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Funaki M, Nio-Kobayashi J, Suzuki R, Bando Y. Galectin-3 Plays a Role in Neuroinflammation in the Visual Pathway in Experimental Optic Neuritis. Cells 2024; 13:612. [PMID: 38607051 PMCID: PMC11011492 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) featuring numerous neuropathologies, including optic neuritis (ON) in some patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of ON remain unknown. Galectins, β-galactoside-binding lectins, are involved in various pathophysiological processes. We previously showed that galectin-3 (gal-3) is associated with the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In the current study, we investigated the expression of gal-3 in the visual pathway in EAE mice to clarify its role in the pathogenesis of ON. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulation of gal-3 in the visual pathway of the EAE mice during the peak stage of the disease, compared with naïve and EAE mice during the chronic stage. Gal-3 was detected mainly in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the visual pathway in EAE mice. In addition, gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells, identified as phagocytic by immunostaining for cathepsin D, accumulated in demyelinating lesions in the visual pathway during the peak disease stage of EAE. Moreover, NLRP3 expression was detected in most gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells. These results strongly suggest that gal-3 regulates NLRP3 signaling in microglia/macrophages and neuroinflammatory demyelination in ON. In astrocytes, gal-3 was expressed from the peak to the chronic disease stages. Taken together, our findings suggest a critical role of gal-3 in the pathogenesis of ON. Thus, gal-3 in glial cells may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Funaki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Department of Functional Glycobiology in Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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2
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Forston MD, Wei GZ, Chariker JH, Stephenson T, Andres K, Glover C, Rouchka EC, Whittemore SR, Hetman M. Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation, re-organized intracellular signaling, and epigenetic de-silencing as revealed by oligodendrocyte translatome analysis after contusive spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21254. [PMID: 38040794 PMCID: PMC10692148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a major goal for neuroprotection after spinal cord injury (SCI). Therefore, the OL translatome was determined in Ribotag:Plp1-CreERT2 mice at 2, 10, and 42 days after moderate contusive T9 SCI. At 2 and 42 days, mitochondrial respiration- or actin cytoskeleton/cell junction/cell adhesion mRNAs were upregulated or downregulated, respectively. The latter effect suggests myelin sheath loss/morphological simplification which is consistent with downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis transcripts on days 10 and 42. Various regulators of pro-survival-, cell death-, and/or oxidative stress response pathways showed peak expression acutely, on day 2. Many acutely upregulated OL genes are part of the repressive SUZ12/PRC2 operon suggesting that epigenetic de-silencing contributes to SCI effects on OL gene expression. Acute OL upregulation of the iron oxidoreductase Steap3 was confirmed at the protein level and replicated in cultured OLs treated with the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP. Hence, STEAP3 upregulation may mark mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, in SCI-challenged OLs, acute and subchronic enhancement of mitochondrial respiration may be driven by axonal loss and subsequent myelin sheath degeneration. Acutely, the OL switch to oxidative phosphorylation may lead to oxidative stress that is further amplified by upregulation of such enzymes as STEAP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Forston
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - George Z Wei
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Julia H Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Neuroscience Training, University Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tyler Stephenson
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Kariena Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Charles Glover
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- MD/PhD Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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3
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Tang L, Wang L, Jin F, Hao Y, Zhao T, Zheng W, He Z. Inflammatory regulation by restraining M2 microglial polarization: Neurodestructive effects of Kallikrein-related peptidase 8 activation in intracerebral hemorrhage. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110855. [PMID: 37678029 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a cerebrovascular disease. Kallikrein-related peptidase 8 (KLK8) is a serine peptidase, while its role in ICH remains unclarified. Western blot (WB) showed that KLK8 was upregulated in rat perihematomal tissues 24 h following autologous blood injection. KLK8 overexpression aggravated behavioral deficits and increased water content and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB)-positive neuron numbers in brain tissue of rats. Immunofluorescence (IF) assay showed that overexpressed-KLK8 promoted Iba-1 and iNOS expression in perihematomal tissue of rats. Overexpressed-KLK8 increased COX-2, iNOS, and Arg-1 expression and the content of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in perihematomal tissue of rats, confirmed by WB and ELISA. IF staining confirmed the expression of CCR5 was co-expressed with Iba-1, and the WB results shown increased CCR5 expression and decreased p-PKA and p-CREB expression in perihematomal tissue. Maraviroc (MVC, CCR5 inhibitor) administration rescued KLK8-induced behavioral deficits and brain injury (decreased water content and FJB-positive neuron numbers) in rats. Additionally, MVC suppressed p-PKA and p-CREB expression and the content of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in perihematomal tissue, induced by overexpressed-KLK8. Co-IP confirmed the binding of CCR5 and CCL14 in HMC3 cells. Transwell assay shown that KLK8 plus CCL4 promoted the chemotactic activity of cells, which was rescued by MVC. The biological function of KLK8/CCL14/CCR5 axis in ICH injury was also proved by MVC administration in HMC3 cells. Overall, our work revealed that KLK8 overexpression aggravated ICH process and involved in microglial activation. KLK8 might activate CCL14 thereby turning on downstream CCR5/PKA/CREB pathway, providing a theoretical basis for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yuehan Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tianming Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wenxu Zheng
- Geriatric Department of Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Furube E, Ohgidani M, Yoshida S. Systemic Inflammation Leads to Changes in the Intracellular Localization of KLK6 in Oligodendrocytes in Spinal Cord White Matter. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2645-2659. [PMID: 37067738 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Axonal injury and demyelination occur in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and the detachment of myelin from axons precedes its degradation. Paranodes are the areas at which each layer of the myelin sheath adheres tightly to axons. The destruction of nodal and paranodal structures during inflammation is an important pathophysiology of various neurological disorders. However, the underlying pathological changes in these structures remain unclear. Kallikrein 6 (KLK6), a serine protease produced by oligodendrocytes, is involved in demyelinating diseases. In the present study, we intraperitoneally injected mice with LPS for several days and examined changes in the localization of KLK6. Transient changes in the intracellular localization of KLK6 to paranodes in the spinal cord were observed during LPS-induced systemic inflammation. However, these changes were not detected in the upper part of brain white matter. LPS-induced changes were suppressed by minocycline, suggesting the involvement of microglia. Moreover, nodal lengths were elongated in LPS-treated wild-type mice, but not in LPS-treated KLK6-KO mice. These results demonstrate the potential involvement of KLK6 in the process of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Furube
