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Li W, Sun L, Yue L, Xiao S. Diagnostic and predictive power of plasma proteins in Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in China. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17557. [PMID: 39080359 PMCID: PMC11289122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Convenient and effective biomarkers are essential for the early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the cross-sectional study, 103 patients with AD, 82 patients with aMCI and 508 normal controls (NC) were enrolled. The single-molecule array (Simoa) technique was used to assess the levels of plasma proteins, including NfL, T-tau, P-tau-181, Aβ40, Aβ42. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess the overall cognitive function of all subjects. Moreover, Amyloid PET and structural head MRI were also performed in a subset of the population. In the follow-up, the previous 508 normal older adults were followed up for two years, then COX regression analysis was used to investigate the association between baseline plasma proteins and future cognitive outcomes. NfL, T-tau, P-tau-181, Aβ40, Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 were altered in AD dementia, and NfL, Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 significantly outperformed all plasma proteins in differentiating AD dementia from NC, while NfL and Aβ42/40 could effectively distinguish between aMCI and NC. However, only plasma NfL was associated with future cognitive decline, and it was negatively correlated with MoCA (r = - 0.298, p < 0.001) and the volume of the left globus pallidus (r = - 0.278, p = 0.033). Plasma NfL can help distinguish between cognitively normal and cognitively impaired individuals (MCI/dementia) at the syndrome level. However, since we have not introduced other biomarkers for AD, such as PET CT or cerebrospinal fluid, and have not verified in other neurodegenerative diseases, whether plasma NFL can be used as a biomarker for AD needs to be further studied and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Jiao LL, Dong HL, Liu MM, Wu PL, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Gao FG, Zhu HY. The potential roles of salivary biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106442. [PMID: 38382884 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Current research efforts on neurodegenerative diseases are focused on identifying novel and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and insight into disease progression. Salivary analysis is gaining increasing interest as a promising source of biomarkers and matrices for measuring neurodegenerative diseases. Saliva collection offers multiple advantages over the currently detected biofluids as it is easily accessible, non-invasive, and repeatable, allowing early diagnosis and timely treatment of the diseases. Here, we review the existing findings on salivary biomarkers and address the potential value in diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Based on the available research, β-amyloid, tau protein, α-synuclein, DJ-1, Huntington protein in saliva profiles display reliability and validity as the biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Jiao
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Nanjing 210019, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hui-Lin Dong
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Meng-Meng Liu
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Peng-Lin Wu
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yi Cao
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Fu-Gao Gao
- Xuzhou Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Xuzhou 221005, China.
| | - Huai-Yuan Zhu
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co Ltd, Nanjing 210019, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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3
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Telser J, Grossmann K, Wohlwend N, Risch L, Saely CH, Werner P. Phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 116:31-111. [PMID: 37852722 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for blood biomarkers to detect individuals at different Alzheimer's disease (AD) stages because obtaining cerebrospinal fluid-based biomarkers is invasive and costly. Plasma phosphorylated tau proteins (p-tau) have shown potential as such biomarkers. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and aimed to determine whether quantification of plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181), threonine 217 (p-tau217) and threonine 231 (p-tau231) is informative in the diagnosis of AD. All p-tau isoforms increase as a function of Aβ-accumulation and discriminate healthy individuals from those at preclinical AD stages with high accuracy. P-tau231 increases earliest, followed by p-tau181 and p-tau217. In advanced stages, all p-tau isoforms are associated with the clinical classification of AD and increase with disease severity, with the greatest increase seen for p-tau217. This is also reflected by a better correlation of p-tau217 with Aβ scans, whereas both, p-tau217 and p-tau181 correlated equally with tau scans. However, at the very advanced stages, p-tau181 begins to plateau, which may mirror the trajectory of the Aβ pathology and indicate an association with a more intermediate risk of AD. Across the AD continuum, the incremental increase in all biomarkers is associated with structural changes in widespread brain regions and underlying cognitive decline. Furthermore, all isoforms differentiate AD from non-AD neurodegenerative disorders, making them specific for AD. Incorporating p-tau181, p-tau217 and p-tau231 in clinical use requires further studies to examine ideal cut-points and harmonize assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Telser
- Faculty of Medical Science, Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein; Laboratory Dr. Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Kirsten Grossmann
- Faculty of Medical Science, Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein; Laboratory Dr. Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Niklas Wohlwend
- Laboratory Dr. Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein; Department of Internal Medicine Spital Grabs, Spitalregion Rheintal Werdenberg Sarganserland, Grabs, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Faculty of Medical Science, Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein; Laboratory Dr. Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein; University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph H Saely
- Faculty of Medical Science, Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein; Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Philipp Werner
- Department of Neurology, State Hospital of Rankweil, Academic Teaching Hospital, Rankweil, Austria.
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4
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Zabala-Findlay A, Penny LK, Lofthouse RA, Porter AJ, Palliyil S, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Arastoo M. Utility of Blood-Based Tau Biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081184. [PMID: 37190093 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the development of new technologies capable of detecting low concentrations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) relevant biomarkers, the idea of a blood-based diagnosis of AD is nearing reality. This study aims to consider the evidence of total and phosphorylated tau as blood-based biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD when compared to healthy controls. METHODS Studies published between 1 January 2012 and 1 May 2021 (Embase and MEDLINE databases) measuring plasma/serum levels of tau in AD, MCI, and control cohorts were screened for eligibility, including quality and bias assessment via a modified QUADAS. The meta-analyses comprised 48 studies assessing total tau (t-tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 217 (p-tau217), comparing the ratio of biomarker concentrations in MCI, AD, and cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls. RESULTS Plasma/serum p-tau181 (mean effect size, 95% CI, 2.02 (1.76-2.27)) and t-tau (mean effect size, 95% CI, 1.77 (1.49-2.04)) were elevated in AD study participants compared to controls. Plasma/serum p-tau181 (mean effect size, 95% CI, 1.34 (1.20-1.49)) and t-tau (mean effect size, 95% CI, 1.47 (1.26-1.67)) were also elevated with moderate effect size in MCI study participants compared to controls. p-tau217 was also assessed, albeit in a small number of eligible studies, for AD vs. CU (mean effect size, 95% CI, 1.89 (1.86-1.92)) and for MCI vs. CU groups (mean effect size, 95% CI, 4.16 (3.61-4.71)). CONCLUSIONS This paper highlights the growing evidence that blood-based tau biomarkers have early diagnostic utility for Alzheimer's disease. REGISTRATION PROSPERO No. CRD42020209482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Zabala-Findlay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Lewis K Penny
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Richard A Lofthouse
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Andrew J Porter
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Soumya Palliyil
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Charles R Harrington
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- GT Diagnostics, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Claude M Wischik
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- GT Diagnostics, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Mohammad Arastoo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
