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Zhou K, Liu X, Wang M, Duan J, Zhao X, Yin H. The landscape in telomere related gene prognostic signature for survival and medication treatment effectiveness prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:765. [PMID: 39692822 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Telomeres, made of repetitive DNA sequences and shelterin complexes, which were found at the ends of chromosomes and had been extensively studied in cancer research. However, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was still relatively scarce. In this study, we investigated the correlation between telomerase-related genes (TRGs) and the prognosis and immunotherapy of HCC patients to enhance clinical outcomes. METHODS In this work, TRGs were gathered using TelNet, while clinical information and gene expression data for HCC patients were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A risk prediction model based on TRGs was created using COX and Lasso regression analyses, with ROC curves used to assess prognostic efficacy. Univariate and multifactorial COX regression analyses were used to determine if the risk model had an independent impact on prognosis. Nomograms were created to enhance clinical usability, and calibration curves were used to assess predictive ability at various time points. The Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) score was used to analyze differences in immune infiltrating cells between risk groups. The study analyzed the relationship between risk ratings and drug treatment effectiveness using data from the CellMiner database. The hub gene was identified and its relationship to prognostic markers of HCC patients was examined. The expression of hub genes in immune cell subpopulations was also investigated by single-cell data. RESULTS 2093 TRGs were identified, with 949 showing significant differences in expression between HCC and paracancerous tissues. Seven risk genes were overexpressed in tumor tissues, leading to lower survival rates in high-risk patients. Risk model could independently predict the prognosis of HCC patients. Analysis of tumor immune infiltrating cells revealed significant differences in cell abundance between risk groups, with notable variations in immune subset enrichment between subgroups. Higher risk scores correlated with increased sensitivity to sorafenib, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, gemcitabine, and entinostat, while sensitivity decreased for vincristine, etc. CDCA8 was identified as a key gene in the Protein Interaction Network, while high expression associated with poorer overall survival, tumor proliferation and metastasis. The results of single-cell data analysis suggest that CDCA8 may promote the development of HCC by affecting T lymphocytes. CONCLUSION The TRG-based risk model could predict HCC patient prognosis and closely linked to tumor immune environment, which could offer new possibilities for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinjiang Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hanjun Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
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Loukopoulou C, Nikolouzakis T, Koliarakis I, Vakonaki E, Tsiaoussis J. Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity as Potential Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3370. [PMID: 39409990 PMCID: PMC11482595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16193370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, such as colorectal and gastric cancers, pose significant global health challenges due to their high rates of incidence and mortality. Even with advancements in treatment and early detection, many patients still face poor outcomes, highlighting the critical need for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Telomere length (TL) and telomerase activity (TA) have gained attention in this context. Telomeres, protective nucleotide sequences at chromosome ends, shorten with each cell division, leading to cellular aging. Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme, counteracts this shortening by adding telomeric repeats, a process tightly regulated in normal cells but often dysregulated in cancer. This review critically evaluates the role of TL and TA in the pathogenesis of GI cancers, examining their potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. It explores how alterations in telomere biology contribute to the initiation and progression of GI tumors and assesses the therapeutic implications of targeting telomerase. By integrating findings from diverse studies, this review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between telomere dynamics and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, offering insights into how TL and TA could be leveraged to enhance the early detection, treatment, and prognosis of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Loukopoulou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.L.); (T.N.); (I.K.)
| | - Taxiarchis Nikolouzakis
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.L.); (T.N.); (I.K.)
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.L.); (T.N.); (I.K.)
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.L.); (T.N.); (I.K.)
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Penrice DD, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Jurk D, Passos JF, Simonetto DA. Telomere dysfunction in chronic liver disease: The link from aging. Hepatology 2024; 80:951-964. [PMID: 37102475 PMCID: PMC10848919 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Penrice
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Diana Jurk
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - João F. Passos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Douglas A. Simonetto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Yang J, Chen C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Pang J, Wang Y, Ou Q, Jiang H, Liu J. Comprehensive genomic analysis of early and late-onset hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101031. [PMID: 38510473 PMCID: PMC10950800 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Jinling Hospital, Department of Oncology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Song Wang
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Jiaohui Pang
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haian, Jiangsu 226600, China
| | - Qiuxiang Ou
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Interventional Therapy Department, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Juying Liu
- Interventional Therapy Department, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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Yan W, Rao D, Fan F, Liang H, Zhang Z, Dong H. Hepatitis B virus X protein and TGF-β: partners in the carcinogenic journey of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1407434. [PMID: 38962270 PMCID: PMC11220127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1407434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection is substantially associated with the development of liver cancer globally, with the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases exceeding 50%. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes the Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein, a pleiotropic regulatory protein necessary for the transcription of the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) microchromosome. In previous studies, HBV-associated HCC was revealed to be affected by HBx in multiple signaling pathways, resulting in genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has dichotomous potentials at various phases of malignancy as it is a crucial signaling pathway that regulates multiple cellular and physiological processes. In early HCC, TGF-β has a significant antitumor effect, whereas in advanced HCC, it promotes malignant progression. TGF-β interacts with the HBx protein in HCC, regulating the pathogenesis of HCC. This review summarizes the respective and combined functions of HBx and TGB-β in HCC occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dean Rao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feimu Fan
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hanhua Dong
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Milosevic I, Todorovic N, Filipovic A, Simic J, Markovic M, Stevanovic O, Malinic J, Katanic N, Mitrovic N, Nikolic N. HCV and HCC Tango-Deciphering the Intricate Dance of Disease: A Review Article. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16048. [PMID: 38003240 PMCID: PMC10671156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting for around one-third of all HCC cases. Prolonged inflammation in chronic hepatitis C (CHC), maintained through a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, is one of the aspects of carcinogenesis, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Immune response dysfunction including the innate and adaptive immunity also plays a role in the development, as well as in the recurrence of HCC after treatment. Some of the tumor suppressor genes inhibited by the HCV proteins are p53, p73, and retinoblastoma 1. Mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter and the oncogene catenin beta 1 are two more important carcinogenic signaling pathways in HCC associated with HCV. Furthermore, in HCV-related HCC, numerous tumor suppressor and seven oncogenic genes are dysregulated by epigenetic changes. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is considered as a lasting "epigenetic memory", suggesting that HCV-induced changes persist and are associated with liver carcinogenesis even after cure. Epigenetic changes and immune response dysfunction are recognized targets for potential therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Milosevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (N.M.)
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Nevena Todorovic
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Ana Filipovic
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Jelena Simic
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Marko Markovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (N.M.)
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Olja Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (N.M.)
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Jovan Malinic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (N.M.)
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Natasa Katanic
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Situated in Kosovska Mitrovica, 28000 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Nikola Mitrovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (N.M.)
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Natasa Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (O.S.); (J.M.); (N.M.)
- University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.); (A.F.); (J.S.); (N.K.)
