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MacMahon Copas AN, McComish SF, Petrasca A, McCormack R, Ivers D, Stricker A, Fletcher JM, Caldwell MA. CD4 + T cell-associated cytokines induce a chronic pro-inflammatory phenotype in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain astrocytes. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39056451 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes are mediators of homeostasis but contribute to neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mounting evidence suggests involvement of peripheral immune cells in PD pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the potential role of peripheral immune secreted cytokines in modulating midbrain astrocyte reactivity. Human iPSC-derived midbrain astrocytes were exposed to 5% and 10% CD4+ T cell conditioned media (CD4CM) for 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days to assess chronic exposure. Additionally, astrocytes were exposed to the Th17 cell cytokine, IL-17A (10 ng/mL), alone and in combination with TNF-α (0.3 ng/mL) to assess potential synergistic effects of both cytokines at 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days. CD4CM induced acute and chronic alterations in midbrain astrocytes. Increased NFκB translocation to the nucleus, increased expression of the pro-inflammatory genes, IL-1β, CXCL10 at 24 h, C3, LCN2, IL-6 at 24 and 48 h, as well as an increase in their release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CXCL10 at both these time points were observed. A synergistic response to the combination of IL-17A and TNF-α on increasing inflammatory gene expression and cytokine release occurred. IL-17A and TNF-α increased intensity of S100β at 24 h, decreased nuclear area and increased circularity of astrocytes at 72 h. A synergistic effect on γH2AX intensity at 72 h and an increase in LDH release at 7 days was observed. Our results demonstrate that IL-17A and TNF-α act synergistically, enhancing midbrain astrocyte reactivity to a similar degree as CD4CM. This highlights the importance of the peripheral immune secreted cytokines in increasing the reactivity status of midbrain astrocytes, implicating their role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina N MacMahon Copas
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah F McComish
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreea Petrasca
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel McCormack
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Ivers
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna Stricker
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean M Fletcher
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Salerno JA, Rehen S. Human pluripotent stem cells as a translational toolkit in psychedelic research in vitro. iScience 2024; 27:109631. [PMID: 38628967 PMCID: PMC11019282 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychedelics, recognized for their impact on perception, are resurging as promising treatments with rapid onset for mood and substance use disorders. Despite increasing evidence from clinical trials, questions persist about the cellular and molecular mechanisms and their precise correlation with treatment outcomes. Murine neurons and immortalized non-neural cell lines harboring overexpressed constructs have shed light on neuroplastic changes mediated by the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) as the primary mechanism. However, limitations exist in capturing human- and disease-specific traits. Here, we discuss current accomplishments and prospects for incorporating human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to complement these models. PSCs can differentiate into various brain cell types, mirroring endogenous expression patterns and cell identities to recreate disease phenotypes. Brain organoids derived from PSCs resemble cell diversity and patterning, while region-specific organoids simulate circuit-level phenotypes. PSC-based models hold significant promise to illuminate the cellular and molecular substrates of psychedelic-induced phenotypic recovery in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alexandre Salerno
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Usona Institute, Fitchburg, WI, USA
- Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Carregari VC, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Crunfli F, Smith BJ, de Souza GF, Muraro SP, Saia-Cereda VM, Vendramini PH, Baldasso PA, Silva-Costa LC, Zuccoli GS, Brandão-Teles C, Antunes A, Valença AF, Davanzo GG, Virgillio-da-Silva JV, Dos Reis Araújo T, Guimarães RC, Chaim FDM, Chaim EA, Kawagosi Onodera CM, Ludwig RG, Saccon TD, Damásio ARL, Leiria LOS, Vinolo MAR, Farias AS, Moraes-Vieira PM, Mori MA, Módena JLP, Martins-de-Souza D. Diving into the proteomic atlas of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7375. [PMID: 38548777 PMCID: PMC10978884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was initiated by the rapid spread of a SARS-CoV-2 strain. Though mainly classified as a respiratory disease, SARS-CoV-2 infects multiple tissues throughout the human body, leading to a wide range of symptoms in patients. To better understand how SARS-CoV-2 affects the proteome from cells with different ontologies, this work generated an infectome atlas of 9 cell models, including cells from brain, blood, digestive system, and adipocyte tissue. Our data shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly trigger dysregulations on proteins related to cellular structure and energy metabolism. Despite these pivotal processes, heterogeneity of infection was also observed, highlighting many proteins and pathways uniquely dysregulated in one cell type or ontological group. These data have been made searchable online via a tool that will permit future submissions of proteomic data ( https://reisdeoliveira.shinyapps.io/Infectome_App/ ) to enrich and expand this knowledgebase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Carregari
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Reis-de-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bradley J Smith
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fabiano de Souza
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Primon Muraro
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veronica M Saia-Cereda
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Vendramini
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Baldasso
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lícia C Silva-Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline F Valença
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G Davanzo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor Virgillio-da-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Campos Guimarães
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elinton Adami Chaim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raissa Guimarães Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Dandolini Saccon
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André R L Damásio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Osório S Leiria
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio R Vinolo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hematology-Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Farias
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, 04501-000, Brazil
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz P Módena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, 04501-000, Brazil.