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Leonardo S, Fregni F. Association of inflammation and cognition in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1069439. [PMID: 36815174 PMCID: PMC9939705 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1069439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be associated with an inflammatory process. Inflammatory cytokines may be a surrogate for systemic inflammation leading to worsening neurological function. We aim to investigate the association between cognitive impairment and inflammation by pooling and analyzing the data from previously published studies. Methods We performed a systematic literature search on MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for prospective longitudinal and cross-sectional studies evaluating the relationship between inflammation and cognitive functions. Results A total of 79 articles were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled estimates from cross-sectional studies have demonstrated an increased level of C-reactive protein (CRP) [Hedges's g 0.35, 95% CI (0.16, 0.55), p < 0.05], IL-1β [0.94, 95% CI (-0.04, 1.92), p < 0.05], interleukin-6 (IL-6) [0.46, 95% CI (0.05, 0.88), p < 0.005], TNF alpha [0.22, 95% CI (-0.24, 0.68), p < 0.05], sTNFR-1 [0.74, 95% CI (0.46, 1.02), p < 0.05] in AD compared to controls. Similarly, higher levels of IL-1β [0.17, 95% CI (0.05, 0.28), p < 0.05], IL-6 [0.13, 95% CI (0.08, 0.18), p < 0.005], TNF alpha [0.28, 95% CI (0.07, 0.49), p < 0.05], sTNFR-1 [0.21, 95% CI (0.05, 0.48), p < 0.05] was also observed in MCI vs. control samples. The data from longitudinal studies suggested that levels of IL-6 significantly increased the risk of cognitive decline [OR = 1.34, 95% CI (1.13, 1.56)]. However, intermediate levels of IL-6 had no significant effect on the final clinical endpoint [OR = 1.06, 95% CI (0.8, 1.32)]. Conclusion The data from cross-sectional studies suggest a higher level of inflammatory cytokines in AD and MCI as compared to controls. Moreover, data from longitudinal studies suggest that the risk of cognitive deterioration may increase by high IL-6 levels. According to our analysis, CRP, antichymotrypsin (ACT), Albumin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha may not be good surrogates for neurological degeneration over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Leonardo
- Ph.D. Department, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala City, Guatemala,*Correspondence: Sofia Leonardo,
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Center for Neuromodulation and Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Jiang X, O'Bryant SE, Johnson LA, Rissman RA, Yaffe K. Association of cardiovascular risk factors and blood biomarkers with cognition: The HABS-HD study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12394. [PMID: 36911361 PMCID: PMC9994160 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction To determine if cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) burden is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers and whether they synergistically associate with cognition. Methods We cross-sectionally studied 1521 non-demented Mexican American (52%) and non-Hispanic White individuals aged ≥50 years. A composite score was calculated by averaging the z-scores of five cognitive tests. Plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) 42/40, total tau (t-tau), and neurofilament light (NfL) were assayed using Simoa. CVRF burden was assessed using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Results Compared to low FRS (< 10% risk), high FRS (≥ 20% risk) was independently associated with increased t-tau and NfL. High FRS was significantly associated with higher NfL only among Mexican American individuals. Intermediate or high FRS (vs. low FRS) were independently associated with lower cognition, and the association remained significant after adjusting for plasma biomarkers. Hypertension synergistically interacted with t-tau and NfL (p < 0.05). Discussion CVRFs play critical roles, both through independent and neurodegenerative pathways, on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
| | - Leigh A Johnson
- Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences University of California San Diego California USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego California USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA.,Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco VA Health Care System San Francisco California USA
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Elzayat EM, Shahien SA, El-Sherif AA, Hosney M. miRNAs and Stem Cells as Promising Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S203-S225. [PMID: 37212107 PMCID: PMC10473110 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a cumulative progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized mainly by impairment in cognitive functions accompanied by memory loss, disturbance in behavior and personality, and difficulties in learning. Although the main causes of AD pathogenesis are not fully understood yet, amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins are supposed to be responsible for AD onset and pathogenesis. Various demographic, genetic, and environmental risk factors are involved in AD onset and pathogenesis such as age, gender, several genes, lipids, malnutrition, and poor diet. Significant changes were observed in microRNA (miRNA) levels between normal and AD cases giving hope for a diagnostic procedure for AD through a simple blood test. As yet, only two classes of AD therapeutic drugs are approved by FDA. They are classified as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (NMDA). Unfortunately, they can only treat the symptoms but cannot cure AD or stop its progression. New therapeutic approaches were developed for AD treatment including acitretin due to its ability to cross blood-brain barrier in the brain of rats and mice and induce the expression of ADAM 10 gene, the α-secretase of human amyloid-β protein precursor, stimulating the non-amyloidogenic pathway for amyloid-β protein precursor processing resulting in amyloid-β reduction. Also stem cells may have a crucial role in AD treatment as they can improve cognitive functions and memory in AD rats through regeneration of damaged neurons. This review spotlights on promising diagnostic techniques such as miRNAs and therapeutic approaches such as acitretin and/or stem cells keeping in consideration AD pathogenesis, stages, symptoms, and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M. Elzayat
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherif A. Shahien
- Biotechnology/Bimolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Sherif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hosney
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Tau as a Biomarker of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137307. [PMID: 35806324 PMCID: PMC9266883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Less than 50 years since tau was first isolated from a porcine brain, its detection in femtolitre concentrations in biological fluids is revolutionizing the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the molecular and technological advances that have catapulted tau from obscurity to the forefront of biomarker diagnostics. Comprehensive updates are provided describing the burgeoning clinical applications of tau as a biomarker of neurodegeneration. For the clinician, tau not only enhances diagnostic accuracy, but holds promise as a predictor of clinical progression, phenotype, and response to drug therapy. For patients living with neurodegenerative disorders, characterization of tau dysregulation could provide much-needed clarity to a notoriously murky diagnostic landscape.
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9
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Tokareva AO, Chagovets VV, Rodionov VV, Kometova VV, Rodionova MV, Starodubtseva NL, Frankevich VE. New non-invasive approaches to the diagnosis of lymph node metastases from breast cancer by mass spectrometry. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2021.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of metastasis makes it possible to select the optimal treatment protocol and improve patient survival. Noninvasive and minimally invasive diagnostic techniques help to make a diagnosis with minimal damage to the body. The study was aimed to find biomarkers, being the hallmarks of the metastatic process initiation, and to develop a diagnostic model based on the plasma lipid profile using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We studied blood plasma of 55 patients, 28 of them were diagnosed with the regional lymph node metastasis; the control group comprised 27 patients. The levels of lipids, belonging to the groups, such as oxidized lipids and sphingomyelins, in patients with metastases were significantly higher and significantly lower, respectively. The lipid panels were created by multivariate analysis, and the models based on these panels showed sensitivity and specificity of 79 and 74% (positive ion mode), and of 50 and 85% (negative ion mode) in leave-one-out cross-validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AO Tokareva
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - VV Chagovets
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - VV Rodionov
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - VV Kometova
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - MV Rodionova
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - NL Starodubtseva
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - VE Frankevich
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Koychev I, Jansen K, Dette A, Shi L, Holling H. Blood-Based ATN Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:177-195. [PMID: 33252080 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Amyloid Tau Neurodegeneration (ATN) framework was proposed to define the biological state underpinning Alzheimer's disease (AD). Blood-based biomarkers offer a scalable alternative to the costly and invasive currently available biomarkers. OBJECTIVE In this meta-analysis we sought to assess the diagnostic performance of plasma amyloid (Aβ40, Aβ42, Aβ42/40 ratio), tangle (p-tau181), and neurodegeneration (total tau [t-tau], neurofilament light [NfL]) biomarkers. METHODS Electronic databases were screened for studies reporting biomarker concentrations for AD and control cohorts. Biomarker performance was examined by random-effect meta-analyses based on the ratio between biomarker concentrations in patients and controls. RESULTS 83 studies published between 1996 and 2020 were included in the analyses. Aβ42/40 ratio as well as Aβ42 discriminated AD patients from controls when using novel platforms such as immunomagnetic reduction (IMR). We found significant differences in ptau-181 concentration for studies based on single molecule array (Simoa), but not for studies based on IMR or ELISA. T-tau was significantly different between AD patients and control in IMR and Simoa but not in ELISA-based studies. In contrast, NfL differentiated between groups across platforms. Exosome studies showed strong separation between patients and controls for Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau181. CONCLUSION Currently available assays for sampling plasma ATN biomarkers appear to differentiate between AD patients and controls. Novel assay methodologies have given the field a significant boost for testing these biomarkers, such as IMR for Aβ, Simoa for p-tau181. Enriching samples through extracellular vesicles shows promise but requires further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Koychev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katrin Jansen
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alina Dette
