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Neroeva N, Neroev V, Chesnokova N, Katargina L, Pavlenko T, Beznos O, Ilyukhin P, Utkina O, Lagarkova M, Laktionov P, Bogomazova A, Kharitonov A. Changes of a2-macroglobulin activity and endothelin-1 concentration in tears of rabbits after transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium cells derived from the induced pluripotent stem cells. BIOMEDITSINSKAYA KHIMIYA 2022; 68:352-360. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226805352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal diseases accompanied with the dysfunction or death of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are widespread, hard to treat, and appear to be a leading case of visual loss and blindness among the persons older than 55 years. Transplantation of RPE cells derived from the induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC-RPE) is a promising method of therapy for these diseases. To ensure the transplant survival instant follow-up is required. It can be based on biochemical analyses of tear fluid that can be easily non-invasively collected. For the post-transplantation process monitoring we have choosen such polyfunctional bioregulators as α2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). RPE atrophy in New Zealand Albino rabbits was modeled via the subretinal injection of bevacizumab. IPSC-RPE in suspension or as a monolayer on the scaffold were transplanted subretinally 1 month after the injection. α2-MG activity and ET-1 concentration in tears were estimated during the first month and after 2, 3 and 7 months after transplantation. On the 7-14 days after transplantation α2-MG activity increased in tears of the both operated and controlateral eye probably as a reaction on the corticosteroid therapy. In 50% rabbits there was one more increase after 2-3 months that could be due to the immune inflammation. Concentration of ET-1 in tears decreased dramatically on the 7-14 days and 7 months after transplantation, and it could have an influence upon the retinal vassal tone. The data obtained show that estimation of bioregulators in tears can help monitoring local metabolic processes after RPE transplantation that is necessary for the opportune, reasonable and focused medicamental correction of post-transplantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.V. Neroeva
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.V. Neroev
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - N.B. Chesnokova
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - L.A. Katargina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - T.A. Pavlenko
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - O.V. Beznos
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - P.A. Ilyukhin
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - O.A. Utkina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - M.A. Lagarkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - P.P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.N. Bogomazova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.E. Kharitonov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Panwar A, Das P, Tan LP. 3D Hepatic Organoid-Based Advancements in LIVER Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:185. [PMID: 34821751 PMCID: PMC8615121 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-associated diseases and tissue engineering approaches based on in vitro culture of functional Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) had been restricted by the rapid de-differentiation in 2D culture conditions which restricted their usability. It was proven that cells growing in 3D format can better mimic the in vivo microenvironment, and thus help in maintaining metabolic activity, phenotypic properties, and longevity of the in vitro cultures. Again, the culture method and type of cell population are also recognized as important parameters for functional maintenance of primary hepatocytes. Hepatic organoids formed by self-assembly of hepatic cells are microtissues, and were able to show long-term in vitro maintenance of hepato-specific characteristics. Thus, hepatic organoids were recognized as an effective tool for screening potential cures and modeling liver diseases effectively. The current review summarizes the importance of 3D hepatic organoid culture over other conventional 2D and 3D culture models and its applicability in Liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Panwar
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh 225003, India
| | - Prativa Das
- The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA;
