1
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Nishikawa Y. Aberrant differentiation and proliferation of hepatocytes in chronic liver injury and liver tumors. Pathol Int 2024; 74:361-378. [PMID: 38837539 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury induces liver cirrhosis and facilitates hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the effects of this condition on hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation are unclear. We showed that rodent hepatocytes display a ductular phenotype when they are cultured within a collagenous matrix. This process involves transdifferentiation without the emergence of hepatoblastic features and is at least partially reversible. During the ductular reaction in chronic liver diseases with progressive fibrosis, some hepatocytes, especially those adjacent to ectopic ductules, demonstrate ductular transdifferentiation, but the majority of increased ductules originate from the existing bile ductular system that undergoes extensive remodeling. In chronic injury, hepatocyte proliferation is weak but sustained, and most regenerative nodules in liver cirrhosis are composed of clonally proliferating hepatocytes, suggesting that a small fraction of hepatocytes maintain their proliferative capacity in chronic injury. In mouse hepatocarcinogenesis models, hepatocytes activate the expression of various fetal/neonatal genes, indicating that these cells undergo dedifferentiation. Hepatocyte-specific somatic integration of various oncogenes in mice demonstrated that hepatocytes may be the cells of origin for a broad spectrum of liver tumors through transdifferentiation and dedifferentiation. In conclusion, the phenotypic plasticity and heterogeneity of mature hepatocytes are important for understanding the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases and liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nishikawa
- President's Office, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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2
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Rizvi F, Lee YR, Diaz-Aragon R, Bawa PS, So J, Florentino RM, Wu S, Sarjoo A, Truong E, Smith AR, Wang F, Everton E, Ostrowska A, Jung K, Tam Y, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Weissman D, Soto-Gutierrez A, Shin D, Gouon-Evans V. VEGFA mRNA-LNP promotes biliary epithelial cell-to-hepatocyte conversion in acute and chronic liver diseases and reverses steatosis and fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1640-1657.e8. [PMID: 38029740 PMCID: PMC10843608 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The liver is known for its remarkable regenerative ability through proliferation of hepatocytes. Yet, during chronic injury or severe hepatocyte death, proliferation of hepatocytes is exhausted. To overcome this hurdle, we propose vascular-endothelial-growth-factor A (VEGFA) as a therapeutic means to accelerate biliary epithelial-cell (BEC)-to-hepatocyte conversion. Investigation in zebrafish establishes that blocking VEGF receptors abrogates BEC-driven liver repair, while VEGFA overexpression promotes it. Delivery of VEGFA via nonintegrative and safe nucleoside-modified mRNA encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs) in acutely or chronically injured mouse livers induces robust BEC-to-hepatocyte conversion and elimination of steatosis and fibrosis. In human and murine diseased livers, we further identified VEGFA-receptor KDR-expressing BECs associated with KDR-expressing cell-derived hepatocytes. This work defines KDR-expressing cells, most likely being BECs, as facultative progenitors. This study reveals unexpected therapeutic benefits of VEGFA delivered via nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP, whose safety is widely validated with COVID-19 vaccines, for harnessing BEC-driven repair to potentially treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Rizvi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yu-Ri Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ricardo Diaz-Aragon
- Department of Pathology, Center for Transcriptional Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pushpinder S Bawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Juhoon So
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Rodrigo M Florentino
- Department of Pathology, Center for Transcriptional Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Susan Wu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Arianna Sarjoo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emily Truong
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna R Smith
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Feiya Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elissa Everton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alina Ostrowska
- Department of Pathology, Center for Transcriptional Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kyounghwa Jung
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ying Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 10104, USA
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, Center for Transcriptional Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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3
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Mitaka T, Ichinohe N, Tanimizu N. "Small Hepatocytes" in the Liver. Cells 2023; 12:2718. [PMID: 38067145 PMCID: PMC10705974 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature hepatocytes (MHs) in an adult rodent liver are categorized into the following three subpopulations based on their proliferative capability: type I cells (MH-I), which are committed progenitor cells that possess a high growth capability and basal hepatocytic functions; type II cells (MH-II), which possess a limited proliferative capability; and type III cells (MH-III), which lose the ability to divide (replicative senescence) and reach the final differentiated state. These subpopulations may explain the liver's development and growth after birth. Generally, small-sized hepatocytes emerge in mammal livers. The cells are characterized by being morphologically identical to hepatocytes except for their size, which is substantially smaller than that of ordinary MHs. We initially discovered small hepatocytes (SHs) in the primary culture of rat hepatocytes. We believe that SHs are derived from MH-I and play a role as hepatocytic progenitors to supply MHs. The population of MH-I (SHs) is distributed in the whole lobules, a part of which possesses a self-renewal capability, and decreases with age. Conversely, injured livers of experimental models and clinical cases showed the emergence of SHs. Studies demonstrate the involvement of SHs in liver regeneration. SHs that appeared in the injured livers are not a pure population but a mixture of two distinct origins, MH-derived and hepatic-stem-cell-derived cells. The predominant cell-derived SHs depend on the proliferative capability of the remaining MHs after the injury. This review will focus on the SHs that appeared in the liver and discuss the significance of SHs in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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4
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Cardinale V, Lanthier N, Baptista PM, Carpino G, Carnevale G, Orlando G, Angelico R, Manzia TM, Schuppan D, Pinzani M, Alvaro D, Ciccocioppo R, Uygun BE. Cell transplantation-based regenerative medicine in liver diseases. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1555-1572. [PMID: 37557073 PMCID: PMC10444572 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to evaluate the current preclinical state of liver bioengineering, the clinical context for liver cell therapies, the cell sources, the delivery routes, and the results of clinical trials for end-stage liver disease. Different clinical settings, such as inborn errors of metabolism, acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and acute-on-chronic liver failure, as well as multiple cellular sources were analyzed; namely, hepatocytes, hepatic progenitor cells, biliary tree stem/progenitor cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and macrophages. The highly heterogeneous clinical scenario of liver disease and the availability of multiple cellular sources endowed with different biological properties make this a multidisciplinary translational research challenge. Data on each individual liver disease and more accurate endpoints are urgently needed, together with a characterization of the regenerative pathways leading to potential therapeutic benefit. Here, we critically review these topics and identify related research needs and perspectives in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Service d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roberta Angelico
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Maria Manzia
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.O.U.I. Policlinico G.B. Rossi & University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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5
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Rizvi F, Lee YR, Diaz-Aragon R, So J, Florentino RM, Smith AR, Everton E, Ostrowska A, Jung K, Tam Y, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Weissman D, Soto-Gutierrez A, Shin D, Gouon-Evans V. VEGFA mRNA-LNP promotes biliary epithelial cell-to-hepatocyte conversion in acute and chronic liver diseases and reverses steatosis and fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537186. [PMID: 37131823 PMCID: PMC10153196 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver is known for its remarkable regenerative ability through proliferation of hepatocytes. Yet, during chronic injury or severe hepatocyte death, proliferation of hepatocytes is exhausted. To overcome this hurdle, we propose vascular-endothelial-growth-factor A (VEGFA) as a therapeutic means to accelerate biliary epithelial cell (BEC)-to-hepatocyte conversion. Investigation in zebrafish establishes that blocking VEGF receptors abrogates BEC-driven liver repair, while VEGFA overexpression promotes it. Delivery of VEGFA via non-integrative and safe nucleoside-modified mRNA encapsulated into lipid-nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) in acutely or chronically injured mouse livers induces robust BEC-to-hepatocyte conversion and reversion of steatosis and fibrosis. In human and murine diseased livers, we further identified VEGFA-receptor KDR-expressing BECs associated with KDR-expressing cell-derived hepatocytes. This defines KDR-expressing cells, most likely being BECs, as facultative progenitors. This study reveals novel therapeutic benefits of VEGFA delivered via nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP, whose safety is widely validated with COVID-19 vaccines, for harnessing BEC-driven repair to potentially treat liver diseases. Highlights Complementary mouse and zebrafish models of liver injury demonstrate the therapeutic impact of VEGFA-KDR axis activation to harness BEC-driven liver regeneration.VEGFA mRNA LNPs restore two key features of the chronic liver disease in humans such as steatosis and fibrosis.Identification in human cirrhotic ESLD livers of KDR-expressing BECs adjacent to clusters of KDR+ hepatocytes suggesting their BEC origin.KDR-expressing BECs may represent facultative adult progenitor cells, a unique BEC population that has yet been uncovered.