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heinz Holling
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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11
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Castillo-Mendieta T, Arana-Lechuga Y, Campos-Peña V, Sosa AL, Orozco-Suarez S, Pinto-Almazán R, Segura-Uribe J, Javier Rodríguez-Sánchez de Tagle A, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Guerra-Araiza C. Plasma Levels of Amyloid-β Peptides and Tau Protein in Mexican Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S271-S281. [PMID: 34151786 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes memory deficit and alterations in other cognitive functions, mainly in adults over 60 years of age. As the diagnosis confirmation is performed by a postmortem neuropathological examination of the brain, this disease can be confused with other types of dementia at early stages. About 860,000 Mexicans are affected by dementia, most of them with insufficient access to adequate comprehensive health care services. Plasma biomarkers could be a rapid option for early diagnosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze some plasma biomarkers (amyloid-β, tau, and lipids) in Mexican AD patients and control subjects with no associated neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS Plasma amyloid-β peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42), total and phosphorylated tau protein (T-tau and P-tau), and cholesterol and triglyceride levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in AD patients and control subjects. RESULTS In Mexican AD patients, we found significantly lower levels of Aβ42 (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. In contrast, significantly higher levels of P-tau (p < 0.05) and triglycerides (p < 0.05) were observed in AD patients compared to controls. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the severity of dementia and plasma P-tau levels, Aβ42/Aβ40 and P-tau/T-tau ratios, and triglycerides concentrations. This correlation increased gradually with cognitive decline. CONCLUSION The detection of these plasma biomarkers is an initial step in searching for a timely, less invasive, and cost-efficient diagnosis in Mexicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzayaka Castillo-Mendieta
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yoaly Arana-Lechuga
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Luisa Sosa
- Clínica de Demencia, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suarez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Neurodegenerativas, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Julia Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo Javier Rodríguez-Sánchez de Tagle
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Coordinación de QFBT, Universidad del Valle de México-Chapultepec, México City, México
| | - Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christian Guerra-Araiza
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Increasing the reproducibility of fluid biomarker studies in neurodegenerative studies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6252. [PMID: 33288742 PMCID: PMC7721731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers have revolutionized scientific research on neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease, transformed drug trial design, and are also increasingly improving patient management in clinical practice. A few key cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have been robustly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Several novel biomarkers are very promising, especially blood-based markers. However, many biomarker findings have had low reproducibility despite initial promising results. In this perspective, we identify possible sources for low reproducibility of studies on fluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease. We suggest guidelines for researchers and journal editors, with the aim to improve reproducibility of findings.
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13
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Wilczyńska K, Waszkiewicz N. Diagnostic Utility of Selected Serum Dementia Biomarkers: Amyloid β-40, Amyloid β-42, Tau Protein, and YKL-40: A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113452. [PMID: 33121040 PMCID: PMC7692800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dementia is a group of disorders that causes dysfunctions in human cognitive and operating functions. Currently, it is not possible to conduct a fast, low-invasive dementia diagnostic process with the use of peripheral blood biomarkers, however, there is a great deal of research in progress covering this subject. Research on dementia biomarkers in serum validates anticipated health and economic benefits from early screening tests. Biomarkers are also essential for improving the process of developing new drugs. Methods: The result analysis, of current studies on selected biomarker concentrations (Aβ40, Aβ42, t-tau, and YKL-40) and their combination in the serum of patients with dementia and mild cognitive disorders, involved a search for papers available in Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases published from 2000 to 2020. Results: The results of conducted cross-sectional studies comparing Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ42/Aβ40 among people with cognitive disorders and a control group are incoherent. Most of the analyzed papers showed an increase in t-tau concentration in diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients’ serum, whereas results of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) groups did not differ from the control groups. In several papers on the concentration of YKL-40 and t-tau/Aβ42 ratio, the results were promising. To date, several studies have only covered the field of biomarker concentrations in dementia disorders other than AD. Conclusions: Insufficient amyloid marker test repeatability may result either from imperfection of the used laboratorial techniques or inadequate selection of control groups with their comorbidities. On the basis of current knowledge, t-tau, t-tau/Aβ42, and YKL-40 seem to be promising candidates as biomarkers of cognitive disorders in serum. YKL-40 seems to be a more useful biomarker in early MCI diagnostics, whereas t-tau can be used as a marker of progress of prodromal states in mild AD. Due to the insignificant number of studies conducted to date among patients with dementia disorders other than AD, it is not possible to make a sound assessment of their usefulness in dementia differential diagnostics.
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14
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Raket LL, Kühnel L, Schmidt E, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Mattsson-Carlgren N. Utility of plasma neurofilament light and total tau for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12099. [PMID: 32995466 PMCID: PMC7507310 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several blood-based biomarkers are associated with neuronal injury, but their utility in interventional clinical trials is unclear. This study retrospectively evaluated the utility of plasma neurofilament light (NfL) and total tau (t-tau) in an 18-month trial in mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Correlation and conditional independence analyses and Gaussian graphical models were used to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between NfL, t-tau, and clinical scales. RESULTS NfL had a stronger association than t-tau with clinical scales; t-tau did not hold additional information to that given by NfL (P > 0.05 at all time points). NfL held independent information about shorter-term (3- to 6-month) progression beyond patient age and clinical scores. However, no meaningful gain in power was found when adjusting a longitudinal analysis of cognitive scores for baseline NfL. DISCUSSION Plasma NfL is superior to t-tau in mild AD. The ability of NfL to detect changes before clinical manifestations makes it a promising biomarker of drug response in trials of disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lau Raket
- H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
- Clinical Memory Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Line Kühnel
- H. Lundbeck A/S Valby Denmark
- Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL London UK
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University Malmö Sweden
- Department of Neurology Skåne University Hospital Lund Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden
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15
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Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of biomarkers including advanced EEG signal analysis. Report from the IFCN-sponsored panel of experts. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1287-1310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Medical Histories of Control Subjects Influence the Biomarker Potential of Plasma Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease: a Meta-analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:861-870. [PMID: 32125624 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether blood amyloid-β (Aβ) could be a peripheral biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains in dispute. In the present study, we conducted a meta-analysis with 19 citations searched from Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library database. Weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to estimate the effect size. We firstly analyzed the plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in AD and control group subjects. However, only a lower level of plasma Aβ42 was figured out in AD group subjects with weak statistical significance (WMD 1.82; 95% CI 0.59, 3.06; P = 0.004; I2 = 84%). We considered that the medical histories of control subjects could influence the biomarker ability of plasma Aβ. Therefore, subgroup analyses were then carried out based on a new recruiting criterion for control subjects, defining as no afflictions of any Aβ-related diseases. Surprisingly, AD group subjects showed a significant decrease in plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio with low heterogeneity among studies (WMD 0.02; 95% CI 0.02, 0.02; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%). Moreover, not only the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio but also Aβ42 and Aβ40 were indifferent between AD and pseudo-control subjects which might be afflicted with Aβ-related diseases. This meta-analysis demonstrated that medical histories of control subjects were interference factors impeding plasma Aβ to be a biomarker of AD.
