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Sharma A, Faber H, AlGhamdi WS, Naphade D, Lin Y, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Label-Free Metal-Oxide Transistor Biosensors for Metabolite Detection in Human Saliva. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306038. [PMID: 38381100 PMCID: PMC11251559 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Metabolites are essential molecules involved in various metabolic processes, and their deficiencies and excessive concentrations can trigger significant physiological consequences. The detection of multiple metabolites within a non-invasively collected biofluid could facilitate early prognosis and diagnosis of severe diseases. Here, a metal oxide heterojunction transistor (HJ-TFT) sensor is developed for the label-free, rapid detection of uric acid (UA) and 25(OH)Vitamin-D3 (Vit-D3) in human saliva. The HJ-TFTs utilize a solution-processed In2O3/ZnO channel functionalized with uricase enzyme and Vit-D3 antibody for the selective detection of UA and Vit-D3, respectively. The ultra-thin tri-channel architecture facilitates strong coupling between the electrons transported along the buried In2O3/ZnO heterointerface and the electrostatic perturbations caused by the interactions between the surface-immobilized bioreceptors and target analytes. The biosensors can detect a wide range of concentrations of UA (from 500 nm to 1000 µM) and Vit-D3 (from 100 pM to 120 nm) in human saliva within 60 s. Moreover, the biosensors exhibit good linearity with the physiological concentration of metabolites and limit of detections of ≈152 nm for UA and ≈7 pM for Vit-D3 in real saliva. The specificity is demonstrated against various interfering species, including other metabolites and proteins found in saliva, further showcasing its capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan S. AlGhamdi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipti Naphade
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Yen‐Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong
| | - Martin Heeney
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
- Photon Science Institute, Henry Royce InstituteDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
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Mohideen K, Chandrasekaran K, M K, T J, Dhungel S, Ghosh S. Assessment of Antioxidant Enzyme Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in Oral Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2024; 2024:2264251. [PMID: 38525070 PMCID: PMC10960654 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2264251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective The present article aims to comprehensively review the existing literature on superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, an antioxidant enzyme, in oral cancer. Method An extensive literature search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, and Cross Reference, spanning 1998-2023. At the outset, 1,177 articles were initially identified, and 907 studies were excluded due to irrelevance or duplication of the research question. Subsequently, 270 articles underwent screening evaluation, resulting in the selection of 85 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Following this, 68 articles underwent a full-text comprehensive assessment, and ultimately, 39 were chosen for data extraction. The risk of bias in the designated articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Finally, 13 studies were meticulously selected, offering consistent data for the ensuing meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was executed using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) version 3 software (Bio Stat Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). The meta-analysis findings revealed a statistically significant decrease in SOD levels in both erythrocyte samples (P < 0.001) and tissue samples (P < 0.05) among individuals with oral cancer (OSCC) compared to the normal control group. Conversely, the analysis of three studies on salivary samples demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in SOD levels in the oral cancer group compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion This systematic review underscores a statistically significant decline in SOD levels observed across diverse bio-samples in individuals with oral cancer, indicating an excess of oxidative stress (OS). Additional research is needed to delve into the relationship between SOD levels and clinic-pathological prognostic markers within the oral cancer cohort. Such investigations have the potential to significantly contribute to the development of prognostic tools grounded in OS, thereby guiding strategies for treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Mohideen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | | | - Kareema M
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Jeyanthikumari T
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Muthusamy Salai, Chennai 600003, India
| | - Safal Dhungel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal
| | - Snehashish Ghosh
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal
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Noto A, Piras C, Atzori L, Mussap M, Albera A, Albera R, Casani AP, Capobianco S, Fanos V. Metabolomics in Otorhinolaryngology. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:934311. [PMID: 36158568 PMCID: PMC9493185 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.934311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Otorhinolaryngology (Ear, Nose and Throat-ENT) focuses on inflammatory, immunological, infectious, and neoplastic disorders of the head and neck and on their medical and surgical therapy. The fields of interest of this discipline are the ear, the nose and its paranasal sinuses, the oral cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the neck. Besides surgery, there are many other diagnostic aspects of ENT such as audiology and Vestibology, laryngology, phoniatrics, and rhinology. A new advanced technology, named metabolomics, is significantly impacting the field of ENT. All the “omics” sciences, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, converge at the level of metabolomics, which is considered the integration of all “omics.” Its application will change the way several of ENT disorders are diagnosed and treated. This review highlights the power of metabolomics, including its pitfalls and promise, and several of its most relevant applications in ENT to provide a basic understanding of the metabolites associated with these districts. In particular, the attention has been focused on different heterogeneous diseases, from head and neck cancer to allergic rhinitis, hearing loss, obstructive sleep apnea, noise trauma, sinusitis, and Meniere’s disease. In conclusion, metabolomics study indicates a “fil rouge” that links these pathologies to improve three aspects of patient care: diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics, which in one word is defined as precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Noto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Mussap
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Albera
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Albera
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Augusto Pietro Casani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology Section, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Augusto Pietro Casani,
