1
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Watakabe K, Miyoshi M, Kakinuma S, Sato A, Tsuchiya J, Shimizu T, Mochida T, Inada K, Kaneko S, Kawai-Kitahata F, Murakawa M, Nitta S, Nakagawa M, Oshima S, Watanabe M, Ma A, Asahina Y, Okamoto R. A20 in hepatic stellate cells suppresses chronic hepatitis by inhibiting DCLK1-JNK pathway-dependent chemokines. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23757. [PMID: 38965999 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400109r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are responsible for liver fibrosis accompanied by its activation into myofibroblasts and the abundant production of extracellular matrix. However, the HSC contribution to progression of liver inflammation has been less known. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism in HSCs underlying the inflammatory response and the function of tumor necrosis factor α-related protein A20 (TNFAIP3). We established A20 conditional knockout (KO) mice crossing Twist2-Cre and A20 floxed mice. Using these mice, the effect of A20 was analyzed in mouse liver and HSCs. The human HSC line LX-2 was also used to examine the role and underlying molecular mechanism of A20. In this KO model, A20 was deficient in >80% of HSCs. Spontaneous inflammation with mild fibrosis was found in the liver of the mouse model without any exogenous agents, suggesting that A20 in HSCs suppresses chronic hepatitis. Comprehensive RNA sequence analysis revealed that A20-deficient HSCs exhibited an inflammatory phenotype and abnormally expressed chemokines. A20 suppressed JNK pathway activation in HSCs. Loss of A20 function in LX-2 cells also induced excessive chemokine expression, mimicking A20-deficient HSCs. A20 overexpression suppressed chemokine expression in LX-2. In addition, we identified DCLK1 in the genes regulated by A20. DCLK1 activated the JNK pathway and upregulates chemokine expression. DCLK1 inhibition significantly decreased chemokine induction by A20-silencing, suggesting that A20 controlled chemokine expression in HSCs via the DCLK1-JNK pathway. In conclusion, A20 suppresses chemokine induction dependent on the DCLK1-JNK signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of A20 and the DCLK1-JNK pathway for the regulation of inflammation in chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiya Watakabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mochida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Di-Iacovo N, Pieroni S, Piobbico D, Castelli M, Scopetti D, Ferracchiato S, Della-Fazia MA, Servillo G. Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1176. [PMID: 36674692 PMCID: PMC9864482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findings that integrate the regenerative pathway to the current knowledge. An optimal regeneration is achieved through the integration of two main pathways: IL-6/JAK/STAT3, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt, which in turn enhances cell growth. Proliferation and cell growth are events that must be balanced during the three phases of the regenerative process: initiation, proliferation and termination. Achieving the correct liver/body weight ratio is ensured by several pathways as extracellular matrix signalling, apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and molecules including transforming growth factor-beta, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The actors involved in the regenerative process are numerous and many of them are also pivotal players in both the immune and non-immune inflammatory process, that is observed in the early stages of hepatic regeneration. Balance of Th17/Treg is important in liver inflammatory process outcomes. Knowledge of liver regeneration will allow a more detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that are crucial in the interplay between proliferation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di-Iacovo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pieroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Piobbico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Castelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Damiano Scopetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Ferracchiato
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Agnese Della-Fazia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06129 Perugia, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale (C.U.R.Ge.F.), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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3
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Hefler J, Marfil-Garza BA, Pawlick RL, Freed DH, Karvellas CJ, Bigam DL, Shapiro AMJ. Preclinical models of acute liver failure: a comprehensive review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12579. [PMID: 34966588 PMCID: PMC8667744 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure is marked by the rapid deterioration of liver function in a previously well patient over period of days to weeks. Though relatively rare, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This makes it a challenging disease to study clinically, necessitating reliance on preclinical models as means to explore pathophysiology and novel therapies. Preclinical models of acute liver failure are artificial by nature, and generally fall into one of three categories: surgical, pharmacologic or immunogenic. This article reviews preclinical models of acute liver failure and considers their relevance in modeling clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hefler
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Braulio A Marfil-Garza
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,National Institutes of Medical Sciences & Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico.,CHRISTUS-LatAm Hub Excellence & Innovation Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rena L Pawlick
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren H Freed
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Constantine J Karvellas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David L Bigam
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Solhi R, Lotfinia M, Gramignoli R, Najimi M, Vosough M. Metabolic hallmarks of liver regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:731-745. [PMID: 34304970 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of cell metabolism in biological processes, particularly cell division, metabolic aspects of liver regeneration are not well defined. Better understanding of the metabolic activity governing division of liver cells will provide powerful insights into mechanisms of physiological and pathological liver regeneration. Recent studies have provided evidence that metabolic response to liver failure might be a proximal signal to initiate cell proliferation in liver regeneration. In this review, we highlight how lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins dynamically change and orchestrate liver regeneration. In addition, we discuss translational studies in which metabolic intervention has been used to treat chronic liver diseases (CLDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Solhi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Lotfinia
- Physiology Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Long C, Xie N, Shu Y, Wu Y, He P, Zhou Y, Xiang Y, Gu J, Yang L, Wang Y. Knockout of the Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Gene Promotes Inflammation and Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Promoting A20/Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Expression in Mice with Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931236. [PMID: 34413280 PMCID: PMC8409143 DOI: 10.12659/msm.931236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effect of deleting the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) gene on the development of hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice via regulating inflammation. Material/Methods The DNA was extracted from the tails of mice to identify whether the cannabinoid receptor 2 gene was successfully knocked out. A liver fibrosis model was established by an intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 into mice. Hepatic damage and hepatic fibrosis were evaluated by detecting serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and staining paraffin sections of liver tissue with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). The secretion and distribution of collagen in liver tissue were observed by Masson staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (A20), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in liver tissue. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA in liver tissue. Results Compared with the control mice, the mice with CB2 knockout that were exposed to CCl4 exhibited increased liver damage, liver fibrosis, and upregulated α-SMA, TGF-β1, A20, and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels. IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels and mRNA levels were upregulated. Conclusions The deletion of the CB2 gene promoted the activation of hepatic stellate cells in mice with liver fibrosis and aggravated liver fibrosis by up-regulating the protein expression of A20 and p-NF-κB p65 and inducing inflammatory response, potentially providing new insight into the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhen Long
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,Medical Laboratory Department, The Second Nanning People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Na Xie
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanhui Shu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Ya'an City, Ya'an, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Ping He
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Zhou
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yining Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Junying Gu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Yang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yuping Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland).,School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
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6
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A20 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation Through MAPK/ERK/JNK Pathway in LX-2 Cells. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are liver-specific pericytes that transform into myofibroblasts, which are involved in pathological vascularization in liver fibrosis. We previously suggested that A20 overexpression suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in HSC. We aimed to determine the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory role of A20 in LX-2 cells. Methods: LX-2 cells were transfected with A20-siRNA or control-siRNA and control adenovirus or A20-carrying adenovirus. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis was employed to quantify mRNA levels of α-SMA, col-I, col-III, IL-6, TGF-β, and PDGF in A20-siRNA LX-2 cells stimulated with LPS. Multiple molecular indices of MAPK/ERK/JNK signal pathway were performed by using Western blotting. Results: Relative to control, the fibrosis-related mRNA levels of α-SMA, col-I, and col-III were increased in A20-siRNA LX-2 cells. Meanwhile, A20-siRNA cells significantly increased IL-6, TGF-β, and PDGF mRNA levels. Relative to controls, stimulating A20 overexpressing LX-2 cells with LPS for 5 and 30 minutes significantly reduced the levels of phosphorylated ERK and JNK, respectively. A20 knockdown in LX-2 cells promotes phosphorylated ERK and JNK levels with LPS for 30 minutes. Conclusions: Our data indicate that A20 could be functional in HSCs through the MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling pathway, highlighting a potential novel therapeutic strategy against liver fibrosis.