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Sufleţel RT, Melincovici CS, Gheban BA, Toader Z, Mihu CM. Hepatic stellate cells - from past till present: morphology, human markers, human cell lines, behavior in normal and liver pathology. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:615-642. [PMID: 33817704 PMCID: PMC8112759 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.3.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC), initially analyzed by von Kupffer, in 1876, revealed to be an extraordinary mesenchymal cell, essential for both hepatocellular function and lesions, being the hallmark of hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. Apart from their implications in hepatic injury, HSCs play a vital role in liver development and regeneration, xenobiotic response, intermediate metabolism, and regulation of immune response. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding HSCs morphology, human HSCs markers and human HSC cell lines. We also summarize the latest findings concerning their roles in normal and liver pathology, focusing on their impact in fibrogenesis, chronic viral hepatitis and liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Teodora Sufleţel
- Discipline of Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Trusca VG, Fuior EV, Fenyo IM, Kardassis D, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV. Differential action of glucocorticoids on apolipoprotein E gene expression in macrophages and hepatocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174078. [PMID: 28355284 PMCID: PMC5371326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has anti-atherosclerotic properties, being involved in the transport and clearance of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins as well as in cholesterol efflux from cells. We hypothesized that glucocorticoids may exert anti-inflammatory properties by increasing the level of macrophage-derived apoE. Our data showed that glucocorticoids increased apoE expression in macrophages in vitro as well as in vivo. Dexamethasone increased ~6 fold apoE mRNA levels in cultured peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Administered to C57BL/6J mice, dexamethasone induced a two-fold increase in apoE expression in peritoneal macrophages. By contrast, glucocorticoids did not influence apoE expression in hepatocytes, in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, dexamethasone enhanced apoE promoter transcriptional activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but not in HepG2 cells, as tested by transient transfections. Analysis of apoE proximal promoter deletion mutants, complemented by protein-DNA interaction assays demonstrated the functionality of a putative glucocorticoid receptors (GR) binding site predicted by in silico analysis in the -111/-104 region of the human apoE promoter. In hepatocytes, GR can bind to their specific site within apoE promoter but are not able to modulate the gene expression. The modulatory blockade in hepatocytes is a consequence of partial involvement of transcription factors and other signaling molecules activated through MEK1/2 and PLA2/PLC pathways. In conclusion, our study indicates that glucocorticoids (1) differentially target apoE gene expression; (2) induce a significant increase in apoE level specifically in macrophages. The local increase of apoE gene expression in macrophages at the level of the atheromatous plaque may have therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Georgeta Trusca
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Valeria Fuior
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Madalina Fenyo
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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The stellate cell system (vitamin A-storing cell system). Anat Sci Int 2017; 92:387-455. [PMID: 28299597 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-017-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Past, present, and future research into hepatic stellate cells (HSCs, also called vitamin A-storing cells, lipocytes, interstitial cells, fat-storing cells, or Ito cells) are summarized and discussed in this review. Kupffer discovered black-stained cells in the liver using the gold chloride method and named them stellate cells (Sternzellen in German) in 1876. Wake rediscovered the cells in 1971 using the same gold chloride method and various modern histological techniques including electron microscopy. Between their discovery and rediscovery, HSCs disappeared from the research history. Their identification, the establishment of cell isolation and culture methods, and the development of cellular and molecular biological techniques promoted HSC research after their rediscovery. In mammals, HSCs exist in the space between liver parenchymal cells (PCs) or hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) of the hepatic lobule, and store 50-80% of all vitamin A in the body as retinyl ester in lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. SCs also exist in extrahepatic organs such as pancreas, lung, and kidney. Hepatic (HSCs) and extrahepatic stellate cells (EHSCs) form the stellate cell (SC) system or SC family; the main storage site of vitamin A in the body is HSCs in the liver. In pathological conditions such as liver fibrosis, HSCs lose vitamin A, and synthesize a large amount of extracellular matrix (ECM) components including collagen, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycan, and adhesive glycoproteins. The morphology of these cells also changes from the star-shaped HSCs to that of fibroblasts or myofibroblasts.