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Yuan H, Han Z, Teng Z, Wang Y, Li J, Chang X, Zhang Y. MNS16A polymorphism of the TERT gene on cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 42:1004-1018. [PMID: 37345793 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2226691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Some studies have suggested that MNS16A polymorphism in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene is associated with cancer risk in various populations and types of cancer. However, the results of previous studies exploring this link have been inconclusive. To be able to accurately assess the association between TERT MNS16A polymorphism and cancer risk, we performed a meta-analysis based on 17 studies described in 12 articles, including 13,764 controls and 7,132 cases. Combined odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the strength of the association in either a fixed-effects model or, if applicable, a random-effects model. Heterogeneity between articles and their publication bias were also tested. Overall, pooled results showed that no significant association between this polymorphism and cancer was found in the five gene models tested.Considering that there may be too many negative studies in the included studies, diluting the results of the total sample size, we stratified these studies according to ethnicity, source of controls and cancer type. In the stratified analysis, a statistically significant association was observed between Asians and population-based studies. We also analyzed by cancer type and found a significantly increased risk of brain cancer in five genetic models. Our results suggest that TERT MNS16A polymorphism is likely to contribute to increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenwei Han
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhihai Teng
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingdong Li
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xueliang Chang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen YL, Hsieh CC, Chu PM, Chen JY, Huang YC, Chen CY. Roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in hepatocellular carcinoma progression (Review). Oncol Rep 2023; 49:48. [PMID: 36660927 PMCID: PMC9887465 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents almost 80% of all liver cancers, is the sixth most common cancer and is the second‑highest cause of cancer‑related deaths worldwide. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which are encoded by the largest family of phosphatase genes, play critical roles in cellular responses and are implicated in various signaling pathways. Moreover, PTPs are dysregulated and involved in various cellular processes in numerous cancers, including HCC. Kinases and phosphatases are coordinators that modulate cell activities and regulate signaling responses. There are multiple interacting signaling networks, and coordination of these signaling networks in response to a stimulus determines the physiological outcome. Numerous issues, such as drug resistance and inflammatory reactions in the tumor microenvironment, are implicated in cancer progression, and the role of PTPs in these processes has not been well elucidated. Therefore, the present review focused on discussing the relationship of PTPs with inflammatory cytokines and chemotherapy/targeted drug resistance, providing detailed information on how PTPs can modulate inflammatory reactions and drug resistance to influence progression in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Chuan Hsieh
- Division of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, I‑Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- Aging and Diseases Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Miick R, Minimo C, Bombonati A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pathology. HEPATO-PANCREATO-BILIARY MALIGNANCIES 2022:49-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41683-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
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10
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Telomeres and Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121405. [PMID: 34947936 PMCID: PMC8704776 DOI: 10.3390/life11121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are indispensable chromatin structures for genome protection and replication. Telomere length maintenance has been attributed to several functional modulators, including telomerase, the shelterin complex, and the CST complex, synergizing with DNA replication, repair, and the RNA metabolism pathway components. As dysfunctional telomere maintenance and telomerase activation are associated with several human diseases, including cancer, the molecular mechanisms behind telomere length regulation and protection need particular emphasis. Cancer cells exhibit telomerase activation, enabling replicative immortality. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation is involved in cancer development through diverse activities other than mediating telomere elongation. This review describes the telomere functions, the role of functional modulators, the implications in cancer development, and the future therapeutic opportunities.
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Association of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Telomere Length with Prevalent and Incident Cancer and Cancer Mortality in Women: A Prospective Swedish Population-Based Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153842. [PMID: 34359743 PMCID: PMC8345403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and telomere length have, separately, been proposed as risk factors for various cancer types. However, those results are conflicting. Here, mtDNA-CN and relative telomere length were measured in 3225 middle-aged women included in a large population-based prospective cohort. The baseline mtDNA-CN in patients with prevalent breast cancer was significantly higher (12.39 copies/µL) than cancer-free individuals. During an average of 15.2 years of follow-up, 520 patients were diagnosed with cancer. Lower mtDNA-CN was associated with decreased risk of genital organ cancer (hazard ratio (HR), 0.84), and shorter telomere length was associated with increased risk of urinary system cancer (HR, 1.79). Furthermore, mtDNA-CN was inversely associated with all-cause (HR, 1.20) and cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.21) when considering all cancer types. Surprisingly, shorter telomere length was associated with decreased risk of cancer-specific mortality when considering all cancer types (HR, 0.85). Finally, lower mtDNA-CN and shorter telomere length were associated with increased risk of both all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in genital organ cancer patients. In this study population, we found that mtDNA-CN and telomere length were significantly associated with prevalent and incident cancer and cancer mortality. However, these associations were cancer type specific and need further investigation.
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Rho SY, Lee HW, Kim DY, Kim KS. Current Status of Therapeutic Choice and Feasibility for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Aged ≥ 70 Years: A Nationwide Cancer Registry Analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:321-332. [PMID: 33959557 PMCID: PMC8096455 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s306507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The opportunities for examining elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have increased. We investigated the treatment of HCC for elderly patients and the overall survival associated with each treatment modality. Methods From January 2003 to December 2005 (n=578, period I) and January 2008 to December 2014 (n=2428, period II), the National Cancer Center and Korean Liver Cancer Association collected clinical data of 3006 patients with HCC aged ≥70 years old at 54 medical centers in Korea. We analyzed the treatment modalities and overall survival for patients with HCC aged ≥70 years. Results The mean age, Child-Pugh score, and model for end-stage liver disease score and proportion of male patients were not different between period I and period II (74 years, 6.6, 10.4 and 70.1% vs 76 years, 6.2, 9.9 and 67.3%). TNM stage II and BCLC stage A were most commonly noted in periods I and II (44.3% and 49.1% vs 40.4% and 40.2%). Transarterial therapy was the most commonly used treatment modality according to age in both periods. Surgical resection was associated with significant superior overall survival compared to local ablation and transarterial therapy (p<0.001). After propensity score matching between surgical resection and transarterial therapy in period II, surgical resection was associated with more favorable overall survival outcomes (median: 39 months vs 86 months, p<0.001). Conclusion Transarterial therapy was the most commonly used treatment modality for patients with HCC aged ≥70 years. However, surgical resection led to significantly higher overall survival rates compared to other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Yoon Rho
- Department of Surgery, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,The Korean Liver Cancer Association, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Lee
- The Korean Liver Cancer Association, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- The Korean Liver Cancer Association, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Kim
- The Korean Liver Cancer Association, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wang M, Huang S, Chen Z, Han Z, Li K, Chen C, Wu G, Zhao Y. Development and validation of an RNA binding protein-associated prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1136. [PMID: 33228611 PMCID: PMC7684760 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the deadliest forms of cancer. While RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been shown to be key regulators of oncogenesis and tumor progression, their dysregulation in the context of HCC remains to be fully characterized. METHODS Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas - liver HCC (TCGA-LIHC) database were downloaded and analyzed in order to identify RBPs that were differentially expressed in HCC tumors relative to healthy normal tissues. Functional enrichment analyses of these RBPs were then conducted using the GO and KEGG databases to understand their mechanistic roles. Central hub RBPs associated with HCC patient prognosis were then detected through Cox regression analyses, and were incorporated into a prognostic model. The prognostic value of this model was then assessed through the use of Kaplan-Meier curves, time-related ROC analyses, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and nomograms. Lastly, the relationship between individual hub RBPs and HCC patient overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Finally, find protein-coding genes (PCGs) related to hub RBPs were used to construct a hub RBP-PCG co-expression network. RESULTS In total, we identified 81 RBPs that were differentially expressed in HCC tumors relative to healthy tissues (54 upregulated, 27 downregulated). Seven prognostically-relevant hub RBPs (SMG5, BOP1, LIN28B, RNF17, ANG, LARP1B, and NR0B1) were then used to generate a prognostic model, after which HCC patients were separated into high- and low-risk groups based upon resultant risk score values. In both the training and test datasets, we found that high-risk HCC patients exhibited decreased OS relative to low-risk patients, with time-dependent area under the ROC curve values of 0.801 and 0.676, respectively. This model thus exhibited good prognostic performance. We additionally generated a prognostic nomogram based upon these seven hub RBPs and found that four other genes were significantly correlated with OS. CONCLUSION We herein identified a seven RBP signature that can reliably be used to predict HCC patient OS, underscoring the prognostic relevance of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Kezhi Li
- Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Guobin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yinnong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.