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6
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Rigual MDM, Sánchez Sánchez P, Djouder N. Is liver regeneration key in hepatocellular carcinoma development? Trends Cancer 2023; 9:140-157. [PMID: 36347768 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the largest organ of the mammalian body and has the remarkable ability to fully regenerate in order to maintain tissue homeostasis. The adult liver consists of hexagonal lobules, each with a central vein surrounded by six portal triads localized in the lobule border containing distinct parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells. Because the liver is continuously exposed to diverse stress signals, several sophisticated regenerative processes exist to restore its functional status following impairment. However, these stress signals can affect the liver's capacity to regenerate and may lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most aggressive liver cancers. Here, we review the mechanisms of hepatic regeneration and their potential to influence HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Rigual
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid, ES-28029, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez Sánchez
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid, ES-28029, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid, ES-28029, Spain.
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7
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Kim M, Rizvi F, Shin D, Gouon-Evans V. Update on Hepatobiliary Plasticity. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:13-23. [PMID: 36764306 PMCID: PMC10005859 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The liver field has been debating for decades the contribution of the plasticity of the two epithelial compartments in the liver, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs), to derive each other as a repair mechanism. The hepatobiliary plasticity has been first observed in diseased human livers by the presence of biphenotypic cells expressing hepatocyte and BEC markers within bile ducts and regenerative nodules or budding from strings of proliferative BECs in septa. These observations are not surprising as hepatocytes and BECs derive from a common fetal progenitor, the hepatoblast, and, as such, they are expected to compensate for each other's loss in adults. To investigate the cell origin of regenerated cell compartments and associated molecular mechanisms, numerous murine and zebrafish models with ability to trace cell fates have been extensively developed. This short review summarizes the clinical and preclinical studies illustrating the hepatobiliary plasticity and its potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwook Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fatima Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Kim CH, Kim DE, Kim DH, Min GH, Park JW, Kim YB, Sung CK, Yim H. Mitotic protein kinase-driven crosstalk of machineries for mitosis and metastasis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:414-425. [PMID: 35379935 PMCID: PMC9076678 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that mitotic protein kinases are involved in metastatic migration as well as tumorigenesis. Protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins play a role in the efficient release of metastatic cells from a tumor mass in the tumor microenvironment, in addition to playing roles in mitosis. Mitotic protein kinases, including Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and Aurora kinases, have been shown to be involved in metastasis in addition to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, depending on the phosphorylation status and cellular context. Although the genetic programs underlying mitosis and metastasis are different, the same protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins can participate in both mitosis and cell migration/invasion, resulting in migratory tumors. Cytoskeletal remodeling supports several cellular events, including cell division, movement, and migration. Thus, understanding the contributions of cytoskeletal proteins to the processes of cell division and metastatic motility is crucial for developing efficient therapeutic tools to treat cancer metastases. Here, we identify mitotic kinases that function in cancer metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. Several mitotic kinases, namely, PLK1, Aurora kinases, Rho-associated protein kinase 1, and integrin-linked kinase, are considered in this review, as an understanding of the shared machineries between mitosis and metastasis could be helpful for developing new strategies to treat cancer. Improving understanding of the mechanisms linking cell division and cancer spread (metastasis) could provide novel strategies for treatment. A group of enzymes involved in cell division (mitosis) are also thought to play critical roles in the spread of cancers. Hyungshin Yim at Hanyang University in Ansan, South Korea, and co-workers in Korea and the USA reviewed the roles of several mitotic enzymes that are connected with metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. They discussed how these enzymes modify cytoskeletal proteins and other substrates during cancer progression. Some regulatory control of cell cytoskeletal structures is required for cancer cells to metastasize. Recent research has uncovered crosstalk between mitotic enzymes and metastatic cytoskeletal molecules in various cancers. Targeting mitotic enzymes and the ways they influence cytoskeletal mechanisms could provide valuable therapeutic strategies for suppressing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Dae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Ga-Hong Min
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Yeo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Chang K Sung
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea.
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9
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Holczbauer Á, Wangensteen KJ, Shin S. Cellular origins of regenerating liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100416. [PMID: 35243280 PMCID: PMC8873941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant primary cancer arising from the liver and is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The cellular origin of HCC has been a topic of great interest due to conflicting findings regarding whether it originates in hepatocytes, biliary cells, or facultative stem cells. These cell types all undergo changes during liver injury, and there is controversy about their contribution to regenerative responses in the liver. Most HCCs emerge in the setting of chronic liver injury from viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, alcohol, and environmental exposures. The injuries are marked by liver parenchymal changes such as hepatocyte regenerative nodules, biliary duct cellular changes, expansion of myofibroblasts that cause fibrosis and cirrhosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration, all of which may contribute to carcinogenesis. Addressing the cellular origin of HCC is the key to identifying the earliest events that trigger it. Herein, we review data on the cells of origin in regenerating liver and HCC and the implications of these findings for prevention and treatment. We also review the origins of childhood liver cancer and other rare cancers of the liver.
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10
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Takeda H, Takai A, Eso Y, Takahashi K, Marusawa H, Seno H. Genetic Landscape of Multistep Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:568. [PMID: 35158835 PMCID: PMC8833551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although several targeted therapy agents are available for advanced HCC, their antitumor efficacy remains limited. As the complex genetic landscape of HCC would compromise the antitumor efficacy of targeted therapy, a deeper understanding of the genetic landscape of hepatocarcinogenesis is necessary. Recent comprehensive genetic analyses have revealed the driver genes of HCC, which accumulate during the multistage process of hepatocarcinogenesis, facilitating HCC genetic heterogeneity. In addition, as early genetic changes may represent key therapeutic targets, the genetic landscapes of early HCC and precancerous liver tissues have been characterized in recent years, in parallel with the advancement of next-generation sequencing analysis. In this review article, we first summarize the landscape of the liver cancer genome and its intratumor heterogeneity. We then introduce recent insight on early genetic alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis, especially those in early HCC and noncancerous liver tissues. Finally, we summarize the multistep accumulation of genetic aberrations throughout cancer progression and discuss the future perspective towards the clinical application of this genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.E.); (K.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Atsushi Takai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.E.); (K.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Yuji Eso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.E.); (K.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.E.); (K.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka 543-8555, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (H.T.); (Y.E.); (K.T.); (H.S.)