| | - Silvia Capobianco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology Section, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Jaiswal A, Madaan S, Acharya N, Kumar S, Talwar D, Dewani D. Salivary Uric Acid: A Noninvasive Wonder for Clinicians? Cureus 2021; 13:e19649. [PMID: 34956769 PMCID: PMC8675576 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is a summary of the modern-day approach and recent trend in the determination of uric acid in the saliva of humans and its use in diagnosis by clinicians. Uric acid, which is the end product obtained from the breakdown of purine nucleotides, is an important biomarker associated with various conditions. Uric acid is found in various body fluids, such as serum, plasma, and urine. It can be used as an important tool for various diseases, such as gout and hyperuricemia, or conditions that are associated with increased oxidative stress. Recently, there has been an emergence of studies that have utilized uric acid concentrations measured in the saliva and studied its association with various diseases. Salivary uric acid can prove to be a noninvasive method to provide a diagnosis of serious illness. A raised uric acid level in the saliva can be associated with cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, gout, and hypertension. A reduced level of salivary uric acid on the other hand can be a marker for Alzheimer's disease, progression of multiple sclerosis, and impairment of cognition. Online search databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched, and articles that were published before September 2021 based on salivary uric acid analysis were analyzed for this review. Uric acid is an essential biomarker that has antioxidant properties. Assessment of salivary uric acid levels was found to be essential in conditions such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurological conditions, psychiatric conditions, human immunodeficiency virus, and gout and in monitoring treatment of hyperuricemia. Although having importance in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, salivary uric acid analysis has not gained enough popularity due to limitations such as saliva collection and sample processing issues. With proper education and standardization, salivary uric acid analysis can be used as a cost-effective and noninvasive tool for getting a clue about antioxidant biomarker concentration in saliva and hence various diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Jaiswal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Sparsh Madaan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Neema Acharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Dhruv Talwar
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Deepika Dewani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
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Goldoni R, Scolaro A, Boccalari E, Dolci C, Scarano A, Inchingolo F, Ravazzani P, Muti P, Tartaglia G. Malignancies and Biosensors: A Focus on Oral Cancer Detection through Salivary Biomarkers. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100396. [PMID: 34677352 PMCID: PMC8533918 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is among the deadliest types of malignancy due to the late stage at which it is usually diagnosed, leaving the patient with an average five-year survival rate of less than 50%. The booming field of biosensing and point of care diagnostics can, in this regard, play a major role in the early detection of oral cancer. Saliva is gaining interest as an alternative biofluid for non-invasive diagnostics, and many salivary biomarkers of oral cancer have been proposed. While these findings are promising for the application of salivaomics tools in routine practice, studies on larger cohorts are still needed for clinical validation. This review aims to summarize the most recent development in the field of biosensing related to the detection of salivary biomarkers commonly associated with oral cancer. An introduction to oral cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment is given to define the clinical problem clearly, then saliva as an alternative biofluid is presented, along with its advantages, disadvantages, and collection procedures. Finally, a brief paragraph on the most promising salivary biomarkers introduces the sensing technologies commonly exploited to detect oral cancer markers in saliva. Hence this review provides a comprehensive overview of both the clinical and technological advantages and challenges associated with oral cancer detection through salivary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Goldoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (A.S.); (E.B.); (C.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Alessandra Scolaro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (A.S.); (E.B.); (C.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Elisa Boccalari
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (A.S.); (E.B.); (C.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Carolina Dolci
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (A.S.); (E.B.); (C.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- National Research Council, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (A.S.); (E.B.); (C.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Gianluca Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (A.S.); (E.B.); (C.D.); (P.M.)
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Antioxidant Capacity and Nucleotide Metabolites in Saliva. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100263. [PMID: 34678959 PMCID: PMC8538442 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The balance between reactive oxygen species production and the activity of antioxidant systems present in saliva is an important element in maintaining oral environment homeostasis. E-cigarettes adversely affect the oral cavity and their cytotoxic effect is related to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of using electronic cigarettes on antioxidant capacity of saliva. The study involved 110 subjects (35 e-cigarettes users, 33 traditional cigarettes smokers and 42 non-smokers). Laboratory analysis involved quantitation of uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, TAOS (total antioxidant status) and TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) in saliva. Lower values for TAOS and TEAC were observed among e-cigarettes users and traditional cigarettes smokers in comparison to non-smokers. Uric acid concentration tended to be higher among e-cigarettes users while no differences in hypoxanthine and xanthine saliva concentrations were observed. Electronic cigarettes usage affects antioxidant capacity of saliva to the same extent as traditional cigarettes, when comparing smokers to non-smokers. Further longitudinal studies on a larger study group are needed to assess the effect of changes in antioxidant status on oral health.
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Salivary metabolomics – A diagnostic and biologic signature for oral cancer. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Novel Portable Sensing System with Integrated Multifunctionality for Accurate Detection of Salivary Uric Acid. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11070242. [PMID: 34356713 PMCID: PMC8301860 DOI: 10.3390/bios11070242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid, as the terminal product of purine metabolism in the body, is an important marker of many diseases. Uric acid is abundant in saliva, offering the possibility of its non-invasive detection. However, it is sensitive to interference in saliva by a variety of factors. A reliable method of processing saliva is centrifugation (CF), but the cost and size of equipment limit its use in everyday life. In this study, a novel portable salivary-sensing system (PSSS) with integrated suction filtration (SF) and temperature insulation was proposed to obtain more accurate salivary uric acid levels through a simple procedure. The PSSS includes a saliva container, a high-sensitive uric acid sensor (UAS), an accompanying printed circuit board (PCB), and a mobile application. The responses produced by the UAS presents excellent linearity (4.6 μA/mM with R2 = 0.9964), selectivity, reproducibility, and stability for the detection of low levels of uric acid. The difference in detection values between the UAS and the commercial sensor is only ~4%. The primary feature of the saliva container is the processing of saliva by SF instead of CF. Samples from CF and SF showed no significant differences regarding uric acid levels, and both exhibited approximately 50% deviation from the untreated samples, while the difference in uric acid levels between the samples after SF and after applying both treatments was ~10%. Besides, insulation of the saliva container can partially eliminate sources of error induced by the environment during uric acid level testing. The PSSS provides a novel strategy for the immediate detection of specific markers in saliva. We believe that the PSSS has promising potential for future application in the rapid saliva testing.
