatly affects the central nervous system and its capacity to repair. This review provides a detailed overview of the impact of aging on central nervous system functioning and regeneration potential, both in non-regenerating and spontaneously regenerating animal models. Additionally, we highlight the need for aging animal models with regenerative capacities in the search for neuroreparative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vanhunsel
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Beckers
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Navarro Negredo P, Yeo RW, Brunet A. Aging and Rejuvenation of Neural Stem Cells and Their Niches. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:202-223. [PMID: 32726579 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging has a profound and devastating effect on the brain. Old age is accompanied by declining cognitive function and enhanced risk of brain diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. A key question is whether cells with regenerative potential contribute to brain health and even brain "rejuvenation." This review discusses mechanisms that regulate neural stem cells (NSCs) during aging, focusing on the effect of metabolism, genetic regulation, and the surrounding niche. We also explore emerging rejuvenating strategies for old NSCs. Finally, we consider how new technologies may help harness NSCs' potential to restore healthy brain function during physiological and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin W Yeo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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29
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Balseanu AT, Grigore M, Pinosanu LR, Slevin M, Hermann DM, Glavan D, Popa-Wagner A. Electric Stimulation of Neurogenesis Improves Behavioral Recovery After Focal Ischemia in Aged Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:732. [PMID: 32742258 PMCID: PMC7365235 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The major aim of stroke therapies is to stimulate brain repair and to improve behavioral recuperation after cerebral ischemia. Despite remarkable advances in cell therapy for stroke, stem cell-based tissue replacement has not been achieved yet stimulating the search for alternative strategies for brain self-repair using the neurogenic zones of the brain, the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). However, during aging, the potential of the hippocampus and the SVZ to generate new neuronal precursors, declines. We hypothesized that electrically stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis in aged rats could increase the odds of brain self-repair and improve behavioral recuperation after focal ischemia. Following stroke in aged animals, the rats were subjected to two sessions of electrical non-convulsive stimulation using ear-clip electrodes, at 7- and 24 days after MCAO. Animal were sacrificed after 48 days. We report that electrical stimulation (ES) stimulation of post-stroke aged rats led to an improved functional recovery of spatial long-term memory (T-maze) but not on the rotating pole or the inclined plane, both tests requiring complex sensorimotor skills. Surprisingly, ES had a detrimental effect on the asymmetric sensorimotor deficit. Histologically, there was a robust increase in the number of doublecortin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and SVZ of the infarcted hemisphere and the presence of a considerable number of neurons expressing tubulin beta III in the infarcted area. Among the gene that were unique to ES, we noted increases in the expression of seizure related 6 homolog like which is one of the physiological substrate of the β-secretase BACE1 involved in the pathophysiology of the Alzheimer’s disease and Igfbp3 and BDNF receptor mRNAs which has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect after cerebral ischemia. However, ES was associated with a long-term down regulation of cortical gene expression after stroke in aged rats suggesting that gene expression in the peri-infarcted cortical area may not be related to electrical stimulation induced-neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tudor Balseanu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Monica Grigore
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Leonard-Radu Pinosanu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mark Slevin
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology the Chair of Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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30
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Wu J, Tian WJ, Liu Y, Wang HJ, Zheng J, Wang X, Pan H, Li J, Luo J, Yang X, Lau LF, Ghashghaei HT, Shen Q. Ependyma-expressed CCN1 restricts the size of the neural stem cell pool in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101679. [PMID: 32009252 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in specialized niches, which hold a balanced number of NSCs, their progeny, and other cells. How niche capacity is regulated to contain a specific number of NSCs remains unclear. Here, we show that ependyma-derived matricellular protein CCN1 (cellular communication network factor 1) negatively regulates niche capacity and NSC number in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). Adult ependyma-specific deletion of Ccn1 transiently enhanced NSC proliferation and reduced neuronal differentiation in mice, increasing the numbers of NSCs and NSC units. Although proliferation of NSCs and neurogenesis seen in Ccn1 knockout mice eventually returned to normal, the expanded NSC pool was maintained in the V-SVZ until old age. Inhibition of EGFR signaling prevented expansion of the NSC population observed in CCN1 deficient mice. Thus, ependyma-derived CCN1 restricts NSC expansion in the adult brain to maintain the proper niche capacity of the V-SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jia Tian