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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de Lima IBQ, Cardozo PL, Fahel JS, Lacerda JPS, Miranda AS, Teixeira AL, Ribeiro FM. Blockade of mGluR5 in astrocytes derived from human iPSCs modulates astrocytic function and increases phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1283331. [PMID: 38146365 PMCID: PMC10749358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1283331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α is essential for induction and maintenance of inflammatory responses and its dysregulation is associated with susceptibility to various pathogens that infect the central nervous system. Activation of both microglia and astrocytes leads to TNF-α production, which in turn triggers further activation of these cells. Astrocytes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases with either harmful or protective roles, as these cells are capable of secreting several inflammatory factors and also promote synapse elimination and remodeling. These responses are possible because they sense their surroundings via several receptors, including the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). Under neuroinflammatory conditions, mGluR5 activation in astrocytes can be neuroprotective or have the opposite effect. In the current study, we investigated the role of mGluR5 in hiPSC-derived astrocytes subjected to pro-inflammatory stimulation by recombinant TNF-α (rTNF-α). Our results show that mGluR5 blockade by CTEP decreases the secreted levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) following short rTNF-α stimulation, although this effect subsides with time. Additionally, CTEP enhances synaptoneurosome phagocytosis by astrocytes in both non-stimulated and rTNF-α-stimulated conditions, indicating that mGluR5 blockade alone is enough to drive synaptic material engulfment. Finally, mGluR5 antagonism as well as rTNF-α stimulation augment the expression of the reactivity marker SERPINA3 and reduces the expression of synaptogenic molecules. Altogether, these data suggest a complex role for mGluR5 in human astrocytes, since its blockade may have beneficial and detrimental effects under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella B. Q. de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pablo L. Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julia S. Fahel
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. S. Lacerda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline S. Miranda
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antônio L. Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fabiola M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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5
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Stöberl N, Maguire E, Salis E, Shaw B, Hall-Roberts H. Human iPSC-derived glia models for the study of neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:231. [PMID: 37817184 PMCID: PMC10566197 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process that plays a significant role in various brain disorders. Microglia and astrocytes are the key cell types involved in inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation results in increased levels of secreted inflammatory factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. To model neuroinflammation in vitro, various human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models have been utilized, including monocultures, transfer of conditioned media between cell types, co-culturing multiple cell types, neural organoids, and xenotransplantation of cells into the mouse brain. To induce neuroinflammatory responses in vitro, several stimuli have been established that can induce responses in either microglia, astrocytes, or both. Here, we describe and critically evaluate the different types of iPSC models that can be used to study neuroinflammation and highlight how neuroinflammation has been induced and measured in these cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Stöberl
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Elisa Salis
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Bethany Shaw
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Hazel Hall-Roberts
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
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6
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Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes from patients with schizophrenia exhibit an inflammatory phenotype that affects vascularization. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:871-882. [PMID: 36280751 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and functional abnormalities of astrocytes have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ). In this study, we examined the proteome, inflammatory responses, and secretome effects on vascularization of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes from patients with SCZ. Proteomic analysis revealed alterations in proteins related to immune function and vascularization. Reduced expression of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 subunit was observed in these astrocytes, with no incremental secretion of cytokines after tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation. Among inflammatory cytokines, secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 was particularly elevated in SCZ-patient-derived-astrocyte-conditioned medium (ASCZCM). In a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, ASCZCM reduced the diameter of newly grown vessels. This effect could be mimicked with exogenous addition of IL-8. Taken together, our results suggest that SCZ astrocytes are immunologically dysfunctional and may consequently affect vascularization through secreted factors.