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Abstract
Short telomere syndrome is a genetically inherited syndrome resulting in premature telomere shortening. This premature shortening of telomeres can result in hematologic, pulmonary, vascular, gastrointestinal, and hepatic manifestations of disease. Identifying patients with short telomere syndrome can be a clinical challenge due to the multitude of potential manifestations and lack of widely available diagnostic tests. In this review, we will highlight hepatic manifestations of short telomere syndrome with a focus on diagnosis, testing, and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Penrice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Douglas A Simonetto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
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15
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Sansone V, Le Grazie M, Roselli J, Polvani S, Galli A, Tovoli F, Tarocchi M. Telomerase reactivation is associated with hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:420-428. [PMID: 32386990 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and its components play a significant role in cancer progression, but recent data demonstrated that telomeres and telomerase alterations could be found in other diseases; increasing evidence suggests a key role of this enzyme in the fields of hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search with the following keywords: telomerase, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma by December 2019. We reviewed the relevant publications that analyzed the correlation between telomerase activity and hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. RESULTS Telomerase reactivation plays a significant role in the development and progression of hepatobiliary and pancreatic tumors and could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers, as a predictor for prognosis and a promising therapeutic target. CONCLUSIONS Our review summarized the evidence about the critical role of hTERT in cancerous and precancerous lesions of the alteration and its activity in hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Sansone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Le Grazie
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jenny Roselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Polvani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Tarocchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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16
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in der Stroth L, Tharehalli U, Günes C, Lechel A. Telomeres and Telomerase in the Development of Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2048. [PMID: 32722302 PMCID: PMC7464754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Liver carcinoma is distinguished by a high heterogeneity in pathogenesis, histopathology and biological behavior. Dysregulated signaling pathways and various gene mutations are frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), which represent the two most common types of liver tumors. Both tumor types are characterized by telomere shortening and reactivation of telomerase during carcinogenesis. Continuous cell proliferation, e.g., by oncogenic mutations, can cause extensive telomere shortening in the absence of sufficient telomerase activity, leading to dysfunctional telomeres and genome instability by breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, which induce senescence or apoptosis as a tumor suppressor mechanism. Telomerase reactivation is required to stabilize telomere functionality and for tumor cell survival, representing a genetic risk factor for the development of liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. Therefore, telomeres and telomerase could be useful targets in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we review similarities and differences between HCC and iCCA in telomere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena in der Stroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.i.d.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Umesh Tharehalli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.i.d.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.i.d.S.); (U.T.)
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17
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Cao H, Zhai Y, Ji X, Wang Y, Zhao J, Xing J, An J, Ren T. Noncoding telomeric repeat-containing RNA inhibits the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating telomerase-mediated telomere length. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2789-2802. [PMID: 32357278 PMCID: PMC7419033 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeric repeat‐containing RNA (TERRA) is closely involved in the regulation of telomere length, which plays critical roles in tumorigenesis. However, the biological significance of TERRA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that HCC cells show a frequent downregulation of TERRA and its positive regulator TTAGGG repeat binding factor‐1 (TRF1), whereas the negative regulator TTAGGG repeat binding factor‐1 (TRF2) was upregulated. We found that TERRA, TRF1, and TRF2 contributed to poor prognosis of HCC patients. Importantly, we found that the downregulation of TERRA significantly promoted HCC cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, whereas the upregulation of TERRA showed an opposite effect. Mechanistically, downregulation of TERRA significantly increased telomerase activity and promoted telomere elongation. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of TERRA overexpression on the growth and metastasis of HCC cells were reversed by treatment with TA‐65 that activates telomerase activity. In contrast, the protumor effect of TERRA downregulation was reversed by treatment with TMPyP4 that inhibits telomerase activity. Our findings reveal that TERRA plays a critical role in HCC cell growth and metastasis, indicating that TERRA is a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulong Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaze An
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental, Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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18
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Yim SY, Lee JS. The Genomic Landscape and Its Clinical Implications in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.17998/jlc.19.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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The role of telomeres and telomerase in cirrhosis and liver cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:544-558. [PMID: 31253940 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a key enzyme for cell survival that prevents telomere shortening and the subsequent cellular senescence that is observed after many rounds of cell division. In contrast, inactivation of telomerase is observed in most cells of the adult liver. Absence of telomerase activity and shortening of telomeres has been implicated in hepatocyte senescence and the development of cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease that can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. During hepatocarcinogenesis, telomerase reactivation is required to enable the uncontrolled cell proliferation that leads to malignant transformation and HCC development. Part of the telomerase complex, telomerase reverse transcriptase, is encoded by TERT, and several mechanisms of telomerase reactivation have been described in HCC that include somatic TERT promoter mutations, TERT amplification, TERT translocation and viral insertion into the TERT gene. An understanding of the role of telomeres and telomerase in HCC development is important to develop future targeted therapies and improve survival of this disease. In this Review, the roles of telomeres and telomerase in liver carcinogenesis are discussed, in addition to their potential translation to clinical practice as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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20
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High Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Fibrotic Liver: Role of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030581. [PMID: 30700007 PMCID: PMC6387126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally, accounting for approximately 800,000 deaths annually. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, making up about 80% of cases. Liver fibrosis and its end-stage disease, cirrhosis, are major risk factors for HCC. A fibrotic liver typically shows persistent hepatocyte death and compensatory regeneration, chronic inflammation, and an increase in reactive oxygen species, which collaboratively create a tumor-promoting microenvironment via inducing genetic alterations and chromosomal instability, and activating various oncogenic molecular signaling pathways. In this article, we review recent advances in fields of liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis, and consider several molecular signaling pathways that promote hepato-carcinogenesis under the microenvironment of liver fibrosis. In particular, we pay attention to emerging roles of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway in stromal activation, hepatic fibrosis, and liver cancer.