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11
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Sánchez PS, Rigual MDM, Djouder N. Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Mechanisms Controlling Cirrhosis Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205045. [PMID: 34680192 PMCID: PMC8534267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The liver is continuously exposed to several harmful factors, subsequently activating sophisticated mechanisms set-up in order to repair and regenerate the damaged liver and hence to prevent its failure. When the injury becomes chronic, the regenerative response becomes perpetual and goes awry, leading to cirrhosis with a fatal liver dysfunction. Cirrhosis is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common, usually lethal, human primary liver neoplasm with very limited therapeutic options. Considering the pivotal role of immune factors in the development of cirrhosis, here we review and discuss the inflammatory pathways and components implicated in the development of cirrhosis. A better understanding of these circuits would help the design of novel strategies to prevent and treat cirrhosis and HCC, two lethal diseases. Abstract Because the liver is considered to be one of the most important metabolic organs in the body, it is continuously exposed to damaging environmental agents. Upon damage, several complex cellular and molecular mechanisms in charge of liver recovery and regeneration are activated to prevent the failure of the organ. When liver injury becomes chronic, the regenerative response goes awry and impairs the liver function, consequently leading to cirrhosis, a liver disorder that can cause patient death. Cirrhosis has a disrupted liver architecture and zonation, along with the presence of fibrosis and parenchymal nodules, known as regenerative nodules (RNs). Inflammatory cues contribute to the cirrhotic process in response to chronic damaging agents. Cirrhosis can progress to HCC, the most common and one of the most lethal liver cancers with unmet medical needs. Considering the essential role of inflammatory pathways in the development of cirrhosis, further understanding of the relationship between immune cells and the activation of RNs and fibrosis would guide the design of innovative therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the survival of cirrhotic and HCC patients. In this review, we will summarize the inflammatory mechanisms implicated in the development of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nabil Djouder
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-3-491-732-8000 (ext. 3830); Fax: +34-3-491-224-6914
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12
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Otsuka Y, Matsumoto Y, Ito Y, Okada R, Maeda T, Ishii J, Kajiwara Y, Okubo K, Funahashi K, Kaneko H. Intraoperative guidance using ICG fluorescence imaging system for safe and precise laparoscopic liver resection. Minerva Surg 2021; 76:211-219. [PMID: 33890439 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5691.21.08597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) has been spread as minimally invasive surgery for liver disease. Advances in surgical technique and devices enabled us to perform various procedures of LLR. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has been suggested as useful tool to identify liver tumors, anatomical territory of liver parenchyma, and cholangiography in open liver surgery. Due to recent development, this technology can be applied in LLR. we describe safe and effective using of the ICG fluorescence imaging during LLR. METHODS From September 2013 to August 2019, 34 patients were performed LLR using a total of 46 procedures by ICG fluorescence imaging system for purposes including identification of anatomic domain of the liver in 12 LLRs, detection of liver tumors in 30 nodules, or intraoperative cholangiography in 4 LLRs. RESULTS During the detection of liver tumors, 25 nodules in 30 malignant to benign tumors were positively detected (83.3%). Although there has been no publication regarding information on ICG fluorescence imaging of low grade malignant or benign tumors, we found positive emission in focal nodular hyperplasia, an angiomyolipoma, and an intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. The identification of anatomic domain in the liver was successful in all 12 LLRs with negative and positive staining techniques. In the intraoperative cholangiography, all 4 tests were successfully performed. One of 4 patients were found to have biliary leakage which was repaired intraoperatively. CONCLUSIONS The ICG fluorescence imaging could be useful in safe and precise performance of LLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Otsuka
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ito
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Okada
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Maeda
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Kajiwara
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okubo
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Funahashi
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaneko
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Cancer is a clonal disorder derived from a single ancestor cell and its progenies that are positively selected by acquisition of 'driver mutations'. However, the evolution of positively selected clones does not necessarily imply the presence of cancer. On the contrary, it has become clear that expansion of these clones in phenotypically normal or non-cancer tissues is commonly seen in association with ageing and/or in response to environmental insults and chronic inflammation. Recent studies have reported expansion of clones harbouring mutations in cancer driver genes in the blood, skin, oesophagus, bronchus, liver, endometrium and bladder, where the expansion could be so extensive that tissues undergo remodelling of an almost entire tissue. The presence of common cancer driver mutations in normal tissues suggests a strong link to cancer development, providing an opportunity to understand early carcinogenic processes. Nevertheless, some driver mutations are unique to normal tissues or have a mutation frequency that is much higher in normal tissue than in cancer, indicating that the respective clones may not necessarily be destined for evolution to cancer but even negatively selected for carcinogenesis depending on the mutated gene. Moreover, tissues that are remodelled by genetically altered clones might define functionalities of aged tissues or modified inflammatory processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of major findings on clonal expansion in phenotypically normal or non-cancer tissues and discuss their biological significance not only in cancer development but also in ageing and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Alison MR. The cellular origins of cancer with particular reference to the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 101:132-151. [PMID: 32794627 PMCID: PMC7495846 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells or their closely related committed progenitor cells are the likely founder cells of most neoplasms. In the continually renewing and hierarchically organized epithelia of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine, homeostatic stem cells are located at the beginning of the cell flux, in the basal layer of the oesophagus, the isthmic region of gastric oxyntic glands and at the bottom of gastric pyloric-antral glands and colonic crypts. The introduction of mutant oncogenes such as KrasG12D or loss of Tp53 or Apc to specific cell types expressing the likes of Lgr5 and Mist1 can be readily accomplished in genetically engineered mouse models to initiate tumorigenesis. Other origins of cancer are discussed including 'reserve' stem cells that may be activated by damage or through disruption of morphogen gradients along the crypt axis. In the liver and pancreas, with little cell turnover and no obvious stem cell markers, the importance of regenerative hyperplasia associated with chronic inflammation to tumour initiation is vividly apparent, though inflammatory conditions in the renewing populations are also permissive for tumour induction. In the liver, hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells and hepatic progenitor cells are embryologically related, and all can give rise to hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. In the exocrine pancreas, both acinar and ductal cells can give rise to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), although the preceding preneoplastic states are quite different: acinar-ductal metaplasia gives rise to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia culminating in PDAC, while ducts give rise to PDAC via. mucinous cell metaplasia that may have a polyclonal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R. Alison
- Centre for Tumour BiologyBarts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse SquareBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
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15
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Abstract
Following injury, the liver's epithelial cells regenerate efficiently with rapid proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells. However, when proliferation of resident epithelial cells is impaired, alternative regeneration mechanisms can occur. Intricate lineage-tracing strategies and experimental models of regenerative stress have revealed a degree of plasticity between hepatocytes and biliary cells. New technologies such as single-cell omics, in combination with functional studies, will be instrumental to uncover the remaining unknowns in the field. In this review, we evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in the liver and how this influences the development of therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Gadd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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16
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Tempest N, Jansen M, Baker AM, Hill CJ, Hale M, Magee D, Treanor D, Wright NA, Hapangama DK. Histological 3D reconstruction and in vivo lineage tracing of the human endometrium. J Pathol 2020; 251:440-451. [PMID: 32476144 DOI: 10.1002/path.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regular menstrual shedding and repair of the endometrial functionalis is unique to humans and higher-order primates. The current consensus postulates endometrial glands to have a single-tubular architecture, where multi-potential stem cells reside in the blind-ending glandular-bases. Utilising fixed samples from patients, we have studied the three-dimensional (3D) micro-architecture of the human endometrium. We demonstrate that some non-branching, single, vertical functionalis glands originate from a complex horizontally interconnecting network of basalis glands. The existence of a multipotent endometrial epithelial stem cell capable of regenerating the entire complement of glandular lineages was demonstrated by in vivo lineage tracing, using naturally occurring somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations as clonal markers. Vertical tracking of mutated clones showed that at least one stem-cell population resides in the basalis glands. These novel findings provide insight into the efficient and scar-less regenerative potential of the human endometrium. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tempest
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marnix Jansen
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Hill
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mike Hale
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Derek Magee
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Heterogenius Ltd, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren Treanor
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Pathology department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Pathology department, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Chu YD, Lin WR, Lin YH, Kuo WH, Tseng CJ, Lim SN, Huang YL, Huang SC, Wu TJ, Lin KH, Yeh CT. COX5B-Mediated Bioenergetic Alteration Regulates Tumor Growth and Migration by Modulating AMPK-UHMK1-ERK Cascade in Hepatoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061646. [PMID: 32580279 PMCID: PMC7352820 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative phosphorylation machinery in mitochondria, which generates the main bioenergy pool in cells, includes four enzyme complexes for electron transport and ATP synthase. Among them, the cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which constitutes the fourth complex, has been suggested as the major regulatory site. Recently, abnormalities in COX were linked to tumor progression in several cancers. However, it remains unclear whether COX and its subunits play a role in tumor progression of hepatoma. To search for the key regulatory factor(s) in COX for hepatoma development, in silico analysis using public transcriptomic database followed by validation for postoperative outcome associations using independent in-house patient cohorts was performed. In which, COX5B was highly expressed in hepatoma and associated with unfavorable postoperative prognosis. In addressing the role of COX5B in hepatoma, the loss- and gain-of-function experiments for COX5B were conducted. Consequently, COX5B expression was associated with increased hepatoma cell proliferation, migration and xenograft growth. Downstream effectors searched by cDNA microarray analysis identified UHMK1, an oncogenic protein, which manifested a positively correlated expression level of COX5B. The COX5B-mediated regulatory event on UHMK1 expression was subsequently demonstrated as bioenergetic alteration-dependent activation of AMPK in hepatoma cells. Phosphoproteomic analysis uncovered activation of ERK- and stathmin-mediated pathways downstream of UHMK1. Finally, comprehensive phenotypic assays supported the impacts of COX5B-UHMK1-ERK axis on hepatoma cell growth and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-De Chu
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-D.C.); (W.-R.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.K.); (T.-J.W.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-D.C.); (W.-R.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.K.); (T.-J.W.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-J.T.); (S.-N.L.)
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-D.C.); (W.-R.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.K.); (T.-J.W.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Wen-Hsin Kuo
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-D.C.); (W.-R.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.K.); (T.-J.W.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Chin-Ju Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-J.T.); (S.-N.L.)
| | - Siew-Na Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-J.T.); (S.-N.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Shih-Chiang Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (S.-C.H.)
| | - Ting-Jung Wu
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-D.C.); (W.-R.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.K.); (T.-J.W.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-D.C.); (W.-R.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.K.); (T.-J.W.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-D.C.); (W.-R.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.K.); (T.-J.W.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-J.T.); (S.-N.L.)