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Gerasimova T, Stepanenko E, Novosadova L, Arsenyeva E, Shimchenko D, Tarantul V, Grivennikov I, Nenasheva V, Novosadova E. Glial Cultures Differentiated from iPSCs of Patients with PARK2-Associated Parkinson's Disease Demonstrate a Pro-Inflammatory Shift and Reduced Response to TNFα Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032000. [PMID: 36768317 PMCID: PMC9916517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mutations in the PARK2 gene are a frequent cause of familial forms of PD. Sustained chronic neuroinflammation in the central nervous system makes a significant contribution to neurodegeneration events. In response to inflammatory factors produced by activated microglia, astrocytes change their transcriptional programs and secretion profiles, thus acting as immunocompetent cells. Here, we investigated iPSC-derived glial cell cultures obtained from healthy donors (HD) and from PD patients with PARK2 mutations in resting state and upon stimulation by TNFα. The non-stimulated glia of PD patients demonstrated higher IL1B and IL6 expression levels and increased IL6 protein synthesis, while BDNF and GDNF expression was down-regulated when compared to that of the glial cells of HDs. In the presence of TNFα, all of the glial cultures displayed a multiplied expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines: TNFA, IL1B, and IL6, as well as IL6 protein synthesis, although PD glia responded to TNFα stimulation less strongly than HD glia. Our results demonstrated a pro-inflammatory shift, a suppression of the neuroprotective gene program, and some depletion of reactivity to TNFα in PARK2-deficient glia compared to glial cells of HDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gerasimova
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ekaterina Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Novosadova
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Elena Arsenyeva
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Darya Shimchenko
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Tarantul
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Igor Grivennikov
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Valentina Nenasheva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Novosadova
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
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8
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Wu Y, Eisel UL. Microglia-Astrocyte Communication in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:785-803. [PMID: 37638434 PMCID: PMC10578295 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes are regarded as active participants in the central nervous system under various neuropathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both microglia and astrocyte activation have been reported to occur with a spatially and temporarily distinct pattern. Acting as a double-edged sword, glia-mediated neuroinflammation may be both detrimental and beneficial to the brain. In a variety of neuropathologies, microglia are activated before astrocytes, which facilitates astrocyte activation. Yet reactive astrocytes can also prevent the activation of adjacent microglia in addition to helping them become activated. Studies describe changes in the genetic profile as well as cellular and molecular responses of these two types of glial cells that contribute to dysfunctional immune crosstalk in AD. In this paper, we construct current knowledge of microglia-astrocyte communication, highlighting the multifaceted functions of microglia and astrocytes and their role in AD. A thorough comprehension of microglia-astrocyte communication could hasten the creation of novel AD treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ulrich L.M. Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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High-Contrast Stimulation Potentiates the Neurotrophic Properties of Müller Cells and Suppresses Their Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158615. [PMID: 35955747 PMCID: PMC9369166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-contrast visual stimulation promotes retinal regeneration and visual function, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we hypothesized that Müller cells (MCs), which express neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), could be key players in this retinal plasticity process. This hypothesis was tested by conducting in vivo and in vitro high-contrast stimulation of adult mice and MCs. Following stimulation, we examined the expression of BDNF and its inducible factor, VGF, in the retina and MCs. We also investigated the alterations in the expression of VGF, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and pro-inflammatory mediators in MCs, as well as their capacity to proliferate and develop a neurogenic or reactive gliosis phenotype after high-contrast stimulation and treatment with BDNF. Our results showed that high-contrast stimulation upregulated BDNF levels in MCs in vivo and in vitro. The additional BDNF treatment significantly augmented VGF production in MCs and their neuroprotective features, as evidenced by increased MC proliferation, neurodifferentiation, and decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory factors and the reactive gliosis marker GFAP. These results demonstrate that high-contrast stimulation activates the neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of MCs, suggesting their possible direct involvement in retinal neuronal survival and improved functional outcomes in response to visual stimulation.