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21
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Targeting Telomerase and ATRX/DAXX Inducing Tumor Senescence and Apoptosis in the Malignant Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010200. [PMID: 30625996 PMCID: PMC6337644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of brain tumor that is notorious for its aggressiveness and invasiveness, and the complete removal of GBM is still not possible, even with advanced diagnostic strategies and extensive therapeutic plans. Its dismal prognosis and short survival time after diagnosis make it a crucial public health issue. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying GBM may inspire novel and effective treatments against this type of cancer. At a molecular level, almost all tumor cells exhibit telomerase activity (TA), which is a major means by which they achieve immortalization. Further studies show that promoter mutations are associated with increased TA and stable telomere length. Moreover, some tumors and immortalized cells maintain their telomeres with a telomerase-independent mechanism termed the “alternative lengthening of telomeres” (ALT), which relates to the mutations of the α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked protein (ATRX), the death-domain associated protein (DAXX) and H3.3. By means of the mutations of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter and ATRX/DAXX, cancers can immortalize and escape cell senescence and apoptosis. In this article, we review the evidence for triggering GBM cell death by targeting telomerase and the ALT pathway, with an extra focus on a plant-derived compound, butylidene phthalide (BP), which may be a promising novel anticancer compound with good potential for clinical applications.
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22
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Dhanasekaran R, Nault JC, Roberts LR, Zucman-Rossi J. Genomic Medicine and Implications for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention and Therapy. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:492-509. [PMID: 30404026 PMCID: PMC6340723 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly understood, but recent advances in genomics have increased our understanding of the mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcohol, fatty liver disease, and other environmental factors, such as aflatoxin, cause liver cancer. Genetic analyses of liver tissues from patients have provided important information about tumor initiation and progression. Findings from these studies can potentially be used to individualize the management of HCC. In addition to sorafenib, other multi-kinase inhibitors have been approved recently for treatment of HCC, and the preliminary success of immunotherapy has raised hopes. Continued progress in genomic medicine could improve classification of HCCs based on their molecular features and lead to new treatments for patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte De Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France; Liver Unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France; Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte De Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France; Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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23
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Ferrara-Romeo I, Martínez P, Blasco MA. Mice lacking RAP1 show early onset and higher rates of DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinomas in female mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204909. [PMID: 30307978 PMCID: PMC6187989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAP1, a component of the telomere-protective shelterin complex, has been shown to have both telomeric and non-telomeric roles. In the liver, RAP1 is involved in the regulation of metabolic transcriptional programs. RAP1-deficient mice develop obesity and hepatic steatosis, these phenotypes being more severe in females than in males. As hepatic steatosis and obesity have been related to increased liver cancer in mice and humans, we set out to address whether RAP1 deficiency resulted in increased liver cancer upon chemical liver carcinogenesis. We found that Rap1-/- females were more susceptible to DEN-induced liver damage and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). DEN-treated Rap1-/- female livers showed an earlier onset of both premalignant and malignant liver lesions, which were characterized by increased abundance of γH2AX-positive cells, increased proliferation and shorter telomeres. These findings highlight an important role for RAP1 in protection from liver damage and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Ferrara-Romeo
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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24
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Patnaik MM, Kamath PS, Simonetto DA. Hepatic manifestations of telomere biology disorders. J Hepatol 2018; 69:736-743. [PMID: 29758336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A 51-year-old Caucasian male was referred for evaluation of variceal bleeding. Laboratory tests were remarkable for mild thrombocytopenia and moderate alkaline phosphatase elevation. Synthetic liver function was well preserved. Abdominal computed tomography scan revealed moderate splenomegaly, gastric varices, and normal hepatic contour. A transjugular liver biopsy was performed revealing findings of nodular regenerative hyperplasia with no significant fibrosis or necroinflammatory activity. Hepatic venous pressure gradient was elevated at 31 mmHg, consistent with clinically significant portal hypertension. The clinical course was complicated by refractory gastric variceal bleeding requiring a surgical portosystemic shunt. Approximately seven years after the initial presentation, the patient developed progressive dyspnoea and a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was made. Contrast-enhanced echocardiogram was not suggestive of hepatopulmonary syndrome or portopulmonary hypertension. Given this new diagnosis a telomere biology disorder was suspected. A flow-fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis for telomere length assessment revealed telomere lengths below the first percentile in both lymphocytes and granulocytes. Next generation sequencing analysis identified a heterozygous mutation involving the hTERT gene (Histidine983Threonine). The lung disease unfortunately progressed in the subsequent two years, leading to the patient's death nine years after his initial presentation with portal hypertension. During those nine years two brothers also developed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The questions that arise from this case include.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick S Kamath
- Mayo Clinic Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Douglas A Simonetto
- Mayo Clinic Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, MN, USA.
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25
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Mukaida N, Nakamoto Y. Emergence of immunotherapy as a novel way to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1839-1858. [PMID: 29740200 PMCID: PMC5937202 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i17.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from non-cancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nakamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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26
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Spittau B. Aging Microglia-Phenotypes, Functions and Implications for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:194. [PMID: 28659790 PMCID: PMC5469878 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the major risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of AD and especially PD are not well understood. However, neuroinflammatory responses mediated by microglia as the resident immune cells of the CNS have been reported for both diseases. The unique nature and developmental origin of microglia causing microglial self-renewal and telomere shortening led to the hypothesis that these CNS-specific innate immune cells become senescent. Age-dependent and senescence-driven impairments of microglia functions and responses have been suggested to play essential roles during onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This review article summarizes the current knowledge of microglia phenotypes and functions in the aging CNS and further discusses the implications of these age-dependent microglia changes for the development and progression of AD and PD as the most common neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Spittau
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University of RostockRostock, Germany
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27
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Wan S, Hann HW, Ye Z, Hann RS, Lai Y, Wang C, Li L, Myers RE, Li B, Xing J, Yang H. Prospective and longitudinal evaluations of telomere length of circulating DNA as a risk predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBV patients. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:439-446. [PMID: 28334112 PMCID: PMC5963496 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prospective and longitudinal epidemiological evidence is needed to assess the association between telomere length and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In 323 cancer-free Korean-American HBV patients with 1-year exclusion window (followed for >1 year and did not develop HCC within 1 year), we measured the relative telomere length (RTL) in baseline serum DNAs and conducted extensive prospective and longitudinal analyses to assess RTL-HCC relationship. We found that long baseline RTL conferred an increased HCC risk compared to short RTL [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.93, P = 0.0005). The association remained prominent when the analysis was restricted to patients with a more stringent 5-year exclusion window (HR = 7.51, P = 0.012), indicating that the association was unlikely due to including undetected HCC patients in the cohort, thus minimizing the reverse-causation limitation in most retrospective studies. Adding baseline RTL to demographic variables increased the discrimination accuracy of the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis from 0.769 to 0.868 (P = 1.0 × 10-5). In a nested longitudinal subcohort of 16 matched cases-control pairs, using a mixed effects model, we observed a trend of increased RTL in cases and decreased RTL in controls along 5 years of follow-up, with a significant interaction of case/control status with time (P for interaction=0.002) and confirmed the association between long RTL and HCC risk [odds ratio [OR] = 3.63, P = 0.016]. In summary, serum DNA RTL may be a novel non-invasive prospective marker of HBV-related HCC. Independent studies are necessary to validate and generalize this finding in diverse populations and assess the clinical applicability of RTL in HCC prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogui Wan
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hie-Won Hann
- Department of Medicine, Liver Disease Prevention Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Zhong Ye
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Richard S Hann
- Department of Medicine, Liver Disease Prevention Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yinzhi Lai
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chun Wang
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ronald E Myers
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA and
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center, College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hushan Yang
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Zeng H, Wu HC, Wang Q, Yang HI, Chen CJ, Santella RM, Shen J. Telomere Length and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Nested Case-control Study in Taiwan Cancer Screening Program Cohort. Anticancer Res 2017; 37:637-644. [PMID: 28179311 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere length (TL) measured in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) might be a useful biomarker to identify elevated cancer risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control study which included 268 newly-diagnosed HCC cases and 536 matched controls, was conducted. Absolute TL in PBL was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The overall median length of TL was not statistically shorter in HCC cases compared to healthy controls. However, we found a significant synergistic effect of longer TL and HCV infection to increase HCC risk with a relative excess risk of 6.86 (95% CI: 2.14-11.58). Among HCC cases, significant shorter TLs were observed for <5 years (OR=3.93, 95% CI: 2.00-7.72); 5-10 years (OR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.10-4.24) compared to >10 years prior to diagnosis. CONCLUSION Shorter PBL TL alone was not significantly associated with increased HCC risk. Among HCC cases, significant shorter TLs were observed for <5 years prior to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zeng
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, U.S.A.,Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, U.S.A
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, U.S.A
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Molecular and Genomic Epidemiology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, U.S.A.