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8129)
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Irun Bhan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David T Ting
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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19
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The landscape of gene mutations in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:990-1002. [PMID: 32044402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease and primary liver cancer are a massive global problem, with a future increase in incidences predicted. The most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, occurs after years of chronic liver disease. Mutations in the genome are a causative and defining feature of all cancers. Chronic liver disease, mostly at the cirrhotic stage, causes the accumulation of progressive mutations which can drive cancer development. Within the liver, a Darwinian process selects out dominant clones with selected driver mutations but also leaves a trail of passenger mutations which can be used to track the evolution of a tumour. Understanding what causes specific mutations and how they combine with one another to form cancer is a question at the heart of understanding, preventing and tackling liver cancer. Herein, we review the landscape of gene mutations in cirrhosis, especially those paving the way toward hepatocellular carcinoma development, that have been characterised by recent studies capitalising on technological advances in genomic sequencing. With these insights, we are beginning to understand how cancers form in the liver, particularly on the background of chronic liver disease. This knowledge may soon lead to breakthroughs in the way we detect, diagnose and treat this devastating disease.
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20
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Li W, Li L, Hui L. Cell Plasticity in Liver Regeneration. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:329-338. [PMID: 32200807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver, whose major functional cell type is the hepatocyte, is a peculiar organ with remarkable regenerative capacity. The widely held notion that hepatic progenitor cells contribute to injury-induced liver regeneration has long been debated. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest that the plasticity of differentiated cells is a major mechanism for the cell source in injury-induced liver regeneration. Investigating cell plasticity could potentially expand our understanding of liver physiology and facilitate the development of new therapies for liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the cell sources for hepatocyte regeneration and the clinical relevance of cell plasticity for human liver diseases. We focus on mechanistic insights on the injury-induced cell plasticity of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells and discuss future directions for investigation. Specifically, we propose the notion of 'reprogramming competence' to explain the plasticity of differentiated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215121, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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21
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Resident liver progenitor cells: Proofs of their contribution to human liver regeneration. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:646-648. [PMID: 30878340 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whether the epithelial cell response (named "ductular reaction") observed in chronic situations is only a marker of severity of liver disease or plays a role in liver cell regeneration remains under debate. However, recent cell tracking experiments provide a robust argument for the differentiation of those cells in an animal model of chronic liver disease and indicate that the situation could be similar in humans (Deng et al. 2018). Thanks to three other human studies (Lin et al., 2010; Yoon et al. 2011; Lanthier et al. 2015), we believe that epithelial cells give rise to subsequent peribiliary intermediate hepatocytes and create fully functional adjacent hepatocytes that may be beneficial for human liver regeneration.
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22
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Kim SK, Takeda H, Takai A, Matsumoto T, Kakiuchi N, Yokoyama A, Yoshida K, Kaido T, Uemoto S, Minamiguchi S, Haga H, Shiraishi Y, Miyano S, Seno H, Ogawa S, Marusawa H. Comprehensive analysis of genetic aberrations linked to tumorigenesis in regenerative nodules of liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:628-640. [PMID: 30756187 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrently develops in cirrhotic liver containing a number of regenerative nodules (RNs). However, the biological tumorigenic potential of RNs is still unclear. To uncover the molecular bases of tumorigenesis in liver cirrhosis, we investigated the genetic aberrations in RNs of cirrhotic tissues using next-generation sequencing. METHODS We isolated 205 RNs and 7 HCC tissues from the whole explanted livers of 10 randomly selected patients who had undergone living-donor liver transplantation. Whole-exome sequencing and additional targeted deep sequencing on 30 selected HCC-related genes were conducted to reveal the mutational landscape of RNs and HCCs. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing demonstrated that RNs frequently harbored relatively high-abundance genetic alterations, suggesting a clonal structure of each RN in cirrhotic liver. The mutation signature observed in RNs was similar to those determined in HCC, characterized by a predominance of C>T transitions, followed by T>C and C>A mutations. Targeted deep sequencing analyses of RNs identified nonsynonymous low-abundance mutations in various tumor-related genes, including TP53 and ARID1A. In contrast, TERT promoter mutations were not detected in any of the RNs examined. Consistently, TERT expression levels in RNs were comparable to those in normal livers, whereas every HCC tissue demonstrated an elevated level of TERT expression. CONCLUSION Analyses of RNs constructing cirrhotic liver indicated that a variety of genetic aberrations accumulate in the cirrhotic liver before the development of clinically and histologically overt HCC. These aberrations in RNs could provide the basis of tumorigenesis in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Omics-Based Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimi Kaido
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
Introduction: Liver disease is an increasing cause of worldwide mortality, and currently the only curative treatment for end-stage liver disease is whole organ allograft transplantation. Whilst this is an effective treatment, there is a shortage of suitable grafts and consequently some patients die whilst on the waiting list. Cell therapy provides an alternative treatment to increase liver function and potentially ameliorate fibrosis. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the different cellular sources for therapy investigated to date in humans including mature hepatocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells and hepatic progenitor cells. Cells investigated in animals include embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and directly reprogrammed cells. We then appraise the experience and evidence base underlying each cell type. Expert opinion: We discuss how this field may evolve in the years to come focusing on opportunities to enhance the intrinsic regenerative response with therapeutic targets and cell therapies. Growing expertise in tissue engineering will likely lead to increasingly complex bio-reactors and bio-artificial livers, which open a further avenue to restore liver function and delay or prevent the need for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Boyd
- a NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,c Liver Unit , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
| | - Philip Newsome
- a NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,c Liver Unit , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- b Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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24
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Alison MR. Cholangiocytes: No Longer Cinderellas to the Hepatic Regenerative Response. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 21:159-160. [PMID: 28777941 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biliary ductal cells proliferate from the portal areas of chronically damaged livers, but their significance to regeneration has been controversial. A recent article in Nature by Raven et al. (2017) now shows that blocking hepatocyte replication is essential for the hepatic differentiation of ductular cells after liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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25
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Müller M, Forbes SJ, Bird TG. Beneficial Noncancerous Mutations in Liver Disease. Trends Genet 2019; 35:475-477. [PMID: 31151757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease results in fibrosis and cancer. While injury is associated with mutational burden, a recent study (Zhu et al. Cell 2019;177:608-621) highlights that not all positively selected mutations in the liver are precancerous. Indeed, some may be beneficial to the ability of the liver to not only withstand injury , but also to regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Müller
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH164TJ, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Thomas G Bird
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK; MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH164TJ, UK
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26
