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龚 英, 艾丽飞热·艾麦提, 何 宗. [ARL67156, a small-molecule CD39 inhibitor, enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity against gastric cancer cells in vitro and in nude mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2023; 43:2006-2014. [PMID: 38189385 PMCID: PMC10774095 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2023.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of ARL67156, a small-molecule inhibitor of CD39, on cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against gastric cancer cells. METHODS Human peripheral blood-derived primary NK cells isolated and purified using a magnetic bead antibody method were treated with 100 μmol/L ARL67156 for 24 h, and the signaling pathway of NK cell activation was detected by Western blotting. The level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the supernatant of NK cells co-cultured with gastric cancer cells was detected using ELISA, and NK cell CD107a degranulation was measured with flow cytometry. The cytotoxicity of NK cells against co-cultured gastric cancer cells was evaluated using flow cytometry. In a nude mouse model bearing subcutaneous gastric cancer xenografts, the therapeutic effect of intravenous transfusion of NK cells and intraperitoneal injection of ARL67156 was assessed by measuring the changes in tumor volume. RESULTS (25.97 ± 5.69) % of peripheral blood NK cells from healthy individuals positive for CD39 expression. Treatment with ARL67156 significantly upregulated the activation molecules including NKG2D, DAP10, CD57, and CD16 and reduced the expressions of the inhibitory receptors TIGIT and KIR, thereby promoting the secretion of IFN-γ and CD107a degranulation in NK cells (P < 0.05). In both the in vitro and in vivo experiments, ARL67156 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of NK cells against gastric cancer cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION ARL67156 activates NK cells through the vav1-Syk signaling pathway to enhance their cytotoxicity against gastric cancer cells, which may serve as a new strategy for NK cell immunotherapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- 英 龚
- 南方医科大学南方医院检验医学科,广东 广州 510515Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 艾丽飞热·艾麦提
- 南方医科大学南方医院检验医学科,广东 广州 510515Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 宗忠 何
- 南部战区总医院输血医学科,广东 广州 510010Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southern Theater Command General Hospital, Guangzhou 510010, China
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Yang Zhou J. Innate immunity and early liver inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175147. [PMID: 37205101 PMCID: PMC10187146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate system constitutes a first-line defence mechanism against pathogens. 80% of the blood supply entering the human liver arrives from the splanchnic circulation through the portal vein, so it is constantly exposed to immunologically active substances and pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract. Rapid neutralization of pathogens and toxins is an essential function of the liver, but so too is avoidance of harmful and unnecessary immune reactions. This delicate balance of reactivity and tolerance is orchestrated by a diverse repertoire of hepatic immune cells. In particular, the human liver is enriched in many innate immune cell subsets, including Kupffer cells (KCs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) like Natural Killer (NK) cells and ILC-like unconventional T cells - namely Natural Killer T cells (NKT), γδ T cells and Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells (MAIT). These cells reside in the liver in a memory-effector state, so they respond quickly to trigger appropriate responses. The contribution of aberrant innate immunity to inflammatory liver diseases is now being better understood. In particular, we are beginning to understand how specific innate immune subsets trigger chronic liver inflammation, which ultimately results in hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we consider the roles of specific innate immune cell subsets in early inflammation in human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Yang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jordi Yang Zhou,
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Zanoni M, Pegoraro A, Adinolfi E, De Marchi E. Emerging roles of purinergic signaling in anti-cancer therapy resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1006384. [PMID: 36200041 PMCID: PMC9527280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease with a rapid growing incidence and often characterized by a poor prognosis. Although impressive advances have been made in cancer treatments, resistance to therapy remains a critical obstacle for the improvement of patients outcome. Current treatment approaches as chemo-, radio-, and immuno-therapy deeply affect the tumor microenvironment (TME), inducing an extensive selective pressure on cancer cells through the activation of the immune system, the induction of cell death and the release of inflammatory and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS), including nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP and ADP). To survive in this hostile environment, resistant cells engage a variety of mitigation pathways related to metabolism, DNA repair, stemness, inflammation and resistance to apoptosis. In this context, purinergic signaling exerts a pivotal role being involved in mitochondrial function, stemness, inflammation and cancer development. The activity of ATP and adenosine released in the TME depend upon the repertoire of purinergic P2 and adenosine receptors engaged, as well as, by the expression of ectonucleotidases (CD39 and CD73) on tumor, immune and stromal cells. Besides its well established role in the pathogenesis of several tumors and in host–tumor interaction, purinergic signaling has been recently shown to be profoundly involved in the development of therapy resistance. In this review we summarize the current advances on the role of purinergic signaling in response and resistance to anti-cancer therapies, also describing the translational applications of combining conventional anticancer interventions with therapies targeting purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zanoni