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Wang M, Chen Z, Jing X, Zhou H, Wang Y, Ye J, Chu Q. Tween 20-capped gold nanoparticles for selective extraction of free low-molecular-weight thiols in saliva followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122756. [PMID: 34022759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight thiols are widely present in human fluids, and are regarded as a kind of potential broad-spectrum evaluation indicators for some clinical diseases. In this work, gold nanoparticles capped with Tween 20 were used for purification and microextraction of the main free thiols (cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione and methionine) in saliva based on Au-S bond formation. Ultrasound further sped up the releasing of the target analytes, and the releasing time needed was only 10 min, and the required sample volume was only 40 µL. The desorption solution could be directly injected for electrophoretic analysis without derivatization, and field-amplified sample stacking of electrophoretic online enrichment technology further improved the detection sensitivity. The synergistic enrichment effect made the enrichment factors of four analytes reach 1119-2067 times. This developed method was applied for the analyses of saliva samples of healthy volunteers. Acceptable sensitivity (LODs: 0.15-1.5 ng mL-1) and recoveries (97.6-116%) were obtained in the saliva sample matrix. This proposed method provides an alternative for the sensitive detection of low-molecular-weight thiols in noninvasive body fluids, which has potential application prospect in the preliminary noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zheyan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiannong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Derindağ G, Akgül HM, Kızıltunç A, Özkan Hİ, Kızıltunç Özmen H, Akgül N. Evaluation of saliva glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde levels in head-neck radiotherapy patients. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:644-649. [PMID: 33098285 PMCID: PMC8203154 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2006-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim It is believed that radiotherapy has important effects on oxidant/antioxidant systems. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between oxidant formation and antioxidant defense is disrupted in favor of oxidants. The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical changes in saliva pre- and postradiotherapy in head-neck radiotherapy patients and to find out the effects of radiation on glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in saliva. Materials and methods This study included 16 patients undergoing head-neck radiotherapy in Atatürk University Research Hospital. The levels of GSH, GSH-Px, and MDA were measured in saliva samples taken from the patients pre- and postradiotherapy. The same biochemical parameters were also measured in saliva samples from 30 healthy individuals who did not undergo head-neck radiotherapy. The data obtained were analyzed using the paired t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results When the levels of GSH (P > 0.05), GSH-Px (P > 0.05), and MDA (P < 0.05) in saliva were compared pre- and postradiotherapy in the patient group, the only significant increase was detected in the MDA level postradiotherapy. When the pre- and postradiotherapy levels of saliva GSH (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively), GSH-Px (P > 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively), and MDA (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively) were compared with those of the control group, it was revealed that the GSH level was significantly lower and the MDA level was significantly higher in both pre- and postradiotherapy compared to the control group. Also, only the postradiotherapy saliva GSH-Px level was found to be significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion These findings show that the changes in saliva GSH, GSH-Px, and MDA levels in patients with head-neck malignity intensified due to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Derindağ
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hayati Murat Akgül
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kızıltunç
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hilal Kızıltunç Özmen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,Anesthesiology Clinical Research Office, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Akgül
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Xavier Assad D, Acevedo AC, Cançado Porto Mascarenhas E, Costa Normando AG, Pichon V, Chardin H, Neves Silva Guerra E, Combes A. Using an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach to Identify Salivary Metabolites in Women with Breast Cancer. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120506. [PMID: 33322065 PMCID: PMC7763953 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations are a hallmark of the malignant transformation in cancer cells, which is characterized by multiple changes in metabolic pathways that are linked to macromolecule synthesis. This study aimed to explore whether salivary metabolites could help discriminate between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Saliva samples from 23 breast cancer patients and 35 healthy controls were subjected to untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and a bioinformatics tool (XCMS Online), which revealed 534 compounds, characterized by their retention time in reverse-phase liquid chromatography and by the m/z ratio detected, that were shared by the two groups. Using the METLIN database, 31 compounds that were upregulated in the breast cancer group (p < 0.05) were identified, including seven oligopeptides and six glycerophospholipids (PG14:2, PA32:1, PS28:0, PS40:6, PI31:1, and PI38:7). In addition, pre-treatment and post-treatment saliva samples were analyzed for 10 patients who experienced at least a partial response to their treatment. In these patients, three peptides and PG14:2 were upregulated before but not after treatment. The area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity for PG14:2 was 0.7329, 65.22%, and 77.14%, respectively. These results provide new information regarding the salivary metabolite profiles of breast cancer patients, which may be useful biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Xavier Assad
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (D.X.A.); (A.C.A.); (E.C.P.M.); (A.G.C.N.); (E.N.S.G.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, SGAS 613 Conj. E Bl. B, Brasília DF 70200-730, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (D.X.A.); (A.C.A.); (E.C.P.M.); (A.G.C.N.); (E.N.S.G.)
| | - Elisa Cançado Porto Mascarenhas
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (D.X.A.); (A.C.A.); (E.C.P.M.); (A.G.C.N.); (E.N.S.G.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Cettro—Centro de Câncer de Brasília, SMH/N Quadra 02, 12 Andar, Brasilia DF 70710-904, Brazil
| | - Ana Gabriela Costa Normando
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (D.X.A.); (A.C.A.); (E.C.P.M.); (A.G.C.N.); (E.N.S.G.)
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CBI 8231, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, Ide de France, France; (V.P.); (H.C.)
- Campus UPMC, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Helene Chardin
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CBI 8231, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, Ide de France, France; (V.P.); (H.C.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Paris, 92120 Montouge, France
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (D.X.A.); (A.C.A.); (E.C.P.M.); (A.G.C.N.); (E.N.S.G.)