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences (PTN) Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan J Wang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangli Zheng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences (PTN) Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuerui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H Troy Ghashghaei
- WM Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, Program in Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Qin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Brain and Spinal Cord Clinical Research Center, Shanghai, China
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31
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Gothié J, Vancamp P, Demeneix B, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of neural stem cell fate: From development to ageing. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13316. [PMID: 31121082 PMCID: PMC9286394 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate both neuronal and glial cells throughout life. However, their neuro‐ and gliogenic capacity changes as a function of the developmental context. Despite the growing body of evidence on the variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating NSC physiology, their precise cellular and molecular actions are not fully determined. Our review focuses on thyroid hormone (TH), a vital component for both development and adult brain function that regulates NSC biology at all stages. First, we review comparative data to analyse how TH modulates neuro‐ and gliogenesis during vertebrate brain development. Second, as the mammalian brain is the most studied, we highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying TH action in this context. Lastly, we explore how the interplay between TH signalling and cell metabolism governs both neurodevelopmental and adult neurogenesis. We conclude that, together, TH and cellular metabolism regulate optimal brain formation, maturation and function from early foetal life to adult in vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐David Gothié
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- CNRS UMR 7221 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | | | - Sylvie Remaud
- CNRS UMR 7221 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
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32
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Telencephalon Cytoarchitecture of tsinling dwarf skinks (Scincella tsinlingensis). Micron 2019; 130:102799. [PMID: 31846724 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The telencephalon of adult Scincella tsinlingensis was detected by light and electron microscopy, which will be used as the basis for further neurobiological comparative studies. The telencephalon of S. tsinlingensis was consisted of paired olfactory bulbs, paired cerebral hemispheres, and a telencephalon medium or impar. Main-olfactory bulb can be classified into six layers such as olfactory nerve fibers layer, glomerular layer, external plexiform layer, mitral layer, internal plexiform layer, granular layer and ependyma layer. The dorsal part of telencephalon contained the cortex and dorsal ventricular ridge. The cerebral cortex of S. tsinlingens was relatively thin, while the dorsal cortex was the thinnest, but gradually thickened as it extended to the medial and lateral cortex. The neural cells, glial cells and ependymal cells widely distributed in the cerebral cortex represented similar ultrastructural characteristics to those described in other vertebrates. Golgi staining revealed multipolar cell, bitufted cell and monotufted cell in three cortical layers of medial cortex. The results indicated that the cytoarchitectonic characteristics of telencephalon in S. tsinlingensis resembled those found in other lizards.
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33
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Bueno C, Martínez-Morga M, Martínez S. Non-proliferative neurogenesis in human periodontal ligament stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18038. [PMID: 31792338 PMCID: PMC6888846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the sequence of events from undifferentiated stem cells to neuron is not only important for the basic knowledge of stem cell biology, but also for therapeutic applications. In this study we examined the sequence of biological events during neural differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Here, we show that hPDLSCs-derived neural-like cells display a sequence of morphologic development highly similar to those reported before in primary neuronal cultures derived from rodent brains. We observed that cell proliferation is not present through neurogenesis from hPDLSCs. Futhermore, we may have discovered micronuclei movement and transient cell nuclei lobulation coincident to in vitro neurogenesis. Morphological analysis also reveals that neurogenic niches in the adult mouse brain contain cells with nuclear shapes highly similar to those observed during in vitro neurogenesis from hPDLSCs. Our results provide additional evidence that it is possible to differentiate hPDLSCs to neuron-like cells and suggest the possibility that the sequence of events from stem cell to neuron does not necessarily requires cell division from stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bueno
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (UMH-CSIC), San Juan, Alicante, 03550, Spain.