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Yang B, Shebl FM, Sternberg LR, Warner AC, Kleiner DE, Edelman DC, Gomez A, Dagnall CL, Hicks BD, Altekruse SF, Hernandez BY, Lynch CF, Meltzer PS, McGlynn KA. Telomere Length and Survival of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166828. [PMID: 27880792 PMCID: PMC5120796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere shortening is an important molecular event in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) initiation; however, its role in HCC progression and prognosis is less clear. Our study aimed to examine the association of telomere length with survival of patients with HCC. METHODS We measured telomere length in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 126 persons with HCC in the United States (U.S.) who were followed for mortality outcomes. Relative telomere length (RTL) was measured by a monochrome multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association between telomere length and all-cause mortality. We also examined associations between telomere length and patient characteristics using multiple linear regression. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 6.0 years, 79 deaths occurred among 114 individuals for whom survival data were available. The ratio of RTL in tumor relative to non-tumor tissue was greater for individuals with regional or distant stage tumors (0.97) than localized stage tumors (0.77), and for individuals with grade III or IV tumors (0.95) than grade II (0.88) or grade I (0.67) tumors. An RTL ratio ≥1 was not associated with survival (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.55, 1.55) compared to a ratio <1, after adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex, tumor stage and tumor size. Similarly, RTL in the tumor and non-tumor tissue, respectively, were not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS This U.S. based study found that telomeres may be longer in more aggressive HCCs. There was no evidence, however, that telomere length was associated with survival of patients with HCC. Future investigations are warranted to clarify the role of telomere length in HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyu Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Fatma M. Shebl
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Lawrence R. Sternberg
- Pathology-Histotechnology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Warner
- Pathology-Histotechnology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, United States of America
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Edelman
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Allison Gomez
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Casey L. Dagnall
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Belynda D. Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Sean F. Altekruse
- Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Brenda Y. Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States of America
| | - Charles F. Lynch
- University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Meltzer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
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30
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Ko E, Seo HW, Jung ES, Kim BH, Jung G. The TERT promoter SNP rs2853669 decreases E2F1 transcription factor binding and increases mortality and recurrence risks in liver cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:684-99. [PMID: 26575952 PMCID: PMC4808026 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter, rs2853669 influences patient survival rates and the risk of developing cancer. Recently, several lines of evidence suggest that the rs2853669 suppresses TERT promoter mutation-mediated TERT expression levels and cancer mortality as well as recurrence rates. However, no reports are available on the impact of rs2853669 on TERT expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its association with patient survival. Here, we found that HCC-related overall and recurrence-free survival rates were not associated with TERT promoter mutation individually, but rs2853669 and the TERT promoter mutation in combination were associated with poor survival rates. TERT mRNA expression and telomere fluorescence levels were greater in patients with HCC who had both the combination. The combination caused TERT promoter methylation through regulating the binding of DNA methyltransferase 1 and histone deacetylase 1 to the TERT promoter in HCC cell lines. The TERT expression level was significantly higher in HCC tumor with a methylated promoter than in that with an unmethylated promoter. In conclusion, we demonstrate a substantial role for the rs2853669 in HCC with TERT promoter mutation, which suggests that the combination of the rs2853669 and the mutation indicate poor prognoses in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyong Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 133-782, South Korea
| | - Baek-hui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Guhung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
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31
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Genetic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma using next-generation sequencing. J Hepatol 2016; 65:1031-1042. [PMID: 27262756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, both clinically and from a molecular standpoint. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has provided new opportunities to extensively analyze molecular defects in HCC samples. This has uncovered major cancer driver genes and associated oncogenic pathways operating in HCC. More sophisticated analyses of sequencing data have linked specific nucleotide patterns to external toxic agents and defined so-called 'mutational signatures' in HCC. Molecular signatures, taking into account intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity, and their functional validation could provide useful data to predict treatment response to molecular therapies. In this review we will focus on the current knowledge of deep sequencing in HCC and its foreseeable clinical impact.