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Manco R, Clerbaux LA, Verhulst S, Bou Nader M, Sempoux C, Ambroise J, Bearzatto B, Gala JL, Horsmans Y, van Grunsven L, Desdouets C, Leclercq I. Reactive cholangiocytes differentiate into proliferative hepatocytes with efficient DNA repair in mice with chronic liver injury. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1180-1191. [PMID: 30794890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Chronic liver diseases are characterized by expansion of the small immature cholangiocytes - a mechanism named ductular reaction (DR) - which have the capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes. We investigated the kinetics of this differentiation, as well as analyzing several important features of the newly formed hepatocytes, such as functional maturity, clonal expansion and resistance to stress in mice with long-term liver damage. METHODS We tracked cholangiocytes using osteopontin-iCreERT2 and hepatocytes with AAV8-TBG-Cre. Mice received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for >24 weeks to induce chronic liver injury. Livers were collected for the analysis of reporter proteins, cell proliferation and death, DNA damage, and nuclear ploidy; hepatocytes were also isolated for RNA sequencing. RESULTS During liver injury we observed a transient DR and the differentiation of DR cells into hepatocytes as clones that expanded to occupy 12% of the liver parenchyma by week 8. By lineage tracing, we confirmed that these new hepatocytes derived from cholangiocytes but not from native hepatocytes. They had all the features of mature functional hepatocytes. In contrast to the exhausted native hepatocytes, these newly formed hepatocytes had higher proliferative capability, less apoptosis, a lower proportion of highly polyploid nuclei and were better at eliminating DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS In chronic liver injury, DR cells differentiate into stress-resistant hepatocytes that repopulate the liver. The process might account for the observed parenchymal reconstitution in livers of patients with advanced-stage hepatitis and could be a target for regenerative purposes. LAY SUMMARY During chronic liver disease, while native hepatocytes are exhausted and genetically unstable, a subset of cholangiocytes clonally expand to differentiate into young, functional and robust hepatocytes. This cholangiocyte cell population is a promising target for regenerative therapies in patients with chronic liver insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Bou Nader
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Luc Gala
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Horsmans
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Hepato-gastroenterology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Lin WR, Chiang JM, Lim SN, Su MY, Chen TH, Huang SW, Chen CW, Wu RC, Tsai CL, Lin YH, Alison MR, Hsieh SY, Yu JS, Chiu CT, Yeh CT. Dynamic bioenergetic alterations in colorectal adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:334-345. [PMID: 31122841 PMCID: PMC6606928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy metabolism in carcinogenesis is poorly understood. It is widely accepted the majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) arise from adenomatous polyps (APs). We aimed to characterize the bioenergetic alterations in APs and CRCs. METHODS Fifty-six APs, 93 CRCs and adjacent normal mucosae were tested. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured representing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR)was measured representing glycolysis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and mutations were studied. Over-expressed metabolic genes in APs were identified by microarray and validated by qRT-PCR, Western blots and immunohistochemistry. Identified genes were knocked down in WiDr and colo205 CRC cell lines, and their expression was analyzed in APs/CRCs with enhanced glycolysis. FINDINGS ECAR, not OCR, was significantly increased in APs. While no difference of ECAR was found between CRCs and normal mucosae, OCR was significantly reduced in CRCs. OCR/ECAR ratio was decreased in APs over 1 cm, APs with a villous component and CRCs, indicating their glycolytic tendencies. The number of mtDNA mutations was increased in APs and CRCs, but not correlated with metabolic profiles. Two metabolic genes ALDOB and SLC16A4 were up-regulated in APs. Both ALDOB-knockdown and SLC16A4-knockdown CRC cell lines showed increased basal motichondrial OxPhos and decreased basal glycolysis. Moreover, the increase of mitochondrial ATP-linked respiration and the decrease of glycolytic capacity were showed in SLC16A4-knockdown cells. Finally, APs/CRCs with enhanced glycolysis had increased SLC16A4 expression. INTERPRETATION ATP production shifts from OxPhos to glycolysis in the process of AP enlargement and villous transformation. OxPhos defects are present in CRCs but not in APs. APs and CRCs tend to accumulate mtDNA mutations, but these are not correlated with bioenergetic profiles. Finally, the ALDOB and SLC16A4 may contribute to the glycolytic shift in APs/CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jy-Ming Chiang
- Department of Proctology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Siew-Na Lim
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lung Tsai
- Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Malcolm R Alison
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sen-Yung Hsieh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tang Chiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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28
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Van Haele M, Snoeck J, Roskams T. Human Liver Regeneration: An Etiology Dependent Process. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092332. [PMID: 31083462 PMCID: PMC6539121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of the liver has been an interesting and well-investigated topic for many decades. This etiology and time-dependent mechanism has proven to be extremely challenging to investigate, certainly in human diseases. A reason for this challenge is found in the numerous interactions of different cell components, of which some are even only temporarily present (e.g., inflammatory cells). To orchestrate regeneration of the epithelial cells, their interaction with the non-epithelial components is of utmost importance. Hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, liver progenitor cells, and peribiliary glands have proven to be compartments of regeneration. The ductular reaction is a common denominator in virtually all liver diseases; however, it is predominantly found in late-stage hepatic and biliary diseases. Ductular reaction is an intriguing example of interplay between epithelial and non-epithelial cells and encompasses bipotential liver progenitor cells which are able to compensate for the loss of the exhausted hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in biliary and hepatocytic liver diseases. In this manuscript, we focus on the etiology-specific damage that is observed in different human diseases and how the liver regulates the regenerative response in an acute and chronic setting. Furthermore, we describe the importance of morphological keynotes in different etiologies and how spatial information is of relevance for every basic and translational research of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van Haele
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Janne Snoeck
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tania Roskams
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Alison MR, Lin WR. Bile ductular reactions in the liver: similarities are only skin deep. J Pathol 2019; 248:257-259. [PMID: 30883752 DOI: 10.1002/path.5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extensive bile ductular reactions (DRs) accompany many cholestatic liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) as well as parenchymal liver cell diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and HCV and HBV infections. DRs originate from bile ducts or hepatocytes after damage and can be identified by expression of markers associated with cholangiocytes, often being associated with disease progression and fibrosis. In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, Govaere et al employed high-throughput RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptomic profiles of DR cells from liver diseases of different aetiology; HCV infection affecting hepatocytes and PSC initially affecting biliary epithelial cells. Both DR transcriptomes were markedly different from that of their neighbouring hepatocytes and 330 genes were significantly differently expressed between the DRs of the HCV and PSC liver diseases. Exploring such gene expression profiles could enable therapeutic targeting of DRs, on the one hand to inhibit liver fibrosis and inflammation and conversely to promote hepatocyte and cholangiocyte regeneration. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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30
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Zhu M, Lu T, Jia Y, Luo X, Gopal P, Li L, Odewole M, Renteria V, Singal AG, Jang Y, Ge K, Wang SC, Sorouri M, Parekh JR, MacConmara MP, Yopp AC, Wang T, Zhu H. Somatic Mutations Increase Hepatic Clonal Fitness and Regeneration in Chronic Liver Disease. Cell 2019; 177:608-621.e12. [PMID: 30955891 PMCID: PMC6519461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissues accumulate genetic changes with age, but it is unknown if somatic mutations promote clonal expansion of non-malignant cells in the setting of chronic degenerative diseases. Exome sequencing of diseased liver samples from 82 patients revealed a complex mutational landscape in cirrhosis. Additional ultra-deep sequencing identified recurrent mutations in PKD1, PPARGC1B, KMT2D, and ARID1A. The number and size of mutant clones increased as a function of fibrosis stage and tissue damage. To interrogate the functional impact of mutated genes, a pooled in vivo CRISPR screening approach was established. In agreement with sequencing results, examination of 147 genes again revealed that loss of Pkd1, Kmt2d, and Arid1a promoted clonal expansion. Conditional heterozygous deletion of these genes in mice was also hepatoprotective in injury assays. Pre-malignant somatic alterations are often viewed through the lens of cancer, but we show that mutations can promote regeneration, likely independent of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tianshi Lu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390
| | - Yuemeng Jia
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mobolaji Odewole
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Veronica Renteria
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Amit G Singal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Kai Ge
- NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sam C Wang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mahsa Sorouri
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Justin R Parekh
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Malcolm P MacConmara
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam C Yopp
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390.