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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Forston MD, Wei G, Chariker JH, Stephenson T, Andres K, Glover C, Rouchka EC, Whittemore SR, Hetman M. Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation, re-organized intracellular signaling, and epigenetic de-silencing as revealed by oligodendrocyte translatome analysis after contusive spinal cord injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3164618. [PMID: 37546871 PMCID: PMC10402259 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3164618/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a major goal for neuroprotection after spinal cord injury (SCI). Therefore, the OL translatome was determined in Ribotag:Plp1-CreERT2 mice at 2, 10, and 42 days after moderate contusive T9 SCI. At 2 and 42 days, mitochondrial respiration- or actin cytoskeleton/cell junction/cell adhesion mRNAs were upregulated or downregulated, respectively. The latter effect suggests myelin sheath loss/morphological simplification which is consistent with downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis transcripts on days 10 and 42. Various regulators of pro-survival-, cell death-, and/or oxidative stress response pathways showed peak expression acutely, on day 2. Many acutely upregulated OL genes are part of the repressive SUZ12/PRC2 operon suggesting that epigenetic de-silencing contributes to SCI effects on OL gene expression. Acute OL upregulation of the iron oxidoreductase Steap3 was confirmed at the protein level and replicated in cultured OLs treated with the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP. Hence, STEAP3 upregulation may mark mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, in SCI-challenged OLs, acute and subchronic enhancement of mitochondrial respiration may be driven by axonal loss and subsequent myelin sheath degeneration. Acutely, the OL switch to oxidative phosphorylation may lead to oxidative stress that is further amplified by upregulation of such enzymes as STEAP3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Wei
- University of Louisville School of Medicine
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Takano C, Takano T, Masumura M, Nakamura R, Koda S, Bochimoto H, Yoshida S, Bando Y. Involvement of Degenerating 21.5 kDa Isoform of Myelin Basic Protein in the Pathogenesis of the Relapse in Murine Relapsing-Remitting Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and MS Autopsied Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098160. [PMID: 37175866 PMCID: PMC10179612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) is the most common type of MS. However, the mechanisms of relapse and remission in MS have not been fully understood. While SJL mice immunized with proteolipid protein (PLP) develop relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE), we have recently observed that some of these mice were resistant to the active induction of relapsing EAE after initial clinical and histological symptoms of EAE with a severity similar to the relapsing EAE mice. To clarify the mechanism of relapsing, we examined myelin morphology during PLP139-151-induced RR-EAE in the SJL mice. While RR-EAE mice showed an increased EAE severity (relapse) with CNS inflammation, demyelination with abnormal myelin morphology in the spinal cord, the resistant mice exhibited a milder EAE phenotype with diminished relapse. Compared with the RR-EAE mice, the resistant mice showed less CNS inflammation, demyelination, and abnormalities of the myelin structure. In addition, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis with the osmium-maceration method displayed ultrastructural abnormalities of the myelin structure in the white matter of the RR-EAE spinal cord, but not in that of the resistant mice. While the intensity of myelin staining was reduced in the relapsing EAE spinal cord, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis revealed that the 21.5 kDa isoform of degenerating myelin basic protein (MBP) was specifically induced in the relapsing EAE spinal cord. Taken together, the neuroinflammation-induced degenerating 21 kDa isoform of MBP sheds light on the development of abnormal myelin on the relapse of MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Takano
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takuma Takano
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Masumura
- Institute for Social Innovation and Cooperation, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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KLK6 Functions as an Oncogene and Unfavorable Prognostic Factor in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:3373851. [PMID: 36193495 PMCID: PMC9526581 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3373851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) has been substantiated as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic molecular in several cancer types. In our study, we attempt to explore the biological functions of KLK6 in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). Methods KLK6 gene expression prognostic, gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and immune infiltration were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. In vitro and in vivo experimental measurements, including CCK8, transwell migration, TUNEL, and nude mouse transplanted tumor model, were used to evaluate the antineoplastic activities of KLK6 loss-of-function. Results The combination of bioinformatics analyses and experimental measurements demonstrate that KLK6 expression is aberrantly upregulated in human specimens and cell lines of BLCA. GO and GSEA enrichment analyses exhibited that KLK6 is implicated in the inflammatory response and immune infiltration, suggesting that upregulation of KLK6 may be associated with the progression of BLCA. Knockdown of KLK6 is able to inhibit the growth and migration and trigger apoptosis of RT4 and T24 cells. Moreover, the TCGA database indicates that KLK6 high expression in BLCA patients showed a poorer prognosis than those patients with KLK6 low expression. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses suggest KLK6 as an independent prognostic factor to predict unfavorable OS in patients with BLCA. Conclusion KLK6 is an independent prognostic factor and an antitumor target of BLCA. KLK6 expression positively correlates with several immune cells infiltration, indicating that inhibition of KLK6 may contribute to immunotherapy of BLCA.
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A shared disease-associated oligodendrocyte signature among multiple CNS pathologies. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:876-886. [PMID: 35760863 PMCID: PMC9724210 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, perturbing neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations. In this study, using single-cell transcriptomics, we mapped all non-immune, non-neuronal cell populations in wild-type and AD model (5xFAD) mouse brains. We identified an oligodendrocyte state that increased in association with brain pathology, which we termed disease-associated oligodendrocytes (DOLs). In a murine model of amyloidosis, DOLs appear long after plaque accumulation, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) alone was not sufficient to induce the DOL signature in vitro. DOLs could be identified in a mouse model of tauopathy and in other murine neurodegenerative and autoimmune inflammatory conditions, suggesting a common response to severe pathological conditions. Using quantitative spatial analysis of mouse and postmortem human brain tissues, we found that oligodendrocytes expressing a key DOL marker (SERPINA3N/SERPINA3 accordingly) are present in the cortex in areas of brain damage and are enriched near Aβ plaques. In postmortem human brain tissue, the expression level of this marker correlated with cognitive decline. Altogether, this study uncovers a shared signature of oligodendrocytes in central nervous system pathologies.