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7
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Jia F, Deng F, Xu P, Li S, Wang X, Hu P, Ren H, Tong S, Yin W. NOD1 Agonist Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide and D-Galactosamine-Induced Fatal Hepatitis Through the Upregulation of A20 Expression in Hepatocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:603192. [PMID: 33746949 PMCID: PMC7969647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.603192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that NODs are involved in liver diseases; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of NOD1 agonist pretreatment on acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice. We found that pretreatment with the NOD1 agonist markedly reduced LPS/D-GalN-induced mortality, elevation of serum ALT levels, and hepatocyte apoptosis. The protective effect of NOD1 agonist was independent of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibition. NOD1 agonist pretreatment also attenuated TNF-α/D-GalN-induced apoptotic liver damage. The anti-apoptotic protein A20 expression was more pronounced in NOD1 agonist pretreated mice than in controls, and knockdown of A20 abrogated the protective effect of NOD1 agonist on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis. Further experiments showed that NOD1 agonist-induced A20 upregulation required the presence of kupffer cells and TNF-α. Taken together, our data strongly indicate that NOD1 is involved in the regulation of liver injury and could be a potential therapeutic target for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuxue Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwen Tong
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Khan MGM, Ghosh A, Variya B, Santharam MA, Kandhi R, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. Hepatocyte growth control by SOCS1 and SOCS3. Cytokine 2019; 121:154733. [PMID: 31154249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary capacity of the liver to regenerate following injury is dependent on coordinated and regulated actions of cytokines and growth factors. Whereas hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are direct mitogens to hepatocytes, inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-6 also play essential roles in the liver regeneration process. These cytokines and growth factors activate different signaling pathways in a sequential manner to elicit hepatocyte proliferation. The kinetics and magnitude of these hepatocyte-activating stimuli are tightly regulated to ensure restoration of a functional liver mass without causing uncontrolled cell proliferation. Hepatocyte proliferation can become deregulated under conditions of chronic inflammation, leading to accumulation of genetic aberrations and eventual neoplastic transformation. Among the control mechanisms that regulate hepatocyte proliferation, negative feedback inhibition by the 'suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)' family proteins SOCS1 and SOCS3 play crucial roles in attenuating cytokine and growth factor signaling. Loss of SOCS1 or SOCS3 in the mouse liver increases the rate of liver regeneration and renders hepatocytes susceptible to neoplastic transformation. The frequent epigenetic repression of the SOCS1 and SOCS3 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma has stimulated research in understanding the growth regulatory mechanisms of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in hepatocytes. Whereas SOCS3 is implicated in regulating JAK-STAT signaling induced by IL-6 and attenuating EGFR signaling, SOCS1 is crucial for the regulation of HGF signaling. These two proteins also module the functions of certain key proteins that control the cell cycle. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the functions of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in controlling hepatocyte proliferation, and its implications to liver health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Musawwir Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Bhavesh Variya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Madanraj Appiya Santharam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Rajani Kandhi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.
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9
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Yi PS, Shu Y, Bi WX, Zheng XB, Feng WJ, He LY, Li JS. Emerging role of zinc finger protein A20 as a suppressor of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21479-21484. [PMID: 31134613 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, is a major public health problem. Zinc finger protein A20 (A20), an acute phase response gene, is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB signaling. A20 serves a critical role in liver protection, including limiting inflammation following hepatic injury, stimulating hepatocyte growth, and preventing hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. A20 is also involved in different processes, including tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis through multiple mechanisms. Accumulated studies have reported the clinical implications and biological relevance of A20 in the development and progression of HCC. The underlying mechanisms of A20 in HCC include inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, protein tyrosine kinase 2 activation and Rac family GTPase 1 activity. Combining liver protection with tumor inhibition is a unique advantage of A20, which has the potential to be a novel treatment for promoting liver regeneration following liver resection in patients with HCC with liver cirrhosis. This review discusses the hepato-protective effect of A20 on hepatocytes and its potential role in cancer development, particularly its suppressor effect on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sheng Yi
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancrease and Center of Severe Acute Pancreatitis of Northeast Sichuan, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancrease and Center of Severe Acute Pancreatitis of Northeast Sichuan, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wang Xiu Bi
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancrease and Center of Severe Acute Pancreatitis of Northeast Sichuan, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Bo Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan University, P. R. China
| | - Wan Jing Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan University, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ye He
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan University, P. R. China
| | - Jian Shui Li
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancrease and Center of Severe Acute Pancreatitis of Northeast Sichuan, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, P. R. China
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10
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Wan H, Li J, Liao H, Liao M, Luo L, Xu L, Yuan K, Zeng Y. Nicotinamide induces liver regeneration and improves liver function by activating SIRT1. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:555-562. [PMID: 30483782 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‑Feng Wan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jia‑Xin Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hao‑Tian Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ming‑Heng Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ke‑Fei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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11
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Lappas M. A20, an essential component of the ubiquitin-editing protein complex, is a negative regulator of inflammation in human myometrium and foetal membranes. Mol Hum Reprod 2018; 23:628-645. [PMID: 28911210 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does A20 regulate mediators involved in the terminal processes of human labour in primary myometrial and amnion cells? SUMMARY ANSWER A20 is a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) responsive gene that acts as a negative regulator of NF-κB-induced expression of pro-labour mediators. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Inflammation is commonly implicated in spontaneous preterm birth and the processes involved in rupture of foetal membranes and uterine contractions. In myometrium and foetal membranes, the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB regulates the transcription of pro-labour mediators in response to inflammatory stimuli. In non-gestational tissues, A20 is widely recognised as an anti-inflammatory protein that inhibits inflammation-induced NF-κB signalling. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Primary human amnion and myometrial cells were used to determine the effect of pro-inflammatory mediators on A20 expression and the effect of A20 siRNA on the expression and secretion of pro-labour mediators. The expression of A20 was assessed in myometrium and foetal membranes from non-labouring and labouring women at preterm and or term (n = 8 or nine samples per group). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The effects of pro-inflammatory mediators and of A20 siRNA in cell cultures were determined by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), western blots, immunoassays, gelatin zymography and luciferase assays. A20 expression in tissue samples was assessed by qRT-PCR. Statistical significance was ascribed to a P value < 0.05. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In primary cells isolated from myometrium and or amnion, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1B and TNF, the bacterial products flagellin and fsl-1, and the viral double stranded RNA analogue poly(I:C) significantly increased A20 mRNA expression via NF-κB. A20 siRNA studies in primary myometrial and amnion cells demonstrated an augmentation of inflammation-induced expression and or secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1A, IL6), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL2), adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1), contraction-associated proteins (PTGS2, PTGFR, PGF2α) and the extracellular matrix degrading enzyme MMP9, as well as NF-κB activation. Inhibition of NF-κB activity significant attenuated inflammation-induced expression of pro-labour mediators in A20 siRNA transfected cells. Finally, A20 mRNA expression was decreased in myometrium and foetal membranes with labour, and in foetal membranes with chorioamnionitis. LARGE SCALE DATA Not applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The conclusions of this study are solely reliant on the data from in vitro experiments using cells isolated from myometrium and amnion. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The results of this study raise the possibility that targeting A20 may be a therapeutic approach to reduce inflammation associated with spontaneous preterm birth. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) Associate Professor Martha Lappas is supported by a Career Development Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; grant no. 1047025). Funding for this study was provided by the NHMRC (grant no. 1058786), Norman Beischer Medical Research Foundation and the Mercy Research Foundation. There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Xu H, Wang L, Zheng P, Liu Y, Zhang C, Jiang K, Song H, Ji G. Elevated serum A20 is associated with severity of chronic hepatitis B and A20 inhibits NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38914-38926. [PMID: 28473659 PMCID: PMC5503582 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A20 is a powerful suppressor for inflammatory response. This study aims to determine A20 level in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and analyze its association with the disease severity. The role of A20 in inflammatory response was further investigated in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed significantly higher A20 in both serum and liver tissues in CHB patients than in health controls. Serum A20 level was positively correlated with ALT, AST and TNF-α. To induce hepatitis with inflammation and liver injury, mice were injected intraperitoneally with D-galactosamine (D-GalN), resulting in rapid increase of A20 in serum and liver tissues. Consistently, HepG2 and Huh-7 cells exposed to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or D-GalN were promoted to express A20. Moreover, overexpression or knockdown of A20 inhibited or increased TNF-α secretion separately. A20 significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and down-regulated phospho-IκBα and phospho-p65 in both cells. In conclusion, elevated A20 expression is involved in the severity of CHB, suggesting A20 to be a possible serological biomarker for the disease prognosis. Additionally, the inflammatory response is attenuated by A20 through inhibiting NF-κB activity, which partially contributes to the hepato-protective function of this molecule. Thus, up-regulating A20 might be a potential strategy for preventing the progress of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.,China-Canada Centre of Research for Digestive Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaiping Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.,China-Canada Centre of Research for