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10
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Network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to explore the mechanism of Bushao Tiaozhi capsule (BSTZC) on hyperlipidemia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6992. [PMID: 35484204 PMCID: PMC9051129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bushao Tiaozhi Capsule (BSTZC) is a novel drug in China that is used in clinical practice and has significant therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia (HLP). In our previous study, BSTZC has a good regulatory effect on lipid metabolism of HLP rats. However, its bioactive compounds, potential targets, and underlying mechanism remain largely unclear. We extracted the active ingredients and targets in BSTZC from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and literature mining. Subsequently, core ingredients, potential targets, and signaling pathways were determined through bioinformatics analysis, including constructed Drug-Ingredient-Gene symbols-Disease (D-I-G-D), protein–protein interaction (PPI), the Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Finally, the reliability of the core targets was evaluated using in vivo studies. A total of 36 bioactive ingredients and 209 gene targets were identified in BSTZC. The network analysis revealed that quercetin, kaempferol, wogonin, isorhamnetin, baicalein and luteolin may be the core ingredients. The 26 core targets of BSTZC, including IL-6, TNF, VEGFA, and CASP3, were considered potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, GO and KEGG analyses indicated that the treatment of HLP by BSTZC might be related to lipopolysaccharide, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The pathway analysis showed enrichment for different pathways like MAPK signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic, IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. In this study, network pharmacology analysis, and experiment verification were combined, and revealed that BSTZC may regulate key inflammatory markers and apoptosis for ameliorating HLP.
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Badia-Soteras A, de Vries J, Dykstra W, Broersen LM, Verkuyl JM, Smit AB, Verheijen MHG. High-Throughput Analysis of Astrocyte Cultures Shows Prevention of Reactive Astrogliosis by the Multi-Nutrient Combination Fortasyn Connect. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091428. [PMID: 35563732 PMCID: PMC9099974 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that tile the central nervous system (CNS) and perform numerous essential functions. Astrocytes react to various forms of CNS insults by altering their morphology and molecular profile, through a process known as reactive astrogliosis. Accordingly, astrocyte reactivity is apparent in many neurodegenerative diseases, among which one is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent clinical trials on early-stage AD have demonstrated that Fortasyn Connect (FC), a multi-nutrient combination providing specific precursors and cofactors for phospholipid synthesis, helps to maintain neuronal functional connectivity and cognitive performance of patients. Several studies have shown that FC may act through its effects on neuronal survival and synaptogenesis, leading to reduced astrocyte reactivity, but whether FC can directly counteract astrocyte reactivity remains to be elucidated. Hence, we developed an in vitro model of reactive astrogliosis using the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ together with an automated high-throughput assay (AstroScan) to quantify molecular and morphological changes that accompany reactive astrogliosis. Next, we showed that FC is potent in preventing cytokine-induced reactive astrogliosis, a finding that might be of high relevance to understand the beneficial effects of FC-based interventions in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Badia-Soteras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Janneke de Vries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Werner Dykstra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Laus M. Broersen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.M.B.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jan Martin Verkuyl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.M.B.); (J.M.V.)
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Mark H. G. Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.B.-S.); (J.d.V.); (W.D.); (A.B.S.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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In Vitro Methodologies to Study the Role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020363. [PMID: 35057544 PMCID: PMC8777776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be present in food or be endogenously produced in biological systems. Their formation has been associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The implication of AGEs in neurodegeneration is related to their ability to bind to AGE-specific receptors and the ability of their precursors to induce the so-called “dicarbonyl stress”, resulting in cross-linking and protein damage. However, the mode of action underlying their role in neurodegeneration remains unclear. While some research has been carried out in observational clinical studies, further in vitro studies may help elucidate these underlying modes of action. This review presents and discusses in vitro methodologies used in research on the potential role of AGEs in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The overview reveals the main concepts linking AGEs to neurodegeneration, the current findings, and the available and advisable in vitro models to study their role. Moreover, the major questions regarding the role of AGEs in neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges and discrepancies in the research field are discussed.