| | - Audrey Combes
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CBI 8231, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, Ide de France, France; (V.P.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-40-79-46-73
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12
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Wang A, Mao Q, Zhao M, Ye S, Fang J, Cui C, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Shi H. pH/Reduction Dual Stimuli-Triggered Self-Assembly of NIR Theranostic Probes for Enhanced Dual-Modal Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Tumors. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16113-16121. [PMID: 33275417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the growth and metastasis of tumors, and has become a promising target for precise diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Herein, a novel smart NIR theranostic probe Cy-1 that can simultaneously respond to low intracellular pH and reductive glutathione (GSH) is reported. This probe has demonstrated to be able to intermolecularly undergo a biologically compatible CBT-Cys condensation reaction to selectively form large nanoaggregates in the tumor microenvironment resulting in its enhanced accumulation and retention in the tumor, which as a consequence significantly improves the sensitivity of NIR/photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapeutic efficacy of tumors in living mice. We thus believe that this dual stimuli-mediated self-assembly strategy may offer a promising and universal platform for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qiulian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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13
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Vernerová A, Kujovská Krčmová L, Melichar B, Švec F. Non-invasive determination of uric acid in human saliva in the diagnosis of serious disorders. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 59:797-812. [PMID: 33554551 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes and critically evaluates the published approaches and recent trends in sample pre-treatment, as well as both separation and non-separation techniques used for the determination of uric acid (UA) in saliva. UA is the final product of purine nucleotide catabolism in humans. UA concentrations in biological fluids such as serum, plasma, and urine represent an important biomarker of diseases including gout, hyperuricemia, or disorders associated with oxidative stress. Previous studies reported correlation between UA concentrations detected in saliva and in the blood. The interest in UA has been increasing during the past 20 years from a single publication in 2000 to 34 papers in 2019 according to MEDLINE search using term "uric acid in saliva". The evaluation of salivary UA levels can contribute to non-invasive diagnosis of many serious diseases. Increased salivary UA concentration is associated with cancer, HIV, gout, and hypertension. In contrast, low UA levels are associated with Alzheimer disease, progression of multiple sclerosis, and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vernerová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- The Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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14
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Nguyen TTH, Sodnom-Ish B, Choi SW, Jung HI, Cho J, Hwang I, Kim SM. Salivary biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 46:301-312. [PMID: 33122454 PMCID: PMC7609938 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.5.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In disease diagnostics and health surveillance, the use of saliva has potential because its collection is convenient and noninvasive. Over the past two decades, the development of salivary utilization for the early detection of cancer, especially oral cavity and oropharynx cancer has gained the interest of the researcher and clinician. Until recently, the oral cavity and oropharynx cancers are still having a five-year survival rate of 62%, one of the lowest in all major human cancers. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite the ease of accessing the oral cavity in clinical examination, most OSCC lesions are not diagnosed in the early stage, which is suggested to be the main cause of the low survival rate. Many studies have been performed and reported more than 100 potential saliva biomarkers for OSCC. However, there are still obstacles in figuring out the reliable OSCC salivary biomarkers and the clinical application of the early diagnosis protocol. The current review article discusses the emerging issues and is hoped to raise awareness of this topic in both researchers and clinicians. We also suggested the potential salivary biomarkers that are reliable, specific, and sensitive for the early detection of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Thi Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Buyanbileg Sodnom-Ish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Weon Choi
- Oral Oncology Clinic, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Oral and Maxillofacial Microvascular Reconstruction LAB, Brong Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana
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15
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Role of Serum Uric Acid as a Protective Biomarker in Patients with Different Histopathological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Case-Control Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5185423. [PMID: 33005687 PMCID: PMC7509556 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5185423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of uric acid may have a protective effect against the formation of oxygen radicals and subsequently against carcinogenicity. The present study aimed at evaluating the serum level of uric acid in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with different histopathological grades. In this descriptive-analytical, case-control study, patients with OSCC and healthy controls were selected and matched regarding age and gender. The serum samples were collected from patients (before radiotherapy and chemotherapy) and controls, and their serum uric acid levels were measured enzymatically. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. The mean serum uric acid level in OSCC patients (4.2 ± 1.5 mg/dL) and healthy controls (4.38 ± 1.22 mg/dL) was not significantly different (P = 0.377). No significant association was noted between the histopathological grade of OSCC and mean serum uric acid (P = 0.781). The serum uric acid level had a direct significant correlation with age in OSCC patients (P < 0.001). The results of this study did not support the role of uric acid as a protective biomarker in OSCC. Further prospective studies are recommended to better elucidate the role of uric acid in the etiology of OSCC.
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Abstract
Oral cancer, a universal malady, has become a stumbling block over the years due to its significant morbidity and mortality rates. The greater morbidity associated with this deadly disease is attributed to delay in its diagnosis / its presentation in advanced stage. Being multifactorial, Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the outcome of genetic and epigenetic instability. However, in many instances, oral cancer is preceded by precursor lesions named as oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), the early detection of which makes it beneficial for patients with the possible increase in the productive longevity. Many diagnostic tools / aids have been explored with the aim of early detection of oral precancer and cancer. The basic chair-side procedures or relatively advanced aids come with a set of limitations along with subjectivity as one of the setbacks. The advent and exploitation of molecular techniques in the field of health diagnostics, is demanding the molecular typing of the OPMDs and also of oral cancer. The saga of various diagnostic aids for OSCC has witnessed the so-called latest trends such as lab-on-chip, microfluidics, nano diagnostics, liquid biopsy, omics technology and synthetic biology in early detection of oral precancer and cancer. Oral cancer being multifactorial in origin with the chief participation of altered genetics and epigenetics would demand high-end diagnostics for designing personalized therapy. Hence, the present paper highlights the role of various advanced diagnostic aids including 'omics' technology and synthetic biology in oral precancer and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, M. S. Ramaiah Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hytham N Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Alhazmi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Habib Awan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095, United States.