Digestive Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.,China-Canada Centre of Research for Digestive Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Wang X, Ai L, Xu Q, Wu C, Chen Z, Su D, Jiang X, Fan Z. A20 Attenuates Liver Fibrosis in NAFLD and Inhibits Inflammation Responses. Inflammation 2018; 40:840-848. [PMID: 28251449 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported A20 was able to inhibit lipid accumulation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We want to investigate whether A20 influences liver fibrosis in this study. Liver tissues from patients with hepatic fibrosis (n = 9) and healthy individuals (n = 7) were studied for A20 protein level by immunohistochemistry. A20 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level were also analyzed in two murine hepatic fibrosis models: methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet and extrahepatic bile duct ligation (BDL) operation by real-time PCR and western blot. In vitro, the LX-2 human hepatic stellate cell line was treated by LPS at 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL for 6 h or at the concentration of 0.1 μg/mL for 0, 6, 12, and 24 h, then A20 expression levels were detected by western blot and PCR. The mRNA level of α-SMA, collagen I, collagen III, TGF-β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TLR4 was also examined by PCR. We then overexpressed A20 in LX-2 cells using adenovirus technique. Levels of α-SMA, collagen I, collagen III, TGF-β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TLR4 were examined in A20-overexpression LX-2 cells. Patients with hepatic fibrosis showed significantly higher A20 protein level compared with healthy controls. A20 mRNA and protein levels were also increased in livers from MCD feeding or BDL operation mice in comparison to normal controls. In LX-2 cells, LPS induced A20 protein in a concentration-dependent manner. The mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen I, collagen III, TGF-β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TLR4 were increased after LPS treatment. Overexpression of A20 in LX-2 cells inhibited α-SMA deposition and collagen I, collagen III secretion. TGF-β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TLR4 mRNA levels were also reduced in A20-overexpression LX-2 cells in response to LPS stimulation. A20 overexpression inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation, which could be the mechanism for high A20 expression protected livers from fibrosis. Enhancement of A20 expression seems to be rational therapeutic strategies for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, 1882 Central-South Road, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Luoyan Ai
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Changwei Wu
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Dazhi Su
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Xiaoke Jiang
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Zhuping Fan
- Department of Health Manage Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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14
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Potikha T, Ella E, Cerliani JP, Mizrahi L, Pappo O, Rabinovich GA, Galun E, Goldenberg DS. Galectin-1 is essential for efficient liver regeneration following hepatectomy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31738-54. [PMID: 27166189 PMCID: PMC5077973 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal1) is a known immune/inflammatory regulator which acts both extracellularly and intracellularly, modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we explored the role of Gal1 in liver regeneration using 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) of C57BL/6 wild type and Gal1-knockout (Gal1-KO, Lgals1−/−) mice. Gene or protein expression, in liver samples collected at time intervals from 2 to 168 hours post-operation, was tested by either RT-PCR or by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. We demonstrated that Gal1 transcript and protein expression was induced in the liver tissue of wild type mice upon PHx. Liver regeneration following PHx was significantly delayed in the Gal1-KO compared to the control liver. This delay was accompanied by a decreased Akt phosphorylation, and accumulation of the hepatocyte nuclear p21 protein in the Gal1-KO versus control livers at 24 and 48 hours following PHx. Transcripts of several known regulators of inflammation, cell cycle and cell signaling, including some known PHx-induced genes, were aberrantly expressed (mainly down-regulated) in Gal1-KO compared to control livers at 2, 6 and 24 hours post-PHx. Transient steatosis, which is imperative for liver regeneration following PHx, was significantly delayed and decreased in the Gal1-KO compared to the control liver and was accompanied by a significantly decreased expression in the mutant liver of several genes encoding lipid metabolism regulators. Our results demonstrate that Gal1 protein is essential for efficient liver regeneration following PHx through the regulation of liver inflammation, hepatic cell proliferation, and the control of lipid storage in the regenerating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Potikha
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ezra Ella
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juan P Cerliani
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lina Mizrahi
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orit Pappo
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel S Goldenberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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The deubiquitinating enzyme TNFAIP3 mediates inactivation of hepatic ASK1 and ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Med 2017; 24:84-94. [PMID: 29227477 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in hepatocytes is a key process in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and a promising target for treatment of the condition. However, the mechanism underlying ASK1 activation is still unclear, and thus the endogenous regulators of this kinase remain open to be exploited as potential therapeutic targets. In screening for proteins that interact with ASK1 in the context of NASH, we identified the deubiquitinase tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) as a key endogenous suppressor of ASK1 activation, and we found that TNFAIP3 directly interacts with and deubiquitinates ASK1 in hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of Tnfaip3 exacerbated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease- and NASH-related phenotypes in mice, including glucose metabolism disorders, lipid accumulation and enhanced inflammation, in an ASK1-dependent manner. In contrast, transgenic or adeno-associated virus-mediated TNFAIP3 gene delivery in the liver in both mouse and nonhuman primate models of NASH substantially blocked the onset and progression of the disease. These results implicate TNFAIP3 as a functionally important endogenous suppressor of ASK1 hyperactivation in the pathogenesis of NASH and identify it as a potential new molecular target for NASH therapy.
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16
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Pinna F, Bissinger M, Beuke K, Huber N, Longerich T, Kummer U, Schirmacher P, Sahle S, Breuhahn K. A20/TNFAIP3 Discriminates Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Induced NF-κB from JNK Pathway Activation in Hepatocytes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:610. [PMID: 28878689 PMCID: PMC5572400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the liver tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced signaling critically regulates the immune response of non-parenchymal cells as well as proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocytes via activation of the NF-κB and JNK pathways. Especially, the induction of negative feedback regulators, such as IκBα and A20 is responsible for the dynamic and time-restricted response of these important pathways. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for different TNF-induced phenotypes under physiological stimulation conditions are not completely understood so far. In addition, it is not known if varying TNF concentrations may differentially affect the desensitization properties of both pathways. By using computational modeling, we first showed that TNF-induced activation and downstream signaling is qualitatively comparable between primary mouse hepatocytes and immortalized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In order to define physiologically relevant TNF levels, which allow for an adjustable and dynamic NF-κB/JNK pathway response in parenchymal liver cells, a range of cytokine concentrations was defined that led to gradual pathway responses in HCC cells (1-5 ng/ml). Repeated stimulations with low (1 ng/ml), medium (2.5 ng/ml) and high (5 ng/ml) TNF amounts demonstrated that JNK signaling was still active at cytokine concentrations, which led to dampened NF-κB signaling illustrating differential pathway responsiveness depending on TNF input dynamics. SiRNA-mediated inhibition of the negative feedback regulator A20 (syn. TNFAIP3) or its overexpression did not significantly affect the NF-κB response. In contrast, A20 silencing increased the JNK response, while its overexpression dampened JNK phosphorylation. In addition, the A20 knockdown sensitized hepatocellular cells to TNF-induced cleavage and activity of the effector caspase-3. In conclusion, a mathematical model-based approach shows that the TNF-induced pathway responses are qualitatively comparable in primary and immortalized mouse hepatocytes. The cytokine amount defines the pathway responsiveness under repeated treatment conditions with NF-κB signaling being dampened 'earlier' than JNK. A20 appears to be the molecular switch discriminating between NF-κB and JNK signaling when stimulating with varying physiological cytokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pinna
- Molecular Hepatopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University HospitalAachen, Germany
| | - Michaela Bissinger
- Molecular Hepatopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Beuke
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, Centre for Organismal Studies, BioQuant, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Huber
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, Centre for Organismal Studies, BioQuant, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University HospitalAachen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, Centre for Organismal Studies, BioQuant, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Molecular Hepatopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Sahle
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, Centre for Organismal Studies, BioQuant, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Molecular Hepatopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
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17
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Li L, Guo J, Chen Y, Chang C, Xu C. Comprehensive CircRNA expression profile and selection of key CircRNAs during priming phase of rat liver regeneration. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:80. [PMID: 28086788 PMCID: PMC5237265 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rat liver regeneration (LR) proceeds along a process of highly organized and ordered tissue growth in response to the loss or injury of liver tissue, during which many physiological processes may play important roles. The molecular mechanism of hepatocyte proliferation, energy metabolism and substance metabolism during rat LR had been elucidated. Further, the correlation of circular RNA (circRNA) abundance with proliferation has recently been clarified. However, the regulatory capacity of circRNA in rat LR remains a fascinating topic. RESULTS To investigate the regulatory mechanism of circRNA during priming phase of rat LR, high-throughput RNA sequencing technology was performed to unbiasedly profile the expression of circRNA during priming phase of rat LR. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological pathway analysis was conducted to predict the functions of differentially expressed circRNAs and their host linear transcripts. Co-expression networks of circRNA-miRNA were constructed based on the correlation analysis between the differentially expressed LR-related circRNAs and the condition of their miRNA binding sites. To excavate the key circRNAs in the early phase of rat LR, we comprehensively evaluated and integrated the relationship of expression level between the circRNAs and the linear transcripts as well as the distribution of miRNA binding sites in circRNA sequences. CONCLUSIONS This paper is the first to employ the comprehensive circRNA expression profile and to investigate circRNA-miRNA interactions during priming phase of rat LR. Two thousand four hundred twelve circRNAs were detected, and 159 circRNAs deriving from 116 host linear transcripts differentially expressed (p < 0.05). Six significantly changed circRNAs during priming phase of rat LR were screened as key circle molecules, and then were validated by qRT-PCR. This study will lay the foundation for revealing the functional roles of circRNAs during rat LR and help solve the remaining clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.