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West Nile Virus Neuroinfection in Humans: Peripheral Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Damage. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040756. [PMID: 35458486 PMCID: PMC9027124 DOI: 10.3390/v14040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arbovirus), West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that can be associated with severe neuroinvasive infections in humans. In 2018, the European WNV epidemic resulted in over 2000 cases, representing the most important arboviral epidemic in the European continent. Characterization of inflammation and neuronal biomarkers released during WNV infection, especially in the context of neuronal impairments, could provide insight into the development of predictive tools that could be beneficial for patient outcomes. We first analyzed the inflammatory signature in the serum of WNV-infected mice and found increased concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines. We next analyzed serum and cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) samples from a cohort of patients infected by WNV between 2018 and 2019 in Hungary to quantify a large panel of inflammatory cytokines and neurological factors. We found higher levels of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL4, IL6, and IL10) and neuronal factors (e.g., BDNF, GFAP, MIF, TDP-43) in the sera of WNV-infected patients with neuroinvasive disease. Furthermore, the serum inflammatory profile of these patients persisted for several weeks after initial infection, potentially leading to long-term sequelae and having a deleterious effect on brain neurovasculature. This work suggests that early signs of increased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and neuronal factors could be a signature underlying the development of severe neurological impairments. Biomarkers could play an important role in patient monitoring to improve care and prevent undesirable outcomes.
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Yoon H, Triplet EM, Simon WL, Choi CI, Kleppe LS, De Vita E, Miller AK, Scarisbrick IA. Blocking Kallikrein 6 promotes developmental myelination. Glia 2022; 70:430-450. [PMID: 34626143 PMCID: PMC8732303 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein related peptidase 6 (Klk6) is a secreted serine protease highly expressed in oligodendrocytes and implicated in demyelinating conditions. To gain insights into the significance of Klk6 to oligodendrocyte biology, we investigated the impact of global Klk6 gene knockout on CNS developmental myelination using the spinal cord of male and female mice as a model. Results demonstrate that constitutive loss of Klk6 expression accelerates oligodendrocyte differentiation developmentally, including increases in the expression of myelin proteins such as MBP, PLP and CNPase, in the number of CC-1+ mature oligodendrocytes, and myelin thickness by the end of the first postnatal week. Co-ordinate elevations in the pro-myelinating signaling pathways ERK and AKT, expression of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase, and myelin regulatory transcription factor were also observed in the spinal cord of 7d Klk6 knockouts. LC/MS/MS quantification of spinal cord lipids showed sphingosine and sphingomyelins to be elevated in Klk6 knockouts at the peak of myelination. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)-derived from Klk6 knockouts, or wild type OPCs-treated with a Klk6 inhibitor (DFKZ-251), also showed increased MBP and PLP. Moreover, inhibition of Klk6 in OPC cultures enhanced brain derived neurotrophic factor-driven differentiation. Altogether, these findings suggest that oligodendrocyte-derived Klk6 may operate as an autocrine or paracrine rheostat, or brake, on pro-myelinating signaling serving to regulate myelin homeostasis developmentally and in the adult. These findings document for the first time that inhibition of Klk6 globally, or specifically in oligodendrocyte progenitors, is a strategy to increase early stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin production in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Laurel S. Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Elena De Vita
- University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Minnesota USA 55905
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Reconstructing the epidermal proteolytic cascades in health and disease. J Pathol 2022; 257:545-560. [PMID: 35218558 DOI: 10.1002/path.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outer stratified epithelium of the skin, forming the physical barrier that is indispensable for homeostasis. Epidermal proteolysis, mainly but not exclusively executed by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), is tightly regulated to ensure maintenance of physiological skin renewal and an intact skin barrier. Perturbation of epidermal proteolytic networks is implicated in a wide array of rare and common skin pathologies of diverse genetic backgrounds. Recent studies of monogenic human skin diseases and newly developed animal models have revealed new mechanisms of regulation of proteolytic pathways in epidermal physiology and in disease states. These new data have challenged some accepted views, for example the role of matriptase in epidermal desquamation, which turned out to be restricted to mouse skin. The significance of PAR2 signaling in skin inflammation should also be reconsidered in the face of recent findings. Cumulatively, recent studies necessitate a sophisticated redefinition of the proteolytic and signaling pathways that operate in human skin. We elaborate how epidermal proteolysis is finely regulated at multiple levels, and in a spatial manner that was not taken into consideration so far, in which specific proteases are confined to distinct epidermal sublayers. Of interest, transglutaminases have emerged as regulators of epidermal proteolysis and desquamation by spatially fixing endogenous protease inhibitors, constituting regulatory factors that were not recognized before. Furthermore, new evidence suggests a link between proteolysis and lipid metabolism. By synthesis of established notions and recent discoveries, we provide an up-to-date critical parathesis of current knowledge and the extended complexity of proteolysis regulation and signaling pathways in skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Greece
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12
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Luan W, Qi X, Liang F, Zhang X, Jin Z, Shi L, Luo B, Dai X. Microglia Impede Oligodendrocyte Generation in Aged Brain. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6813-6831. [PMID: 34924766 PMCID: PMC8674668 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related increase in myelin loss may be responsible for brain atrophy, and the mechanism is not completely understood. We aim to comprehensively delineate oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in young and aged mice and to reveal the underlying mechanism for myelin loss during aging. Methods Diffusion tensor imaging and immunofluorescent staining were performed to verify the demyelination in the aged brains of both rodents and human. Further, the single-cell RNA sequencing data of all brain cells from young and aged mice were deeply analyzed to identify the subsets of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Cell-to-cell interaction analysis was performed to detect the mechanism of observed changes in oligodendrocyte generation. Results Oligodendrocytes were observed to up-regulate several senescence associated genes in aged brain. Four clusters of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were identified in both young and aged brains. The number of those OPCs in basal state was significantly increased, while the OPCs in the procedure of differentiation were immensely decreased in aged brain. Furthermore, it was identified that activated microglia in the aged brain released inflammatory factors to suppress OPC differentiation. Stat1 might be a potential target to transform senescent microglia into tissue repair type to promote oligodendrocyte generation. Conclusion These results provided a perspective on how age activated microglia could impede remyelination and might give a new therapeutic target for age-related remyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Luan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqian Qi