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17
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Park JC, Han SH, Yi D, Byun MS, Lee JH, Jang S, Ko K, Jeon SY, Lee YS, Kim YK, Lee DY, Mook-Jung I. Plasma tau/amyloid-β1-42 ratio predicts brain tau deposition and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2020; 142:771-786. [PMID: 30668647 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is abnormal deposition of tau proteins in the brain. Although plasma tau has been proposed as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, a direct link to brain deposition of tau is limited. Here, we estimated the amount of in vivo tau deposition in the brain by PET imaging and measured plasma levels of total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau, T181) and amyloid-β1-42. We found significant correlations of plasma p-tau, t-tau, p-tau/amyloid-β1-42, and t-tau/amyloid-β1-42 with brain tau deposition in cross-sectional and longitudinal manners. In particular, t-tau/amyloid-β1-42 in plasma was highly predictive of brain tau deposition, exhibiting 80% sensitivity and 91% specificity. Interestingly, the brain regions where plasma t-tau/amyloid-β1-42 correlated with brain tau were similar to the typical deposition sites of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the longitudinal changes in cerebral amyloid deposition, brain glucose metabolism, and hippocampal volume change were also highly associated with plasma t-tau/amyloid-β1-42. These results indicate that combination of plasma tau and amyloid-β1-42 levels might be potential biomarkers for predicting brain tau pathology and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjin Jang
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ko
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Zhao T, Wang D, Hu Y, Zhang N, Zang T, Wang Y. Identifying Alzheimer’s Disease-related miRNA Based on Semi-clustering. Curr Gene Ther 2019; 19:216-223. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190924113737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background:
More and more scholars are trying to use it as a specific biomarker for Alzheimer’s
Disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Multiple studies have indicated that
miRNAs are associated with poor axonal growth and loss of synaptic structures, both of which are early
events in AD. The overall loss of miRNA may be associated with aging, increasing the incidence of
AD, and may also be involved in the disease through some specific molecular mechanisms.
Objective:
Identifying Alzheimer’s disease-related miRNA can help us find new drug targets, early
diagnosis.
Materials and Methods:
We used genes as a bridge to connect AD and miRNAs. Firstly, proteinprotein
interaction network is used to find more AD-related genes by known AD-related genes. Then,
each miRNA’s correlation with these genes is obtained by miRNA-gene interaction. Finally, each
miRNA could get a feature vector representing its correlation with AD. Unlike other studies, we do not
generate negative samples randomly with using classification method to identify AD-related miRNAs.
Here we use a semi-clustering method ‘one-class SVM’. AD-related miRNAs are considered as outliers
and our aim is to identify the miRNAs that are similar to known AD-related miRNAs (outliers).
Results and Conclusion:
We identified 257 novel AD-related miRNAs and compare our method with
SVM which is applied by generating negative samples. The AUC of our method is much higher than
SVM and we did case studies to prove that our results are reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhao
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Heilongjiang Province Land Reclamation Bureau, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of life Science and Tenchnology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ningyi Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Zang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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19
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Sancesario G, Bernardini S. AD biomarker discovery in CSF and in alternative matrices. Clin Biochem 2019; 72:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Plasma Aβ42 and Total Tau Predict Cognitive Decline in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13984. [PMID: 31562355 PMCID: PMC6764975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau peptides in brain have been associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). The current study investigated the abilities of plasma Aβ42 and total-tau (t-tau) levels in predicting cognitive decline in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Plasma Aβ42 and t-tau levels were quantified in 22 participants with amnestic MCI through immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assay at baseline. The cognitive performance of participants was measured through neuropsychological tests at baseline and annual follow-up (average follow-up period of 1.5 years). The predictive value of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau for cognitive status was evaluated. We found that higher levels of Aβ42 and t-tau are associated with lower episodic verbal memory performance at baseline and cognitive decline over the course of follow-up. While Aβ42 or t-tau alone had moderate-to-high discriminatory value in the identification of future cognitive decline, the product of Aβ42 and t-tau offered greater differential value. These preliminary results might suggest that high levels of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau in amnestic MCI are associated with later cognitive decline. A further replication with a larger sample over a longer time period to validate and determine their long-term predictive value is warranted.
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21
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Naveed M, Mubeen S, Khan A, Ibrahim S, Meer B. Plasma Biomarkers: Potent Screeners of Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019; 34:290-301. [PMID: 31072117 PMCID: PMC10852434 DOI: 10.1177/1533317519848239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder, is as a complex chronic disease of brain cell death that usher to cognitive decline and loss of memory. Its prevalence differs according to risk factors associated with it and necropsy performs vital role in its definite diagnosis. The stages of AD vary from preclinical to severe that proceeds to death of patient with no availability of treatment. Biomarker may be a biochemical change that can be recognized by different emerging technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics. Plasma biomarkers, 5-protein classifiers, are readily being used for the diagnosis of AD and can also predict its progression with a great accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. In this review, upregulation or downregulation of few plasma proteins in patients with AD has also been discussed, when juxtaposed with control, and thus serves as potent biomarker in the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Mubeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Abeer Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Ibrahim
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Bisma Meer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
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22
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Systematic Review of miRNA as Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6156-6167. [PMID: 30734227 PMCID: PMC6682547 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are 850,000 people with Alzheimer's disease in the UK, with an estimated rise to 1.1 million by 2025. Alzheimer's disease is characterised by the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain causing a progressive decline in cognitive impairment. Small non-coding microRNA (miRNA) sequences have been found to be deregulated in the peripheral blood of Alzheimer patients. A systematic review was conducted to extract all miRNA found to be significantly deregulated in the peripheral blood. These deregulated miRNAs were cross-referenced against the miRNAs deregulated in the brain at Braak Stage III. This resulted in a panel of 10 miRNAs (hsa-mir-107, hsa-mir-26b, hsa-mir-30e, hsa-mir-34a, hsa-mir-485, hsa-mir200c, hsa-mir-210, hsa-mir-146a, hsa-mir-34c, and hsa-mir-125b) hypothesised to be deregulated early in Alzheimer's disease, nearly 20 years before the onset of clinical symptoms. After network analysis of the 10 miRNAs, they were found to be associated with the immune system, cell cycle, gene expression, cellular response to stress, neuron growth factor signalling, wnt signalling, cellular senescence, and Rho GTPases.