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18
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Ai L, Wang X, Chen Z, Lin Q, Su D, Xu Q, Wu C, Jiang X, Xu A, Fan Z. A20 reduces lipid storage and inflammation in hypertrophic adipocytes via p38 and Akt signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 420:73-83. [PMID: 27443844 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a vital role in the development of obesity and related disorders. Our previous study showed that A20, an ubiquitin-editing enzyme with anti-inflammation function, attenuated free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced lipid accumulation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Here, we investigated A20 expression in adipose tissue of obese individuals and its effects on 3T3-L1 lipogenesis as well as the likely mechanisms underlying this process. By re-annotation of raw microarray data downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, we found that obese individuals showed significantly higher A20 mRNA levels in adipocytes. In vitro, A20 inhibited MCP-1 and IL-6 secretion in adipocytes. Forced expression of A20 resulted in decreased expression of key markers of lipogenesis and adipogenesis, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and adipogenesis (aP2), leading to less lipids accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. This process was concomitant with attenuated activation of p38 and Akt signaling. Our results suggest that A20 may have therapeutic potential for obesity and related diseases. The mechanisms involved the suppression of lipid storage and inflammation in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyan Ai
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Dazhi Su
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Wu
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoke Jiang
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuping Fan
- Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Catrysse L, Farhang Ghahremani M, Vereecke L, Youssef SA, Mc Guire C, Sze M, Weber A, Heikenwalder M, de Bruin A, Beyaert R, van Loo G. A20 prevents chronic liver inflammation and cancer by protecting hepatocytes from death. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2250. [PMID: 27253414 PMCID: PMC5143384 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An important regulator of inflammatory signalling is the ubiquitin-editing protein A20 that acts as a break on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, but also exerts important cytoprotective functions. A20 knockout mice are cachectic and die prematurely due to excessive multi-organ inflammation. To establish the importance of A20 in liver homeostasis and pathology, we developed a novel mouse line lacking A20 specifically in liver parenchymal cells. These mice spontaneously develop chronic liver inflammation but no fibrosis or hepatocellular carcinomas, illustrating an important role for A20 in normal liver tissue homeostasis. Hepatocyte-specific A20 knockout mice show sustained NF-κB-dependent gene expression in the liver upon tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or lipopolysaccharide injection, as well as hepatocyte apoptosis and lethality upon challenge with sublethal doses of TNF, demonstrating an essential role for A20 in the protection of mice against acute liver failure. Finally, chronic liver inflammation and enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis in hepatocyte-specific A20 knockout mice was associated with increased susceptibility to chemically or high fat-diet-induced hepatocellular carcinoma development. Together, these studies establish A20 as a crucial hepatoprotective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Catrysse
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - M Farhang Ghahremani
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - L Vereecke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - S A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3584, The Netherlands
| | - C Mc Guire
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - M Sze
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - A Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - M Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich D-81675, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - A de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3584, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen NL-9713, The Netherlands
| | - R Beyaert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - G van Loo
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
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Studer P, da Silva CG, Revuelta Cervantes JM, Mele A, Csizmadia E, Siracuse JJ, Damrauer SM, Peterson CR, Candinas D, Stroka DM, Ma A, Bhasin M, Ferran C. Significant lethality following liver resection in A20 heterozygous knockout mice uncovers a key role for A20 in liver regeneration. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:2068-77. [PMID: 25976305 PMCID: PMC4816110 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic expression of A20, including in hepatocytes, increases in response to injury, inflammation and resection. This increase likely serves a hepatoprotective purpose. The characteristic unfettered liver inflammation and necrosis in A20 knockout mice established physiologic upregulation of A20 as integral to the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic armamentarium of hepatocytes. However, the implication of physiologic upregulation of A20 in modulating hepatocytes' proliferative responses following liver resection remains controversial. To resolve the impact of A20 on hepatocyte proliferation and the liver's regenerative capacity, we examined whether decreased A20 expression, as in A20 heterozygous knockout mice, affects outcome following two-third partial hepatectomy. A20 heterozygous mice do not demonstrate a striking liver phenotype, indicating that their A20 expression levels are still sufficient to contain inflammation and cell death at baseline. However, usually benign partial hepatectomy provoked a staggering lethality (>40%) in these mice, uncovering an unsuspected phenotype. Heightened lethality in A20 heterozygous mice following partial hepatectomy resulted from impaired hepatocyte proliferation due to heightened levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, and deficient upregulation of cyclins D1, E and A, in the context of worsened liver steatosis. A20 heterozygous knockout minimally affected baseline liver transcriptome, mostly circadian rhythm genes. Nevertheless, this caused differential expression of >1000 genes post hepatectomy, hindering lipid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, insulin signaling and cell cycle, all critical cellular processes for liver regeneration. These results demonstrate that mere reduction of A20 levels causes worse outcome post hepatectomy than full knockout of bona fide liver pro-regenerative players such as IL-6, clearly ascertaining A20's primordial role in enabling liver regeneration. Clinical implications of these data are of utmost importance as they caution safety of extensive hepatectomy for donation or tumor in carriers of A20/TNFAIP3 single nucleotide polymorphisms alleles that decrease A20 expression or function, and prompt the development of A20-based liver pro-regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Studer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C G da Silva
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J M Revuelta Cervantes
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Mele
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Csizmadia
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Siracuse
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Damrauer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C R Peterson
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Candinas
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D M Stroka
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Ma
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Bioinformatics core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Bhasin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California in San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - C Ferran
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Ai L, Xu Q, Wu C, Wang X, Chen Z, Su D, Jiang X, Xu A, Lin Q, Fan Z. A20 Attenuates FFAs-induced Lipid Accumulation in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1436-46. [PMID: 26681923 PMCID: PMC4672001 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A20 is a ubiquitin-editing enzyme that attenuates the activity of proximal signaling complexes at pro-inflammatory receptors. It has been well documented that A20 protein plays an important role in response to liver injury and hepatocytes apoptosis in pro-inflammatory pathways. However, there was little evidence showing that A20 protein was involving in fatty-acid homeostasis except the up-regulation of two fatty acid metabolism regulatory genes at mRNA level (PPARa and CPT1a) by adenovirus-mediated A20 protein overexpression. In this study we found that: 1) the expression level of A20 protein was significantly higher in the steatotic liver from MCD-fed mice than the controls; 2) Overexpression of A20 protein suppressed FFAs-stimulated triglyceride deposition in HepG2 cells while under expression of A20 protein increased FFAs-stimulated triglyceride deposition; 3) Overexpression of A20 protein in HepG2 cells upregulated genes that promote β-oxidation and decreased the mRNA levels of key lipogenic genes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), indicating A20 function as anti-steatotic factor by the activation of mitochondrial β-oxidation and attenuation of de novo lipogenesis; 4) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients showed significantly higher A20 expression level in liver compared with control individuals. Our results demonstrated that A20 protein plays an important role in fatty-acid homeostasis in human as well as animals. In addition, our data suggested that the pathological function of A20 protein in hepatocyte from lipotoxicity to NASH is by the alleviation of triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. Elevated expression of A20 protein could be a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyan Ai
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China; ; 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China; ; 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Wu
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China; ; 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China; ; 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China; ; 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Dazhi Su
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China; ; 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoke Jiang
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China; ; 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Xu
- 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lin
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China
| | - Zhuping Fan
- 1. Department of Health Care Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang hai, China
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22
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Hong JY, Bae WJ, Yi JK, Kim GT, Kim EC. Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects of zinc finger protein A20 overexpression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:529-39. [PMID: 26548452 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although overexpression of the nuclear factor κB inhibitory and ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, its function in periodontal disease remains unknown. The aims of the present study were to evaluate A20 expression in patients with periodontitis and to study the effects of A20 overexpression, using a recombinant adenovirus encoding A20 (Ad-A20), on the inflammatory response and on osteoclastic differentiation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and nicotine-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The concentration of prostaglandin E2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and western blot analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Osteoclastic differentiation was assessed in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages using conditioned medium from LPS- and nicotine-treated hPDLCs. RESULTS A20 was upregulated in the gingival tissues and neutrophils from patients with periodontitis and in LPS- and nicotine-exposed hPDLCs. Pretreatment with A20 overexpression by Ad-A20 markedly attenuated LPS- and nicotine-induced production of prostaglandin E2 , as well as expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, A20 overexpression inhibited the number and size of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained osteoclasts, and downregulated osteoclast-specific gene expression. LPS- and nicotine-induced p38 phosphorylation and nuclear factor κB activation were blocked by Ad-A20. Ad-A20 inhibited the effects of nicotine and LPS on the activation of pan-protein kinase C, Akt, GSK-3β and protein kinase Cα. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that A20 overexpression has anti-inflammatory effects and blocks osteoclastic differentiation in a nicotine- and LPS-stimulated hPDLC model. Thus, A20 overexpression may be a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory bone loss diseases, such as periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Hong
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W-J Bae
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-K Yi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - G-T Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - E-C Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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23
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A20 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis through inhibition of Twist1 expression. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:186. [PMID: 26538215 PMCID: PMC4634191 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of A20 has been reported in several human malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its clinical relevance and potential role in HCC remain unknown. Methods Quantitative PCR, Western blots and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to quantify A20 expression in HCC samples and cell lines. The correlation of A20 expression with clinicopathologic features was analyzed in a cohort containing 143 patients with primary HCC. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate the association between A20 expression and patient survival. Functional studies were performed to determine the effects of A20 on proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Results Expression of A20 was increased in HCC tissues and cell lines. Increased expression of A20 was negatively correlated with the tumor size, TNM stage, tumor thrombus formation, capsular invasion and serum AFP levels. Patients with higher A20 expression had a prolonged disease-free survival and overall survival than those with lower A20 expression. Forced expression of A20 significantly inhibited the proliferative and invasive properties of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of A20 expression showed the opposite effects. Further studies revealed that expression of A20 was inversely correlated with Twist1 levels and NF-κB activity in HCC tissues and cell lines. A20-induced suppression of proliferation and migration of HCC cells were mainly mediated through inhibition of Twist1 expression that was regulated at least partly by A20-induced attenuation of NF-κB activity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that A20 plays a negative role in the development and progression of HCC probably through inhibiting Twist1 expression. A20 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0454-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Chen S, Xing H, Li S, Yu J, Li H, Liu S, Tian Z, Tang K, Rao Q, Wang M, Wang J. Up-regulated A20 promotes proliferation, regulates cell cycle progression and induces chemotherapy resistance of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2015; 39:976-83. [PMID: 26159495 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A20, also known as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), has been identified as a key regulator of cell survival in many solid tumors. However, little is known about the protein expression level and function of A20 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this study, we found that A20 is up-regulated in ALL patients and several cell lines. Knockdown of A20 in Jurkat, Nalm-6, and Reh cells resulted in reduced cell proliferation, which was associated with cell cycle arrest. Phospho-ERK (p-ERK) was also down-regulated, while p53 and p21 were up-regulated in A20 knockdown cells. In addition, A20 knockdown induced apoptosis in Jurkat and Reh cells and enhanced the sensitivity of these cell lines to chemotherapeutic drugs. These results indicate that A20 may stimulate cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle progression. A20 inhibited apoptosis in some types of ALL cells, thereby enhancing their resistance to chemotherapy. This effect was abolished through A20 silencing. These findings suggest that A20 may contribute to the pathogenesis of ALL and that it may be used as a new therapeutic target for ALL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Shouyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Zheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Kejing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China.