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of T.C.M., Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Dai
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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13
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Laudanski K, Hajj J, Restrepo M, Siddiq K, Okeke T, Rader DJ. Dynamic Changes in Central and Peripheral Neuro-Injury vs. Neuroprotective Serum Markers in COVID-19 Are Modulated by Different Types of Anti-Viral Treatments but Do Not Affect the Incidence of Late and Early Strokes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1791. [PMID: 34944606 PMCID: PMC8698659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and COVID-19-directed therapy may underly the heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2's neurological outcomes. A total of 105 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 had serum collected over a 6 month period to assess neuroinflammatory (MIF, CCL23, MCP-1), neuro-injury (NFL, NCAM-1), neurodegenerative (KLK6, τ, phospho τ, amyloids, TDP43, YKL40), and neuroprotective (clusterin, fetuin, TREM-2) proteins. These were compared to markers of nonspecific inflammatory responses (IL-6, D-dimer, CRP) and of the overall viral burden (spike protein). Data regarding treatment (steroids, convalescent plasma, remdasavir), pre-existing conditions, and incidences of strokes were collected. Amyloid β42, TDP43, NF-L, and KLK6 serum levels declined 2-3 days post-admission, yet recovered to admission baseline levels by 7 days. YKL-40 and NCAM-1 levels remained elevated over time, with clusters of differential responses identified among TREM-2, TDP43, and YKL40. Fetuin was elevated after the onset of COVID-19 while TREM-2 initially declined before significantly increasing over time. MIF serum level was increased 3-7 days after admission. Ferritin correlated with TDP-43 and KLK6. No treatment with remdesivir coincided with elevations in Amyloid-β40. A lack of convalescent plasma resulted in increased NCAM-1 and total tau, and steroidal treatments did not significantly affect any markers. A total of 11 incidences of stroke were registered up to six months after initial admission for COVID-19. Elevated D-dimer, platelet counts, IL-6, and leukopenia were observed. Variable MIF serum levels differentiated patients with CVA from those who did not have a stroke during the acute phase of COVID-19. This study demonstrated concomitant and opposite changes in neurodegenerative and neuroprotective markers persisting well into recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- The Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jihane Hajj
- School of Nursing, Widener University, Philadelphia, PA 19013, USA;
| | - Mariana Restrepo
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Kumal Siddiq
- College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Tony Okeke
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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14
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Srivastava A, Kumar K, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Dubey V, Sharma D, Yadav N, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Doddamani R, Chandra PS, Dixit AB. Transcriptomic profiling of high- and low-spiking regions reveals novel epileptogenic mechanisms in focal cortical dysplasia type II patients. Mol Brain 2021; 14:120. [PMID: 34301297 PMCID: PMC8305866 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of the cerebral cortex with poorly-defined epileptogenic zones (EZs), and poor surgical outcome in FCD is associated with inaccurate localization of the EZ. Hence, identifying novel epileptogenic markers to aid in the localization of EZ in patients with FCD is very much needed. High-throughput gene expression studies of FCD samples have the potential to uncover molecular changes underlying the epileptogenic process and identify novel markers for delineating the EZ. For this purpose, we, for the first time performed RNA sequencing of surgically resected paired tissue samples obtained from electrocorticographically graded high (MAX) and low spiking (MIN) regions of FCD type II patients and autopsy controls. We identified significant changes in the MAX samples of the FCD type II patients when compared to non-epileptic controls, but not in the case of MIN samples. We found significant enrichment for myelination, oligodendrocyte development and differentiation, neuronal and axon ensheathment, phospholipid metabolism, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton, semaphorins, and ion channels in the MAX region. Through the integration of both MAX vs non-epileptic control and MAX vs MIN RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) data, PLP1, PLLP, UGT8, KLK6, SOX10, MOG, MAG, MOBP, ANLN, ERMN, SPP1, CLDN11, TNC, GPR37, SLC12A2, ABCA2, ABCA8, ASPA, P2RX7, CERS2, MAP4K4, TF, CTGF, Semaphorins, Opalin, FGFs, CALB2, and TNC were identified as potential key regulators of multiple pathways related to FCD type II pathology. We have identified novel epileptogenic marker elements that may contribute to epileptogenicity in patients with FCD and could be possible markers for the localization of EZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | | | - Vivek Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Devina Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nitin Yadav
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - M C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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15
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Aït Amiri S, Deboux C, Soualmia F, Chaaya N, Louet M, Duplus E, Betuing S, Nait Oumesmar B, Masurier N, El Amri C. Identification of First-in-Class Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 That Promote Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5667-5688. [PMID: 33949859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes severe motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments. Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)6 is the most abundant serine protease secreted in the CNS, mainly by oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells of the CNS, and KLK6 is assumed to be a robust biomarker of MS, since it is highly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients. Here, we report the design and biological evaluation of KLK6's low-molecular-weight inhibitors, para-aminobenzyl derivatives. Interestingly, selected hit compounds were selective of the KLK6 proteolytic network encompassing KLK1 and plasmin that also participate in the development of MS physiopathology. Moreover, hits were found noncytotoxic on primary cultures of murine neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Among them, two compounds (32 and 42) were shown to promote the differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes in vitro constituting thus emerging leads for the development of regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Aït Amiri
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Institut du Cerveau, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7725, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Chaaya
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Louet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Duplus
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8246-CNRS/INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Brahim Nait Oumesmar
- Institut du Cerveau, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7725, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
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16
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Vallejo R, Kelley CA, Gupta A, Smith WJ, Vallejo A, Cedeño DL. Modulation of neuroglial interactions using differential target multiplexed spinal cord stimulation in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920918057. [PMID: 32290778 PMCID: PMC7160773 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920918057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain involves distorted
neuroglial interactions, which result in prolonged perturbations of immune and
inflammatory response, as well as disrupted synapses and cellular interactions.