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23
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Arendash G, Cao C, Abulaban H, Baranowski R, Wisniewski G, Becerra L, Andel R, Lin X, Zhang X, Wittwer D, Moulton J, Arrington J, Smith A. A Clinical Trial of Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Cognitive Enhancement and Associated Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood, and Brain Imaging. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:57-82. [PMID: 31403948 PMCID: PMC6839500 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small aggregates (oligomers) of the toxic proteins amyloid-β (Aβ) and phospho-tau (p-tau) are essential contributors to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In mouse models for AD or human AD brain extracts, Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment (TEMT) disaggregates both Aβ and p-tau oligomers, and induces brain mitochondrial enhancement. These apparent "disease-modifying" actions of TEMT both prevent and reverse memory impairment in AD transgenic mice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and initial clinical efficacy of TEMT against AD, a comprehensive open-label clinical trial was performed. METHODS Eight mild/moderate AD patients were treated with TEMT in-home by their caregivers for 2 months utilizing a unique head device. TEMT was given for two 1-hour periods each day, with subjects primarily evaluated at baseline, end-of-treatment, and 2 weeks following treatment completion. RESULTS No deleterious behavioral effects, discomfort, or physiologic changes resulted from 2 months of TEMT, as well as no evidence of tumor or microhemorrhage induction. TEMT induced clinically important and statistically significant improvements in ADAS-cog, as well as in the Rey AVLT. TEMT also produced increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of soluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, cognition-related changes in CSF oligomeric Aβ, a decreased CSF p-tau/Aβ1-42 ratio, and reduced levels of oligomeric Aβ in plasma. Pre- versus post-treatment FDG-PET brain scans revealed stable cerebral glucose utilization, with several subjects exhibiting enhanced glucose utilization. Evaluation of diffusion tensor imaging (fractional anisotropy) scans in individual subjects provided support for TEMT-induced increases in functional connectivity within the cognitively-important cingulate cortex/cingulum. CONCLUSION TEMT administration to AD subjects appears to be safe, while providing cognitive enhancement, changes to CSF/blood AD markers, and evidence of stable/enhanced brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Haitham Abulaban
- University of South Florida Health/Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University/Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amanda Smith
- University of South Florida Health/Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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24
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Neergaard JS, Dragsbæk K, Christiansen C, Karsdal MA, Brix S, Henriksen K. Two novel blood-based biomarker candidates measuring degradation of tau are associated with dementia: A prospective study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194802. [PMID: 29641555 PMCID: PMC5895005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Truncated tau appears to be specifically related to disease pathology and recent studies have shown the presence and elevation of several truncated tau species in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the relevance of truncated Tau measurements in blood is still being studied. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to assess the longitudinal associations between baseline levels of two novel blood biomarker candidates measuring truncated tau, Tau-A and Tau-C, and the risk of incident dementia and AD in elderly women. METHODS Using solid phase competitive ELISA, two tau fragments were detected in serum of 5,309 women from the Prospective Epidemiological Risk Factor study. The study was an observational, prospective study of Danish postmenopausal women. Subjects were followed with registry-linkage for up to 15 years (median follow-up time 13.7 years). Cox regression was used to assess the utility of the biomarker candidates in relation to dementia and AD. RESULTS High levels of Tau-A and Tau-C (above the median) in blood were associated with lower risk of dementia and AD (Tau-A: Dementia HR[95% CI] = 0.85[0.70-1.04]; AD 0.71[0.52-0.98] and Tau-C: Dementia 0.84[0.70-1.00]; AD 0.78[0.60-1.03]). Tau-C gave a very modest increase in the AUC in a 5-year prediction horizon as compared to a reference model with age and education, while a combination of the two did not improve their predictive capacity. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of tau in serum is feasible. The serological tau turnover profile may be related to the diagnosis and development of dementia and AD. The exact processing and profile in serum in relation to cognitive disorders remains to be further assessed to provide simple non-invasive tests to identify subjects with progressive cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Skov Neergaard
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrine Dragsbæk
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Susanne Brix
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Farah R, Haraty H, Salame Z, Fares Y, Ojcius DM, Said Sadier N. Salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Biomed J 2018; 41:63-87. [PMID: 29866603 PMCID: PMC6138769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research efforts on neurological diseases are focused on identifying novel disease biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, provide accurate prognostic information and monitor disease progression. With advances in detection and quantification methods in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, saliva has emerged as a good source of samples for detection of disease biomarkers. Obtaining a sample of saliva offers multiple advantages over the currently tested biological fluids as it is a non-invasive, painless and simple procedure that does not require expert training or harbour undesirable side effects for the patients. Here, we review the existing literature on salivary biomarkers and examine their validity in diagnosing and monitoring neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Based on the available research, amyloid beta peptide, tau protein, lactoferrin, alpha-synuclein, DJ-1 protein, chromogranin A, huntingtin protein, DNA methylation disruptions, and micro-RNA profiles provide display a reliable degree of consistency and validity as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Farah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hayat Haraty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Salame
- Research Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Najwane Said Sadier
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Vu Nu TT, Tran NHT, Nam E, Nguyen TT, Yoon WJ, Cho S, Kim J, Chang KA, Ju H. Blood-based immunoassay of tau proteins for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using surface plasmon resonance fiber sensors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7855-7862. [PMID: 35539129 PMCID: PMC9078509 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11637c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the immunoassay of tau proteins (total tau and phosphorylated tau) in human sera using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber sensors. This assay aimed at harvesting the advantages of using both SPR fiber sensors and a blood-based assay to demonstrate label-free point-of-care-testing (POCT) patient-friendly assay in a compact format for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For conducting the assay, we used human sera of 40 subjects divided into halves, which were grouped into AD patients and control groups according to a number of neuropsychological tests. We found that on an average, the concentrations of both total tau and phosphorylated tau proteins (all known to be higher in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain) turned out to be higher in human sera of AD patients than in controls. The limits of detection of total tau and phosphorylated tau proteins were 2.4 pg mL−1 and 1.6 pg mL−1, respectively. In particular, it was found that the AD group exhibited average concentration of total tau proteins 6-fold higher than the control group, while concentration of phosphorylated tau proteins was 3-fold higher than that of the control. We can attribute this inhomogeneity between both types of tau proteins (in terms of increase of control-to-AD in average concentration) to un-phosphorylated tau proteins being more likely to be produced in blood than phosphorylated tau proteins, which possibly is one of the potential key elements playing an important role in AD progress. Blood-based early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using a plasmonic fiber sensor that detects immunoreaction of tau proteins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Thi Vu Nu
- Department of Nano-Physics
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Republic of Korea
- GachonBionano Research Institute
| | - Nhu Hoa Thi Tran
- Department of Nano-Physics
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Republic of Korea
- GachonBionano Research Institute
| | - Eunjoo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology
- College of Medicine
- Neuroscience Research Institute
- Gachon University
- Incheon
| | - Tan Tai Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science
- School of Basic Science
- TraVinh University
- TraVinh City
- Vietnam
| | - Won Jung Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Bioengineering
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21999
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Jungsuk Kim
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21999
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Keun-A. Chang
- Department of Pharmacology
- College of Medicine
- Neuroscience Research Institute
- Gachon University
- Incheon
| | - Heongkyu Ju
- Department of Nano-Physics
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Republic of Korea
- GachonBionano Research Institute
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27