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17
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Piechocka J, Wrońska M, Głowacki R. Chromatographic strategies for the determination of aminothiols in human saliva. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Assad DX, Mascarenhas ECP, de Lima CL, de Toledo IP, Chardin H, Combes A, Acevedo AC, Guerra ENS. Salivary metabolites to detect patients with cancer: a systematic review. Int J Clin Oncol 2020; 25:1016-1036. [PMID: 32221803 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-020-01660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel adjunctive screening aids are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality related to cancer, and every effort should be made for early diagnosis. This systematic review aimed to evaluate salivary metabolites and their diagnostic value in patients with cancer.The systematic review was performed in two phases and included studies that focused on the diagnostic value of salivary metabolites in humans with solid malignant neoplasms. Five electronic databases were searched, and the risk of bias in individual studies was evaluated using the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies criteria (QUADAS-2). All procedures were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.Of the 1151 studies retrieved, 25 were included; 13 studies used targeted and 12 untargeted metabolomics approaches. Most studies included patients with breast and oral cancer. Except for one, all studies had case-control designs, and none fulfilled all quality assessments. Overall, 140 salivary metabolites were described. The most frequently reported metabolites were alanine, valine, and leucine. Among the 11 studies that reported diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) values, proline, threonine, and histidine in combination and monoacylglycerol alone demonstrated the highest DTA for breast cancer. Combined choline, betaine, pipecolinic acid, and L-carnitine showed better discriminatory performance for early oral cancer.This systematic review highlights the current evidence on salivary metabolites that may be used as a future strategy to diagnose cancer. Further studies including larger sample sizes with confirmation of the results by untargeted analysis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Xavier Assad
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, SGAS 613 Conj. E Bl. B, Brasília, DF, 70200-730, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cançado Porto Mascarenhas
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.,Medical Oncology Department, Cettro-Centro de Câncer de Brasília, SMH/N Quadra 02, 12° Andar, Brasilia, DF, 70710-904, Brazil
| | - Caroline Lourenço de Lima
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Porto de Toledo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Hélène Chardin
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), ESPCI Paris, UMR CBI 8231, PSL Research University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France.,Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Paris, 1 rue M. Arnoux, 92120, Montrouge, France
| | - Audrey Combes
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), ESPCI Paris, UMR CBI 8231, PSL Research University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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19
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Babiuch K, Bednarczyk A, Gawlik K, Pawlica-Gosiewska D, Kęsek B, Darczuk D, Stępień P, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Kaczmarzyk T. Evaluation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia: a pilot study. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:408-418. [PMID: 30857448 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1578409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate total antioxidant capacity as well as levels of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and oxidative stress markers in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL). Material and methods: Twenty patients with OSCC, 20 patients with OL and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled into this prospective study. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as levels of total glutathione (tGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG ratio, uric acid (UA), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in saliva using appropriate biochemical methods. Results: The activity of SOD was significantly higher in OSCC group in comparison with OL and control groups. The levels of GSH were markedly lower in OSCC and OL patients as compared to the control group. Likewise, we found that GSH/GSSG ratio was markedly lower in the OSCC and OL groups. Levels of some biomarkers were influenced by clinical staging of OSCC and OL as well as by sociodemographic factors. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that salivary activity of SOD is higher in OSCC patients, whereas levels of GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio are lower in saliva of patients with OSCC and OL. Clinical staging of OSCC and OL, as well as some sociodemographic factors may also influence salivary antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Babiuch
- Chair of Periodontology and Clinical Pathology of the Oral Cavity, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Bednarczyk
- Department of Oral Surgery, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawlik
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Pawlica-Gosiewska
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Kęsek
- Chair of Periodontology and Clinical Pathology of the Oral Cavity, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dagmara Darczuk
- Chair of Periodontology and Clinical Pathology of the Oral Cavity, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patryk Stępień
- Department of Oral Surgery, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Chair of Periodontology and Clinical Pathology of the Oral Cavity, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kaczmarzyk
- Chair of Periodontology and Clinical Pathology of the Oral Cavity, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Surgery, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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20
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Huang Y, Liu Q, Wang Y, He N, Zhao R, Choo J, Chen L. Gold nanorods functionalized by a glutathione response near-infrared fluorescent probe as a promising nanoplatform for fluorescence imaging guided precision therapy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12220-12229. [PMID: 31204757 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Theranostics nanoplatforms offer opportunities for imaging-guided precision therapy and hold great potential for clinical applications. In most reported works, the imaging unit has a lack of site selectivity, and is always kept in the "on" modality regardless of whether it is in normal tissues or tumor sites, increasing the risk of unsafe treatment. Herein, we designed a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence-guided theranostics nanoplatform by integrating the functions of tumor-response and photodynamic therapy (PDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT). A novel NIR fluorescent dye, CyPT, with excellent optical and PDT/PTT properties, was synthesized and linked onto the gold nanorods (AuNRs) to form CyPT-AuNRs nanohybrids via a sulfur-sulfur bond that can be broken by glutathione (GSH) with high selectivity and sensitivity. In normal cells where the concentration of GSH is low, the fluorescence of CyPT is quenched by the AuNRs. By contrast, the high level of GSH in tumor cells leads to the breaking of the sulfur-sulfur bond, resulting in the release of CyPT and the accomplishment of a "off-on" fluorescence response. Followed by precise NIR tumor-imaging diagnosis, the PDT and PTT treatment which rely on the released CyPT and AuNRs, respectively, can be effectively performed. The CyPT-AuNRs nanoplatform has been successfully applied to the treatment of tumor xenograft models and no distinct damage has been observed in the nearby normal tissues. This versatile nanoplatform has potential for use in targeted tumor imaging and precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Qingluan Liu
- The Third Division of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Na He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Rongfang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China and Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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21
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Nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots prepared from polyethylenimine for fluorometric determination of salivary uric acid. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:166. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Khan RS, Najeeb S, Slowey PD, Rehman IU. Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Detection. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 86:23-70. [PMID: 30144841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancers are the sixth most frequent cancer with a high mortality rate. Oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of all oral cancers. Standard methods used to detect oral cancers remain comprehensive clinical examination, expensive biochemical investigations, and invasive biopsy. The identification of biomarkers from biological fluids (blood, urine, saliva) has the potential of early diagnosis. The use of saliva for early cancer detection in the search for new clinical markers is a promising approach because of its noninvasive sampling and easy collection methods. Human whole-mouth saliva contains proteins, peptides, electrolytes, organic, and inorganic salts secreted by salivary glands and complimentary contributions from gingival crevicular fluids and mucosal transudates. This diagnostic modality in the field of molecular biology has led to the discovery and potential of salivary biomarkers for the detection of oral cancers. Biomarkers are the molecular signatures and indicators of normal biological, pathological process, and pharmacological response to treatment hence may provide useful information for detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of the disease. Saliva's direct contact with oral cancer lesions makes it more specific and potentially sensitive screening tool, whereas more than 100 salivary biomarkers (DNA, RNA, mRNA, protein markers) have already been identified, including cytokines (IL-8, IL-1b, TNF-α), defensin-1, P53, Cyfra 21-1, tissue polypeptide-specific antigen, dual specificity phosphatase, spermidine/spermineN1-acetyltransferase , profilin, cofilin-1, transferrin, and many more. However, further research is still required for the reliability and validation of salivary biomarkers for clinical applications. This chapter provides the latest up-to-date list of known and emerging potential salivary biomarkers for early diagnosis of oral premalignant and cancerous lesions and monitoring of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad S Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia S Khan