| | - Marta Martínez-Morga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, Faculty of Medicine, Murcia, 30800, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (UMH-CSIC), San Juan, Alicante, 03550, Spain
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Cutler RR, Kokovay E. Rejuvenating subventricular zone neurogenesis in the aging brain. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 50:1-8. [PMID: 31756641 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells exist in specialized regions of the brain and have the capacity to give rise to neurons and glia over the lifespan. The process of giving rise to new neurons, also known as neurogenesis, is thought to be important in cognition and certain types of brain repair. However, during aging, neural stem cell number and function is reduced resulting in fewer new neurons and declines in learning, memory and repair. Recently, research has approached this problem through the lens of rejuvenation that now has produced several strategies, from dietary to pharmacological interventions, to restore functional neurogenesis that resembles the youthful brain. Here, we outline aging in the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, review the multiple modalities of rejuvenation strategies, and propose next steps for future studies to approach translational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Cutler
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Erzsebet Kokovay
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; The Barshop Institute on Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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Dynamic Changes in Ultrastructure of the Primary Cilium in Migrating Neuroblasts in the Postnatal Brain. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9967-9988. [PMID: 31685650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1503-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons, referred to as neuroblasts, are continuously generated in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the brain throughout an animal's life. These neuroblasts are characterized by their unique potential for proliferation, formation of chain-like cell aggregates, and long-distance and high-speed migration through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb (OB), where they decelerate and differentiate into mature interneurons. The dynamic changes of ultrastructural features in postnatal-born neuroblasts during migration are not yet fully understood. Here we report the presence of a primary cilium, and its ultrastructural morphology and spatiotemporal dynamics, in migrating neuroblasts in the postnatal RMS and OB. The primary cilium was observed in migrating neuroblasts in the postnatal RMS and OB in male and female mice and zebrafish, and a male rhesus monkey. Inhibition of intraflagellar transport molecules in migrating neuroblasts impaired their ciliogenesis and rostral migration toward the OB. Serial section transmission electron microscopy revealed that each migrating neuroblast possesses either a pair of centrioles or a basal body with an immature or mature primary cilium. Using immunohistochemistry, live imaging, and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrate that the localization and orientation of the primary cilium are altered depending on the mitotic state, saltatory migration, and deceleration of neuroblasts. Together, our results highlight a close mutual relationship between spatiotemporal regulation of the primary cilium and efficient chain migration of neuroblasts in the postnatal brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Immature neurons (neuroblasts) generated in the postnatal brain have a mitotic potential and migrate in chain-like cell aggregates toward the olfactory bulb. Here we report that migrating neuroblasts possess a tiny cellular protrusion called a primary cilium. Immunohistochemical studies with zebrafish, mouse, and monkey brains suggest that the presence of the primary cilium in migrating neuroblasts is evolutionarily conserved. Ciliogenesis in migrating neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream is suppressed during mitosis and promoted after cell cycle exit. Moreover, live imaging and 3D electron microscopy revealed that ciliary localization and orientation change during saltatory movement of neuroblasts. Our results reveal highly organized dynamics in maturation and positioning of the primary cilium during neuroblast migration that underlie saltatory movement of postnatal-born neuroblasts.
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Single-cell analysis reveals T cell infiltration in old neurogenic niches. Nature 2019; 571:205-210. [PMID: 31270459 PMCID: PMC7111535 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain contains neurogenic niches comprising neural stem cells (NSCs) and other cell types. Neurogenic niches become less functional with age, but how they change during aging remains unclear. Here we perform single cell RNA-sequencing of young and old neurogenic niches in mice. Analysis of 14,685 single cell transcriptomes reveals a decrease in activated NSCs, changes in endothelial cells and microglia, and infiltration of T cells in old neurogenic niches. Surprisingly, T cells in old brains are clonally expanded and generally distinct from those in old blood, suggesting they may experience specific antigens. T cells from old brains express interferon γ, and the subset of NSCs with a high interferon response shows decreased proliferation in vivo. Interestingly, T cells can inhibit NSC proliferation in co-cultures and in vivo, in part by secreting interferon. Our study reveals an interaction between T cells and NSCs in old brains, opening potential avenues to counter age-related decline in brain function.