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Bartosch B. Piecing together the key players of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: what roles do non-hepatic liver resident cell types play? Gut 2015; 64:862-3. [PMID: 25200745 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birke Bartosch
- Inserm U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), Lyon, France
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Kerachian MA, Cournoyer D, Harvey EJ, Chow TY, Bégin LR, Nahal A, Séguin C. New insights into the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced avascular necrosis: microarray analysis of gene expression in a rat model. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R124. [PMID: 20579363 PMCID: PMC2911918 DOI: 10.1186/ar3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) occurs variably after exposure to corticosteroids. Microvascular thrombosis is a common pathological finding. Since systemic thrombophilia is only weakly linked with ANFH, we propose that microvascular vessel pathology may be more related to local endothelial dysfunction and femoral head apoptosis. Corticosteroid effects on the endothelium and resultant apoptosis have been reported. We hypothesize that corticosteroids contribute to a differential gene expression in the femoral head in rats with early ANFH. Methods Besides bone marrow necrosis, which is a common sign in ANFH and reported in the early stages, we include the presence of apoptosis in this study as a criterion for diagnosing early disease. Forty Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomized to either a corticosteroid-treated group or an age-matched control group for six months. After sacrifice, the femoral heads were examined for ANFH. Total mRNA was extracted from femoral heads. Affymetrix exon array (Santa Clara, CA, USA) was performed on 15 selected RNA samples. Validation methods included RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Although rat exon array demonstrated a significant upregulation of 51 genes (corticosteroid(+)/ANFH(+) VS control), alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) gene was particularly over-expressed. Results were validated by RT-PCR and IHC. Importantly, A2M is known to share vascular, osteogenic and cartilage functions relevant for ANFH. Conclusions The findings suggest that corticosteroid-induced ANFH in rats might be mediated by A2M. Investigation of A2M as a potential marker, and a treatment target, for early ANFH should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Kerachian
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
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Lee Y, Friedman SL. Fibrosis in the Liver. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 97:151-200. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385233-5.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
The hepatic stellate cell has surprised and engaged physiologists, pathologists, and hepatologists for over 130 years, yet clear evidence of its role in hepatic injury and fibrosis only emerged following the refinement of methods for its isolation and characterization. The paradigm in liver injury of activation of quiescent vitamin A-rich stellate cells into proliferative, contractile, and fibrogenic myofibroblasts has launched an era of astonishing progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of hepatic fibrosis progression and regression. But this simple paradigm has now yielded to a remarkably broad appreciation of the cell's functions not only in liver injury, but also in hepatic development, regeneration, xenobiotic responses, intermediary metabolism, and immunoregulation. Among the most exciting prospects is that stellate cells are essential for hepatic progenitor cell amplification and differentiation. Equally intriguing is the remarkable plasticity of stellate cells, not only in their variable intermediate filament phenotype, but also in their functions. Stellate cells can be viewed as the nexus in a complex sinusoidal milieu that requires tightly regulated autocrine and paracrine cross-talk, rapid responses to evolving extracellular matrix content, and exquisite responsiveness to the metabolic needs imposed by liver growth and repair. Moreover, roles vital to systemic homeostasis include their storage and mobilization of retinoids, their emerging capacity for antigen presentation and induction of tolerance, as well as their emerging relationship to bone marrow-derived cells. As interest in this cell type intensifies, more surprises and mysteries are sure to unfold that will ultimately benefit our understanding of liver physiology and the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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Nishimura T, Nakano T. Immunocytochemical localization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the liver and testis of rats injected with testosterone-BSA, hydrocortisone-BSA or corticosterone-BSA. Cell Struct Funct 2000; 25:161-9. [PMID: 10984099 DOI: 10.1247/csf.25.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Through observations of colloidal gold with silver enhancement, we have demonstrated that 2-nm colloidal gold labeled-testosterone-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate or hydrocortisone-BSA conjugate injected intravenously enters the hormone-target cell nuclei of rats (Nishimura and Ichihara, 1997; Nishimura and Nakano, 1997, 1999). To confirm immunocytochemically whether the nature of BSA in the steroid hormone-BSA conjugates (steroid-BSAs) remains intact in the hormone-target cell nuclei, testosterone-BSA, hydrocortisone-BSA or corticosterone-BSA was injected into the vascular system of rats, then the liver and testes of rats killed 2 h postinjection were reacted with FITC-conjugated anti-BSA antibody, and examined under fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In the liver of rat injected with testosterone-BSA, the fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of endothelial cells, but not in the nuclei of hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells. In the liver of rat injected with hydrocortisone-BSA, intense fluorescence was seen in the nuclei of hepatic stellate cells, but did not seem to be present in the nuclei of the other three kinds of cells. In the liver of rat injected with corticosterone-BSA, the fluorescence seemed to be in a few nuclei of hepatic stellate cells, and appeared as speckles in a few nuclei of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. In some seminiferous tubules of rat injected with testosterone-BSA, fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of spermatocytes and spermatids. These results suggest that BSA conjugated with steroid hormone can enter the hormone-target cell nuclei with its antigenicity kept intact, and that the fate of steroid-BSAs is decided at the cell membrane level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishimura
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Yazako, Japan.