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Salazar-Montes AM, Hernández-Ortega LD, Lucano-Landeros MS, Armendariz-Borunda J. New gene therapy strategies for hepatic fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3813-3825. [PMID: 25852266 PMCID: PMC4385528 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ of the body, which may suffer acute or chronic injury induced by many factors, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. Cirrhosis is the irreversible end result of fibrous scarring and hepatocellular regeneration, characterized by diffuse disorganization of the normal hepatic structure, regenerative nodules and fibrotic tissue. Cirrhosis is associated with a high co-morbidity and mortality without effective treatment, and much research has been aimed at developing new therapeutic strategies to guarantee recovery. Liver-based gene therapy has been used to downregulate specific genes, to block the expression of deleterious genes, to delivery therapeutic genes, to prevent allograft rejection and to augment liver regeneration. Viral and non-viral vectors have been used, with viral vectors proving to be more efficient. This review provides an overview of the main strategies used in liver-gene therapy represented by non-viral vectors, viral vectors, novel administration methods like hydrodynamic injection, hybrids of two viral vectors and blocking molecules, with the hope of translating findings from the laboratory to the patient´s bed-side.
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26
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da Silva CG, Minussi DC, Ferran C, Bredel M. A20 expressing tumors and anticancer drug resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:65-81. [PMID: 25302366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer drugs is a major impediment to treating patients with cancer. The molecular mechanisms deciding whether a tumor cell commits to cell death or survives under chemotherapy are complex. Mounting evidence indicates a critical role of cell death and survival pathways in determining the response of human cancers to chemotherapy. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a eukaryotic transcription factor on the crossroad of a cell's decision to live or die. Under physiological conditions, NF-kappaB is regulated by a complex network of endogenous pathway modulators. Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 3 (tnfaip3), a gene encoding the A20 protein, is one of the cell's own inhibitory molecule, which regulates canonical NF-kappaB activation by interacting with upstream signaling pathway components. Interestingly, A20 is also itself a NF-kappaB dependent gene, that has been shown to also exert cell-type specific anti- or pro-apoptotic functions. Recent reports suggest that A20 expression is increased in a number of solid human tumors. This likely contributes to both carcinogenesis and response to chemotherapy. These data uncover the complexities of the mechanisms involved in A20's impact on tumor development and response to treatment, highlighting tumor and drug-type specific outcomes. While A20-targeted therapies may certainly add to the chemotherapeutic armamentarium, better understanding of A20 regulation, molecular targets and function(s) in every single tumor and in response to any given drug is required prior to any clinical implementation. Current renewed appreciation of the unique molecular signature of each tumor holds promise for personalized chemotherapeutic regimen hopefully comprising specific A20-targeting agents i.e., both inhibitors and enhancers.
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27
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McGillicuddy FC, Moll HP, Farouk S, Damrauer SM, Ferran C, Reilly MP. Translational studies of A20 in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:83-101. [PMID: 25302367 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the biggest killer in the Western World despite significant advances in understanding its molecular underpinnings. Chronic inflammation, the classical hallmark of atherogenesis is thought to play a key pathogenic role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions from initiation of fatty streaks to plaque rupture. Over-representation of mostly pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) target genes within atherosclerotic lesions has led to the common-held belief that excessive NF-kappaB activity promotes and aggravates atherogenesis. However, mouse models lacking various proteins involved in NF-kappaB signaling have often resulted in conflicting findings, fueling additional investigations to uncover the molecular involvement of NF-kappaB and its target genes in atherogenesis. In this chapter we will review the role of the NF-kappaB-regulated, yet potent NF-kappaB inhibitory and anti-inflammatory gene A20/TNFAIP3 in atherogenesis, and highlight the potential use of its atheroprotective properties for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Mele A, Cervantes JR, Chien V, Friedman D, Ferran C. Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the TNFAIP3/A20 locus and susceptibility/resistance to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:163-83. [PMID: 25302371 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory functions of the ubiquitin-editing and NF-kappaB inhibitory protein A20 are well documented in vitro, and in multiple animal models. The high rank held by A20 in the cell's physiologic anti-inflammatory defense mechanisms is highlighted by the striking phenotype of A20 knockout mice, characterized by cachexia, multi-organ failure, and premature death. Even partial depletion of A20, as in A20 heterozygous mice, significantly alters NF-kappaB activation in response to pro-inflammatory activators, even though these mice are phenotypically unremarkable at baseline. A recent burst of genome wide association studies (GWAS), fueled by advances in genomic technologies and analysis tools, uncovered associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the TNFAIP3/A20 gene locus and multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in humans. Interestingly, some of these studies emphasized significant associations between TNFAIP3/A20 SNPs imparting decreased expression or loss of NF-kappaB inhibitory function, and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and coronary artery disease (CAD). These clinical data phenocopy partial loss of A20 in mouse models of inflammatory diseases, thereby incriminating TNFAIP3/A20 deficiency as a pathogenic culprit in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this chapter, we undertook a thorough review of studies that explored association between TNFAIP3/A20 SNPs and human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Beyond the prognostic value of TNFAIP3/ A20 SNPs for assessing disease risk, their implication in the pathogenic processes of these maladies prompts the pursuit of A20-targeted therapies for disease prevention/treatment in patients harboring susceptibility haplotypes.
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A20-An Omnipotent Protein in the Liver: Prometheus Myth Resolved? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:117-39. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Catrysse L, Vereecke L, Beyaert R, van Loo G. A20 in inflammation and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:22-31. [PMID: 24246475 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although known for many years as a nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitory and antiapoptotic signaling protein, A20 has recently attracted much attention because of its ubiquitin-regulatory activities and qualification by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) as a susceptibility gene for inflammatory disease. Here, we review new findings that have shed light on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which A20 regulates inflammatory signaling cascades, and discuss recent experimental evidence characterizing A20 as a crucial gatekeeper preserving tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Catrysse
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Vereecke
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Jung SM, Lee JH, Park J, Oh YS, Lee SK, Park JS, Lee YS, Kim JH, Lee JY, Bae YS, Koo SH, Kim SJ, Park SH. Smad6 inhibits non-canonical TGF-β1 signalling by recruiting the deubiquitinase A20 to TRAF6. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2562. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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da Silva CG, Studer P, Skroch M, Mahiou J, Minussi DC, Peterson CR, Wilson SW, Patel VI, Ma A, Csizmadia E, Ferran C. A20 promotes liver regeneration by decreasing SOCS3 expression to enhance IL-6/STAT3 proliferative signals. Hepatology 2013; 57:2014-25. [PMID: 23238769 PMCID: PMC3626749 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver regeneration is of major clinical importance in the setting of liver injury, resection, and transplantation. A20, a potent antiinflammatory and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitory protein, has established pro-proliferative properties in hepatocytes, in part through decreasing expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. Both C-terminal (7-zinc fingers; 7Zn) and N-terminal (Nter) domains of A20 were required to decrease p21 and inhibit NF-κB. However, both independently increased hepatocyte proliferation, suggesting that additional mechanisms contributed to the pro-proliferative function of A20 in hepatocytes. We ascribed one of A20's pro-proliferative mechanisms to increased and sustained interleukin (IL)-6-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation, as a result of decreased hepatocyte expression of the negative regulator of IL-6 signaling, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). This novel A20 function segregates with its 7Zn not Nter domain. Conversely, total and partial loss of A20 in hepatocytes increased SOCS3 expression, hampering IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Following liver resection in mice pro-proliferative targets downstream of IL-6/STAT3 signaling were increased by A20 overexpression and decreased by A20 knockdown. In contrast, IL-6/STAT3 proinflammatory targets were increased in A20-deficient livers, and decreased or unchanged in A20 overexpressing livers. Upstream of SOCS3, levels of its microRNA regulator miR203 were significantly decreased in A20-deficient livers. CONCLUSION A20 enhances IL-6/STAT3 pro-proliferative signals in hepatocytes by down-regulating SOCS3, likely through a miR203-dependent manner. This finding together with A20 reducing the levels of the potent cell cycle brake p21 establishes its pro-proliferative properties in hepatocytes and prompts the pursuit of A20-based therapies to promote liver regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleide G. da Silva
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Studer
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Skroch
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome Mahiou
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darlan C. Minussi
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clayton R. Peterson
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzhuei W. Wilson
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Virendra I. Patel
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Averil Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christiane Ferran