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Álvarez-Satta M, Moreno-Cugnon L, Matheu A. Primary cilium and brain aging: role in neural stem cells, neurodegenerative diseases and glioblastoma. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 52:53-63. [PMID: 31004829 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by a progressive loss of tissue integrity and function as a consequence of impaired homeostasis and regeneration capacities. The primary cilium is a highly conserved organelle that projects from the cell surface in a single copy in virtually all mammalian cell types including neural stem/progenitors cells and neurons. Increasing evidence in the last decade points out that primary cilium could be a relevant mediator of neural stem cell activity, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and maintenance, and brain tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about primary cilia roles in these processes. There is currently sufficient background to propose that defective primary cilia contribute to age-related cognitive decline and brain tumor development due to their critical roles in cell cycle control and signaling transduction. This might have potential applications on therapy against age-associated brain diseases.
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Obernier K, Cebrian-Silla A, Thomson M, Parraguez JI, Anderson R, Guinto C, Rodas Rodriguez J, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Adult Neurogenesis Is Sustained by Symmetric Self-Renewal and Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:221-234.e8. [PMID: 29395056 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells have been identified in multiple adult tissues. Whether self-renewal occurs symmetrically or asymmetrically is key to understanding long-term stem cell maintenance and generation of progeny for cell replacement. In the adult mouse brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) (B1 cells) are retained in the walls of the lateral ventricles (ventricular-subventricular zone [V-SVZ]). The mechanism of B1 cell retention into adulthood for lifelong neurogenesis is unknown. Using multiple clonal labeling techniques, we show that the vast majority of B1 cells divide symmetrically. Whereas 20%-30% symmetrically self-renew and can remain in the niche for several months before generating neurons, 70%-80% undergo consuming divisions generating progeny, resulting in the depletion of B1 cells over time. This cellular mechanism decouples self-renewal from the generation of progeny. Limited rounds of symmetric self-renewal and consuming symmetric differentiation divisions can explain the levels of neurogenesis observed throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Obernier
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arantxa Cebrian-Silla
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Matthew Thomson
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - José Ignacio Parraguez
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rio Anderson
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cristina Guinto
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José Rodas Rodriguez
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José-Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Jia C, Keasey MP, Lovins C, Hagg T. Inhibition of astrocyte FAK-JNK signaling promotes subventricular zone neurogenesis through CNTF. Glia 2019; 66:2456-2469. [PMID: 30500112 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte-derived ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis. We found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and JNK, but not ERK or P38, repress CNTF in vitro. Here, we defined the FAK-JNK pathway and its regulation of CNTF in mice, and the related leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which promote stem cell renewal at the expense of neurogenesis. Intrastriatal injection of FAK inhibitor, FAK14, in adult male C57BL/6 mice reduced pJNK and increased CNTF expression in the SVZ-containing periventricular region. Injection of a JNK inhibitor increased CNTF without affecting LIF and IL-6, and increased SVZ proliferation and neuroblast formation. The JNK inhibitor had no effect in CNTF-/- mice, suggesting that JNK inhibits SVZ neurogenesis by repressing CNTF. Inducible deletion of FAK in astrocytes increased SVZ CNTF and neurogenesis, but not LIF and IL-6. Intrastriatal injection of inhibitors suggested that P38 reduces LIF and IL-6 expression, whereas ERK induces CNTF and LIF. Intrastriatal FAK inhibition increased LIF, possibly through ERK, and IL-6 through another pathway that does not involve P38. Systemic injection of FAK14 also inhibited JNK while increasing CNTF, but did not affect P38 and ERK activation, or LIF and IL-6 expression. Importantly, systemic FAK14 increased SVZ neurogenesis in wild-type C57BL/6 and CNTF+/+ mice, but not in CNTF-/- littermates, indicating that it acts by upregulating CNTF. These data show a surprising differential regulation of related cytokines and identify the FAK-JNK-CNTF pathway as a specific target in astrocytes to promote neurogenesis and possibly neuroprotection in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Matthew P Keasey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Chiharu Lovins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Theo Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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40