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has proven effective and safe for more than
40 years, but comprehensive understanding of its mode of action remains elusive.
Previous work in our laboratory provided evidence that conventional SCS
parameters modulate biological processes associated with neuropathic pain in
animals. This inspired the development of differential target multiplexed
programming (DTMP) in which multiple electrical signals are used for modulating
glial cells and neurons in order to rebalance their interactions. This work
compares DTMP with both low rate and high rate programming using an animal model
of neuropathic pain. The spared nerve injury model was implemented in 48 rats
equally randomized into four experimental groups: No-SCS, DTMP, low rate, and
high rate. Naive animals (N = 7) served as a reference control. SCS was applied
continuously for 48 h and pain-related behavior assessed before and after SCS.
RNA from the spinal cord exposed to SCS was sequenced to determine changes in
gene expression as a result of injury (No-SCS vs. naïve) and as a result of SCS
(SCS vs. No-SCS). Bioinformatics tools (Weighted Gene Co-expression Network
Analysis and Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis) were used to evaluate the
significance of the results. All three therapies significantly reduced
mechanical hypersensitivity, although DTMP provided statistically better results
overall. DTMP also reduced thermal hypersensitivity significantly.
RNA-sequencing corroborated the complex effects of nerve injury on the
transcriptome. In addition, DTMP provided significantly more effective
modulation of genes associated with pain-related processes in returning their
expression toward levels observed in naïve, noninjured animals. DTMP provides a
more effective way of modulating the expression of genes involved in
pain-relevant biological processes associated with neuroglial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vallejo
- Department of Basic Science, Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Courtney A Kelley
- Department of Basic Science, Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Department of Basic Science, Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Research, South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute, Laredo, TX, USA
| | - William J Smith
- Department of Basic Science, Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Department of Basic Science, Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - David L Cedeño
- Department of Basic Science, Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
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17
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Distinct oligodendrocyte populations have spatial preference and different responses to spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5860. [PMID: 33203872 PMCID: PMC7673029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature oligodendrocytes (MOLs) show transcriptional heterogeneity, the functional consequences of which are unclear. MOL heterogeneity might correlate with the local environment or their interactions with different neuron types. Here, we show that distinct MOL populations have spatial preference in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). We found that MOL type 2 (MOL2) is enriched in the spinal cord when compared to the brain, while MOL types 5 and 6 (MOL5/6) increase their contribution to the OL lineage with age in all analyzed regions. MOL2 and MOL5/6 also have distinct spatial preference in the spinal cord regions where motor and sensory tracts run. OL progenitor cells (OPCs) are not specified into distinct MOL populations during development, excluding a major contribution of OPC intrinsic mechanisms determining MOL heterogeneity. In disease, MOL2 and MOL5/6 present different susceptibility during the chronic phase following traumatic spinal cord injury. Our results demonstrate that the distinct MOL populations have different spatial preference and different responses to disease. The oligodendrocyte lineage is known for its transcriptional heterogeneity, but the functional consequences of this are unclear. Here, the authors show that distinct populations of mature oligodendrocytes have spatial preferences in the brain and spinal cord and show different responses to spinal cord injury.
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18
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Tian J, Li X, Zhao L, Shen P, Wang Z, Zhu L, Li C, Su C, Zhang Y. Glycyrrhizic acid promotes neural repair by directly driving functional remyelination. Food Funct 2020; 11:992-1005. [PMID: 31808502 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01459d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds are a rich source of effective candidate drugs for the treatment of neurological disorders. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), the major water-soluble ingredient isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra, is reported to show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. However, its effect on CNS demyelinating disease is unclear. In this study, we showed that GA ameliorated the clinical disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), especially at the chronic stage of clinical EAE. Histological evaluation demonstrated that, in the prophylactic treatment regimen, GA significantly inhibited inflammatory demyelination in the CNS. During the chronic stage when myelin and axon damage has already occurred, GA induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes, thus effectively accelerating remyelination. Evidence from the cuprizone-induced mouse model of de- and remyelination, ex vivo organotypic slice cultures, and in vitro OPC maturation experiments indicated that the observed efficacy of this compound resulted directly from enhanced remyelination rather than immune suppression. Furthermore, we found that GA promoted oligodendrocyte maturation through modulating GSK-3β signaling pathways. Our data led to the conclusion that GA could be used as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of demyelinating diseases such as MS, which remains refractory to available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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19
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Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Reynolds R, Kacprowski T, Burton M, Kruse TA, Thomassen M, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Molecular signature of different lesion types in the brain white matter of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:205. [PMID: 31829262 PMCID: PMC6907342 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify pathogenetic markers and potential drivers of different lesion types in the white matter (WM) of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS), we sequenced RNA from 73 different WM areas. Compared to 25 WM controls, 6713 out of 18,609 genes were significantly differentially expressed in MS tissues (FDR < 0.05). A computational systems medicine analysis was performed to describe the MS lesion endophenotypes. The cellular source of specific molecules was examined by RNAscope, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. To examine common lesion specific mechanisms, we performed de novo network enrichment based on shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and found TGFβ-R2 as a central hub. RNAscope revealed astrocytes as the cellular source of TGFβ-R2 in remyelinating lesions. Since lesion-specific unique DEGs were more common than shared signatures, we examined lesion-specific pathways and de novo networks enriched with unique DEGs. Such network analysis indicated classic inflammatory responses in active lesions; catabolic and heat shock protein responses in inactive lesions; neuronal/axonal specific processes in chronic active lesions. In remyelinating lesions, de novo analyses identified axonal transport responses and adaptive immune markers, which was also supported by the most heterogeneous immunoglobulin gene expression. The signature of the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) was more similar to control WM than to lesions: only 465 DEGs differentiated NAWM from controls, and 16 were unique. The upregulated marker CD26/DPP4 was expressed by microglia in the NAWM but by mononuclear cells in active lesions, which may indicate a special subset of microglia before the lesion develops, but also emphasizes that omics related to MS lesions should be interpreted in the context of different lesions types. While chronic active lesions were the most distinct from control WM based on the highest number of unique DEGs (n = 2213), remyelinating lesions had the highest gene expression levels, and the most different molecular map from chronic active lesions. This may suggest that these two lesion types represent two ends of the spectrum of lesion evolution in PMS. The profound changes in chronic active lesions, the predominance of synaptic/neural/axonal signatures coupled with minor inflammation may indicate end-stage irreversible molecular events responsible for this less treatable phase.