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Nishimura T, Nakano T. Nuclear localization of gold labeled-hydrocortisone-bovine serum albumin conjugate injected intravenously into the hormone-target cells of rat. Cell Struct Funct 1999; 24:227-35. [PMID: 10532357 DOI: 10.1247/csf.24.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have suggested in a previous study using 2-nm colloidal gold labeled-testosterone-bovine serum albumin (testosterone-BSA-gold) that 2-nm gold labeled-steroid hormone-BSA conjugates would be a useful tool for analyzing the mechanism of steroid hormone action (39). In this study, we examined whether hydrocortisone-BSA conjugate (hydrocortisone-BSA) showed a similar distribution to radiolabeled hydrocortisone in vivo, by injecting 2-nm colloidal gold labeled-hydrocortisone-BSA (hydrocortisone-BSA-gold) into the rat tail vein. The hydrocortisone-BSA-gold with silver enhancement became visible as silver deposits under electron microscopy in the nuclei of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells but not in Kupffer cells in the liver, and in the thymocytes and thymic reticuloepithelial cells in the thymus of a rat killed 2 h postinjection. The percentage of nuclei showing deposits in the non-target cells, the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle, was similar to the value in the seminal vesicle of a control rat injected with BSA labeled with 2-nm colloidal gold as reported previously. In the hepatocytes and thymocytes of a control rat not injected, the percentages of nuclei showing deposits were similar to those in the rat injected with testosterone-BSA-gold or BSA-gold as reported previously, but lower than those in the rat injected with hydrocortisone-BSA-gold. These results suggest that hydrocortisone-BSA-gold is useful for the morphological study of hydrocortisone target cells, and imply that BSA conjugated with hydrocortisone can enter the target cell nuclei of the rat. The present study further indicates that the fate of gold labeled-steroid hormone-BSA conjugates may be decided at the cell membrane level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishimura
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi-ken, Japan.
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Finch CE, Sapolsky RM. The evolution of Alzheimer disease, the reproductive schedule, and apoE isoforms. Neurobiol Aging 1999; 20:407-28. [PMID: 10604433 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(99)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD)-like neuropathology increases progressively during aging in most primates, and, in some species, is concurrent with reproductive decline in females and cognitive impairments. We consider how the schedule of AD may have evolved in early humans in relation to the apolipoprotein E (apoE) allele system, which is not found in other primates, and to the increasing duration of postnatal care. The delay of independence and the increasing length of maturation required that the schedule of AD-like neurodegeneration be slowed, otherwise parental caregivers would already have become impaired. We hypothesize that the uniquely human apoE epsilon3 allele evolved from the epsilon4 of primate ancestors during human evolution in relation to the rapid increases of brain size and the emergence of grandmothering. In discussing theses possibilities, we review the diverse bioactivities of apoE, which include involvement in hormone systems. The evolution of menopause is also considered in relation to the protective effect of estrogen on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Finch
- Neurogerontology Division, Andrus Gerontology Center and University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0191, USA.