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13
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Barati S, Kashani IR, Tahmasebi F. The effects of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocyte and demyelination in the cuprizone model. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:333-346. [PMID: 35031895 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an autoimmune disease, is characterized by symptoms such as demyelination, axonal damage, and astrogliosis. As the most abundant type of glial cells, astrocytes play an important role in MS pathogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subset of stromal cells that have the potential for migration, immune-modulation, differentiation, remyelination, and neuroregeneration. Therefore, the present study evaluates the effects of MSC transplantation on A1 reactive astrocytes and the remyelination process in the cuprizone mouse model. The study used 30 male C57BL/6 mice, which were randomly distributed into three subgroups (n = 10), i.e., control, cuprizone, and transplanted MSCs groups. In order to generate a chronic demyelination model, the mice in the cuprizone group received food mixed with 0.2% cuprizone powder for 12 weeks. Then, 2 μl of DMEM containing approximately 3 × 105 DiI labeled cells was injected with a 4-min interval into the right lateral ventricle using a 10-μl Hamilton syringe. After 2 weeks of cell transplantation, we used the rotarod test to evaluate the behavioral deficits, while the remyelination process was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. We assessed the population of A1 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes using specific markers, such as C3, GFAP, and Olig2, using the immunefleurocent method. The pro-inflammatory and trophic factors were assessed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. According to our data, the specific marker of A1 astrocytes (C3) decreased in the MSCs group, while the number of oligodendrocytes significantly increased in this group compared to the cuprizone mice. Additionally, MSC was able to enhance the remyelination process after cuprizone usage, as shown by LFB and TEM images. The molecular results showed that MSCs could reduce pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-1 and TNF-α, through the secretion of BDNF and TGF-β as trophic factors. The obtained results indicated that MSC could reduce demyelination and inflammation by decreasing A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocytes and neurotrophic and immunomodulatory factors secretion in the chronic cuprizone demyelination model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Abstract
Cerebral toxoplasmosis and cerebral malaria are two important neurological diseases caused by protozoan parasites. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the innate immune responses of microglia and astrocytes to Toxoplasma and Plasmodium infection. In both infections, these tissue-resident glial cells perform a sentinel function mediated by alarmin crosstalk that licenses adaptive type 1 immunity in the central nervous system. Divergent protective or pathogenic effects of type 1 activation of these astrocytes and microglia are revealed depending on the inherent lytic potential of the protozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Nasuhidehnavi
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - George S Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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15
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Porciúncula LO, Goto-Silva L, Ledur PF, Rehen SK. The Age of Brain Organoids: Tailoring Cell Identity and Functionality for Normal Brain Development and Disease Modeling. Front Neurosci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674563
expr 918028134 + 817050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, brain development has been investigated in rodent models, which were particularly relevant to establish the role of specific genes in this process. However, the cytoarchitectonic features, which determine neuronal network formation complexity, are unique to humans. This implies that the developmental program of the human brain and neurological disorders can only partly be reproduced in rodents. Advancement in the study of the human brain surged with cultures of human brain tissue in the lab, generated from induced pluripotent cells reprogrammed from human somatic tissue. These cultures, termed brain organoids, offer an invaluable model for the study of the human brain. Brain organoids reproduce the cytoarchitecture of the cortex and can develop multiple brain regions and cell types. Integration of functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids with genetic, cellular, and morphological data in a comprehensive model for human development and disease is key to advance in the field. Because the functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids relies on cell repertoire and time in culture, here, we review data supporting the gradual formation of complex neural networks in light of cell maturity within brain organoids. In this context, we discuss how the technology behind brain organoids brought advances in understanding neurodevelopmental, pathogen-induced, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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16
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Porciúncula LO, Goto-Silva L, Ledur PF, Rehen SK. The Age of Brain Organoids: Tailoring Cell Identity and Functionality for Normal Brain Development and Disease Modeling. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:674563. [PMID: 34483818 PMCID: PMC8414411 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, brain development has been investigated in rodent models, which were particularly relevant to establish the role of specific genes in this process. However, the cytoarchitectonic features, which determine neuronal network formation complexity, are unique to humans. This implies that the developmental program of the human brain and neurological disorders can only partly be reproduced in rodents. Advancement in the study of the human brain surged with cultures of human brain tissue in the lab, generated from induced pluripotent cells reprogrammed from human somatic tissue. These cultures, termed brain organoids, offer an invaluable model for the study of the human brain. Brain organoids reproduce the cytoarchitecture of the cortex and can develop multiple brain regions and cell types. Integration of functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids with genetic, cellular, and morphological data in a comprehensive model for human development and disease is key to advance in the field. Because the functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids relies on cell repertoire and time in culture, here, we review data supporting the gradual formation of complex neural networks in light of cell maturity within brain organoids. In this context, we discuss how the technology behind brain organoids brought advances in understanding neurodevelopmental, pathogen-induced, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane O. Porciúncula