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Ma Q, Cai J, Cai Y, Xu Y, Chang F, Xu L, Zhang G, Guo X. Association of telomere length in peripheral leukocytes with chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4970. [PMID: 27684844 PMCID: PMC5265937 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Telomere plays a critical role in the maintenance of genomic stability in eukaryotic chromosomes. More and more findings have shown that alteration in telomere length may involve in normal somatic cells and some diseases, however, whether the telomere length is associated with the development and/or progression of hepatic diseases remains poorly understood. METHODS A case-control study was employed to illustrate the correlation of relative telomere length (RTL) with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, 152 patients with HCC, 212 patients with CHB, and 184 healthy controls were recruited. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes, and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) was used to detect telomere repeated numbers and 36B4 copy numbers. The RTL was calculated by telomere repeat copy number to single-copy gene number ratio in each sample compared with a reference DNA sample. RESULTS We found that the RTL in HCC group was the longest, followed by CHB group, and healthy control group was the shortest, showing significant statistical differences. When participants were categorized into longer and shorter group according to medium value in healthy controls, individuals who had longer RTL had a significant increased risk of CHB (odds ratio [OR]: 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.73) when the healthy control was used as the reference groups; furthermore, longer RTL also showed higher incidence of HCC (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 2.01-5.17; OR: 1.58, 95% CI:1.03-2.41) when healthy control and CHB were used as the reference groups, respectively. When participants were categorized further into 4 groups according to quartile values of RTL in healthy controls, it showed that the longest RTL was also associated with an increased risk of CHB (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.17-3.74) and HCC (OR: 4.31, 95% CI: 2.18-8.52; OR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.53-5.34) when control and control/CHB group were used as the reference groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the alteration of telomere length in peripheral leukocytes might be involved in the hepatitis B virus infection and HCC events, and RTL might be a potential useful predictor of CHB and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
- Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiajing Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
- Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
- Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Guoyuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
- Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
- Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Correspondence: Xiaolan Guo, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China (e-mail: )
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Nault JC, Zucman-Rossi J. TERT promoter mutations in primary liver tumors. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:9-14. [PMID: 26336998 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has drawn the genetic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma and several signaling pathways are altered at the DNA level in tumors: Wnt/β-catenin, cell cycle regulator, epigenetic modifier, histone methyltransferase, oxidative stress, ras/raf/map kinase and akt/mtor pathways. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process starting with the exposure to different risk factors, followed by the development of a chronic liver disease and cirrhosis precede in the vast majority of the cases the development of HCC. Several lines of evidence have underlined the pivotal role of telomere maintenance in both cirrhosis and HCC pathogenesis. TERT promoter mutations were identified as the most frequent genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma with an overall frequency around 60%. Moreover, in cirrhosis, TERT promoter mutations are observed at the early steps of hepatocarcinogenesis since they are recurrently identified in low-grade and high-grade dysplastic nodules. In contrast, acquisition of genomic diversity through mutations of classical oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TP53, CTNNB1, ARID1A…) occurred only in progressed HCC. In normal liver, a subset of HCC can derived from the malignant transformation of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). In HCA, CTNNB1 mutations predispose to transformation of HCA in HCC and TERT promoter mutations are required in most of the cases as a second hit for a full malignant transformation. All these findings have refined our knowledge of HCC pathogenesis and have pointed telomerase as a target for tailored therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Nault
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75010 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 93000 Bobigny, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris - Seine-Saint-Denis, Site Jean-Verdier, Pôle d'Activité Cancérologique Spécialisée, Service d'Hépatologie, 93143 Bondy, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75010 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 93000 Bobigny, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France.
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34
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Matkowskyj KA, Rao MS, Yang GY. Pathologic Features of Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Malignancies. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 168:257-293. [PMID: 29206377 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34244-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian liver, 60 % of the cellular components are hepatocytes while the remainder (35 %) includes biliary epithelium, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, fat storing cells and connective tissue cells. Although neoplasms of hepatocytes are the most common, a significant number of both benign and malignant primary liver neoplasms arising from other cell types can develop, such as tumors of bile duct epithelium (Table 1). In addition, the liver is one of the most susceptible sites for metastatic tumors arising from other organs of the body. Not too long ago, liver tumors were left untreated because the liver was considered a complex and mysterious organ inaccessible to surgery. Advances in imaging procedures and surgical techniques over the past 40 years have revolutionized the approaches to the treatment of benign and malignant liver tumors. Subsegmentectomy, segmentectomy, lobectomy, and transplantation are routinely performed for the treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors with minimal morbidity and mortality. Since accurate diagnosis remains the key to clinical and surgical management, the emphasis of this chapter is on classification, morphological features and differential diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the liver.
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Zucman-Rossi J, Villanueva A, Nault JC, Llovet JM. Genetic Landscape and Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1226-1239.e4. [PMID: 26099527 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 909] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as a major cause of cancer-related death. Its mortality has increased in Western populations, with a minority of patients diagnosed at early stages, when curative treatments are feasible. Only the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is available for the management of advanced cases. During the last 10 years, there has been a clear delineation of the landscape of genetic alterations in HCC, including high-level DNA amplifications in chromosome 6p21 (VEGFA) and 11q13 (FGF19/CNND1), as well as homozygous deletions in chromosome 9 (CDKN2A). The most frequent mutations affect TERT promoter (60%), associated with an increased telomerase expression. TERT promoter can also be affected by copy number variations and hepatitis B DNA insertions, and it can be found mutated in preneoplastic lesions. TP53 and CTNNB1 are the next most prevalent mutations, affecting 25%-30% of HCC patients, that, in addition to low-frequency mutated genes (eg, AXIN1, ARID2, ARID1A, TSC1/TSC2, RPS6KA3, KEAP1, MLL2), help define some of the core deregulated pathways in HCC. Conceptually, some of these changes behave as prototypic oncogenic addiction loops, being ideal biomarkers for specific therapeutic approaches. Data from genomic profiling enabled a proposal of HCC in 2 major molecular clusters (proliferation and nonproliferation), with differential enrichment in prognostic signatures, pathway activation and tumor phenotype. Translation of these discoveries into specific therapeutic decisions is an unmet medical need in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, Médecine, Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris.
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Service d'hépatologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Liver Unit, CIBEREHD, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Telomere dysfunction reduces microglial numbers without fully inducing an aging phenotype. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2164-75. [PMID: 25892207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of the aging brain to neurodegenerative disease may in part be attributed to cellular aging of the microglial cells that survey it. We investigated the effect of cellular aging induced by telomere shortening on microglia by the use of mice lacking the telomerase RNA component (TERC) and design-based stereology. TERC knockout (KO) mice had a significantly reduced number of CD11b(+) microglia in the dentate gyrus. Because of an even greater reduction in dentate gyrus volume, microglial density was, however, increased. Microglia in TERC KO mice maintained a homogenous distribution and normal expression of CD45 and CD68 and the aging marker, ferritin, but were morphologically distinct from microglia in both adult and old wild-type mice. TERC KO mice also showed increased cellular apoptosis and impaired spatial learning. Our results suggest that individual microglia are relatively resistant to telomerase deficiency during steady state conditions, despite an overall reduction in microglial numbers. Furthermore, telomerase deficiency and aging may provide disparate cues leading to distinct changes in microglial morphology and phenotype.