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Schubert JJ, Veronese M, Marchitelli L, Bodini B, Tonietto M, Stankoff B, Brooks DJ, Bertoldo A, Edison P, Turkheimer FE. Dynamic 11C-PiB PET Shows Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Alterations in Alzheimer Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1452-1460. [PMID: 30850505 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.223834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role in solute clearance and maintenance of brain homeostasis. 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET was recently proposed as a tool for detection of CSF clearance alterations in Alzheimer disease. The current study investigates the magnitude of 11C-PiB PET signal in the lateral ventricles of an independent group of Alzheimer and mild cognitive impairment subjects. We have also evaluated multiple sclerosis as a model of disease with CSF clearance alterations without amyloid-β tissue accumulation. Methods: A set of 11 Alzheimer and 12 mild cognitive impairment subjects and a set of 20 multiple sclerosis subjects with matched controls underwent MRI and dynamic 11C-PiB PET. Lateral ventricle regions of interest were generated manually from MRI data. PET data were analyzed using cerebellum or a supervised reference region for the Alzheimer and multiple sclerosis data sets, respectively. The magnitude of 11C-PiB signal in the lateral ventricles was calculated as area under the curve from 35 to 80 min and SUV ratio (SUVR) from 50 to 70 min. Compartmental modeling analysis was performed on a separate data set containing 11 Alzheimer and matched control subjects; this analysis included an arterial input function, to further understand the kinetics of the lateral ventricular 11C-PiB signal. Results: ANOVA revealed significant group differences in lateral ventricular SUVR across the Alzheimer, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy control groups (P = 0.004). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly lower lateral ventricular SUVR in Alzheimer subjects than in healthy controls (P < 0.001) or mild cognitive impairment subjects (P = 0.029). Lateral ventricular SUVR was significantly lower in multiple sclerosis subjects than in healthy controls (P = 0.008). Compartmental modeling analysis revealed significantly lower uptake rates of 11C-PiB signal from blood (P = 0.005) and brain tissue (P = 0.004) to the lateral ventricles and significantly lower 11C-PiB signal clearance out of the lateral ventricles (P = 0.002) in Alzheimer subjects than in healthy controls. Conclusion: These results indicate that dynamic 11C-PiB PET can be used to observe pathologic changes in CSF dynamics. We have replicated previous work demonstrating CSF clearance deficits in Alzheimer disease associated with amyloid-β deposits and have extended the observations to include ventricular CSF clearance deficits in mild cognitive impairment and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Schubert
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Livia Marchitelli
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Tonietto
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Paul Edison
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Kalamakis G, Brüne D, Ravichandran S, Bolz J, Fan W, Ziebell F, Stiehl T, Catalá-Martinez F, Kupke J, Zhao S, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Bauer K, Limpert S, Berger B, Christen U, Schmezer P, Mallm JP, Berninger B, Anders S, Del Sol A, Marciniak-Czochra A, Martin-Villalba A. Quiescence Modulates Stem Cell Maintenance and Regenerative Capacity in the Aging Brain. Cell 2019; 176:1407-1419.e14. [PMID: 30827680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The function of somatic stem cells declines with age. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of this decline is key to counteract age-related disease. Here, we report a dramatic drop in the neural stem cells (NSCs) number in the aging murine brain. We find that this smaller stem cell reservoir is protected from full depletion by an increase in quiescence that makes old NSCs more resistant to regenerate the injured brain. Once activated, however, young and old NSCs show similar proliferation and differentiation capacity. Single-cell transcriptomics of NSCs indicate that aging changes NSCs minimally. In the aging brain, niche-derived inflammatory signals and the Wnt antagonist sFRP5 induce quiescence. Indeed, intervention to neutralize them increases activation of old NSCs during homeostasis and following injury. Our study identifies quiescence as a key feature of old NSCs imposed by the niche and uncovers ways to activate NSCs to repair the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kalamakis
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Brüne
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Srikanth Ravichandran
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jan Bolz
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wenqiang Fan
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik Ziebell
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing and Bioquant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stiehl
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing and Bioquant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Janina Kupke
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Bauer
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Limpert
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Berger
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urs Christen
- Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/ZAFES, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Schmezer
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Mallm
- Division Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Single-cell Open Lab, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Simon Anders
- Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Del Sol