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul D Slowey
- Oasis Diagnostics Corporation, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - Ihtesham U Rehman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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23
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Ngamchuea K, Chaisiwamongkhol K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Chemical analysis in saliva and the search for salivary biomarkers – a tutorial review. Analyst 2018; 143:81-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A review of the uses of saliva biomarkers, detection methods and requirements for new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Korbua Chaisiwamongkhol
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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Wang L, Qu G, Gao Y, Su L, Ye Q, Jiang F, Zhao B, Miao J. A small molecule targeting glutathione activates Nrf2 and inhibits cancer cell growth through promoting Keap-1 S-glutathionylation and inducing apoptosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:792-804. [PMID: 35538996 PMCID: PMC9076930 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11935f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of glutathione (GSH) is increased in many cancer cells. Consuming intracellular GSH by chemical small molecules that specifically target GSH is a new strategy to treat cancer. Recently, we synthesized and proved that a new compound 2-(7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (PBQC) could target to and consume intracellular GSH specifically, but, it is not clear if PBQC can affect cancer cell growth and the activity of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which is a key factor involved in regulation of cancer cell growth. In this study, we addressed these questions. We found that PBQC suppressed cancer cell growth through increasing the activity of Nrf2, while it did not inhibit normal vascular endothelial cell growth. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PBQC can cause Keap-1 protein S-glutathionylation and promote Nrf2 nuclear translocation as well as the expression of pro-apoptosis genes. As a result, the cancer cells underwent apoptosis. Here, we provide a new Nrf2 activator, PBQC that can promote the expressions of pro-apoptosis genes downstream Nrf2. The data suggest that PBQC is a potential lead-compound for development of new anti-cancer drugs. The level of glutathione (GSH) is increased in many cancer cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- LiHong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - GuoJing Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - YuanDi Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Le Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Qing Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- Chinese Ministry of Health
- Qilu Hospital
- Shandong University
| | - Fan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- Chinese Ministry of Health
- Qilu Hospital
- Shandong University
| | - BaoXiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - JunYing Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
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Sannam Khan R, Khurshid Z, Akhbar S, Faraz Moin S. Advances of Salivary Proteomics in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) Detection: An Update. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4040041. [PMID: 28248250 PMCID: PMC5260973 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer refers to malignancies that have higher morbidity and mortality rates due to the late stage diagnosis and no early detection of a reliable diagnostic marker, while oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is amongst the world’s top ten most common cancers. Diagnosis of cancer requires highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools which can support untraceable hidden sites of OSCC, yet to be unleashed, for which plenty of biomarkers are identified; the most recommended biomarker detection medium for OSCC includes biological fluids, such as blood and saliva. Saliva holds a promising future in the search for new clinical biomarkers that are easily accessible, less complex, accurate, and cost effective as well as being a non-invasive technique to follow, by analysing the malignant cells’ molecular pathology obtained from saliva through proteomic, genomic and transcriptomic approaches. However, protein biomarkers provide an immense potential for developing novel marker-based assays for oral cancer, hence this current review offers an overall focus on the discovery of a panel of candidates as salivary protein biomarkers, as well as the proteomic tools used for their identification and their significance in early oral cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Sannam Khan
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Baqai University, Super Highway, P.O. Box: 2407, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shazia Akhbar
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Heath Sciences (DUHS), Baba-E-Urdu Road, Karachi 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Faraz Moin
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Martin Carreras-Presas C, Aro K, Tu M, Garcia-Godoy F, Wong DT. Saliva diagnostics - Current views and directions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:459-472. [PMID: 27903834 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216681550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide an update on the current and future applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes. There are many advantages of using saliva as a biofluid. Its collection is fast, easy, inexpensive, and non-invasive. In addition, saliva, as a "mirror of the body," can reflect the physiological and pathological state of the body. Therefore, it serves as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in many fields of science such as medicine, dentistry, and pharmacotherapy. Introduced in 2008, the term "Salivaomics" aimed to highlight the rapid development of knowledge about various "omics" constituents of saliva, including: proteome, transcriptome, micro-RNA, metabolome, and microbiome. In the last few years, researchers have developed new technologies and validated a wide range of salivary biomarkers that will soon make the use of saliva a clinical reality. However, a great need still exists for convenient and accurate point-of-care devices that can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. In addition, there is an urgent need to decipher the scientific rationale and mechanisms that convey systemic diseases to saliva. Another promising technology called liquid biopsy enables detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and fragments of tumor DNA in saliva, thus enabling non-invasive early detection of various cancers. The newly developed technology-electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM) provides near perfect detection of actionable mutations in lung cancer patients. These recent advances widened the salivary diagnostic approach from the oral cavity to the whole physiological system, and thus point towards a promising future of salivary diagnostics for personalized individual medicine applications including clinical decisions and post-treatment outcome predictions. Impact statement The purpose of this mini-review is to make an update about the present and future applications of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid in many fields of science such as dentistry, medicine and pharmacotherapy. Using saliva as a fluid for diagnostic purposes would be a huge breakthrough for both patients and healthcare providers since saliva collection is easy, non-invasive and inexpensive. We will go through the current main diagnostic applications of saliva, and provide a highlight on the emerging, newly developing technologies and tools for cancer screening, detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katri Aro
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Tu
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Franklin Garcia-Godoy
- 3 College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Bioscience Research Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David Tw Wong
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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27