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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31
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Tsuchiya A, Lu WY. Liver stem cells: Plasticity of the liver epithelium. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1037-1049. [PMID: 30862993 PMCID: PMC6406190 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a high regenerative capacity after acute liver injury, but this is often impaired during chronic liver injury. The existence of a dedicated liver stem cell population that acts as a source of regeneration during chronic liver injury has been controversial. Recent advances in transgenic models and cellular reprogramming have provided new insights into the plasticity of the liver epithelium and directions for the development of future therapies. This article will highlight recent findings about the cellular source of regeneration during liver injury and the advances in promoting liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medical and dental sciences, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, the University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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32
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Manco R, Leclercq IA, Clerbaux LA. Liver Regeneration: Different Sub-Populations of Parenchymal Cells at Play Choreographed by an Injury-Specific Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4115. [PMID: 30567401 PMCID: PMC6321497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is crucial for the maintenance of liver functional mass during homeostasis and diseases. In a disease context-dependent manner, liver regeneration is contributed to by hepatocytes or progenitor cells. As long as they are replicatively competent, hepatocytes are the main cell type responsible for supporting liver size homeostasisand regeneration. The concept that all hepatocytes within the lobule have the same proliferative capacity but are differentially recruited according to the localization of the wound, or whether a yet to be defined sub-population of hepatocytes supports regeneration is still debated. In a chronically or severely injured liver, hepatocytes may enter a state of replicative senescence. In such conditions, small biliary cells activate and expand, a process called ductular reaction (DR). Work in the last few decades has demonstrated that DR cells can differentiate into hepatocytes and thereby contribute to parenchymal reconstitution. In this study we will review the molecular mechanisms supporting these two processes to determine potential targets that would be amenable for therapeutic manipulation to enhance liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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33
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Raven A, Forbes SJ. Hepatic progenitors in liver regeneration. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1394-1395. [PMID: 30391027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Raven
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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34
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Alison MR. The many ways to mend your liver: A critical appraisal. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:106-112. [PMID: 29882223 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the latter half of the 20th century, our understanding of mammalian liver regeneration was shaped by the manner of compensatory hyperplasia occurring after a partial rat liver resection. This response involves almost all hepatocytes and thus is unlikely to be the outcome of the multiple cycling of a small stem cell population. It was most intense in the outer third of lobule, the location closest to the afferent arterial blood supply. With the advent of heritable genetic labelling techniques, usually applied to mice, hitherto unrecognized hepatocytes with clonogenic potential have been discovered, contributing to homoeostatic renewal and/or regenerative responses after tissue loss. This review combines observations from cell lineage tracing studies with other data to summarize the Four proposed anatomical locations for hepatocyte stem cells: the periportal zone, the pericentral zone, a randomized distribution and finally within the intrahepatic biliary tree. As in other endodermal-derived tissues, it appears that there are both homoeostatic stem cells and regenerative stem cells, while some normally homoeostatic stem cells can become more active to boost regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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35
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Chien CS, Chen YH, Chen HL, Wang CP, Wu SH, Ho SL, Huang WC, Yu CH, Chang MH. Cells responsible for liver mass regeneration in rats with 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy injury. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:39. [PMID: 29695258 PMCID: PMC5937839 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs)/oval cells regenerate liver mass upon chronic liver injury is controversial in mice and has not been conclusively proven in humans and rats. In this study, we examined which cell type—hepatocytes or oval cells—mediates liver regeneration in the classic rat 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)/partial hepatectomy (PH) injury where AAF reversibly blocks hepatocyte proliferation, thereby inducing oval cell expansion after the regenerative stimulus of PH. Methods We employed lineage tracing of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV, a hepatocyte canalicular enzyme)-positive hepatocytes by subjecting rats with DPPIV-chimeric livers to AAF/PH, AAF/PH/AAF (continuous AAF after AAF/PH to nonselectively inhibit regenerating hepatocytes), or AAF/PH/retrorsine injury (2-dose retrorsine after AAF/PH to specifically and irreversibly block existing hepatocytes); through these methods, we determined hepatocyte contribution to liver regeneration. To determine the oval cell contribution to hepatocyte regeneration, we performed DPPIV(+) oval cell transplantation combined with AAF/PH injury or AAF/PH/retrorsine injury in DPPIV-deficient rats to track the fate of DPPIV(+) oval cells. Results DPPIV-chimeric livers demonstrated typical oval cell activation upon AAF/PH injury. After cessation of AAF, DPPIV(+) hepatocytes underwent extensive proliferation to regenerate the liver mass, whereas oval cells underwent hepatocyte differentiation. Upon AAF/PH/AAF injury where hepatocyte proliferation was inhibited by continuous AAF treatment following AAF/PH, oval cells extensively expanded in an undifferentiated state but did not produce hepatocytes. By substituting retrorsine for AAF administration following AAF/PH (AAF/PH/retrorsine), oval cells regenerated large-scale hepatocytes. Conclusions Hepatocyte self-replication provides the majority of hepatocyte regeneration, with supplementary contribution from oval cells in rats under AAF/PH injury. Oval cells expand and maintain in an undifferentiated state upon continuously nonselective liver injury, whereas they can significantly regenerate hepatocytes in a noncompetitive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sung Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Ho
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation. No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei City, 23142, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University . No.7, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital. No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University. No.8, Chung Shan South Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 10041, Taiwan
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Chen J, Chen L, Zern MA, Theise ND, Diehl AM, Liu P, Duan Y. The diversity and plasticity of adult hepatic progenitor cells and their niche. Liver Int 2017; 37:1260-1271. [PMID: 28135758 PMCID: PMC5534384 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a unique organ for homoeostasis with regenerative capacities. Hepatocytes possess a remarkable capacity to proliferate upon injury; however, in more severe scenarios liver regeneration is believed to arise from at least one, if not several facultative hepatic progenitor cell compartments. Newly identified pericentral stem/progenitor cells residing around the central vein is responsible for maintaining hepatocyte homoeostasis in the uninjured liver. In addition, hepatic progenitor cells have been reported to contribute to liver fibrosis and cancers. What drives liver homoeostasis, regeneration and diseases is determined by the physiological and pathological conditions, and especially the hepatic progenitor cell niches which influence the fate of hepatic progenitor cells. The hepatic progenitor cell niches are special microenvironments consisting of different cell types, releasing growth factors and cytokines and receiving signals, as well as the extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. The hepatic progenitor cell niches maintain and regulate stem cells to ensure organ homoeostasis and regeneration. In recent studies, more evidence has been shown that hepatic cells such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes or myofibroblasts can be induced to be oval cell-like state through transitions under some circumstance, those transitional cell types as potential liver-resident progenitor cells play important roles in liver pathophysiology. In this review, we describe and update recent advances in the diversity and plasticity of hepatic progenitor cell and their niches and discuss evidence supporting their roles in liver homoeostasis, regeneration, fibrosis and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Chen
- Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai key laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China,E-institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai key laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mark A Zern
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Neil D. Theise
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
| | - Ann Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
| | - Ping Liu
- Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai key laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China,E-institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
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Cholangiocytes act as facultative liver stem cells during impaired hepatocyte regeneration. Nature 2017; 547:350-354. [PMID: 28700576 PMCID: PMC5522613 DOI: 10.1038/nature23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Following liver injury, regeneration occurs through self-replication of hepatocytes. In severe liver injury, hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, a feature of human chronic liver disease1,2. It is contested whether other liver cell types can regenerate hepatocytes3–5. Here, we use two independent systems to impair hepatocyte proliferation during liver injury to evaluate the contribution of non-hepatocytes to parenchymal regeneration. Firstly, loss of β1-Integrin in hepatocytes with liver injury triggered a ductular reaction of cholangiocyte origin, and ~25% of hepatocytes being derived from a non-hepatocyte origin. Secondly cholangiocytes were lineage traced with concurrent inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation by β1-Integrin knockdown or p21 over-expression, resulting in the significant emergence of cholangiocyte derived hepatocytes. We describe a model of combined liver injury and inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation that causes physiologically significant levels of regeneration of functional hepatocytes from biliary cells.
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38
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Tummala KS, Brandt M, Teijeiro A, Graña O, Schwabe RF, Perna C, Djouder N. Hepatocellular Carcinomas Originate Predominantly from Hepatocytes and Benign Lesions from Hepatic Progenitor Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 19:584-600. [PMID: 28423321 PMCID: PMC5409928 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive primary liver cancer. However, its origin remains a debated question. Using human data and various hepatocarcinogenesis mouse models, we show that, in early stages, transformed hepatocytes, independent of their proliferation status, activate hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) expansion. Genetic lineage tracing of HPCs and hepatocytes reveals that, in all models, HCC originates from hepatocytes. However, whereas in various models tumors do not emanate from HPCs, tracking of progenitors in a model mimicking human hepatocarcinogenesis indicates that HPCs can generate benign lesions (regenerative nodules and adenomas) and aggressive HCCs. Mechanistically, galectin-3 and α-ketoglutarate paracrine signals emanating from oncogene-expressing hepatocytes instruct HPCs toward HCCs. α-Ketoglutarate preserves an HPC undifferentiated state, and galectin-3 maintains HPC stemness, expansion, and aggressiveness. Pharmacological or genetic blockage of galectin-3 reduces HCC, and its expression in human HCC correlates with poor survival. Our findings may have clinical implications for liver regeneration and HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna S Tummala
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marta Brandt
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Teijeiro
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cristian Perna
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Rókusz A, Veres D, Szücs A, Bugyik E, Mózes M, Paku S, Nagy P, Dezső K. Ductular reaction correlates with fibrogenesis but does not contribute to liver regeneration in experimental fibrosis models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176518. [PMID: 28445529 PMCID: PMC5405957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Ductular reaction is a standard component of fibrotic liver tissue but its function is largely unknown. It is supposed to interact with the matrix producing myofibroblasts and compensate the declining regenerative capacity of hepatocytes. The relationship between the extent of fibrosis—ductular reaction, proliferative activity of hepatocytes and ductular reaction were studied sequentially in experimental hepatic fibrosis models. Methods Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis was induced in wild type and TGFβ overproducing transgenic mice by carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide administration. The effect of thioacetamide was modulated by treatment with imatinib and erlotinib. The extent of ductular reaction and fibrosis was measured by morphometry following cytokeratin 19 immunofluorescent labeling and Picro Sirius staining respectively. The proliferative activity of hepatocytes and ductular reaction was evaluated by BrdU incorporation. The temporal distribution of the parameters was followed and compared within and between different experimental groups. Results There was a strong significant correlation between the extent of fibrosis and ductular reaction in each experimental group. Although imatinib and erlotinib temporarily decreased fibrosis this effect later disappeared. We could not observe negative correlation between the proliferation of hepatocytes and ductular reaction in any of the investigated models. Conclusions The stringent connection between ductular reaction and fibrosis, which cannot be influenced by any of our treatment regimens, suggests that there is a close mutual interaction between them instead of a unidirectional causal relationship. Our results confirm a close connection between DR and fibrogenesis. However, since the two parameters changed together we could not establish a causal relationship and were unable to reveal which was the primary event. The lack of inverse correlation between the proliferation of hepatocytes and ductular reaction questions that ductular reaction can compensate for the failing regenerative activity of hepatocytes. No evidences support the persistent antifibrotic property of imatinib or erlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Rókusz
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Armanda Szücs
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Bugyik
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mózes
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Tumor Progression Research Group, Joint Research Organization of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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40
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Human liver regeneration in advanced cirrhosis is organized by the portal tree. J Hepatol 2017; 66:778-786. [PMID: 27913222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In advanced cirrhosis new hepatocytic nodules are generated by budding of ductules in areas of parenchymal extinction. However, the vascular alterations in the areas of parenchymal extinction, the blood supply and the structure of the new hepatocytic nodules have not been analyzed in detail. METHODS Explanted human cirrhotic livers of three different etiologies and two experimental rat models of cirrhosis were thoroughly examined. 3D reconstruction of the immunohistochemically stained serial sections and casting of human and experimental cirrhotic livers have been used to reveal the structural organization of the regenerative buds. RESULTS In areas of parenchymal extinction the skeleton of the liver, the portal tree is preserved. The developing regenerative nodules are positioned along the portal tree and are directly supplied by terminal portal venules. The expanding nodules grow along the trunks of the portal vein. Casting of human and experimental cirrhotic livers by colored resin confirms that nodules are supplied by portal blood. The two other members of the portal triads become separated from the portal veins. CONCLUSIONS As the structure of the hepatocyte nodules (centrally located portal vein branches, bile ducts at the periphery, hepatic veins and arteries in the connective tissue) impedes the restoration of normal liver structure, the basic architecture of hepatic tissue suffers permanent damage. We suggest that "budding" may initiate the second, irreversible stage of cirrhosis. LAY SUMMARY Cirrhosis is the final common outcome of long lasting hepatic injury defined as the destruction of the normal liver architecture by scar tissue. In the late phase of cirrhosis stem cells-derived hepatocyte nodules appear along the branches of the portal vein suggesting an important role of this specially composed blood vessels (containing digestive end-products from the stomach and intestines) in liver regeneration. Our results contribute to a better understanding of this serious liver disease.