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Schüftan GG, Bachem MG. Alpha2-macroglobulin reduces paracrine- and autocrine-stimulated matrix synthesis of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:519-28. [PMID: 10354214 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is considered to represent a major fibrogenic mediator in the liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) might reduce paracrine- and autocrine-stimulated matrix synthesis of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by scavenging TGF-beta. METHODS AND RESULTS Using native agarose electrophoresis, we demonstrated that alpha2M binds [125I]-TGF-beta1 within minutes. Preincubation of transiently acidified supernatants of cultured Kupffer cells, secondary cultured (activated) HSC and platelet lysate with, respectively, 500 and 2000 microg mL-1 alpha2M significantly reduced the concentration of active TGF-beta1 in these media. As a consequence of TGF-beta scavenging by alpha2M, paracrine-stimulated proteoglycan synthesis of primary cultured HSCs was reduced significantly. Furthermore, addition of 200 microg mL-1 alpha2M to passaged (activated) HSCs resulted in (a) a reduction in autocrine-stimulated extracellular matrix synthesis (proteoglycan -52%, fibronectin -55%) and (b) increased cell proliferation. A similar reduction in matrix synthesis was observed after the addition of 5 micromol L-1 TGF-beta1 antisense oligonucleotide to activated HSCs. CONCLUSION We conclude that alpha2M reduces paracrine-and autocrine-stimulated extracellular matrix synthesis of cultured HSCs by scavenging TGF-beta. These mechanisms might restrict liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Schüftan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Cologne, Germany
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Tiggelman AM, Linthorst C, Boers W, Brand HS, Chamuleau RA. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced collagen synthesis by human liver myofibroblasts is inhibited by alpha2-macroglobulin. J Hepatol 1997; 26:1220-8. [PMID: 9210607 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) plays a central role in the stimulation of matrix production during liver fibrosis. The action of TGFbeta in different systems has been shown to be influenced by alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), a serum protein with strong protease-scavenging and cytokine-binding properties. AIMS In the present study, alpha2M derived from normal human plasma has been tested for its ability to modulate the TGFbeta-induced collagen production by human liver fat-storing cells (FSC), which had transformed into alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts in culture. METHODS Alpha2M has been tested after activation with methylamine (alpha2M-Me), an in vitro equivalent of protease activated alpha2M. The binding of 125I-TGFbeta1 to activated forms of alpha2M was demonstrated by rate electrophoresis. Collagen synthesis was examined in human liver myofibroblast cultures obtained from three different human livers by incorporation of 3H-proline into TCA-precipitable, specific collagenase degradable proteins. Uptake of alpha2M was studied by means of immunofluorescence. RESULTS TGFbeta (1 ng/ml) significantly stimulated collagen synthesis of controls in the absence of TGFbeta. Alpha2M-Me reduced this TGFbeta-induced collagen synthesis dose-dependently, reaching significant inhibition from 10 microg/ml alpha2M-Me onward. Upon addition of 100 microg/ml alpha2M-Me the effect of TGFbeta was reduced by 60% to 128+/-31% (mean+/-SD) of control values in the absence of TGFbeta. Human liver myofibroblasts endocytosed alpha2M-Me added to the cultures as detected by immunofluorescence. Accordingly, reduction of TGFbeta-activity by alpha2M-Me may be explained by receptor-mediated clearance of alpha2M-TGFbeta complexes by the cells. CONCLUSIONS TGFbeta-induced collagen formation by human liver myofibroblasts obtained from three different livers is reduced in vitro by activated alpha2M. From these results, we hypothesize that alpha2M may have an antifibrogenic effect in vivo by interference with TGFbeta-induced matrix synthesis during liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tiggelman
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, J van Gool Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, The Netherlands
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Armbrust T, Batusic D, Ringe B, Ramadori G. Mast cells distribution in human liver disease and experimental rat liver fibrosis. Indications for mast cell participation in development of liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 1997; 26:1042-54. [PMID: 9186835 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The development of liver fibrosis due to chronic liver diseases is thought to be mediated by inflammatory cells releasing fibrogenic mediators that activate fat-storing cells (Ito-cells). Recently, the involvement of mast cells in fibrogenesis has been suggested. We studied the distribution of these cells in normal human liver and human nonfibrotic and fibrotic liver disease as well as in normal rat liver and acutely and chronically injured rat liver (CCl4 model). METHODS Mast cells were identified by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The immunoreactivity of liver and comparatively of rat peritoneal mast cells to the serpins alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-antichymotrypsin and antithrombin III was also studied. RESULTS In normal human and rat liver, mast cells were rarely found in portal tracts, and there was no change in cell numbers in nonfibrotic human or acutely injured rat livers. In contrast, cirrhotic human and rat livers contained numerous mast cells in the portal tracts and the fibrous septa. They exhibited strong immunoreactivity to the serpins, as did rat peritoneal mast cells. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that in the late stages of liver fibrogenesis, mast cells may be involved by displaying protease inhibitory activity in the fibrotic septa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Armbrust