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Shin JM, Kamarajan P, Fenno JC, Rickard AH, Kapila YL. Metabolomics of Head and Neck Cancer: A Mini-Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:526. [PMID: 27877135 PMCID: PMC5099236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is used in systems biology to enhance the understanding of complex disease processes, such as cancer. Head and neck cancer (HNC) is an epithelial malignancy that arises in the upper aerodigestive tract and affects more than half a million people worldwide each year. Recently, significant effort has focused on integrating multiple “omics” technologies for oncological research. In particular, research has been focused on identifying tumor-specific metabolite profiles using different sample types (biological fluids, cells and tissues) and a variety of metabolomic platforms and technologies. With our current understanding of molecular abnormalities of HNC, the addition of metabolomic studies will enhance our knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease and potentially aid in the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat HNC. In this review, we summarize the proposed hypotheses and conclusions from publications that reported findings on the metabolomics of HNC. In addition, we address the potential influence of host-microbe metabolomics in cancer. From a systems biology perspective, the integrative use of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics will be extremely important for future translational metabolomic-based research discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae M Shin
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander H Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
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Wesołowski P, Zawada K, Wojtowicz A, Strużycka I, Kamiński T. Assessment of salivary total antioxidant capacity in patients with primary untreated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with ORAC. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45:753-757. [PMID: 26876359 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative DNA damage leads to abnormalities in endogenous cellular processes and constitutes a direct link between free radicals, antioxidants and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method is used to measure antioxidant capacity versus oxygen free radicals. There is no report on the application of ORAC to evaluate salivary antioxidant capacity in patients with head and neck SCC. This study investigated the relation between total antioxidant capacity of saliva, measured with ORAC method, and the incidence, location, size and histopathological grading of SCC. METHODS Salivary antioxidant capacity was assessed in 30 male and female patients with histopathologically confirmed oral and laryngeal SCC. Histopathological grading of SCC was based on WHO classification. RESULTS Mean ORAC in patients with SCC was higher than the mean value in the control group. Statistically significant difference was observed in the study group versus the control group. No significant differences were observed for ORAC values in relation to histopathological grading, tumour size and spread to lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results can advocate local compensatory mechanism in saliva in response to increased oxidative stress associated with primary tumour. ORAC can become an additional factor in head and neck SCC prognosis, but further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wesołowski
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Zawada
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojtowicz
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Strużycka
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kamiński
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Petrušić N, Posavac M, Sabol I, Mravak-Stipetić M. The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Salivation. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 49:309-15. [PMID: 27688415 DOI: 10.15644/asc49/4/6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to examine the detrimental effect of smoking on the function of the salivary glands. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted on 60 patients who were divided into two groups: a test group which included smokers and control group represented by non-smokers. Each group included 30 patients. General information was collected from all the respondents via a questionnaire as well as the data on the duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Saliva was collected by spitting method in a graduated tube and the amount of unstimulated and stimulated saliva was measured and recorded in ml per minute. Stimulated saliva was collected immediately after rinsing the mouth with a 2% aqueous solution of citric acid which is carried salivary stimulation. The presence of pigmentation on the teeth and coated tongue were recorded during clinical examination. The degree of oral hygiene was determined by plaque index. All the obtained data were statistically analyzed with significance level p <0.05. RESULTS The results showed no significant differences in the amount of saliva between smokers and non-smokers, however, the amount of saliva decreases significantly with the duration of smoking and increasing age of smokers. Also proven was the difference in the quality of saliva: smokers have thick saliva and nonsmokers predominantly serous. In addition, smokers have poorer oral hygiene status than non-smokers, and demonstrated a positive correlation between the level of oral hygiene and length of smoking tobacco. CONCLUSION This study has proven that smoking adversely affects salivation: long-term smoking reduces the secretion of saliva and changes its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Petrušić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Posavac
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinka Mravak-Stipetić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Metgud R, Bajaj S. Evaluation of salivary and serum lipid peroxidation, and glutathione in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Sci 2016; 56:135-42. [PMID: 24930750 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the pathogenesis of malignancy. Overall, lipid peroxidation levels are indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the most frequently used biomarker to detect oxidative changes. Antioxidant defense systems such as glutathione (GSH) limit cell injury induced by ROS. Therefore, MDA and GSH can be used to monitor oxidative stress (OS). Hence, this study aimed to evaluate and compare both salivary and serum levels of MDA and GSH in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and healthy controls. The study included 100 subjects comprising 30 apparently healthy controls, 30 patients with oral leukoplakia and 40 clinically and histologically diagnosed patients with OSCC. Saliva and blood samples were obtained and evaluated for MDA and GSH. The study revealed enhanced MDA levels in saliva and serum in oral leukoplakia and OSCC patients as compared to controls. On the other hand, significant decreases were seen in serum and salivary GSH levels in oral leukoplakia and OSCC patients as compared to controls. Augmentation of OS in blood and saliva is reflected by increase in MDA and decrease in GSH levels, indicating that tumor processes cause an imbalance of oxidant-antioxidant status in cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Metgud
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, PAHER University
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31
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Prasad S, Tyagi AK, Aggarwal BB. Detection of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva and urine: Potential in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment for chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:783-99. [PMID: 27013544 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216638770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of inflammatory cells to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, irritants, or damaged cells. This inflammation has been linked to several chronic diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Major biomarkers of inflammation include tumor necrosis factor, interleukins (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, chemokines, cyclooxygenase, 5-lipooxygenase, and C-reactive protein, all of which are regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Although examining inflammatory biomarkers in blood is a standard practice, its identification in saliva and/or urine is more convenient and non-invasive. In this review, we aim to (1) discuss the detection of these inflammatory biomarkers in urine and saliva; (2) advantages of using salivary and urinary inflammatory biomarkers over blood, while also weighing on the challenges and/or limitations of their use; (3) examine their role(s) in connection with diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and drug development for several chronic diseases with inflammatory consequences, including cancer; and (4) explore the use of innovative salivary and urine based biosensor strategies that may permit the testing of biomarkers quickly, reliably, and cost-effectively, in a decentralized setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Amit K Tyagi
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Salivary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, vitamin C, and vitamin E in oral pre-cancer and cancer: diagnostic value and free radical mechanism of action. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:315-9. [PMID: 26077895 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to analyze oxidative DNA and lipid damage using salivary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and vitamins C and E in oral lichen planus lesions, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and controls and to determine the value of salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis of oral pre-cancer and cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unstimulated saliva was collected from a group of patients diagnosed with 40 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 40 oral lichen planus lesions, 40 oral leukoplakia, 40 oral submucous fibrosis, and from a control group of healthy age- and gender-matched individuals. Salivary 8-OHdG, MDA, and vitamins C and E were measured. RESULTS Squamous cell carcinoma and pre-cancer patients showed significantly higher levels of salivary 8-OHdG and MDA and lower levels of vitamins C and E when compared to levels in healthy normal subjects. The specificity and sensitivity of the combination of 8-OHdG, MDA, vitamin C, and vitamin E are high for the diagnosis of oral pre-cancer and SCC compared to an individual biomarker approach using either 8-OHdG, MDA, or vitamin C and vitamin E independently. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates the presence of oxidative DNA and lipid damage in pre-cancerous and SCC patients. It is postulated that the mechanism may have a significant link to carcinogenesis in oral cancer. Detection of salivary 8-OHdG, MDA, vitamin C, and vitamin E can act as suitable diagnostic biomarkers of oral pre-cancer and cancer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Of clinical importance is that salivary 8-OHdG, MDA, vitamin C, and vitamin E could play a significant role in oral cancer and pre-cancer patients and could therefore be useful for diagnosis in patients with oral lichen planus lesions, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Fahrenholz T, Wolle MM, Kingston HM“S, Faber S, Kern JC, Pamuku M, Miller L, Chatragadda H, Kogelnik A. Molecular Speciated Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometric Methods for Accurate, Reproducible and Direct Quantification of Reduced, Oxidized and Total Glutathione in Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1232-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503933t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Fahrenholz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Mesay Mulugeta Wolle