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Mielke MM, Hagen CE, Wennberg AMV, Airey DC, Savica R, Knopman DS, Machulda MM, Roberts RO, Jack CR, Petersen RC, Dage JL. Association of Plasma Total Tau Level With Cognitive Decline and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia in the Mayo Clinic Study on Aging. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:1073-1080. [PMID: 28692710 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance The utility of plasma total tau level as a prognostic marker for cognitive decline and dementia is not well understood. Objectives To determine (1) the association between plasma total tau level, cognitive decline, and risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia; (2) whether this association differs by the presence of elevated brain amyloid β (Aβ); and (3) whether plasma total tau level is associated with cognitive decline over a short interval of 15 months. Design, Setting, and Participants The present analyses included 458 participants who were enrolled in a population-based cohort study between October 2008 and June 2013. All included participants had available plasma total tau levels, Aβ positron emission tomography imaging, and a complete neuropsychological examine at the same visit, as well as at least 1 follow-up visit. Exposures Concentration of plasma total tau. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk of MCI and dementia; global and domain-specific cognitive decline. Results Of the 458 participants, 287 (62.7%) were men; mean (SD) age was 80.6 (5.6) years. Among cognitively normal (CN) participants oversampled for elevated brain Aβ, both the middle (hazard ratio [HR], 2.43; 95% CI, 1.25-4.72) and highest (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.01-4.06) tertiles of plasma total tau level, compared with the lowest, were associated with an increased risk of MCI. Among participants with MCI, higher plasma total tau levels were not significantly associated with risk of dementia (all-cause dementia or Alzheimer disease). Among all participants, higher levels of plasma total tau, examined as a continuous variable, were associated with significant (P < .05) declines in global cognition, memory, attention, and visuospatial ability over a median follow-up of 3.0 years (range, 1.1-4.9 years). In additional analyses restricting the follow-up to 15 months, plasma total tau did not predict decline among CN participants. However, among participants with MCI, higher plasma total tau levels were associated with greater decline in both visuospatial ability (regression coefficient [b] = -0.50 [0.15], P < .001) and global cognition (b = -0.27 [0.10], P = .009) at 15 months. Adjusting for elevated brain Aβ did not attenuate any association. There was no interaction between plasma total tau level and brain Aβ for prognosis with any outcome. Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that elevated plasma total tau levels are associated with cognitive decline, but the results differ based on cognitive status and the duration of follow-up. The association between plasma total tau levels and cognition is independent of elevated brain Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Clinton E Hagen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexandra M V Wennberg
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David C Airey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rosebud O Roberts
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Jeffrey L Dage
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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28
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Tatebe H, Kasai T, Ohmichi T, Kishi Y, Kakeya T, Waragai M, Kondo M, Allsop D, Tokuda T. Quantification of plasma phosphorylated tau to use as a biomarker for brain Alzheimer pathology: pilot case-control studies including patients with Alzheimer's disease and down syndrome. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:63. [PMID: 28866979 PMCID: PMC5582385 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is still a substantial unmet need for less invasive and lower-cost blood-based biomarkers to detect brain Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. This study is aimed to determine whether quantification of plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) is informative in the diagnosis of AD. METHODS We have developed a novel ultrasensitive immunoassay to quantify plasma p-tau181, and measured the levels of plasma p-tau181 in three cohorts. RESULTS In the first cohort composed of 20 AD patients and 15 age-matched controls, the plasma levels of p-tau181 were significantly higher in the AD patients than those in the controls (0.171 ± 0.166 pg/ml in AD versus 0.0405 ± 0.0756 pg/ml in controls, p = 0.0039). The percentage of the subjects whose levels of plasma p-tau181 exceeded the cut-off value (0.0921 pg/ml) was significantly higher in the AD group compared with the control group (60% in AD versus 16.7% in controls, p = 0.0090). In the second cohort composed of 20 patients with Down syndrome (DS) and 22 age-matched controls, the plasma concentrations of p-tau181 were significantly higher in the DS group (0.767 ± 1.26 pg/ml in DS versus 0.0415 ± 0.0710 pg/ml in controls, p = 0.0313). There was a significant correlation between the plasma levels of p-tau181 and age in the DS group (R2 = 0.4451, p = 0.0013). All of the DS individuals showing an extremely high concentration of plasma p-tau181 (> 1.0 pg/ml) were older than the age of 40. In the third cohort composed of 8 AD patients and 3 patients with other neurological diseases, the levels of plasma p-tau181 significantly correlated with those of CSF p-tau181 (R2 = 0.4525, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time quantitative data on the plasma levels of p-tau181 in controls and patients with AD and DS, and these data suggest that the plasma p-tau181 is a promising blood biomarker for brain AD pathology. This exploratory pilot study warrants further large-scale and well-controlled studies to validate the usefulness of plasma p-tau181 as an urgently needed surrogate marker for the diagnosis and disease progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutsugu Tatebe
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
- Department of Zaitaku (Homecare) Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
| | - Takashi Kasai
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
| | - Takuma Ohmichi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Strategic Marketing Division, SCRUM Inc, Tokyo, 130-0021 Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kakeya
- Strategic Marketing Division, SCRUM Inc, Tokyo, 130-0021 Japan
| | - Masaaki Waragai
- Department of Neurology, Higashi Matsudo Municipal Hospital, Matsudo, 270-2222 Japan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
| | - David Allsop
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology of Brain Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
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29
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Yang SY, Chiu MJ, Chen TF, Horng HE. Detection of Plasma Biomarkers Using Immunomagnetic Reduction: A Promising Method for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurol Ther 2017; 6:37-56. [PMID: 28733955 PMCID: PMC5520821 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-017-0075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The development of assay technologies able to diagnose early-stage AD is important. Blood tests to detect biomarkers, such as amyloid and total Tau protein, are among the most promising diagnostic methods due to their low cost, low risk, and ease of operation. However, such biomarkers in blood occur at extremely low levels and are difficult to detect precisely. In the early 2000s, a highly sensitive assay technology, immunomagnetic reduction (IMR), was developed. IMR involves the use of antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solution. The concentrations of detected molecules are converted to reductions in the ac magnetic susceptibility of this reagent due to the association between the magnetic nanoparticles and molecules. To achieve ultra-high sensitivity, a high-Tc superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) ac magnetosusceptometer was designed and applied to detect the tiny reduction in the ac magnetic susceptibility of the reagent. Currently, a 36-channeled high-Tc SQUID-based ac magnetosusceptometer is available. Using the reagent and this analyzer, extremely low concentrations of amyloid and total Tau protein in human plasma could be detected. Further, the feasibility of identifying subjects in early-stage AD via assaying plasma amyloid and total Tau protein is demonstrated. The results show a diagnostic accuracy for prodromal AD higher than 80% and reveal the possibility of screening for early-stage AD using SQUID-based IMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Er Horng
- Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
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30
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Keshavan A, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Schott JM. Blood Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Much Promise, Cautious Progress. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 21:13-22. [PMID: 27738910 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have the potential to allow early and more accurate diagnosis, predict disease progression, stratify individuals and track response to candidate therapies in drug trials. The first fluid biomarkers reflecting aspects of AD neuropathology were identified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the 1990s. Three CSF biomarkers (amyloid-β 1-42, total tau and phospho-tau) have consistently been shown to have diagnostic utility and are incorporated into the new diagnostic criteria for AD. These markers have also been shown in longitudinal studies to predict conversion of mild cognitive impairment to AD. However, a key issue with the use of CSF biomarkers as a screening test is the invasiveness of lumbar puncture. Over the last 20 years there has been an active quest for blood biomarkers, which could be easily acquired and tested repeatedly throughout the disease course. One approach to identifying such markers is to attempt to measure candidates that have already been identified in CSF. Until recently, this approach has been limited by assay sensitivity, but newer platforms now allow single molecule-level detection. Another approach is identification of candidates in large multiplex panels that allow for multiple analytes to be quantified in parallel. While both approaches show promise, to date no blood-based biomarker or combination of biomarkers has sufficient predictive value to have utility in clinical practice. In this review, an overview of promising blood protein candidates is provided, and the challenges of validating and converting these into practicable tests are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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31