- Department of Biochemistry, Program of Biological Sciences - Biochemistry, Institute of Health and Basic Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Goto-Silva
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pitia F. Ledur
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens K. Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Goto-Silva L, Martins M, Murillo JR, Souza LRQ, Vitória G, Oliveira JT, Nascimento JM, Loiola EC, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Guimarães MZP, Tovar-Moll F, Rehen SK, Junqueira M. Quantitative profiling of axonal guidance proteins during the differentiation of human neurospheres. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140656. [PMID: 33857633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Axon guidance is required for the establishment of brain circuits. Whether much of the molecular basis of axon guidance is known from animal models, the molecular machinery coordinating axon growth and pathfinding in humans remains to be elucidated. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from human donors has revolutionized in vitro studies of the human brain. iPSC can be differentiated into neuronal stem cells which can be used to generate neural tissue-like cultures, known as neurospheres, that reproduce, in many aspects, the cell types and molecules present in the brain. Here, we analyzed quantitative changes in the proteome of neurospheres during differentiation. Relative quantification was performed at early time points during differentiation using iTRAQ-based labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis. We identified 6438 proteins, from which 433 were downregulated and 479 were upregulated during differentiation. We show that human neurospheres have a molecular profile that correlates to the fetal brain. During differentiation, upregulated pathways are related to neuronal development and differentiation, cell adhesion, and axonal guidance whereas cell proliferation pathways were downregulated. We developed a functional assay to check for neurite outgrowth in neurospheres and confirmed that neurite outgrowth potential is increased after 10 days of differentiation and is enhanced by increasing cyclic AMP levels. The proteins identified here represent a resource to monitor neurosphere differentiation and coupled to the neurite outgrowth assay can be used to functionally explore neurological disorders using human neurospheres as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Goto-Silva
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Michele Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Rodriguez Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Leticia R Q Souza
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Vitória
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Júlia T Oliveira
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Nascimento
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Institute Science and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Erick Correia Loiola
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marília Zaluar P Guimarães
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Manoel Frota Moreira - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Stevens Kastrup Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Manoel Frota Moreira - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil.
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18
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Erisgin Z. Melamine exposure from the weaning period causes apoptosis, inflammation, and damage to the blood-brain barrier. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 113:101939. [PMID: 33639231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study to investigate the effects of melamine exposure from the weaning period on the developing brain in rats. Female Wistar albino rats (21 days old, n = 18) were divided into 3 groups, all animals were weighed daily and dose-adjusted. For 3 weeks, 0.1 mL of saline was administered by oral gavage to the control group, 50 mg/kg of melamine to the second group, and 75 mg/kg of melamine to the third group were administered by oral gavage by dissolving in 0.1 mL of saline. On the postnatal 45th day, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and brain tissues placed in neutral formalin. After routine tissue processing, brain sections were stained with hematoxylin&eosin(H&E) and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling(TUNEL), IBA-1, Glial Fibrillar Acidic Protein(GFAP), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and SMI-70 antibodies as immunohistochemically. In the results, according to apoptotic index(AI) results, there was a significant increase in the 75 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg melamine groups compared to the control groups (p < 005). There was a significant increase in the number of anti- TNF-α positive neurons and the number of anti-GFAP positive astrocytes in both melamine groups compared to the control group (p < 001). In terms of SMI-71, an increase was found in the 75 mg/kg group compared to other groups (p < 001), while no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of IBA-1 (p > 0.05). It has been observed an increase in dilatation of blood vessels, inflammatory cell infiltration, and endothelial cell degeneration in the 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg melamine groups compared to the control group (p < 0.01). there was no statistically significant difference in the body and brain weight between both melamine treatment groups (75 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) and the control group (p > 005). Melamine exposure (50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg) from the weaning period causes apoptosis and inflammation in the developing brain, and the disruptions in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) significantly increase exposure to 75 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleyha Erisgin
- Giresun University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Giresun, Turkey.