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - H. M. “Skip” Kingston
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Scott Faber
- Department
of Medicine, The Children’s Institute, 1405 Shady Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, United States
| | - John C. Kern
- Department
of Mathematics and Computer Science, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Matt Pamuku
- Applied Isotope Technologies, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 280, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Logan Miller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Hemasudha Chatragadda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Andreas Kogelnik
- Open Medicine Institute, 2500
Hospital Drive, Building 2, Mountain View, California 94040, United States
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Li M, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Jin X. Altered glutamate cysteine ligase expression and activity in renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:831-834. [PMID: 25279154 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the progression of mutations and cancer. Increased glutathione (GSH) contents have been observed in a number of different human cancer tissues. GSH is synthesized de novo in a two-step process catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). The present study aimed to investigate whether GCL was associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The protein expression levels of the GCL subunits (catalytic subunit, GCLc; and modulatory subunit, GCLm) and GCL activity were examined in renal cancer tissue. A total of 46 patients fulfilling the RCC criteria of the World Health Organization, revised in 2004, were enrolled. The tumor and adjacent tissues were sampled from all the subjects by surgery. The study demonstrated that GCLc and GCLm protein expression and the GCL activity were significantly increased in the tumor tissue from RCC patients. These results indicate that increased expression and enzymatic activity of GCL is closely associated with RCC and thus, this suggests an important role for GSH in the pathogenesis of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monong Li
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Zongliang Zhang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Jiangshui Yuan
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yanlun Zhang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xunbo Jin
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Singh H, Shetty P, S V S, Patidar M. Analysis of salivary antioxidant levels in different clinical staging and histological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma: noninvasive technique in dentistry. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC08-11. [PMID: 25302257 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9119.4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate and Compare of salivary antioxidant level {Uric acid (UA), Glutathione S Transferase (GST) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)} between healthy control and study group (oral squamous cell carcinoma patients).Further comparison of sub division of study group on the basis of clinical staging and histological grading. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consists of 50 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 50 healthy patients. These parameters were estimated by spectrophotometer. The biochemical values of this study were subjected to statistical analysis i.e. Independent t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test. RESULT UA suggested statistically significant changes in saliva of clinical staging and histological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients. Salivary SOD level between well to poorly differentiated SCC showed a progressive increase although it is not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Salivary analysis of antioxidant is simple, non-invasive technique which may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspal Singh
- Senior Resident, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Pushparaja Shetty
- Professor, Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences , Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreelatha S V
- Reader, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences , Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madvikha Patidar
- Senior lecturer, Babu Banarasi Das college of Dental Sciences , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Cheng YSL, Rees T, Wright J. A review of research on salivary biomarkers for oral cancer detection. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:3. [PMID: 24564868 PMCID: PMC3945802 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using saliva for disease diagnostics and health surveillance is a promising approach as collecting saliva is relatively easy and non-invasive. Over the past two decades, using salivary biomarkers specifically for early cancer detection has attracted much research interest, especially for cancers occurring in the oral cavity and oropharynx, for which the five-year survival rate (62%) is still one of the lowest among all major human cancers. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the standard method for detection is through a comprehensive clinical examination by oral healthcare professionals. Despite the fact that the oral cavity is easily accessible, most OSCCs are not diagnosed until an advanced stage, which is believed to be the major reason for the low survival rate, and points to the urgent need for clinical diagnostic aids for early detection of OSCC. Thus, much research effort has been dedicated to investigating potential salivary biomarkers for OSCC, and more than 100 such biomarkers have been reported in the literature. However, some important issues and challenges have emerged that require solutions and further research in order to find reliable OSCC salivary biomarkers for clinical use. This review article provides an up-to-date list of potential OSCC salivary biomarkers reported as of the fall of 2013, and discusses those emerging issues. By raising the awareness of these issues on the part of both researchers and clinicians, it is hoped that reliable, specific and sensitive salivary biomarkers may be found soon-and not only biomarkers for early OSCC detection but also for detecting other types of cancers or even for monitoring non-cancerous disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shing Lisa Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M University-Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave,, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Chianeh YR, Prabhu K. Biochemical markers in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lotfi Zadeh Zhad HR, Lai RY. A Hg(ii)-mediated “signal-on” electrochemical glutathione sensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8385-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Serum Glutathione Levels in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma- A Clinicopathological Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.12691/ajcp-1-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Potential biomarkers in saliva for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:226-31. [PMID: 20138569 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable early diagnostic markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unavailable. Early identification of recurrence for OSCC is also a challenge. Unlike the other deep cancers, OSCC is located in oral cavity. The DNA, RNA, and protein derived from the living cancer cells and inflammatory cells then can be conveniently obtained from saliva. High-throughput genomic and proteomic approaches have been carried out to identify the potential biomarkers in body fluids such as saliva and blood for diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC. This article reviewed the recently identified biomarkers from saliva for OSCC. In addition, the biomarkers which have been correlated with OSCC tumor malignancy by molecular pathology analysis are also described. Finally, the potential biomarkers that have been demonstrated to associate with the malignant OSCC may be used for salivary screening for high-risk patients are suggested. This article may help to identify the potential biomarkers for screening and the molecular pathology analysis for high-risk patients of OSCC. Effective screening to identify high-risk patients can allow the clinician to provide the appropriate treatment without delay and to reduce the recurrence of OSCC.
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Nagler RM. Saliva as a tool for oral cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:1006-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 16:175-82. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e3282fd9415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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