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20
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Bando Y, Geisler JG. Disease modifying mitochondrial uncouplers, MP101, and a slow release ProDrug, MP201, in models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Roads to Formation of Normal Myelin Structure and Pathological Myelin Structure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:257-264. [PMID: 31760649 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination and axonal damage are responsible for neurological deficits in demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. However, the pathology of demyelination and axonal damage in MS is not fully understood. While immunologists have accumulated evidence, which is involved in many immunological events in these diseases, neuroscientists and anatomists have also investigated morphological changes of myelin in these diseases. In this chapter, a new concept of demyelination will be described.
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Bakshi M, Kim TK, Porter L, Mwangi W, Mulenga A. Amblyomma americanum ticks utilizes countervailing pro and anti-inflammatory proteins to evade host defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008128. [PMID: 31756216 PMCID: PMC6897422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding and transmission of tick-borne disease (TBD) agents by ticks are facilitated by tick saliva proteins (TSP). Thus, defining functional roles of TSPs in tick evasion is expected to reveal potential targets in tick-antigen based vaccines to prevent TBD infections. This study describes two types of Amblyomma americanum TSPs: those that are similar to LPS activate macrophage (MΦ) to express pro-inflammation (PI) markers and another set that suppresses PI marker expression by activated MΦ. We show that similar to LPS, three recombinant (r) A. americanum insulin-like growth factor binding-related proteins (rAamIGFBP-rP1, rAamIGFBP-rP6S, and rAamIGFBP-rP6L), hereafter designated as PI-rTSPs, stimulated both PBMC -derived MΦ and mice RAW 267.4 MΦ to express PI co-stimulatory markers, CD40, CD80, and CD86 and cytokines, TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6. In contrast, two A. americanum tick saliva serine protease inhibitors (serpins), AAS27 and AAS41, hereafter designated as anti-inflammatory (AI) rTSPs, on their own did not affect MΦ function or suppress expression of PI markers, but enhanced expression of AI cytokines (IL-10 and TGFβ) in MΦ that were pre-activated by LPS or PI-rTSPs. Mice paw edema test demonstrated that in vitro validated PI- and AI-rTSPs are functional in vivo since injection of HEK293-expressed PI-rTSPs (individually or as a cocktail) induced edema comparable to carrageenan-induced edema and was characterized by upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and chemokines: CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL11, whereas the AI-rTSPs (individually and cocktail) were suppressive. We propose that the tick may utilize countervailing PI and AI TSPs to regulate evasion of host immune defenses whereby TSPs such as rAamIGFBP-rPs activate host immune cells and proteins such as AAS27 and AAS41 suppress the activated immune cells. Several studies have documented immuno-suppressive activities in whole tick saliva and salivary gland protein extracts. We have made contribution toward understanding the molecular basis of tick feeding, as we have described functions of defined tick saliva immuno-modulatory proteins. We have shown that A. americanum injects two groups of functionally opposed tick saliva proteins: those that could counter-intuitively be characterized as pro-host defense, and those that are expected to have anti-host immune defense functions. Based on our data, we propose that the tick evades host defense using countervailing pro- and anti- inflammatory proteins in which the pro-host defense tick saliva proteins stimulate host immune cells such as macrophages, and the anti-host defense tick saliva proteins suppress functions of the activated immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Bakshi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, TAMU, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, TAMU, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, TAMU, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, TAMU, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, TAMU, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pampalakis G, Zingkou E, Sidiropoulos KG, Diamandis EP, Zoumpourlis V, Yousef GM, Sotiropoulou G. Biochemical pathways mediated by KLK6 protease in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2329-2343. [PMID: 30980596 PMCID: PMC6822253 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) is a serine protease normally expressed in mammary tissue and aberrantly regulated in breast cancer. At physiological levels, KLK6 functions as a suppressor of breast cancer, while its aberrant overexpression (> 50-fold higher than normal) is characteristic of a subset of breast cancers and has been linked to accelerated growth of primary breast tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency mice (Pampalakis et al. Cancer Res 2009, 69, 3779). Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the concentration-dependent functions of KLK6 by comparing MDA-MB-231 stable transfectants expressing increasing levels of KLK6 in in vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity assays (soft agar, xenograft growth, tail vein metastasis). Quantitative proteomics was applied to identify proteins that are altered upon re-expression of KLK6 in MDA-MB-231 at normal or constitutive levels. Overexpression of KLK6 is associated with increased metastatic ability of breast cancer cells into lungs, increased expression of certain S100 proteins (S100A4, S100A11) and keratins (KRT), and downregulation of the apoptosis-related proteases CASP7 and CASP8, and RABs. On the other hand, KLK6 re-expression at physiological levels leads to inhibition of lung metastases associated with suppression of S100 proteins (S100A4, S100A10, S100A13, S100A16) and induced CASP7 and CASP8 expression. As this is the first report that KLK6 expression is associated with S100 proteins, caspases, RABs, and KRTs, we validated this finding in clinical datasets. By integrating proteomics and microarray data from breast cancer patients, we generated two composite scores, KLK6 + S100B-S100A7 and KLK6 + S100B-S100A14-S100A16, to predict long-term survival of breast cancer patients. We present previously unknown pathways implicating KLK6 in breast cancer. The findings promise to aid our understanding of the functional roles of KLK6 in breast cancer and may yield new biomarkers for the cancer types in which KLK6 is known to be aberrantly upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gus Sidiropoulos
- The Keenan Research Center in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - George M Yousef
- The Keenan Research Center in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
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24
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Goldhardt O, Warnhoff I, Yakushev I, Begcevic I, Förstl H, Magdolen V, Soosaipillai A, Diamandis E, Alexopoulos P, Grimmer T. Kallikrein-related peptidases 6 and 10 are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and associated with CSF-TAU and FDG-PET. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:25. [PMID: 31467673 PMCID: PMC6712703 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in the expression of human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) have been described in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We elucidated the suitability of KLK6, KLK8 and KLK10 to distinguish AD from NC and explored associations with established AD biomarkers. Methods KLK levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as determined by ELISA, were compared between 32 AD patients stratified to A/T/(N) system with evidence for amyloid pathology and of 23 normal controls with normal AD biomarkers. Associations between KLK levels and clinical severity, CSF and positron emission tomography (PET) based AD biomarkers were tested for. Results Levels of KLK6 and KLK10 were significantly increased in AD. KLK6 differed significantly between AD A+/T+/N+ and AD A+/T−/N+ or NC with an AUC of 0.922. CSF pTau and tTau levels were significantly associated with KLK6 in AD. Conclusions KLK6 deserves further investigations as a potential biomarker of Tau pathology in AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-019-0168-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldhardt
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Inanna Warnhoff
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- 2Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM-NIC, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ilijana Begcevic
- 5Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Hans Förstl
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- 3Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Antoninus Soosaipillai
- 4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9 Canada
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- 4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9 Canada.,5Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,6Department of Psychiatry, University hospital of Rion, University of Patras, 26500 Rion Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Timo Grimmer
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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25
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Eftekhari R, de Lima SG, Liu Y, Mihara K, Saifeddine M, Noorbakhsh F, Scarisbrick IA, Hollenberg MD. Microenvironment proteinases, proteinase-activated receptor regulation, cancer and inflammation. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1023-1039. [PMID: 29924723 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose that in the microenvironment of inflammatory tissues, including tumours, extracellular proteinases can modulate cell signalling in part by regulating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). We have been exploring this mechanism in a variety of inflammation and tumour-related settings that include tumour-derived cultured cells from prostate and bladder cancer, as well as immune inflammatory cells that are involved in the pathology of inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis. Our work showed that proteinase signalling via the PARs affects prostate and bladder cancer-derived tumour cell behaviour and can regulate calcium signalling in human T-cell and macrophage-related inflammatory cells as well as in murine splenocytes. Further, we found that the tumour-derived prostate cancer cells and immune-related cells (Jurkat, THP1, mouse splenocytes) can produce PAR-regulating proteinases (including kallikreins: kallikrein-related peptidases), that can control tissue function by both a paracrine and autocrine mechanism. We suggest that this PAR-driven signalling process involving secreted microenvironment proteinases can play a key role in cancer and inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Eftekhari
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Stacy G de Lima
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yu Liu
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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26
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Zhang J, Zhang ZG, Lu M, Zhang Y, Shang X, Chopp M. MiR-146a promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and enhances remyelination in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:154-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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27
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Kim T, Valera E, Desplats P. Alterations in Striatal microRNA-mRNA Networks Contribute to Neuroinflammation in Multiple System Atrophy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7003-7021. [PMID: 30968343 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple systems atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein in glial cells and neurodegeneration in the striatum, substantia nigra, and cerebellum. Aberrant miRNA regulation has been associated with neurodegeneration, including alterations of specific miRNAs in brain tissue, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid from MSA patients. Still, a causal link between deregulation of miRNA networks and pathological changes in the transcriptome remains elusive. We profiled ~ 800 miRNAs in the striatum of MSA patients in comparison to healthy individuals to identify specific miRNAs altered in MSA. In addition, we performed a parallel screening of 700 transcripts associated with neurodegeneration to determine the impact of miRNA deregulation on the transcriptome. We identified 60 miRNAs with abnormal levels in MSA brains that are involved in extracellular matrix receptor interactions, prion disease, inflammation, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and addiction pathways. Using the correlation between miRNA expression and the abundance of their known targets, miR-124-3p, miR-19a-3p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-29c-3p were identified as key regulators altered in MSA, mainly contributing to neuroinflammation. Finally, our study also uncovered a potential link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and MSA pathologies that involves miRNAs and deregulation of BACE1. Our results provide a comprehensive appraisal of miRNA alterations in MSA and their effect on the striatal transcriptome, supporting that aberrant miRNA expression is highly correlated with changes in gene transcription associated with MSA neuropathology, in particular those driving inflammation, disrupting myelination, and potentially impacting α-synuclein accumulation via deregulation of autophagy and prion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MTF 344 MC0624, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Elvira Valera
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MTF 344 MC0624, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MTF 344 MC0624, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MTF 344 MC0624, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
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28
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Yan Y, Yu J, Gao Y, Kumar G, Guo M, Zhao Y, Fang Q, Zhang H, Yu J, Jiang Y, Zhang HT, Ma CG. Therapeutic potentials of the Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the related mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:377-384. [PMID: 30552558 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases of central nervous system (CNS) disorders are serious human health problems. Rho-kinase (ROCK) is emerging as a potentially important therapeutic target relevant to inflammatory neurodegeneration diseases. This is supported by studies showing the beneficial effects of fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, in inflammatory neurodegeneration diseases. MS is an autoimmune disease resulting from inflammation and demyelination in the white matter of the CNS. It has been postulated that activation of Rho/ROCK causes neuropathological changes accompanied with related clinical symptoms, which are improved by treatment with ROCK inhibitors. Therefore, inhibition of abnormal activation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway appears to be a new mechanism for treating CNS diseases. In this review, we extensively discussed the role of ROCK inhibitors, summarized the efficacy of fasudil in the MS conventional animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), both in vivo and in vitro, and highlighted the mechanism involved. Overall, the findings collected in this review support the role of the ROCK signaling pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, ROCK inhibitors such as fasudil can be novel, and efficacious treatment for inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yan
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Minfang Guo
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yijin Zhao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Qingli Fang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yuqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, Physiology & Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, the Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Taiyuan, China.