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ohashi N, Hori T, Uemoto S, Jermanus S, Chen F, Nakao A, Nguyen JH. Hypothermia predicts hepatic failure after extensive hepatectomy in mice. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:170-81. [PMID: 23671721 PMCID: PMC3648648 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i4.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of hypothermia on the function of the liver remnant (LR) after extended hepatectomy. METHODS We performed a 75% partial hepatectomy (PH) in male C57BL/6J mice. Body temperature was measured with a rectal probe. The study mice were prospectively grouped as hypothermic (HT) or normothermic (NT) if their body temperature was < 34 °C vs ≥ 34 °C, respectively. Blood and liver samples were obtained at 24 and 48 h after 75% PH. Various factors during and after 75% PH were compared at each time point and the most important factor for a good outcome after 75% PH was determined. RESULTS At 24 and 48 h after 75% PH, LR weight was decreased in HT mice compared with that in NT mice and the assay results in the HT mice were consistent with liver failure. NT mice had normal liver regeneration. Each intra- and post-operative factor which showed statistical significance in univariate analysis was evaluated by multivariate analysis. The most important factor for a good outcome after 75% PH was body temperature at both 24 and 48 h after surgery. CONCLUSION Hypothermia after an extensive hepatectomy predicts impending liver failure and may be a useful clinical marker for early detection of liver failure after extended hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Ohashi
- Norifumi Ohashi, Akimasa Nakao, Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Dai FZ, Yang J, Chen XB, Xu MQ. Zinc finger protein A20 inhibits maturation of dendritic cells resident in rat liver allograft. J Surg Res 2013; 183:885-93. [PMID: 23481562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In organ transplant field, although viewed traditionally as instigators of organ allograft rejection, donor-derived interstitial dendritic cells (DCs), including those resident in liver, or host DCs have also been implicated in transplant tolerance in experimental models. This functional dichotomy of DC is governed by various factors, the most important of which appears to be their stage of maturation. This study was designed to examine the effect of zinc finger protein A20 on maturation of DCs resident in rat liver allograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allogeneic (Dark Agouti [DA] rat to Lewis rat) liver transplantation was performed. Adenovirus carrying the full length of A20 was introduced into liver allografts by ex vivo perfusion via the portal vein during preservation (group A20), physiological saline (group PS), and empty Ad vector rAdEasy (group rAdEasy) that served as controls. Acute liver allograft rejection was assessed, and DCs resident in liver allografts were isolated on day 7 after transplantation. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-binding activities, surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), expression of interleukin (IL) 12 messenger RNA (mRNA), and allocostimulatory capacity of DCs were measured with electrophoretic mobility shift assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), respectively. RESULTS Ex vivo transfer of A20 adenovirus by portal vein infusion resulted in overexpression of A20 protein in liver allograft after transplantation. On day 7 after transplantation, histologic examination revealed a mild rejection in group A20 but a more severe rejection in group PS and group rAdEasy. DCs from group A20 liver allografts exhibited features of immature DC with detectable but very low level of NF-κB activity, IL-12 mRNA expression, and surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), whereas DCs from group rAdEasy and group PS liver allograft displayed features of mature DC with high level of NF-κB activity, IL-12 mRNA expression, and surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86). DCs from group PS and group rAdEasy liver allograft were potent inducers of DNA synthesis and interferon γ production in MLR, and DCs from group A20 liver allografts induced only minimal levels of cell proliferation and interferon γ production in MLR. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that A20 overexpression could effectively inhibit maturation of DCs resident in liver allograft and consequently suppress acute liver allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Zhen Dai
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver and Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yang J, Xu MQ, Yan LN, Chen XB, Liu J. Zinc finger protein A20 protects rats against chronic liver allograft dysfunction. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3537-50. [PMID: 22826618 PMCID: PMC3400855 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i27.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of zinc finger protein A20 on chronic liver allograft dysfunction in rats.
METHODS: Allogeneic liver transplantation from DA rats to Lewis rats was performed. Chronic liver allograft dysfunction was induced in the rats by administering low-dose tacrolimus at postoperative day (POD) 5. Hepatic overexpression of A20 was achieved by recombinant adenovirus (rAd.)-mediated gene transfer administered intravenously every 10 d starting from POD 10. The recipient rats were injected with physiological saline, rAdEasy-A20 (1 × 109 pfu/30 g weight) or rAdEasy (1 × 109 pfu/30 g weight) every 10 d through the tail vein for 3 mo starting from POD 10. Liver tissue samples were harvested on POD 30 and POD 60.
RESULTS: Liver-transplanted rats treated with only tacrolimus showed chronic allograft dysfunction with severe hepatic fibrosis. A20 overexpression ameliorated the effects on liver function, attenuated liver allograft fibrosis and prolonged the survival of the recipient rats. Treatment with A20 suppressed hepatic protein production of tumor growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin-1β, caspase-8, CD40, CD40L, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin. A20 treatment suppressed liver cell apoptosis and inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation of Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and it subsequently decreased cytokine mRNA expression in KCs and LSECs and reduced the production of TGF-β1 in HSCs.
CONCLUSION: A20 might prevent chronic liver allograft dysfunction by re-establishing functional homeostasis of KCs, LSECs and HSCs.
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Yu J, Lee HS, Lee SM, Yu HC, Moon WS, Chung MJ, Park JW, Park BH. Aggravation of post-ischemic liver injury by overexpression of A20, an NF-κB suppressor. J Hepatol 2011; 55:328-36. [PMID: 21167234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A20 is an intracellular ubiquitin-editing enzyme that plays an important role in the negative feedback regulation of NF-κB activation in response to a diverse range of stimuli. Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with rapid activation of NF-κB signaling, but the role of NF-κB in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury remains controversial. The NF-κB signaling pathway mediates both protective and deleterious effects in the liver. Here, we examined whether A20 inhibited or aggravated hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS We used IκBα super-repressor as a positive control and overexpressed A20 and IκBα super-repressor in the liver of C57BL/6 mice. Mice underwent 45min of partial hepatic ischemia and were then reperfused. RESULTS Protein level of A20 was increased after reperfusion. Mice subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury showed increased NF-κB activation, as evidenced by phosphorylation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Prior transfection with Ad-A20 or Ad-IκBα super-repressor attenuated NF-κB activation and aggravated liver injury. Serum aminotransferases and proinflammatory cytokines, hepatocellular necrosis, and hepatic neutrophil infiltration were markedly increased compared to those of uninfected or control virus infected mice. In addition, A20 abolished the beneficial effect of ischemic preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that inhibition of NF-κB activation by A20 aggravated partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Understanding how the NF-κB pathway plays a role in directing a clinical outcome may lead to better prospects of more rational approaches to reduce post-ischemic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Damrauer SM, Studer P, da Silva CG, Longo CR, Ramsey HE, Csizmadia E, Shrikhande GV, Scali ST, Libermann TA, Bhasin MK, Ferran C. A20 modulates lipid metabolism and energy production to promote liver regeneration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17715. [PMID: 21437236 PMCID: PMC3060102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver Regeneration is clinically of major importance in the setting of liver injury, resection or transplantation. We have demonstrated that the NF-κB inhibitory protein A20 significantly improves recovery of liver function and mass following extended liver resection (LR) in mice. In this study, we explored the Systems Biology modulated by A20 following extended LR in mice. Methodology and Principal Findings We performed transcriptional profiling using Affymetrix-Mouse 430.2 arrays on liver mRNA retrieved from recombinant adenovirus A20 (rAd.A20) and rAd.βgalactosidase treated livers, before and 24 hours after 78% LR. A20 overexpression impacted 1595 genes that were enriched for biological processes related to inflammatory and immune responses, cellular proliferation, energy production, oxidoreductase activity, and lipid and fatty acid metabolism. These pathways were modulated by A20 in a manner that favored decreased inflammation, heightened proliferation, and optimized metabolic control and energy production. Promoter analysis identified several transcriptional factors that implemented the effects of A20, including NF-κB, CEBPA, OCT-1, OCT-4 and EGR1. Interactive scale-free network analysis captured the key genes that delivered the specific functions of A20. Most of these genes were affected at basal level and after resection. We validated a number of A20's target genes by real-time PCR, including p21, the mitochondrial solute carriers SLC25a10 and SLC25a13, and the fatty acid metabolism regulator, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha. This resulted in greater energy production in A20-expressing livers following LR, as demonstrated by increased enzymatic activity of cytochrome c oxidase, or mitochondrial complex IV. Conclusion This Systems Biology-based analysis unravels novel mechanisms supporting the pro-regenerative function of A20 in the liver, by optimizing energy production through improved lipid/fatty acid metabolism, and down-regulated inflammation. These findings support pursuit of A20-based therapies to improve patients’ outcomes in the context of extreme liver injury and extensive LR for tumor treatment or donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Damrauer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Studer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cleide G. da Silva
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Longo
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Haley E. Ramsey
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gautam V. Shrikhande
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Salvatore T. Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manoj K. Bhasin
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MKB) (MB); (CF) (CF)
| | - Christiane Ferran
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MKB) (MB); (CF) (CF)