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Viruses in cancer cell plasticity: the role of hepatitis C virus in hepatocellular carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:A62-7. [PMID: 25691824 PMCID: PMC4322526 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.47132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are considered as causative agents of a significant proportion of human cancers. While the very stringent criteria used for their classification probably lead to an underestimation, only six human viruses are currently classified as oncogenic. In this review we give a brief historical account of the discovery of oncogenic viruses and then analyse the mechanisms underlying the infectious causes of cancer. We discuss viral strategies that evolved to ensure virus propagation and spread can alter cellular homeostasis in a way that increases the probability of oncogenic transformation and acquisition of stem cell phenotype. We argue that a useful way of analysing the convergent characteristics of viral infection and cancer is to examine how viruses affect the so-called cancer hallmarks. This view of infectious origin of cancer is illustrated by examples from hepatitis C infection, which is associated with a high proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Carulli L, Anzivino C. Telomere and telomerase in chronic liver disease and hepatocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6287-6292. [PMID: 24876749 PMCID: PMC4033466 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis is not completely elucidated. Although in the majority of patients, the risk factors may be identified in B and C viral hepatitis, alcohol intake, drugs or fatty liver disease, there is a small percentage of patients with no apparent risk factors. In addition, the evolution of chronic liver disease is highly heterogeneous from one patient to another. Among patient with identical risk factors, some rapidly progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) whereas others have a benign course. Therefore, a genetic predisposition may contribute to the development of cirrhosis and HCC. Evidence supporting the role of genetic factors as a risk for cirrhosis has been accumulating during the past years. In addition to the results from epidemiological studies, polymorphisms studies and data on twins, the concept of telomere shortening as a genetic risk factor for chronic liver disease and HCC has been proposed. Here we review the literature on telomerase mutations, telomere shortening and liver disease including hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Saeed H, Iqtedar M. Stem cell function and maintenance - ends that matter: role of telomeres and telomerase. J Biosci 2014; 38:641-9. [PMID: 23938394 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research holds a promise to treat and prevent age-related degenerative changes in humans. Literature is replete with studies showing that stem cell function declines with aging, especially in highly proliferative tissues/ organs. Among others, telomerase and telomere damage is one of the intrinsic physical instigators that drive agerelated degenerative changes. In this review we provide brief overview of telomerase-deficient aging affects in diverse stem cells populations. Furthermore, potential disease phenotypes associated with telomerase dysregulation in a specific stem cell population is also discussed in this review. Additionally, the role of telomerase in stem cell driven cancer is also briefly touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Saeed
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Wang L, Yao M, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Yao D. Circulating specific biomarkers in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and its metastasis monitoring. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:9-20. [PMID: 24006223 PMCID: PMC3907675 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and rapidly fatal malignancies worldwide with a multifactorial, multistep, complex process and poor prognosis. Its early diagnosis and metastasis monitoring are of the utmost importance. Hepatoma tissues synthesize various tumor-related proteins, genes, enzymes, microRNA, etc. and then secrete into the blood. Detections of circulating biomarkers are useful to find tumor at an early stage or monitor metastasis after postoperative treatment. This paper summarizes recent studies of specific biomarkers at early diagnosis or in monitoring metastasis or postoperative recurrence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Xia X, Rui R, Quan S, Zhong R, Zou L, Lou J, Lu X, Ke J, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yan J, Miao X. MNS16A tandem repeats minisatellite of human telomerase gene and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73367. [PMID: 23991190 PMCID: PMC3750000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Researchers have provided evidence that telomere dysfunction play an important role in cancer development. MNS16A is a polymorphic tandem repeats minisatellite of human telomerase (hTERT) gene that influences promoter activity of hTERT and thus implicates to relate with risk of several malignancies. However, results on association between MNS16A and cancer risk remain controversial. We therefore conduct a meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of association between MNS16A and cancer risk. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted by searching PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Human Genome and Epidemiology Network Navigator and Google Scholar digital database for publications on associations between MNS16A and cancer risk. Variants with statistically significant associations by meta-analysis were assessed using Venice criteria. Results 10 case-control articles enrolling 6101 cases and 10521 controls were brought into our meta-analysis. The relationships were strong epidemiological credibility in cerebral cancer and breast cancer population (P for heterogeneity > 0.1). The cumulative analysis in chronologic order suggested a clear tendency towards a significant association with additional study samples. Conclusions The results provided a more accurate depiction of the role of MNS16A in cerebral cancer and breast cancer susceptibility. Additional larger studies were warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Xia
- Clinical Laboratory of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rui Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Quan
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuzai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ti Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (JY))
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (JY))
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Hepatocellular carcinoma and other malignancies in autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1459-76. [PMID: 23306849 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic malignancies can complicate the course of autoimmune hepatitis, and these occurrences may increase in frequency as the survival of patients with cirrhosis is extended and the prospect of new nonstandard immune-modifying intervention is realized. The frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis is 1-9 %, and annual occurrence in patients with cirrhosis is 1.1-1.9 %. The standardized incidence ratio for hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis is 23.3 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 7.5-54.3) in Sweden, and the standardized mortality ratio for hepatobiliary cancer is 42.3 (95 % CI 20.3-77.9) in New Zealand. The principal risk factor is long-standing cirrhosis, and patients at risk are characterized mainly by cirrhosis for ≥ 10 years, manifestations of portal hypertension, persistent liver inflammation, and immunosuppressive therapy for ≥ 3 years. Multiple molecular disturbances, including the accumulation of senescent hepatocytes because of telomere shortening, step-wise accumulation of chromosomal injuries, and aberrations in transcription factors and genes, may contribute to the risk. Extraheptic malignancies of diverse cell types occur in 5 % in an unpredictable fashion. The standardized incidence ratio is 2.7 (95 % CI 1.8-3.9) in New Zealand, and non-melanoma skin cancers are most common. Outcomes are related to the nature and stage of the tumor at diagnosis. Surveillance recommendations have not been promulgated, but hepatic ultrasonography every six months in patients with cirrhosis is a consideration. Routine health screening measures for other malignancies should be applied diligently.