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41
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Khan Z, Orr A, Michalopoulos GK, Ranganathan S. Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Stem Cell Marker LGR5 in Pediatric Liver Disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2017; 20:16-27. [PMID: 28276299 PMCID: PMC5040613 DOI: 10.1177/1093526616686244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims In regenerating liver, hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are recruited in response to injury; however, few highly specific human HPC markers exist for the hepatocyte lineage. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a Wnt-associated stem cell marker, has been extensively studied in intestinal stem cells, but little is known about its expression in human liver. We hypothesized that LGR5+ HPCs are induced in the regenerative response to pediatric liver injury. Methods and results Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize LGR5 expression in pediatric liver explants (n = 36). We found cytoplasmic LGR5 expression in all cases; although, much less was observed in acute hepatic necrosis compared to chronic liver diseases. In the latter cases, >50% of hepatocytes were LGR5+, signifying a robust regenerative response mainly in the periphery of regenerative nodules. Only weak LGR5 staining was noted in bile ducts, suggesting hepatocyte-specific expression at the interface. Conclusions Although we observed some degree of regenerative response in all cases, LGR5 was highly expressed in chronic liver disease, possibly due to alternate regeneration and reprogramming pathways. LGR5 is predominant in peri-septal hepatocytes rather than epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) positive ductular reactions in chronic pediatric liver diseases and may represent a transitional HPC phenotype for the hepatocyte lineage. These studies are the first to support a unique role for LGR5 in human hepatocyte regeneration and as a potential predictive biomarker for recovery of liver function in children. Future work will also investigate the molecular mechanisms behind LGR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Khan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - George K Michalopoulos
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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42
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Sugimori K, Numata K, Okada M, Nihonmatsu H, Takebayashi S, Maeda S, Nakano M, Tanaka K. Central vascular structures as a characteristic finding of regenerative nodules using hepatobiliary phase gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-enhanced MRI and arterial dominant phase contrast-enhanced US. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2016; 44:89-100. [PMID: 27771842 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-016-0750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the characteristic findings of regenerative nodules (RNs) for differentiating early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA; EOB-MRI) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in patients with chronic liver disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Pathologically confirmed lesions (100 early HCCs, 7 HGDNs, and 20 RNs with a maximum diameter of more than 1 cm and mean maximal diameters of 15.5, 15.1, and 14.8 mm, respectively) were enrolled in this retrospective study. The signal intensities of these lesions during the hepatobiliary phase of EOB-MRI were investigated, and findings characteristic of RNs using this modality were also evaluated using CEUS. RESULTS Ninety-eight of the 100 early HCCs that were hypo-intense (n = 95), iso-intense (n = 2), or hyper-intense (n = 1) and the seven HGDNs that were hypo-intense (n = 6) or hyper-intense (n = 1) during the hepatobiliary phase of EOB-MRI exhibited centripetal vessels during the arterial dominant phase of CEUS, although one early HCC that was hypo-intense exhibited both centrifugal and centripetal vessels. Eighteen of the 20 RNs and one early HCC that were hyper-intense with a small central hypo-intensity and the remaining two RNs that were hyper-intense on EOB-MRI exhibited centrifugal vessels during the arterial dominant phase of CEUS. The small central hypo-intense area corresponded to central vascular structures in the lesion, such as the hepatic artery and portal vein running from the center to the periphery, when viewed using CEUS. CONCLUSION Central vascular structures may be a characteristic finding of RNs when observed during the hepatobiliary phase of EOB-MRI and the arterial dominant phase of CEUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sugimori
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Kazushi Numata
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of the Ryukyus, 207 Azakamihara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nihonmatsu
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takebayashi
- Department of Radiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Pathological Department, Shonan Fujisawa Tokusyukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Kamidai, Tsujido, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Tanaka
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
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Abstract
Liver regeneration has been studied for many decades and the mechanisms underlying regeneration of the normal liver following resection or moderate damage are well described. A large number of factors extrinsic (such as bile acids and circulating growth factors) and intrinsic to the liver interact to initiate and regulate liver regeneration. Less well understood, and more clinically relevant, are the factors at play when the abnormal liver is required to regenerate. Fatty liver disease, chronic scarring, prior chemotherapy and massive liver injury can all inhibit the normal programme of regeneration and can lead to liver failure. Understanding these mechanisms could enable the rational targeting of specific therapies to either reduce the factors inhibiting regeneration or directly stimulate liver regeneration. Although animal models of liver regeneration have been highly instructive, the clinical relevance of some models could be improved to bridge the gap between our in vivo model systems and the clinical situation. Likewise, modern imaging techniques such as spectroscopy will probably improve our understanding of whole-organ metabolism and how this predicts the liver's regenerative capacity. This Review describes briefly the mechanisms underpinning liver regeneration, the models used to study this process, and discusses areas in which failed or compromised liver regeneration is clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- Birmingham National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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44
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Oikawa T. Cancer Stem cells and their cellular origins in primary liver and biliary tract cancers. Hepatology 2016; 64:645-51. [PMID: 26849406 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver and biliary tract cancers are highly aggressive, are heterogeneous in their phenotypic traits, and result in clinical outcomes that are difficult to manage. Cancers have subpopulations of cells termed "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) that share common intrinsic signaling pathways for self-renewal and differentiation with normal stem cells. These CSCs likely have the potential to evolve over time and to give rise to new genetically and functionally diverse subclones by accumulating genetic mutations. Extrinsic signaling from the tumor microenvironment, including the CSC niche, has been implicated in tumor initiation/progression and heterogeneity through dynamic crosstalk. CSCs have become recognized as pivotal sources of tumor initiation/progression, relapse/metastasis, and chemoresistance. CONCLUSION The origins of CSCs are hypothesized to derive from the transformation of normal stem/progenitors and/or from the reprogramming of adult cells that converts them to stem/progenitor traits; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. (Hepatology 2016;64:645-651).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Under normal homeostatic conditions, hepatocyte renewal is a slow process and complete turnover likely takes at least a year. Studies of hepatocyte regeneration after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy (2/3 PH) have strongly suggested that periportal hepatocytes are the driving force behind regenerative re-population, but recent murine studies have brought greater complexity to the issue. Although periportal hepatocytes are still considered pre-eminent in the response to 2/3 PH, new studies suggest that normal homeostatic renewal is driven by pericentral hepatocytes under the control of Wnts, while pericentral injury provokes the clonal expansion of a subpopulation of periportal hepatocytes expressing low levels of biliary duct genes such as
Sox9 and
osteopontin. Furthermore, some clarity has been given to the debate on the ability of biliary-derived hepatic progenitor cells to generate physiologically meaningful numbers of hepatocytes in injury models, demonstrating that under appropriate circumstances these cells can re-populate the whole liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Numata K, Fukuda H, Nihonmatsu H, Kondo M, Nozaki A, Chuma M, Morimoto M, Oshima T, Okada M, Murakami T, Takebayashi S, Maeda S, Inayama Y, Nakano M, Tanaka K. Use of vessel patterns on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using a perflubutane-based contrast agent for the differential diagnosis of regenerative nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma or high-grade dysplastic nodules in patients with chronic liver disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 40:2372-83. [PMID: 26099473 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the use of tumor vessel patterns observed during arterial-phase contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) to differentiate regenerative nodules (RN) from early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDN) in patients with chronic liver disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Pathologically confirmed lesions (83 early HCC, 6 HGDN, and 13 RN with mean maximal diameters of 15.4, 15.3, and 16.2 mm, respectively) were enrolled in this retrospective study. We performed contrast-enhanced US using a perflubutane-based contrast agent. We then classified the tumor vessels observed during the arterial phase of contrast-enhanced US into two patterns: peripheral vessels (centripetal pattern) and central vessels (centrifugal pattern). RESULTS Eighty-one (97.6%) of the 83 early HCC exhibited various enhancement patterns (hypovascular, 44.6%; isovascular, 25.3%; and hypervascular, 27.7%) and a peripheral vessel pattern, while the remaining 2 lesions (2.4%) exhibited hypovascular enhancement and a central vessel pattern. All 6 HGDN lesions were hypovascular with a peripheral vessel pattern. Twelve (92.3%) of the 13 RN were hypovascular with a central vessel pattern, and the remaining one (7.7%) was hypervascular with a central vessel pattern. When lesions exhibiting a central vessel pattern during arterial-phase contrast-enhanced US were diagnosed as RN, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of these diagnoses were 100%, 97.8%, and 98.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION The tumor vessel patterns observed during arterial-phase contrast-enhanced US may be useful for differentiating RN from early HCC or HGDN in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Numata