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362, Luxembourg; CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing and Bioquant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lupo G, Gioia R, Nisi PS, Biagioni S, Cacci E. Molecular Mechanisms of Neurogenic Aging in the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519829040. [PMID: 30814846 PMCID: PMC6381424 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519829040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult rodent brain, the continuous production of new neurons by neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) residing in specialized neurogenic niches and their subsequent integration into pre-existing cerebral circuitries supports odour discrimination, spatial learning, and contextual memory capabilities. Aging is recognized as the most potent negative regulator of adult neurogenesis. The neurogenic process markedly declines in the aged brain, due to the reduction of the NSPC pool and the functional impairment of the remaining NSPCs. This decline has been linked to the progressive cognitive deficits of elderly individuals and it may also be involved in the onset/progression of neurological disorders. Since the human lifespan has been dramatically extended, the incidence of age-associated neuropsychiatric conditions in the human population has increased. This has prompted efforts to shed light on the mechanisms underpinning the age-related decline of adult neurogenesis, whose knowledge may foster therapeutic approaches to prevent or delay cognitive alterations in elderly patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the molecular causes of neurogenic aging in the most abundant NSPC niche of the adult mouse brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ). We discuss the age-associated changes occurring both in the intrinsic NSPC molecular networks and in the extrinsic signalling pathways acting in the complex environment of the SVZ niche, and how all these changes may steer young NSPCs towards an aged phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gioia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Serena Nisi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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43
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Obernier K, Alvarez-Buylla A. Neural stem cells: origin, heterogeneity and regulation in the adult mammalian brain. Development 2019; 146:146/4/dev156059. [PMID: 30777863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the adult rodent brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ), which are specialized niches in which young neurons for the olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus, respectively, are generated. Recent studies have significantly modified earlier views on the mechanisms of NSC self-renewal and neurogenesis in the adult brain. Here, we discuss the molecular control, heterogeneity, regional specification and cell division modes of V-SVZ NSCs, and draw comparisons with NSCs in the SGZ. We highlight how V-SVZ NSCs are regulated by local signals from their immediate neighbors, as well as by neurotransmitters and factors that are secreted by distant neurons, the choroid plexus and vasculature. We also review recent advances in single cell RNA analyses that reveal the complexity of adult neurogenesis. These findings set the stage for a better understanding of adult neurogenesis, a process that one day may inspire new approaches to brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Obernier
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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44
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Monaco S, Baur K, Hellwig A, Hölzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, Ciccolini F. A Flow Cytometry-Based Approach for the Isolation and Characterization of Neural Stem Cell Primary Cilia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:519. [PMID: 30692915 PMCID: PMC6339872 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, the apical surface of the subependymal zone (SEZ) is covered by many motile ependymal cilia and a few primary cilia originating from rare intermingled neural stem cells (NSCs). In NSCs the primary cilia are key for the transduction of essential extracellular signals such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Despite their importance, the analysis of NSC primary cilia is greatly hampered by the fact that they are overwhelmingly outnumbered by the motile cilia. We here take advantage of flow cytometry to purify the two cilia types and allow their molecular characterization. Primary cilia were identified based on immunoreactivity to the marker adenylate cyclase type III (AC3) and differential levels of prominin-1 whereas motile cilia displayed immunoreactivity only to the latter. Consistent with the morphological differences between the two classes of cilia, enrichment of motile cilia positively correlated with size. Moreover, we observed age-dependent variations in the abundance of the two groups of ciliary organelles reflecting the changes associated with their development. The two cilia groups also differed with respect to the expression of signaling molecules, since PDGF receptor (PDGFR)α, smoothened (Smo) and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 were only detected in isolated primary but not motile cilia. Thus, our novel method of cilia isolation and characterization by flow cytometry has the potential to be extended to the study of cilia from different tissues and organs, providing a powerful tool for the investigation of primary cilia in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monaco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Baur
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hellwig
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hölzl-Wenig
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mandl
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Ciccolini