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29
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Geisler JG. 2,4 Dinitrophenol as Medicine. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030280. [PMID: 30909602 PMCID: PMC6468406 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the sanctity of pure drug discovery, objective reasoning can become clouded when pursuing ideas that appear unorthodox, but are spot on physiologically. To put this into historical perspective, it was an unorthodox idea in the 1950’s to suggest that warfarin, a rat poison, could be repositioned into a breakthrough drug in humans to protect against strokes as a blood thinner. Yet it was approved in 1954 as Coumadin® and has been prescribed to billions of patients as a standard of care. Similarly, no one can forget the horrific effects of thalidomide, prescribed or available without a prescription, as both a sleeping pill and “morning sickness” anti-nausea medication targeting pregnant women in the 1950’s. The “thalidomide babies” became the case-in-point for the need of strict guidelines by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) or full multi-species teratogenicity testing before drug approval. More recently it was found that thalidomide is useful in graft versus host disease, leprosy and resistant tuberculosis treatment, and as an anti-angiogenesis agent as a breakthrough drug for multiple myeloma (except for pregnant female patients). Decades of diabetes drug discovery research has historically focused on every possible angle, except, the energy-out side of the equation, namely, raising mitochondrial energy expenditure with chemical uncouplers. The idea of “social responsibility” allowed energy-in agents to be explored and the portfolio is robust with medicines of insulin sensitizers, insulin analogues, secretagogues, SGLT2 inhibitors, etc., but not energy-out medicines. The primary reason? It appeared unorthodox, to return to exploring a drug platform used in the 1930s in over 100,000 obese patients used for weight loss. This is over 80-years ago and prior to Dr Peter Mitchell explaining the mechanism of how mitochondrial uncouplers, like 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) even worked by three decades later in 1961. Although there is a clear application for metabolic disease, it was not until recently that this platform was explored for its merit at very low, weight-neutral doses, for treating insidious human illnesses and completely unrelated to weight reduction. It is known that mitochondrial uncouplers specifically target the entire organelle’s physiology non-genomically. It has been known for years that many neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with overt production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), a rise in isoprostanes (biomarker of mitochondrial ROSs in urine or blood) and poor calcium (Ca2+) handing. It has also been known that mitochondrial uncouplers lower ROS production and Ca2+ overload. There is evidence that elevation of isoprostanes precedes disease onset, in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). It is also curious, why so many neurodegenerative diseases of known and unknown etiology start at mid-life or later, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Huntington Disease (HD), AD, Parkinson Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Is there a relationship to a buildup of mutations that are sequestered over time due to ROSs exceeding the rate of repair? If ROS production were managed, could disease onset due to aging be delayed or prevented? Is it possible that most, if not all neurodegenerative diseases are manifested through mitochondrial dysfunction? Although DNP, a historic mitochondrial uncoupler, was used in the 1930s at high doses for obesity in well over 100,000 humans, and so far, it has never been an FDA-approved drug. This review will focus on the application of using DNP, but now, repositioned as a potential disease-modifying drug for a legion of insidious diseases at much lower and paradoxically, weight neutral doses. DNP will be addressed as a treatment for “metabesity”, an emerging term related to the global comorbidities associated with the over-nutritional phenotype; obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, but including neurodegenerative disorders and accelerated aging. Some unexpected drug findings will be discussed, such as DNP’s induction of neurotrophic growth factors involved in neuronal heath, learning and cognition. For the first time in 80’s years, the FDA has granted (to Mitochon Pharmaceutical, Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA) an open Investigational New Drug (IND) approval to begin rigorous clinical testing of DNP for safety and tolerability, including for the first ever, pharmacokinetic profiling in humans. Successful completion of Phase I clinical trial will open the door to explore the merits of DNP as a possible treatment of people with many truly unmet medical needs, including those suffering from HD, MS, PD, AD, ALS, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Geisler
- Mitochon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 970 Cross Lane, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA.
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30
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Khoury N, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G, Sofopoulos M, Zoumpourlis V, Sotiropoulou G. KLK6 protease accelerates skin tumor formation and progression. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1529-1536. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Khoury
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras, Greece
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31
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Sananes A, Cohen I, Shahar A, Hockla A, De Vita E, Miller AK, Radisky ES, Papo N. A potent, proteolysis-resistant inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) for cancer therapy, developed by combinatorial engineering. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12663-12680. [PMID: 29934309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein (KLK) proteases are hormone-like signaling molecules with important functions in cancer pathophysiology. KLK-related peptidase 6 (KLK6), specifically, is highly up-regulated in several types of cancer, where its increased activity promotes cancer invasion and metastasis. This characteristic suggests KLK6 as an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. However, inhibitors that specifically target KLK6 have not yet been reported, possibly because KLK6 shares a high sequence homology and structural similarity with other serine proteases and resists inhibition by many polypeptide inhibitors. Here, we present an innovative combinatorial approach to engineering KLK6 inhibitors via flow cytometry-based screening of a yeast-displayed mutant library of the human amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain (APPI), an inhibitor of other serine proteases, such as anionic and cationic trypsins. On the basis of this screening, we generated APPIM17L,I18F,S19F,F34V (APPI-4M), an APPI variant with a KLK6 inhibition constant (Ki ) of 160 pm and a turnover time of 10 days. To the best of our knowledge, APPI-4M is the most potent KLK6 inhibitor reported to date, displaying 146-fold improved affinity and 13-fold improved proteolytic stability compared with WT APPI (APPIWT). We further demonstrate that APPI-4M acts as a functional inhibitor in a cell-based model of KLK6-dependent breast cancer invasion. Finally, the crystal structures of the APPIWT/KLK6 and APPI-4M/KLK6 complexes revealed the structural and mechanistic bases for the improved KLK6 binding and proteolytic resistance of APPI-4M. We anticipate that APPI-4M will have substantial translational potential as both imaging agent and therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiram Sananes
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Itay Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Anat Shahar
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel.
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