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Giacomelli C, Daniele S, Martini C. Potential biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets in protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:1-15. [PMID: 28159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies), in which α-synuclein (α-syn) has been identified as a major protein component. The current literature provides considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying oligomeric-related neurodegeneration, as well as the relationship between protein aggregation and ND, thus facilitating the development of novel putative biomarkers and/or pharmacological targets. Recently, α-syn, tau and Aβ have been shown to interact each other or with other "pathological proteins" to form toxic heteroaggregates. These latest findings are overcoming the concept that each neurodegenerative disease is related to the misfolding of a single specific protein. In this review, potential opportunities and pharmacological approaches targeting α-syn, tau and Aβ and their oligomeric forms are highlighted with examples from recent studies. Protein aggregation as a biomarker of NDs, in both the brain and peripheral fluids, is deeply explored. Finally, the relationship between biomarker establishment and assessment and their use as diagnostics or therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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32
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Zhu Y, Chai YL, Hilal S, Ikram MK, Venketasubramanian N, Wong BS, Chen CP, Lai MKP. Serum IL-8 is a marker of white-matter hyperintensities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 7:41-47. [PMID: 28239640 PMCID: PMC5318538 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) have been implicated in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to examine serum inflammatory markers in preclinical stages of dementia and in AD, as well as to investigate their associations with concomitant CeVD. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional case-control study including 96 AD, 140 cognitively impaired no dementia (CIND), and 79 noncognitively impaired participants. All subjects underwent neuropsychological and neuroimaging assessments, as well as collection of blood samples for measurements of serum samples interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α levels. Subjects were classified as CIND or dementia based on clinical criteria. Significant CeVD, including white-matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunes, and cortical infarcts, was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS After controlling for covariates, higher concentrations of IL-8, but not the other measured cytokines, were associated with both CIND and AD only in the presence of significant CeVD (CIND with CeVD: odds ratios [ORs] 4.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-13.4 and AD with CeVD: OR 7.26; 95% CI 1.2-43.3). Subsequent multivariate analyses showed that among the types of CeVD assessed, only WMH was associated with higher IL-8 levels in CIND and AD (WMH: OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.4-5.6). DISCUSSION Serum IL-8 may have clinical utility as a biomarker for WMH in AD. Longitudinal follow-up studies would help validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
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33
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Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Janelidze S, Insel PS, Andreasson U, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, Baker D, Tan Hehir CA, Jeromin A, Hanlon D, Song L, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Hansson O, Blennow K. Plasma tau in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2016; 87:1827-1835. [PMID: 27694257 PMCID: PMC5089525 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To test whether plasma tau is altered in Alzheimer disease (AD) and whether it is related to changes in cognition, CSF biomarkers of AD pathology (including β-amyloid [Aβ] and tau), brain atrophy, and brain metabolism. Methods: This was a study of plasma tau in prospectively followed patients with AD (n = 179), patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 195), and cognitive healthy controls (n = 189) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and cross-sectionally studied patients with AD (n = 61), mild cognitive impairment (n = 212), and subjective cognitive decline (n = 174) and controls (n = 274) from the Biomarkers for Identifying Neurodegenerative Disorders Early and Reliably (BioFINDER) study at Lund University, Sweden. A total of 1284 participants were studied. Associations were tested between plasma tau and diagnosis, CSF biomarkers, MRI measures, 18fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, and cognition. Results: Higher plasma tau was associated with AD dementia, higher CSF tau, and lower CSF Aβ42, but the correlations were weak and differed between ADNI and BioFINDER. Longitudinal analysis in ADNI showed significant associations between plasma tau and worse cognition, more atrophy, and more hypometabolism during follow-up. Conclusions: Plasma tau partly reflects AD pathology, but the overlap between normal aging and AD is large, especially in patients without dementia. Despite group-level differences, these results do not support plasma tau as an AD biomarker in individual people. Future studies may test longitudinal plasma tau measurements in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Philip S Insel
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Erik Stomrud
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - David Baker
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Cristina A Tan Hehir
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - David Hanlon
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Linan Song
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael W Weiner
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (N.M., S.J., P.S.I., E.S., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., E.S., O.H., S.P.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., U.A., K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Canpus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Janssen R&D (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Diagnostics and Life Sciences (C.A.T.H.), GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY; Quanterix Corporation (A.J., D.H., L.S.), Lexington, MA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.W.W.), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco
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Kim HJ, Park KW, Kim TE, Im JY, Shin HS, Kim S, Lee DH, Ye BS, Kim JH, Kim EJ, Park KH, Han HJ, Jeong JH, Choi SH, Park SA. Elevation of the Plasma Aβ40/Aβ42 Ratio as a Diagnostic Marker of Sporadic Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:1043-50. [PMID: 26444752 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) levels have been evaluated as a possible diagnostic marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the findings are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to validate plasma levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and the Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio as biomarkers of AD in subjects with early-onset AD (EOAD) without familial AD genetic mutations. METHODS Patients with sporadic EOAD (sEOAD) were prospectively recruited by nine neurology clinics. Plasma levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 100 sEOAD (50-69 year-old) and 46 age-matched normal control subjects (50-72 year-old). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from 32 sEOAD subjects and 25 controls. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier was assessed using the CSF/plasma albumin ratio. RESULTS The plasma levels of Aβ42 were significantly lower, while the Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio was significantly higher in sEOAD patients than in controls. The levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and the Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio did not differ in relation to the APOEɛ4 allele. The CSF/plasma albumin ratio was comparable between the two groups, and the plasma parameters of Aβ proteins were not significantly associated. A multivariate analysis revealed that an increased Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio is valuable for the discrimination of sEOAD from controls (β=0.344, p=0.000). The area under the ROC curve for the Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio was 0.76, and a cut-off ratio of 5.87 was suggested to have 70% sensitivity and 68% specificity. CONCLUSION The plasma Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio had moderate validity for the discrimination of sEOAD patients from age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ji Young Im
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ho Sik Shin
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Saeromi Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ilsan Hospital, National Health Insurance Corporation, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Han
- Department of Neurology, Myongii Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sun Ah Park
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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Goudsmit J. The incubation period of Alzheimer's disease and the timing of tau versus amyloid misfolding and spreading within the brain. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:99-105. [PMID: 27017509 PMCID: PMC4819914 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Goudsmit
- Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Janssen Prevention Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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36
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Optimizing Human Bile Preparation for Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5185317. [PMID: 26966686 PMCID: PMC4757711 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5185317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aims. Bile is an important body fluid which assists in the digestion of fat and excretion of endogenous and exogenous compounds. In the present study, an improved sample preparation for human bile was established. Methods and Material. The method involved acetone precipitation followed by protein extraction using commercially available 2D Clean-Up kit. The effectiveness was evaluated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) profiling quality, including number of protein spots and spot distribution. Results. The total protein of bile fluid in benign biliary disorders was 0.797 ± 0.465 μg/μL. The sample preparation method using acetone precipitation first followed by 2D Clean-Up kit protein extraction resulted in better quality of 2DE gel images in terms of resolution as compared with other sample preparation methods. Using this protocol, we obtained approximately 558 protein spots on the gel images and with better protein spots presentation of haptoglobin, serum albumin, serotransferrin, and transthyretin. Conclusions. Protein samples of bile prepared using acetone precipitation followed by 2D Clean-Up kit exhibited high protein resolution and significant protein profile. This optimized protein preparation protocol can effectively concentrate bile proteins, remove abundant proteins and debris, and yield clear presentation of nonabundant proteins and its isoforms on 2-dimensional electrophoresis gel images.