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Obermann J, Wagner F, Kociaj A, Zambusi A, Ninkovic J, Hauck SM, Chapouton P. The Surface Proteome of Adult Neural Stem Cells in Zebrafish Unveils Long-Range Cell-Cell Connections and Age-Related Changes in Responsiveness to IGF. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:258-273. [PMID: 30639211 PMCID: PMC6373494 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult stem cell populations, recruitment into division is parsimonious and most cells maintain a quiescent state. How individual cells decide to enter the cell cycle and how they coordinate their activity remains an essential problem to be resolved. It is thus important to develop methods to elucidate the mechanisms of cell communication and recruitment into the cell cycle. We made use of the advantageous architecture of the adult zebrafish telencephalon to isolate the surface proteins of an intact neural stem cell (NSC) population. We identified the proteome of NSCs in young and old brains. The data revealed a group of proteins involved in filopodia, which we validated by a morphological analysis of single cells, showing apically located cellular extensions. We further identified an age-related decrease in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors. Expressing IGF2b induced divisions in young brains but resulted in incomplete divisions in old brains, stressing the role of cell-intrinsic processes in stem cell behavior. The cell-surface proteome of an intact adult neural stem cell population was identified Zebrafish adult neural stem cells harbor filopodia on their apical surface Aging neural stem cells display an altered mitotic response to IGF ligands
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Obermann
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Heidemannstrasse 1, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Felicia Wagner
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Heidemannstrasse 1, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Anita Kociaj
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alessandro Zambusi
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, BMC, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, BMC, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Heidemannstrasse 1, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Prisca Chapouton
- Research Unit Sensory Biology and Organogenesis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Audesse AJ, Webb AE. Enhancing Lysosomal Activation Restores Neural Stem Cell Function During Aging. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518795874. [PMID: 30158826 PMCID: PMC6109844 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518795874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis supports cognitive and sensory functions in mammals and is significantly reduced with age. Quiescent neural stem cells are the source of new neurons in the adult brain and emerging evidence suggests that the failure of these cells to activate and re-enter the cell cycle is largely responsible for reduced neurogenesis in old animals. However, the molecular mechanisms supporting quiescence and activation in the adult and aged brain remain undefined. Recent work published by Leeman et al. in Science uncovers a novel role for lysosomes in supporting neural stem cell activation, and reveals that loss of lysosome function during aging contributes to reduced neural stem cell activity. Using a combination of transcriptomics and functional analysis, the authors show that quiescent and activated neural stem cells employ different branches of proteostasis networks, with quiescent stem cells particularly dependent on the lysosome-autophagy system. Excitingly, stimulation of lysosomal activity in the aged quiescent population significantly enhanced their ability to activate and increased the frequency of activated neural stem and progenitor cells within the neural stem cell niche. This work for the first time identifies lysosomal dysfunction as a cause of reduced neurogenesis during aging, and shows that enhancing lysosomal function is sufficient to restore healthy stem cell activity in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Audesse
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Center on the Biology of Aging, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Ependymal cilia beating induces an actin network to protect centrioles against shear stress. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2279. [PMID: 29891944 PMCID: PMC5996024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated ependymal cells line all brain cavities. The beating of their motile cilia contributes to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which is required for brain homoeostasis and functions. Motile cilia, nucleated from centrioles, persist once formed and withstand the forces produced by the external fluid flow and by their own cilia beating. Here, we show that a dense actin network around the centrioles is induced by cilia beating, as shown by the disorganisation of the actin network upon impairment of cilia motility. Moreover, disruption of the actin network, or specifically of the apical actin network, causes motile cilia and their centrioles to detach from the apical surface of ependymal cell. In conclusion, cilia beating controls the apical actin network around centrioles; the mechanical resistance of this actin network contributes, in turn, to centriole stability. Ependymal ciliary beating contributes to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles and these cilia resist the flow forces. Here the authors show that the assembly of a dense actin network around the centrioles is induced by cilia beating to protect centrioles against the shear stress generated by ciliary motility.