- Abt. Gastroenterologie & Endokrinologie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Kancha RK, Hussain MM. Up-regulation of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein by dexamethasone in HepG2 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1301:213-20. [PMID: 8664331 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(96)00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dexamethasone has been shown to decrease the expression of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, but its effect on other members of the LDL receptor family is not known. We studied the effect of dexamethasone in HepG2 cells on the expression of the LDL receptor family members using radiolabeled receptor associated protein (RAP) which binds to all the members of the family. Treatment of HepG2 cells with increasing concentrations of dexamethasone resulted in a 2-fold increase in the binding and degradation of RAP. To identify the receptor responsible for the increased binding and degradation of RAP, we used specific ligands. For LDL receptor, we used LDL itself. For the LDL receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, we used activated alpha 2-macroglobulin. The binding of LDL to HepG2 cells was decreased, whereas binding and degradation of activated alpha 2-macroglobulin was increased by 2-fold suggesting that dexamethasone increased LRP expression. Increased LRP expression was positively correlated with the increase in the steady-state levels and transcript numbers of the LRP mRNA; no changes in RAP or gamma-actin mRNA levels were observed. Increased mRNA levels were not due to an increased rate of transcription of the gene as assessed by nuclear run-on experiments. These studies indicate that dexamethasone increases cell-surface LRP activity in HepG2 cells by increasing the steady state mRNA levels and suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms play a role in controlling LRP mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Kancha
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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17
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Leininger-Muller B, Siest G. The rat, a useful animal model for pharmacological studies on apolipoprotein E. Life Sci 1996; 58:455-67. [PMID: 8569418 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a major protein component of lipoproteins and plays an important role in cholesterol transport. The structure of the gene and the polymorphism of apolipoprotein E have been studied in human and rat, which show similar structures of apolipoprotein E. The wide tissue distribution of this apolipoprotein suggests diverse functions like cholesterol distribution between cells, intracellular cholesterol trafficking and tissue reparation. Nevertheless, the presence of apolipoprotein E in atherosclerotic plaques and amyloid deposits in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients also indicate pathologic functions staying misunderstood. The aim of this paper is to review the present knowledge on the distribution of apolipoprotein E between the different organs with the related functions and to make an overview of the implications of this apolipoprotein is physiological events and pathological states in the rat. The rat is widely used for drug metabolism studies. Its serum levels are 5-10 times higher than in human and thus this animal provides an useful pharmacological model to elucidate the functions of apo E.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Leininger-Muller
- Centre du Médicament, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, CNRS URA 597, France
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18
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Modulation of transforming growth factor beta receptors of rat lipocytes during the hepatic wound healing response. Enhanced binding and reduced gene expression accompany cellular activation in culture and in vivo. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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News & Views. J Am Aging Assoc 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02434990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Dory L. Post-transcriptional regulation of apolipoprotein E expression in mouse macrophages by phorbol ester. Biochem J 1993; 292 ( Pt 1):105-11. [PMID: 8503836 PMCID: PMC1134275 DOI: 10.1042/bj2920105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Phorbol ester-mediated differentiation of THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) into mature macrophages is associated with a transcriptional induction of apolipoprotein E (apoE) expression [Auwerx, Deeb, Brunzell, Peng and Chait (1988) Biochemistry 27, 2651-2655]. Endotoxin, on the other hand, which may also act through activation of protein kinase C, is a potent inhibitor of apoE expression in mouse macrophages [Werb and Chin (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10642-10648]. The present experiments examine the effect of phorbol ester, an activator of protein kinase C, on the apoE expression in mouse thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. Phorbol ester inhibits apoE expression in a specific, time- and dose-dependent manner. A 75% inhibition in the rate of apoE secretion, but not that of total protein, was observed following a 4.5 h incubation with 160 nM phorbol ester, although nearly full inhibition was obtained with 40 nM. The changes in apoE secretion were paralleled by similar changes in apoE synthesis, indicating synthesis as the primary site of action. The decreased rates of apoE synthesis are shown not to be due to increased apoE degradation. The profound inhibition of apoE synthesis was not accompanied by significant changes in apoE mRNA levels at any concentration of phorbol ester (up to 16 microM), or length of treatment (up to 24 h), suggesting a post-transcriptional locus of regulation of apoE expression. Although the early changes in apoE synthesis correlate with increased microsomal protein kinase C activity, the suppression of apoE expression persists even during conditions of nearly complete (> 95%) loss of protein kinase C activity, suggesting that the direct or indirect effect of protein kinase C on apoE expression is mediated by a stable phosphorylated protein, or that the observed effects are mediated through a protein kinase C species that is not readily downregulated by phorbol esters. The presented studies clearly demonstrate the potential importance of the translational regulation of apoE expression through the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dory
- University of Tennessee, Department of Pharmacology, Memphis 38163
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21
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Ramadori G. The stellate cell (Ito-cell, fat-storing cell, lipocyte, perisinusoidal cell) of the liver. New insights into pathophysiology of an intriguing cell. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1992; 61:147-58. [PMID: 1685276 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Ramadori
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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22
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Odenthal M, Neubauer K, Baralle FE, Peters H, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Ramadori G. Rat hepatocytes in primary culture synthesize and secrete cellular fibronectin. Exp Cell Res 1992; 203:289-96. [PMID: 1281107 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90001-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectins, involved in cell-matrix interactions and cell attachment, are glycoproteins which show a remarkable heterogeneity, due to alternative splicing. The type III-related domains, ED-A and ED-B, are present in cellular fibronectin in a variety of ratios whereas they are absent in circulating plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin synthesis by hepatocytes which are accepted as suppliers of plasma fibronectin was studied in primary cultures during a 6-day culture period. Using site-specific antibodies we demonstrate that rat hepatocytes are also able to synthesize and secrete fibronectin bearing the ED-A domain from Day 3 on after inoculation. By immunocytological characterization of the hepatocyte monolayer with antibodies directed against desmin, laminin, collagen IV, alpha-SM-actin, or ED-1 or factor VIII-related antigen, contaminating mesenchymal hepatic cell-types as a source for cellular fibronectin production could be ruled out. Dexamethasone treatment caused enhanced fibronectin synthesis and cellular fibronectin was already detectable at Day 1 after plating. Elevation of cellular fibronectin synthesis after prolonged culture-terms and by dexamethasone could also be demonstrated on mRNA steady-state level, using ED-A cDNA as a probe in hybridization analysis. Dot blot hybridisation proved a prominent response of cellular fibronectin mRNA level to dexamethasone at Day 1 when dexamethasone treatment resulted in an increased contribution of ED-A-positive fibronectin transcripts to total fibronectin mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Odenthal
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Universität Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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Knittel T, Odenthal M, Schuppan D, Schwögler S, Just M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Ramadori G. Synthesis of undulin by rat liver fat-storing cells: comparison with fibronectin and tenascin. Exp Cell Res 1992; 203:312-20. [PMID: 1281108 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90004-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fat-storing cells (FSCs) are known to synthesize various components of the hepatic extracellular matrix and thereby play an important role during liver fibrogenesis. The aim of our study was to investigate the synthesis of undulin, a recently described connective tissue protein belonging to the fibronectin-tenascin superfamily of glycoproteins, by fat-storing cells in primary