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19
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Dos Santos Pereira M, Abreu GHD, Rocca J, Hamadat S, Raisman-Vozari R, Michel PP, Del Bel E. Contributive Role of TNF-α to L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617085. [PMID: 33510643 PMCID: PMC7836015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present objective was to better characterize the mechanisms that regulate striatal neuroinflammation in mice developing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). For that, we used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mice rendered dyskinetic by repeated intraperitoneal injections of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) and quantified ensuing neuroinflammatory changes in the dopamine-denervated dorsal striatum. LID development was associated with a prominent astrocytic response, and a more moderate microglial cell reaction restricted to this striatal area. The glial response was associated with elevations in two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β. Treatment with the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) channel antagonist capsazepine diminished LID intensity and decreased TNF-α levels without impacting other inflammation markers. To possibly reproduce the neuroinflammatory component of LID, we exposed astrocyte and microglial cells in culture to candidate molecules that might operate as inflammatory cues during LID development, i.e., L-DOPA, dopamine, or glutamate. Neither L-DOPA nor dopamine produced an inflammatory response in glial cell cultures. However, glutamate enhanced TNF-α secretion and GFAP expression in astrocyte cultures and promoted Iba-1 expression in microglial cultures. Of interest, the antidyskinetic treatment with cannabidiol + capsazepine reduced TNF-α release in glutamate-activated astrocytes. TNF-α, on its own, promoted the synaptic release of glutamate in cortical neuronal cultures, whereas cannabidiol + capsazepine prevented this effect. Therefore, we may assume that the release of TNF-α by glutamate-activated astrocytes may contribute to LID by exacerbating corticostriatal glutamatergic inputs excitability and maintaining astrocytes in an activated state through a self-reinforcing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil.,Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Henrique Dias Abreu
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
| | - Jeremy Rocca
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Sabah Hamadat
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Pierre Michel
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
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20
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Glia in Neurodegeneration: The Housekeeper, the Defender and the Perpetrator. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239188. [PMID: 33276471 PMCID: PMC7730416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, research has unveiled the intimate relationship between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Microglia and astrocytes react to brain insult by setting up a multimodal inflammatory state and act as the primary defenders and executioners of neuroinflammatory structural and functional changes. Microglia and astrocytes also play critical roles in the maintenance of normal brain function. This intricate balance of homeostatic and neuroinflammatory functions can influence the onset and the course of neurodegenerative diseases. The emergent role of the microglial-astrocytic axis in neurodegenerative disease presents many druggable targets that may have broad therapeutic benefits across neurodegenerative disease. Here, we provide a brief review of the basal function of both microglia and astrocytes, how they are changed in disease states, the significant differences between mouse and human glia, and use of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients to study cell autonomous changes in human astrocytes and microglia.