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Clavien PA, Oberkofler CE, Raptis DA, Lehmann K, Rickenbacher A, El-Badry AM. What is critical for liver surgery and partial liver transplantation: size or quality? Hepatology 2010; 52:715-29. [PMID: 20683967 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ramsey HE, Da Silva CG, Longo CR, Csizmadia E, Studer P, Patel VI, Damrauer SM, Siracuse JJ, Daniel S, Ferran C. A20 protects mice from lethal liver ischemia/reperfusion injury by increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha expression. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1613-21. [PMID: 19877201 PMCID: PMC2976064 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitory protein A20 demonstrates hepatoprotective abilities through combined antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and pro-proliferative functions. Accordingly, overexpression of A20 in the liver protects mice from toxic hepatitis and lethal radical hepatectomy, whereas A20 knockout mice die prematurely from unfettered liver inflammation. The effect of A20 on oxidative liver damage, as seen in ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), is unknown. In this work, we evaluated the effects of A20 upon IRI using a mouse model of total hepatic ischemia. Hepatic overexpression of A20 was achieved by recombinant adenovirus (rAd.)-mediated gene transfer. Although only 10%-25% of control mice injected with saline or the control rAd.beta galactosidase survived IRI, the survival rate reached 67% in mice treated with rAd.A20. This significant survival advantage in rAd.A20-treated mice was associated with improved liver function, pathology, and repair potential. A20-treated mice had significantly lower bilirubin and aminotransferase levels, decreased hemorrhagic necrosis and steatosis, and increased hepatocyte proliferation. A20 protected against liver IRI by increasing hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a regulator of lipid homeostasis and of oxidative damage. A20-mediated protection of hepatocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation and H(2)O(2)-mediated necrosis was reverted by pretreatment with the PPARalpha inhibitor MK886. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PPARalpha is a novel target for A20 in hepatocytes, underscoring its novel protective effect against oxidative necrosis. By combining hepatocyte protection from necrosis and promotion of proliferation, A20-based therapies are well-poised to protect livers from IRI, especially in the context of small-for-size and steatotic liver grafts. Liver Transpl 15:1613-1621, 2009. (c) 2009 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Ramsey
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cleide G. Da Silva
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher R. Longo
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Studer
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Virendra I. Patel
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey J. Siracuse
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Soizic Daniel
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christiane Ferran
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Transplant Center, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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de Jonge J, Kurian S, Shaked A, Reddy KR, Hancock W, Salomon DR, Olthoff KM. Unique early gene expression patterns in human adult-to-adult living donor liver grafts compared to deceased donor grafts. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:758-72. [PMID: 19353763 PMCID: PMC2734955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Because of inherent differences between deceased donor (DD) and living donor (LD) liver grafts, we hypothesize that the molecular signatures will be unique, correlating with specific biologic pathways and clinical patterns. Microarray profiles of 63 biopsies in 13 DD and 8 LD liver grafts done at serial time points (procurement, backbench and postreperfusion)were compared between groups using class comparisons, network and biological function analyses. Specific genes were validated by quantitative PCR and immunopathology. Clinical findings were also compared. Following reperfusion, 579 genes in DD grafts and 1324 genes in LDs were differentially expressed (p < 0.005). Many upregulated LD genes were related to regeneration, biosynthesis and cell cycle, and a large number of downregulated genes were linked to hepatic metabolism and energy pathways correlating with posttransplant clinical laboratory findings. There was significant upregulation of inflammatory/immune genes in both DD and LD, each with a distinct pattern. Gene expression patterns of select genes associated with inflammation and regeneration in LD and DD grafts correlated with protein expression. Unique patterns of early gene expression are seen in LD and DD liver grafts, correlating with protein expression and clinical results, demonstrating distinct inflammatory profiles and significant downregulation of metabolic pathways in LD grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sunil Kurian
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Abraham Shaked
- Department of Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K. Rajendar Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wayne Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel R. Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kim M. Olthoff
- Department of Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Myronovych A, Murata S, Chiba M, Matsuo R, Ikeda O, Watanabe M, Hisakura K, Nakano Y, Kohno K, Kawasaki T, Hashimoto I, Shibasaki Y, Yasue H, Ohkohchi N. Role of platelets on liver regeneration after 90% hepatectomy in mice. J Hepatol 2008; 49:363-72. [PMID: 18602717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Mortality after 90% partial hepatectomy in mice was associated with severe acute liver failure. Recently, we revealed that platelets have a strong promotional effect on hepatic regeneration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of thrombocytosis on liver regeneration after 90% hepatectomy in mice. METHODS For thrombocytosis induction PEG-rHuMGDF was injected 5 days before operation. Hepatectomy, sparing only the caudate lobe, was performed in normal and thrombocytotic BALB/c mice. Survival rate, platelet number, liver weight/body weight ratio, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, serum parameters, signal transduction and overexpressed genes were examined. RESULTS Platelet number was significantly higher in thrombocytotic group. All mice in normal group died within 30 h after hepatectomy. Survival rate in thrombocytotic group was 6/11 at 30 h and 3/11 one week after hepatectomy. Activation of Akt and STAT3 signaling pathways in thrombocytotic group was observed earlier and recognized to be stronger compared to normal group. Cell cycle, signaling pathways, metabolism and transport genes were significantly overexpressed in thrombocytotic group up to 24h after hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Under the thrombocytotic condition, liver regeneration occurred even in 90% hepatectomized mice. Platelets contribute to cell cycle progression and metabolic pathways in addition to preventing acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Myronovych
- Department of Surgery, Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Xu MQ, Yan LN, Gou XH, Li DH, Huang YC, Hu HY, Wang LY, Han L. Zinc finger protein A20 promotes regeneration of small-for-size liver allograft and suppresses rejection and results in a longer survival in recipient rats. J Surg Res 2008; 152:35-45. [PMID: 19027921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-for-size liver allografts without immunosuppression have decreased survival compared with full-for-size grafts for the concomitant regeneration-induced accelerated rejection. This study was designed to examine the effect of zinc finger protein A20 on liver allograft regeneration and acute rejection using a high responder rat model (DA-->Lewis) of 30% partial liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adenovirus carrying the full length of A20 was introduced into liver grafts by ex vivo perfusion via the portal vein during preservation, physiological saline (PS), and empty Ad vector rAdEasy served as controls; then small-sized liver transplants were performed. Liver graft regeneration was assessed, as well as graft rejection, hepatocyte apoptosis, nuclear factor kappa B activation, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression in liver graft sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), infiltration of liver graft infiltrating mononuclear cells (LIMCs), and the subproportion of NK and NKT cells, activity of liver graft NK-like cells, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production, and animal survival. RESULTS Ex vivo transfer of the A20 gene resulted in overexpression of A20 protein in LSECs and hepatocytes 24 h after partial liver transplantation. Regeneration of the small-sized liver allograft was augmented by A20 overexpression, the DNA synthesis of hepatocytes on d 4 post-transplant was increased in A20 group compared with PS and rAdEasy groups (P < 0.01). Hepatocyte apoptosis was inhibited by A20 (P < 0.001). On d 4 after transplantation, histological examination revealed a more exiguous cellular infiltration and mild rejection in A20 group but a more vigorous cellular infiltration in the sinusoidal area and more severe rejection in PS and rAdEasy group. Nuclear factor kappa B activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression in LSECs were suppressed by A20 overexpression. Flow cytometry analysis showed a marked down-regulation of LIMCs number by A20, including more prominent decrease in the subproportion of NK and NKT cells. Activity of liver graft NK-like cells, IFN-gamma mRNA expression in LIMCs, and serum IFN-gamma protein level were also suppressed by A20 overexpression (P < 0.05), respectively. Survival days of A20 rats were longer than those of PS rats and rAdEasy rats (P < 0.01), whereas survival days of rAdEasy rats were shorter than those of PS rats (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that A20 overexpression could effectively promote small-sized liver allograft regeneration, suppress rejection, and prolong survival of recipient rat. These effects of A20 could be related to an inhibition of LSECs activation, suppression of infiltration of LIMCs, and the subpopulations such as NK and NKT cells into liver graft, and inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qing Xu
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Plock J, Frese S, Keogh A, Bisch-Knaden S, Ayuni E, Corazza N, Weikert C, Jakob S, Erni D, Dufour JF, Brunner T, Candinas D, Stroka D. Activation of non-ischemic, hypoxia-inducible signalling pathways up-regulate cytoprotective genes in the murine liver. J Hepatol 2007; 47:538-45. [PMID: 17599631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We investigated the molecular response of a non-ischemic hypoxic stress in the liver, in particular, to distinguish its hepatoprotective potential. METHODS The livers of mice were subjected to non-ischemic hypoxia by clamping the hepatic-artery (HA) for 2h while maintaining portal circulation. Hypoxia was defined by a decrease in oxygen saturation, the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and the mRNA up-regulation of responsive genes. To demonstrate that the molecular response to hypoxia may in part be hepatoprotective, pre-conditioned animals were injected with an antibody against Fas (Jo2) to induce acute liver failure. Hepatocyte apoptosis was monitored by caspase-3 activity, cleavage of lamin A and animal survival. RESULTS Clamping the HA induced a hypoxic stress in the liver in the absence of severe metabolic distress or tissue damage. The hypoxic stimulus was sufficient to activate the HIF-1 signalling pathway and up-regulate hepatoprotective genes. Pre-conditioning the liver with hypoxia was able to delay the onset of Fas-mediated apoptosis and prolong animal survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that hepatic cells can sense and respond to a decrease in tissue oxygenation, and furthermore, that activation of hypoxia-inducible signalling pathways function in part to promote liver cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plock