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Grizzi F, Di Caro G, Laghi L, Hermonat P, Mazzola P, Nguyen DD, Radhi S, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Annoni G, Chiriva-Internati M. Mast cells and the liver aging process. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:9. [PMID: 23496863 PMCID: PMC3599827 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has now ascertained that the clinical manifestations of liver disease in the elderly population reflect both the cumulative effects of longevity on the liver and the generalized senescence of the organism ability to adjust to metabolic, infectious, and immunologic insults. Although liver tests are not significantly affected by age, the presentation of liver diseases such as viral hepatitis may be subtler in the elderly population than that of younger patients. Human immunosenescence is a situation in which the immune system, particularly T lymphocyte function, deteriorates with age, while innate immunity is negligibly affected and in some cases almost up-regulated. We here briefly review the relationships between the liver aging process and mast cells, the key effectors in a more complex range of innate immune responses than originally though.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Caro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Hermonat
- Department of Internal medicine and Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Paolo Mazzola
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, and Geriatric Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Diane D Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Saba Radhi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Giorgio Annoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, and Geriatric Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Jeong SW, Jang JY, Chung RT. Hepatitis C virus and hepatocarcinogenesis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012; 18:347-56. [PMID: 23323249 PMCID: PMC3540370 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2012.18.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that is unable to integrate into the host genome. However, its proteins interact with various host proteins and induce host responses. The oncogenic process of HCV infection is slow and insidious and probably requires multiple steps of genetic and epigenetic alterations, the activation of cellular oncogenes, the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and dysregulation of multiple signal transduction pathways. Stellate cells may transdifferentiate into progenitor cells and possibly be linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral proteins also have been implicated in several cellular signal transduction pathways that affect cell survival, proliferation, migration and transformation. Current advances in gene expression profile and selective messenger RNA analysis have improved approach to the pathogenesis of HCC. The heterogeneity of genetic events observed in HCV-related HCCs has suggested that complex mechanisms underlie malignant transformation induced by HCV infection. Considering the complexity and heterogeneity of HCCs of both etiological and genetic aspects, further molecular classification is required and an understanding of these molecular complexities may provide the opportunity for effective chemoprevention and personalized therapy for HCV-related HCC patients in the future. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung Won Jeong
- Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Guo N, Cheng D, Li ZH, Zhou QB, Zhou JJ, Lin Q, Zeng B, Liao Q, Chen RF. Transfection of HCVc improves hTERT expression through STAT3 pathway by epigenetic regulation in Huh7 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:3419-26. [PMID: 22688977 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- Department of Organ Transplant,Qi Lu hosptial of Shan Dong university,Jinan,250012, China
| | - Di Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhi Hua Li
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Quan Bo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jia Jia Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Bing Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiaofang Liao
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ru Fu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Ramakrishna G, Anwar T, Angara RK, Chatterjee N, Kiran S, Singh S. Role of cellular senescence in hepatic wound healing and carcinogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:739-47. [PMID: 22980320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A state of permanent growth arrest characterises a senescent cell. Both the beneficial and deleterious effects that have accrued in senescent cells are observed in a complex organ, such as the liver. Injury to liver tissues triggers processes of regeneration and associated wound healing. Persistent injury can also lead to the neoplastic state. Recent evidence linked the senescent characteristics of the cells to the beneficial processes of wound healing and tumour surveillance in the liver. On the other hand, the secretory phenotype of senescent cells can also selectively promote undesirable neoplastic progression. In an evolutionary context, a senescent cell can function primarily as an adaptive response featuring the characteristics of altruism, trade-offs and bystander effects. Using the liver cell as a model system, this review focuses on the current knowledge of the role of senescence in these seemingly contradictory cell phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Tuljaguda Laboratory Complex, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Wan S, Hann HW, Myers RE, Fu X, Hann RS, Kim SH, Tang H, Xing J, Yang H. Telomere length in circulating serum DNA as a novel non-invasive biomarker for cirrhosis: a nested case-control analysis. Liver Int 2012; 32:1233-41. [PMID: 22471856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous studies have indicated that telomere length is associated with altered risk of various tumours including hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the association between telomere length and the risk of cirrhosis has not been reported. METHODS In this nested case-control study, we used real-time quantitative PCR to determine the relative telomere length (RTL) in serum DNA samples from 100 HBV-related cirrhosis cases and 100 frequency-matched HBV controls, and evaluated the associations between RTL and cirrhosis risk by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS We found that cirrhotic cases had a significantly longer RTL (median, 0.36; range, 0.08-1.87) than non-cirrhotic controls (median, 0.20; range, 0.05-1.11) (P < 0.0001). Compared with subjects with short RTL, those with long RTL had a significantly increased cirrhosis risk [odds ratio, 2.76, 95% confidence interval, 1.50-5.10; P = 0.001]. Quartile analysis further indicated a dose-response effect for this association. Compared with patients with the lowest quartile of RTL, the cirrhosis risk for those with the second, third and highest quartile of RTL was 2.68 (0.91-7.87, P = 0.073), 3.37 (1.32-10.54, P = 0.013) and 6.64 (2.41-18.32, P < 0.0001) respectively (P(trend) <0.0001). Moreover, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve increased from 0.60 (epidemiological variables) to 0.72 (epidemiological variables plus RTL), with statistically significant difference assessed by bootstrap analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents the first epidemiological evidence that RTL in serum DNA could potentially be used as a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive marker of cirrhosis risk, a finding that warrants further investigations in independent retrospective and prospective populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogui Wan
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, PA 19107, USA
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Begus-Nahrmann Y, Hartmann D, Kraus J, Eshraghi P, Scheffold A, Grieb M, Rasche V, Schirmacher P, Lee HW, Kestler HA, Lechel A, Rudolph KL. Transient telomere dysfunction induces chromosomal instability and promotes carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2283-8. [PMID: 22622037 DOI: 10.1172/jci61745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere shortening limits the proliferative capacity of a cell, but perhaps surprisingly, shortening is also known to be associated with increased rates of tumor initiation. A current hypothesis suggests that telomere dysfunction increases tumor initiation by induction of chromosomal instability, but that initiated tumors need to reactivate telomerase for genome stabilization and tumor progression. This concept has not been tested in vivo, since appropriate mouse models were lacking. Here, we analyzed hepatocarcinogenesis in a mouse model of inducible telomere dysfunction on a telomerase-proficient background, in telomerase knockout mice with chronic telomere dysfunction (G3 mTerc-/-), and in WT mice with functional telomeres and telomerase. Transient or chronic telomere dysfunction enhanced the rates of chromosomal aberrations during hepatocarcinogenesis, but only telomerase-proficient mice exhibited significantly increased rates of macroscopic tumor formation in response to telomere dysfunction. In contrast, telomere dysfunction resulted in pronounced accumulation of DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis in telomerase-deficient liver tumors. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that transient telomere dysfunction during early or late stages of tumorigenesis promotes chromosomal instability and carcinogenesis in telomerase-proficient mice.
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Fu X, Wan S, Hann HW, Myers RE, Hann RS, Au J, Chen B, Xing J, Yang H. Relative telomere length: a novel non-invasive biomarker for the risk of non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:1014-22. [PMID: 22444598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Telomere length has emerged as a promising risk predictor of various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the majority of studies in this area measured telomere length in hepatocytes and one in lymphocytes with conflicting results. Moreover, no studies have been reported on using circulating DNA telomere length as a non-invasive HCC biomarker. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study to determine the relative telomere length (RTL) in serum DNA from 140 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC cases and 280 frequency-matched cancer-free HBV controls. RESULTS Cases had a significantly longer RTL (median, 0.31; range, 0.02-2.31) than controls (median, 0.20; range, 0.01-1.60) (P = 0.003). Consistently, longer RTLs conferred a significantly increased HCC risk compared to short RTLs in a univariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-2.33, P = 0.038). This association attenuated after multivariate adjustment (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 0.90-2.19, P = 0.132). In a quartile analysis, a significant dose-response relationship was noted in univariate analysis (P(trend) = 0.017) which was again attenuated in multivariate analysis (P(trend) = 0.079). Further analyses revealed that the significant association between serum RTL and HCC risk was evident in non-cirrhotic (OR = 3.54, 95% CI 1.58-7.93 P = 0.002), but not cirrhotic (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.55-1.64, P = 0.860) HBV patients. Moreover, the significantly increased HCC risk conferred by cirrhosis was modulated by RTL with a significant interaction effect (P(interaction) = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS RTL in circulating cell-free serum DNA could potentially be used as a novel non-invasive biomarker for non-cirrhotic HCC. Prospective cohort studies are warranted to validate this finding and assess its clinical significance in HCC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Fu
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Goodman ZD, Terracciano LM, Wee A. Tumours and tumour-like lesions of the liver. MACSWEEN'S PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER 2012:761-851. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3398-8.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
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