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Draijer S, Chaves I, Hoekman MFM. The circadian clock in adult neural stem cell maintenance. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:41-53. [PMID: 29886147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells persist in the adult central nervous system as a continuing source of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. Various signalling pathways and transcription factors actively maintain this population by regulating cell cycle entry and exit. Similarly, the circadian clock is interconnected with the cell cycle and actively maintains stem cell populations in various tissues. Here, we discuss emerging evidence for an important role of the circadian clock in neural stem cell maintenance. We propose that the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 exerts control over the circadian clock in adult neural stem cell function to limit exhaustion of their population. Conversely, disruption of the circadian clock may compromise neural stem cell quiescence resulting in a premature decline of the neural stem cell population. As such, energy metabolism and the circadian clock converge in adult neural stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swip Draijer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inês Chaves
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco F M Hoekman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Long Non-Coding RNAs in Neuronal Aging. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4020012. [PMID: 29670042 PMCID: PMC6027360 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in organismal genomes has been associated with the emergence of sophisticated regulatory networks that may have contributed to more complex neuronal processes, such as higher-order cognition. In line with the important roles of lncRNAs in the normal functioning of the human brain, dysregulation of lncRNA expression has been implicated in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper, we discuss the function and expression of known neuronal-associated lncRNAs, their impact on epigenetic changes, the contribution of transposable elements to lncRNA expression, and the implication of lncRNAs in maintaining the 3D nuclear architecture in neurons. Moreover, we discuss how the complex molecular processes that are orchestrated by lncRNAs in the aged brain may contribute to neuronal pathogenesis by promoting protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Finally, this review explores the possibility that age-related disturbances of lncRNA expression change the genomic and epigenetic regulatory landscape of neurons, which may affect neuronal processes such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.
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Leeman DS, Hebestreit K, Ruetz T, Webb AE, McKay A, Pollina EA, Dulken BW, Zhao X, Yeo RW, Ho TT, Mahmoudi S, Devarajan K, Passegué E, Rando TA, Frydman J, Brunet A. Lysosome activation clears aggregates and enhances quiescent neural stem cell activation during aging. Science 2018; 359:1277-1283. [PMID: 29590078 PMCID: PMC5915358 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, the neural stem cell (NSC) pool comprises quiescent and activated populations with distinct roles. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that quiescent and activated NSCs exhibited differences in their protein homeostasis network. Whereas activated NSCs had active proteasomes, quiescent NSCs contained large lysosomes. Quiescent NSCs from young mice accumulated protein aggregates, and many of these aggregates were stored in large lysosomes. Perturbation of lysosomal activity in quiescent NSCs affected protein-aggregate accumulation and the ability of quiescent NSCs to activate. During aging, quiescent NSCs displayed defects in their lysosomes, increased accumulation of protein aggregates, and reduced ability to activate. Enhancement of the lysosome pathway in old quiescent NSCs cleared protein aggregates and ameliorated the ability of quiescent NSCs to activate, allowing them to regain a more youthful state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena S Leeman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katja Hebestreit
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyson Ruetz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew McKay
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Pollina
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben W Dulken
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoai Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robin W Yeo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Theodore T Ho
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Salah Mahmoudi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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