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuda
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Nihonmatsu
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kondo
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Akito Nozaki
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Makoto Chuma
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Manabu Morimoto
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Takashi Oshima
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of the Ryukyus, 207 Azakamihara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Takamichi Murakami
- Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Takebayashi
- Department of Radiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Shin Maeda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Inayama
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Pathological Department, Shonan Fujisawa Tokusyukai Hospital, 1-5-1 Kamidai, Tusjido, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0041, Japan.
| | - Katsuaki Tanaka
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
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Rókusz A, Nagy E, Gerlei Z, Veres D, Dezső K, Paku S, Szücs A, Hajósi-Kalcakosz S, Pávai Z, Görög D, Kóbori L, Fehérvári I, Nemes B, Nagy P. Quantitative morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis and their correlates in cirrhosis--A study on explant livers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:86-94. [PMID: 26166621 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1067902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproducible structural analysis was made on cirrhotic human liver samples in order to reveal potential connections between morphological and laboratory parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS Large histological samples were taken from segment VII of 56 cirrhotic livers removed in connection with liver transplantation. Picro Sirius red and immunohistochemically (smooth muscle actin [SMA], cytokeratin 7 [CK7], Ki-67) stained sections were digitalized and morphometric evaluation was performed. RESULTS The Picro Sirius-stained fibrotic area correlated with the average thickness of the three broadest septa, extent of SMA positivity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values and it was lower in the viral hepatitis related cirrhoses than in samples with non-viral etiology. The extent of SMA staining increased with the CK7-positive ductular reaction. The proliferative activity of the hepatocytes correlated positively with the Ki-67 labeling of the ductular cells and inversely with the septum thickness. These data support the potential functional connection among different structural components, for example, myofibroblasts, ductular reaction and fibrogenesis but challenges the widely proposed role of ductular cells in regeneration. CONCLUSION Unbiased morphological characterization of cirrhotic livers can provide valuable, clinically relevant information. Similar evaluation of routine core biopsies may increase the significance of this 'Gold Standard' examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Rókusz
- a 1 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Nagy
- a 1 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Gerlei
- b 2 Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University , 1085, Baross utca 23, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Veres
- c 3 Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University , 1094, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- a 1 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- a 1 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary.,d 4 Tumor Progression Research Group, Joint Research Organization of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University , 1051, Nádor utca 7, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Armanda Szücs
- a 1 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szofia Hajósi-Kalcakosz
- a 1 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Pávai
- e 5 Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Targu Mures , 540139, Gh. Marinescu 38, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Dénes Görög
- b 2 Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University , 1085, Baross utca 23, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kóbori
- b 2 Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University , 1085, Baross utca 23, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Fehérvári
- b 2 Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University , 1085, Baross utca 23, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Nemes
- b 2 Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University , 1085, Baross utca 23, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- a 1 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , 1085, Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
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48
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Alison MR, Lin WR. Diverse routes to liver regeneration. J Pathol 2015; 238:371-4. [PMID: 26510495 DOI: 10.1002/path.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The liver's ability to regenerate is indisputable; for example, after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy in rats all residual hepatocytes can divide, questioning the need for a specific stem cell population. On the other hand, there is a potential stem cell compartment in the canals of Hering, giving rise to ductular reactions composed of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) when the liver's ability to regenerate is hindered by replicative senescence, but the functional relevance of this response has been questioned. Several papers have now clarified regenerative mechanisms operative in the mouse liver, suggesting that the liver is possibly unrivalled in its versatility to replace lost tissue. Under homeostatic conditions a perivenous population of clonogenic hepatocytes operates, whereas during chronic damage a minor population of periportal clonogenic hepatocytes come to the fore, while the ability of HPCs to completely replace the liver parenchyma has now been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Neil Theise speaks to Georgia Patey, Commissioning Editor: Neil Theise is a diagnostic liver pathologist, adult stem cell researcher and complexity theorist in New York City, where he is a Professor of Pathology at the Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. He received his medical degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he also received his training in Anatomic Pathology. Subspecialty training was pursued in gastrointestinal (NYU), liver (Royal Free Hospital) and liver transplant (Mount Sinai, NYC) pathology. His earliest research focus was on defining the premalignant dysplastic nodules in human chronic liver disease. He revised understandings of human liver microanatomy, which in turn, led directly to identification of possible liver stem cell niches and the marrow-to-liver regeneration pathway. He is considered a pioneer of multiorgan adult stem cell plasticity. His publications on these topics in model systems and human liver stem cells have been highlighted on a record five covers of Hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Theise
- Departments of Pathology & Medicine (Division of Digestive Diseases), Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, First Avenue at 16th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Walther V, Alison MR. Cell lineage tracing in human epithelial tissues using mitochondrial DNA mutations as clonal markers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:103-17. [PMID: 26302049 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of cell lineages through heritable genetic lineage tracing is well established in experimental animals, particularly mice. While such techniques are not feasible in humans, we have taken advantage of the fact that the mitochondrial genome is highly prone to nonpathogenic mutations and such mutations can be used as clonal markers to identify stem cell derived clonal populations in human tissue sections. A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation can spread by a stochastic process through the several copies of the circular genome in a single mitochondrion, and then through the many mitochondria in a single cell, a process called 'genetic drift.' This process takes many years and so is likely to occur only in stem cells, but once established, the fate of stem cell progeny can be followed. A cell having at least 80% of its mtDNA genomes bearing the mutation results in a demonstrable deficiency in mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), optimally detected in frozen tissue sections by dual-color histochemistry, whereby CCO activity stains brown and CCO deficiency is highlighted by subsequent succinate dehydrogenase activity, staining the CCO-deficient areas blue. Cells with CCO deficiency can be laser captured and subsequent mtDNA sequencing can ascertain the nature of the mutation. If all cells in a CCO-deficient area have an identical mutation, then a clonal population has been identified; the chances of the same mutation initially arising in separate cells are highly improbable. The technique lends itself to the study of both normal epithelia and can answer several questions in tumor biology. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:103-117. doi: 10.1002/wdev.203 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Walther
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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