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Baird AL, Westwood S, Lovestone S. Blood-Based Proteomic Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Front Neurol 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26635716 PMCID: PMC4644785 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its long prodromal phase poses challenges for early diagnosis and yet allows for the possibility of the development of disease modifying treatments for secondary prevention. It is, therefore, of importance to develop biomarkers, in particular, in the preclinical or early phases that reflect the pathological characteristics of the disease and, moreover, could be of utility in triaging subjects for preventative therapeutic clinical trials. Much research has sought biomarkers for diagnostic purposes by comparing affected people to unaffected controls. However, given that AD pathology precedes disease onset, a pathology endophenotype design for biomarker discovery creates the opportunity for detection of much earlier markers of disease. Blood-based biomarkers potentially provide a minimally invasive option for this purpose and research in the field has adopted various “omics” approaches in order to achieve this. This review will, therefore, examine the current literature regarding blood-based proteomic biomarkers of AD and its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Baird
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Sarah Westwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Rembach A, Stingo FC, Peterson C, Vannucci M, Do KA, Wilson WJ, Macaulay SL, Ryan TM, Martins RN, Ames D, Masters CL, Doecke JD. Bayesian graphical network analyses reveal complex biological interactions specific to Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 44:917-25. [PMID: 25613103 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With different approaches to finding prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD), many studies pursue only brief lists of biomarkers or disease specific pathways, potentially dismissing information from groups of correlated biomarkers. Using a novel Bayesian graphical network method, with data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging, the aim of this study was to assess the biological connectivity between AD associated blood-based proteins. Briefly, three groups of protein markers (18, 37, and 48 proteins, respectively) were assessed for the posterior probability of biological connection both within and between clinical classifications. Clinical classification was defined in four groups: high performance healthy controls (hpHC), healthy controls (HC), participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and participants with AD. Using the smaller group of proteins, posterior probabilities of network similarity between clinical classifications were very high, indicating no difference in biological connections between groups. Increasing the number of proteins increased the capacity to separate both hpHC and HC apart from the AD group (0 for complete separation, 1 for complete similarity), with posterior probabilities shifting from 0.89 for the 18 protein group, through to 0.54 for the 37 protein group, and finally 0.28 for the 48 protein group. Using this approach, we identified beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) as a potential master regulator of multiple proteins across all classifications, demonstrating that this approach can be used across many data sets to identify novel insights into diseases like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Rembach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kim-Anh Do
- The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, Houston, USA
| | - William J Wilson
- CSIRO Digital Productivity and Services/Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S Lance Macaulay
- Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Health Department of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James D Doecke
- CSIRO Digital Productivity and Services/Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Zhang H, Sachdev PS, Wen W, Crawford JD, Brodaty H, Baune BT, Kochan NA, Slavin MJ, Reppermund S, Kang K, Trollor JN. The relationship between inflammatory markers and voxel-based gray matter volumes in nondemented older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:138-146. [PMID: 26559883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by chronically elevated inflammatory markers (IMs). Peripheral IM levels have been found in negative correlations with brain structural measures including global and lobar volumes and the hippocampus. This study investigated the relationship between 10 peripheral IMs and voxel-based gray matter (GM) volumes in nondemented older adults (n = 463). Two proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin-1β) and 2 vascular IMs (vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were negatively correlated with regional GM volumes. TNF-α and interleukin-1β were both significantly correlated with GM volumes in the left occipitotemporal area, left superior occipital gyrus, and left inferior parietal lobule; TNF-α was also significantly correlated with the bilateral medial prefrontal cortices and approached significance for the correlations with the bilateral hippocampi. Significant GM correlations with vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 were located in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortices, and with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the cerebellum and right hippocampus. The neuroanatomical correlation patterns of 2 proinflammatory cytokines and 2 vascular IMs might be reflective of the effects of neurodegenerative and vascular pathological processes in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Zhang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa J Slavin
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristan Kang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Shanthi KB, Krishnan S, Rani P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of plasma amyloid 1-42 and tau as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. SAGE Open Med 2015; 3:2050312115598250. [PMID: 26770797 PMCID: PMC4679337 DOI: 10.1177/2050312115598250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42) and tau in cerebrospinal fluid are currently used as markers for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Conflicting reports exist regarding their plasma levels in Alzheimer's disease patients. A meta-analysis was performed to statistically validate the use of plasma Aβ42 and tau as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Different databases were searched using the search key: (amyloid OR amyloid1-42 OR Aβ42) AND (tau OR total tau) AND plasma AND (alzheimer's OR alzheimer's disease), and for databases not accepting boolean search, records were retrieved using the search key: plasma + amyloid + tau + alzheimer's. A total of 1880 articles for Aβ42 and 1508 articles for tau were shortlisted. The abstracts were screened, and 69 articles reporting plasma Aβ42 levels and 6 articles reporting plasma tau were identified. After exclusion, 25 studies reporting plasma Aβ42 and 6 studies reporting total tau were analysed in Review Manager version 5.2 using weighted mean difference method, and the bias between studies was assessed using the funnel plot. RESULTS Plasma Aβ42 and tau did not vary significantly between Alzheimer's disease patients and controls. The funnel plot showed that there was no bias between studies for Aβ42, while possible bias existed for tau due to availability of limited studies. CONCLUSION This analysis pinpoints that plasma Aβ42 and tau could not serve as reliable markers independently for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and a cohort study with age, sex and apolipoprotein E correction is warranted for their possible use as Alzheimer's disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sreeram Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - P Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
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Lu H, Zhu XC, Jiang T, Yu JT, Tan L. Body fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:70. [PMID: 25992369 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous and slowly progressive disease with extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is already a hard nut to crack, featured with cognitive decline and memory lapse. Body fluid biomarkers are proved to be useful in exploring further study of AD, might benefit for a full comprehension of the etiopathogenesis, an improved precision of the prognosis and diagnosis, and a positive response of treatments. The cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers Aβ, total tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau reflect the main pathologic changes of AD. We also review data from several novel biomarkers, such as, β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, soluble amyloid precursor proteins α and β, soluble Aβ oligomers and so on, which are associated with the occurrence and deterioration of this disease and couldn't be ignored. The rationale for the clinical use of those biomarkers, the challenges faced with and the properties of the most appropriate biomarkers are also summarized in the paper. We aim to find several ideal biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and optimize the treatment respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xi-Chen Zhu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Teng Jiang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Moradi E, Pepe A, Gaser C, Huttunen H, Tohka J. Machine learning framework for early MRI-based Alzheimer's conversion prediction in MCI subjects. Neuroimage 2015; 104:398-412. [PMID: 25312773 PMCID: PMC5957071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage between age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). For the effective treatment of AD, it would be important to identify MCI patients at high risk for conversion to AD. In this study, we present a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based method for predicting the MCI-to-AD conversion from one to three years before the clinical diagnosis. First, we developed a novel MRI biomarker of MCI-to-AD conversion using semi-supervised learning and then integrated it with age and cognitive measures about the subjects using a supervised learning algorithm resulting in what we call the aggregate biomarker. The novel characteristics of the methods for learning the biomarkers are as follows: 1) We used a semi-supervised learning method (low density separation) for the construction of MRI biomarker as opposed to more typical supervised methods; 2) We performed a feature selection on MRI data from AD subjects and normal controls without using data from MCI subjects via regularized logistic regression; 3) We removed the aging effects from the MRI data before the classifier training to prevent possible confounding between AD and age related atrophies; and 4) We constructed the aggregate biomarker by first learning a separate MRI biomarker and then combining it with age and cognitive measures about the MCI subjects at the baseline by applying a random forest classifier. We experimentally demonstrated the added value of these novel characteristics in predicting the MCI-to-AD conversion on data obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. With the ADNI data, the MRI biomarker achieved a 10-fold cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.7661 in discriminating progressive MCI patients (pMCI) from stable MCI patients (sMCI). Our aggregate biomarker based on MRI data together with baseline cognitive measurements and age achieved a 10-fold cross-validated AUC score of 0.9020 in discriminating pMCI from sMCI. The results presented in this study demonstrate the potential of the suggested approach for early AD diagnosis and an important role of MRI in the MCI-to-AD conversion prediction. However, it is evident based on our results that combining MRI data with cognitive test results improved the accuracy of the MCI-to-AD conversion prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Moradi
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antonietta Pepe
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ENSAM, Université de Toulon, LSIS UMR 7296,13397, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Jena, Jahnstr 3, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Heikki Huttunen
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
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Bagyinszky E, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Characterization of inflammatory biomarkers and candidates for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-014-8301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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