- Clinic of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrase 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Jin X, Zhang Z, Beer-Stolz D, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG. Interleukin-6 inhibits oxidative injury and necrosis after extreme liver resection. Hepatology 2007; 46:802-12. [PMID: 17668886 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extreme hepatectomy or resection of more than 80% of liver mass often leads to liver failure and death and is a major limitation to therapeutic liver resection for patients with liver tumors. We sought to define the mechanisms leading to liver failure and to determine the utility of interleukin-6 (IL-6) administration to improve outcomes. Mice were injected with Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human IL-6 or no recombinant protein, or were administered recombinant IL-6 or carrier by osmotic mini-pump. Mice were then subjected to 70% or 87% hepatectomy. Light and electron microscopy of liver sections after 87% hepatectomy showed ballooning hepatocytes, vacuolar changes, and mitochondrial abruption, with absence of anoikic nuclei. No significant activation of executor caspases or DNA laddering was observed, although a dramatic decrease in cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores was measured, suggesting cell death was by a necrotic pathway involving mitochondrial dysfunction. A large increase in protein oxidation was observed, indicative of significant oxidative stress. IL-6 treatment before 87% hepatectomy resulted in less biochemical and histological evidence of liver injury as well as earlier proliferating chain nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and accelerated recovery of liver mass. IL-6 pretreatment induced the antioxidative injury proteins, ref-1 and GPX1, decreased protein oxidation, vacuolar changes and leakage of mitochondrial products, improved ATP stores, and maintained cellular ultrastructure after 87% hepatectomy. CONCLUSION Massive oxidative injury and mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the liver after extreme hepatectomy. IL-6 improves recovery and survival from extreme liver resection by enhancing pro-growth pathways, reducing oxidative stress, and maintaining mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Jin
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Wullaert A, van Loo G, Heyninck K, Beyaert R. Hepatic tumor necrosis factor signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB: effects on liver homeostasis and beyond. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:365-86. [PMID: 17431229 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine TNF has a pivotal role in liver pathophysiology because it holds the capacity to induce both hepatocyte cell death and hepatocyte proliferation. This dual effect of TNF on hepatocytes reflects its ability to induce both nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent gene expression and cell death. Multiple studies have demonstrated the crucial role of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in the decision between life and death of a hepatocyte. Massive hepatocyte apoptosis preceding embryonic lethality in NF-kappaB-deficient mice constituted the first indication of an essential antiapoptotic function of NF-kappaB in the liver. Although many studies confirmed this crucial cytoprotective role of NF-kappaB in adult liver, a number of genetic studies recently obtained conflicting results on the exact role of NF-kappaB in different mouse models of TNF hepatotoxicity, demonstrating that caution should be taken when interpreting studies using different NF-kappaB-deficient mice in distinct models of liver injury. Recent reports showing a role for hepatic NF-kappaB activation in the proliferation of malignant cells during hepatocarcinogenesis, and in the progression of fatty liver diseases to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrate that NF-kappaB can also have more detrimental effects in the liver. Moreover, its role in the development of the metabolic syndrome emphasizes that hepatic NF-kappaB activation might also have adverse effects on the endocrine system. Therefore, understanding the regulation of hepatic TNF signaling and NF-kappaB activation is of critical therapeutic importance. In this review, we summarize how studies on the role of NF-kappaB in different mouse models of liver pathologies have contributed to this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wullaert
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
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Vendrell JA, Ghayad S, Ben-Larbi S, Dumontet C, Mechti N, Cohen PA. A20/TNFAIP3, a new estrogen-regulated gene that confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2007; 26:4656-67. [PMID: 17297453 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-finger protein A20/TNFAIP3, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, has been shown to protect MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells from TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. As estrogen receptor (ER) status is an important parameter in the development and progression of breast cancer, we analysed the effect of 17beta-estradiol (E2) treatment on the expression of A20. We found that A20 is a new E2-regulated gene, whose expression correlates with ER expression in both cell lines and tumor samples. With the aim of investigating the impact of A20 expression on MCF-7 cells in response to ER ligands, we established stably transfected-MCF-7 cells overexpressing A20 (MCF-7-A20). These cells exhibited a phenotype of resistance to the 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen cytostatic and pro-apoptotic actions and of hyper-response to E2. Dysregulations in bax, bcl2, bak, phospho-bad, cyclin D1, cyclin E2, cyclin D2 and cyclin A2 proteins expression were shown to be related to the resistant phenotype developed by the MCF-7-A20 cells. Interestingly, we found that A20 was also overexpressed in MVLN and VP tamoxifen-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, high A20 expression levels were observed in more aggressive breast tumors (ER-negative, progesterone receptor-negative and high histological grade). These overall findings strongly suggest that A20 is a key protein involved in tamoxifen resistance, and thus represents both a new breast cancer marker and a promising target for developing new strategies to prevent the emergence of acquired mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vendrell
- CNRS UMR 5160, Centre de Pharmacologie et Biotechnologie pour la Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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Qin YJ, Zhang ZL, Yu LY, He JW, Hou YN, Liu TJ, Wu JC, Wu SH, Guo LH. A20 overexpression under control of mouse osteocalcin promoter in MC3T3-E1 cells inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1231-7. [PMID: 16923345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To construct an A20 expression vector under the control of mouse osteocalcin promoter (OC-A20), and investigate osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line, which stably overexpresses A20 protein prevented tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis. METHODS OC-A20 vector was constructed by fusing a fragment of the mouse osteocalcin gene-2 promoter with human A20 complementary DNA. Then the mouse MC3T3-E1 cell line, stably transfected by A20, was established. The expression of A20 mRNA and A20 protein in the cells were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. To determine the specificity of A20 expression in osteoblast, the mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line and mouse embryo fibroblast NIH3T3 cell line were transiently transfected with OC-A20. The anti-apoptotic role of A20 in MC3T3-E1 cells was determined by Flow cytometric analysis (FACS), terminal dUTP nick endo-labeling (TUNEL) and DNA gel electrophoresis analysis (DNA Ladder), respectively. RESULTS Weak A20 expression was found in MC3T3-E1 cells with the primers of mouse A20. A20 mRNA and A20 protein expression were identified in MC3T3-E1 cells transfected with OC-A20 using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Only A20 mRNA expression was found in MC3T3-E1 cell after MC3T3-E1 cells and NIH3T3 cells were transient transfected with OC-A20. A decrease obviously occurred in the rate of apoptosis in the OC-A20 group compared with the empty vector (pcDNA3) group by FACS (P< 0.001). A significant increase in TUNEL positive staining was found in the pcDNA group compared with OC-A20 group (P< 0.001). Simultaneously, similar effects were demonstrated in DNA gel electrophoresis analysis. CONCLUSION We constructed an osteoblast-specific expression vector that expressed A20 protein in MC3T3-E1 cells and confirmed that A20 protects osteoblast against TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-juan Qin
- Center for Preventing and Treating Osteoporosis, Osteoporosis Research Unit, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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Wullaert A, Heyninck K, Beyaert R. Mechanisms of crosstalk between TNF-induced NF-kappaB and JNK activation in hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1090-101. [PMID: 16934229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte cell death is a universal feature of inflammatory liver diseases. The observation that mice deficient in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) are not viable because of excessive hepatocyte apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) made it crystal-clear that NF-kappaB plays a central role in protecting hepatocytes against TNF-induced cell death. Also during TNF-mediated liver injury, NF-kappaB was shown to have an essential anti-apoptotic effect, underscoring the therapeutic importance of understanding its underlying molecular mechanisms. For a long time, the ability of NF-kappaB to induce the expression of a variety of anti-apoptotic proteins was thought to be solely responsible for its cytoprotective effects. However, during the past few years it has become clear that NF-kappaB-mediated inhibition of cell death also involves attenuating TNF-induced activation of c-Jun activating kinase (JNK). Whereas transient activation of JNK upon TNF treatment is associated with cellular survival, prolonged JNK activation contributes to cell death. Several studies have shown that NF-kappaB activation inhibits the sustained phase of TNF-induced JNK activation and thus protects cells against TNF cytotoxicity. In this review, we will discuss the various mechanisms by which NF-kappaB activation blunts TNF-induced JNK activation, including the induction of JNK inhibitory proteins and controlling the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, because the cytoprotective effects of NF-kappaB activation are particularly important in liver physiology, we will put each of these JNK-inhibitory mechanisms into a 'hepatic perspective' by discussing their role in various mouse models of TNF-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wullaert
- Unit for Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
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