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Muraleedharan A, Rotem-Dai N, Strominger I, Anto NP, Isakov N, Monsonego A, Livneh E. Protein kinase C eta is activated in reactive astrocytes of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model: Evidence for its immunoregulatory function in primary astrocytes. Glia 2020; 69:697-714. [PMID: 33068318 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of age-related dementia. Pathologically, AD is characterized by synaptic loss, the accumulation of β-amyloid peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, glial activation, and neuroinflammation. Whereas extensive studies focused on neurons and activation of microglia in AD, the role of astrocytes has not been well-characterized. Protein kinase C (PKC) was also implicated in AD; however, its role in astrocyte activation was not elucidated. Using the 5XFAD mouse model of AD, we show that PKC-eta (PKCη), an astrocyte-specific stress-activated and anti-apoptotic kinase, plays a role in reactive astrocytes. We demonstrate that PKCη staining is highly enriched in cortical astrocytes in a disease-dependent manner and in the vicinity of amyloid-β peptides plaques. Moreover, activation of PKCη, as indicated by its increased phosphorylation levels, is exhibited mainly in cortical astrocytes derived from adult 5XFAD mice. PKCη activation was associated with elevated levels of reactive astrocytic markers and upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) compared to littermate controls. Notably, inhibiting the kinase activity of PKCη in 5XFAD astrocyte cultures markedly increased the levels of secreted IL-6-a phenomenon that was also observed in wild-type astrocytes stimulated by inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL-1). Similar increase in the release of IL-6 was also observed upon inhibition of either the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Our findings suggest that the mTOR-PKCη-PP2A signaling cascade functions as a negative feedback loop of NF-κB-induced IL-6 release in astrocytes. Thus, we identify PKCη as a regulator of neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Muraleedharan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noa Rotem-Dai
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itai Strominger
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nikhil Ponnoor Anto
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Etta Livneh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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22
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Raffaele S, Lombardi M, Verderio C, Fumagalli M. TNF Production and Release from Microglia via Extracellular Vesicles: Impact on Brain Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102145. [PMID: 32977412 PMCID: PMC7598215 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine powerfully influencing diverse processes of the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we analyze current literature describing the molecular processes involved in TNF synthesis and release from microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS and the main source of this cytokine both in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. A special attention has been given to the unconventional vesicular pathway of TNF, based on the emerging role of microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the propagation of inflammatory signals and in mediating cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, we describe the contribution of microglial TNF in regulating important CNS functions, including the neuroinflammatory response following brain injury, the neuronal circuit formation and synaptic plasticity, and the processes of myelin damage and repair. Specifically, the available data on the functions mediated by microglial EVs carrying TNF have been scrutinized to gain insights on possible novel therapeutic strategies targeting TNF to foster CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marta Lombardi
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250318307
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23
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Assis‐de‐Lemos G, Ledur PF, Karmirian K, Rehen SK, Galina A. A Protocol to Study Mitochondrial Function in Human Neural Progenitors and iPSC‐Derived Astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 85:e97. [DOI: 10.1002/cptx.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Assis‐de‐Lemos
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health SciencesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Karina Karmirian
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Health SciencesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Stevens Kastrup Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Health SciencesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center for Health SciencesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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24
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Soubannier V, Maussion G, Chaineau M, Sigutova V, Rouleau G, Durcan TM, Stifani S. Characterization of human iPSC-derived astrocytes with potential for disease modeling and drug discovery. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135028. [PMID: 32380146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a number of key functions in health and disease. Activated astrocytes are present in most, if not all, neurological diseases. Most current information on the mechanisms underlying reactive astrocyte emergence derives from studies using animal experimental systems, mainly because the ability to study human astrocytes under healthy and pathological conditions has been hampered by the difficulty in obtaining primary human astrocytes. Here we describe robust and reliable derivation of astrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Phenotypically characterized human iPSC-derived astrocytes exhibit typical traits of physiological astrocytes, including spontaneous and induced calcium transients. Moreover, human iPSC-derived astrocytes respond to stimulation with a pro-inflammatory combination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1-alpha, and complement component C1q by undergoing changes in gene expression patterns suggesting acquisition of a reactive astrocyte phenotype. Together, these findings provide evidence suggesting that human iPSC-derived astrocytes are a suitable experimental model system to study astrocyte function and reactivation in healthy and pathological conditions of the human nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Soubannier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada; Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Canada
| | - Gilles Maussion
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Canada
| | - Mathilde Chaineau
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Canada
| | - Veronika Sigutova
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada; Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Canada
| | - Stefano Stifani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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