culture. SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitates from cell layer lysates or media pulse-labeled with radioactive methionine revealed undulin-specific bands A (270 kDa), B1 (190 kDa), and B2 (180 kDa) after reduction. A single undulin-specific transcript was detected at about 7 kb. Undulin synthesized by cell-free translation revealed two polypeptides migrating about 5000 Da below the B1 and B2 subunits. Treatment of FSCs with tunicamycin created two novel bands slightly below the B2 chain. Since the electrophoretic patterns of undulin chains recovered by cell-free translation and tunicamycin treatment of cells were very similar we suggest that N-glycosylation is the major post-translational processing event. Newly synthesized undulin was detected after 30 min of pulse labeling in the cell layer fraction and was secreted into the medium at a slower rate than fibronectin. In contrast to fibronectin and tenascin, undulin was already synthesized by freshly isolated FSCs and during the early stage of primary FSC culture ("resting" cells), supporting the hypothesis that undulin is associated with a differentiated mesenchyma. However, in analogy to fibronectin and tenascin, undulin was also synthesized by "activated" FSCs, indicating that undulin might also be of importance in dedifferentiated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Knittel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany
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Ramadori G, Knittel T, Odenthal M, Schwögler S, Neubauer K, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. Synthesis of cellular fibronectin by rat liver fat-storing (Ito) cells: regulation by cytokines. Gastroenterology 1992; 103:1313-21. [PMID: 1397891 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectins are multifunctional extracellular matrix glycoproteins that seem to play a pacemaker role in liver fibrogenesis. The expression of cellular fibronectin by rat liver fat-storing cells in primary culture and their modulation by cytokines was studied. Cellular fibronectin was localized in the cytoplasm and on the surface of cultured fat-storing cells as well as in extracellular matrix fibrils by indirect immunofluorescence. Immunoprecipitation of endogenously labeled fibronectin using type specific antibodies showed the synthesis and secretion of cellular fibronectin by fat-storing cells in vitro. ED1 positive sequences specific for cellular fibronectin and absent in plasma fibronectin were detected within the total RNA of fat-storing cells. Cellular fibronectin synthesis was severalfold enhanced in "activated" vs. "resting" fat-storing cells. Treatment of fat-storing cells with transforming growth factor beta 1 resulted in a dose dependent increase of fibronectin synthesis. In contrast, interferon gamma inhibited the synthesis of fibronectin. The stimulation of fibronectin synthesis by transforming growth factor beta 1 and the inhibition by interferon gamma might be of importance for pathophysiology and therapy of liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ramadori
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany
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25
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Schwögler S, Odenthal M, Knittel T, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Ramadori G. Fat-storing cells of the rat liver synthesize and secrete C1-esterase inhibitor; modulation by cytokines. Hepatology 1992; 16:794-802. [PMID: 1505923 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840160328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During liver fibrogenesis, fat-storing cells transform into myofibroblast-like cells and produce increasing amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. Because fat-storing cells produce alpha 2-macroglobulin, an important serine protease inhibitor (serpin), we investigated whether fat-storing cells also synthesize C1-esterase inhibitor, another important serpin. C1-esterase inhibitor synthesis was studied in rat fat-storing cells at day 0, 3 and 7 after isolation by biosynthetic labeling, immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Messenger RNA was examined by Northern-blot analysis. C1-esterase inhibitor gene expression and synthesis were detectable in freshly isolated fat-storing cells and increased distinctly during the time in culture. The cellular source of C1-esterase inhibitor in fat-storing cell cultures was also identified by in situ hybridization of cells at different times after isolation. By inhibition of the N-glycosylation using tunicamycin, rat C1-esterase inhibitor was identified as a glycoprotein. The time course of C1-esterase inhibitor secretion was determined by pulse-chase experiments. C1-esterase inhibitor synthesis was increased 6-fold to 10-fold by interferon-gamma. Specific messenger RNA levels were also raised distinctly by this cytokine. In contrast, interferon-alpha and dexamethasone did not alter C1-esterase inhibitor gene expression. Because C1-esterase inhibitor synthesis is increased by advancing culture time and by the inflammatory mediator interferon-gamma, we suggest that fat-storing cells may enhance the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins by inhibiting their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schwögler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany
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