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Zanoni,
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Kang J, Liggett JR, Patil D, Ranjit S, Loh K, Duttargi A, Cui Y, Oza K, Frank BS, Kwon D, Kallakury B, Robson SC, Fishbein TM, Cui W, Khan K, Kroemer A. Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Proinflammatory Effector Cells in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Steatotic Livers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899525. [PMID: 35833123 PMCID: PMC9272906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), the most recently described family of lymphoid cells, play fundamental roles in tissue homeostasis through the production of key cytokine. Group 1 ILCs, comprised of conventional natural killer cells (cNKs) and type 1 ILCs (ILC1s), have been implicated in regulating immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, the role of ILC1s in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of ILC1 and cNK cells in a high-fat diet (HFD) murine model of partial warm IRI. We demonstrated that hepatic steatosis results in more severe IRI compared to non-steatotic livers. We further elicited that HFD-IRI mice show a significant increase in the ILC1 population, whereas the cNK population was unchanged. Since ILC1 and cNK are major sources of IFN-γ and TNF-α, we measured the level of ex vivo cytokine expression in normal diet (ND)-IRI and HFD-IRI conditions. We found that ILC1s in HFD-IRI mice produce significantly more IFN-γ and TNF-α when compared to ND-IRI. To further assess whether ILC1s are key proinflammatory effector cells in hepatic IRI of fatty livers, we studied both Rag1−/− mice, which possess cNK cells, and a substantial population of ILC1s versus the newly generated Rag1−/−Tbx21−/− double knockout (Rag1-Tbet DKO) mice, which lack type 1 ILCs, under HFD IRI conditions. Importantly, HFD Rag1-Tbet DKO mice showed significant protection from hepatic injury upon IRI when compared to Rag1−/− mice, suggesting that T-bet-expressing ILC1s play a role, at least in part, as proinflammatory effector cells in hepatic IRI under steatotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiman Kang
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jedson R. Liggett
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, United States
| | - Digvijay Patil
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Katrina Loh
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anju Duttargi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Yuki Cui
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kesha Oza
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brett S. Frank
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - DongHyang Kwon
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas M. Fishbein
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wanxing Cui
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Khalid Khan
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexander Kroemer, ;
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Leão Batista Simões J, Fornari Basso H, Cristine Kosvoski G, Gavioli J, Marafon F, Elias Assmann C, Barbosa Carvalho F, Dulce Bagatini M. Targeting purinergic receptors to suppress the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in pulmonary tissue. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108150. [PMID: 34537482 PMCID: PMC8435372 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the new member of the Coronaviridae family, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the pandemic that is plaguing the world. The single-stranded RNA virus is capable of infecting the respiratory tract, by binding the spike (S) protein on its viral surface to receptors for the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2), highly expressed in the pulmonary tissue, enabling the interaction of the virus with alveolar epithelial cells promoting endocytosis and replication of viral material. The infection triggers the activation of the immune system, increased purinergic signaling, and the release of cytokines as a defense mechanism, but the response can become exaggerated and prompt the so-called “cytokine storm”, developing cases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This is characterized by fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, which can progress to pneumonia, failure of different organs and death. Thus, the present review aims to compile and correlate the mechanisms involved between the immune and purinergic systems with COVID-19, since the modulation of purinergic receptors, such as A2A, A2B, and P2X7 expressed by immune cells, seems to be effective as a promising therapy, to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as aid in the treatment of acute lung diseases and other cases of generalized inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jullye Gavioli
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Filomena Marafon
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Zhao H, Wang H, Hu Y, Xu D, Yin C, Han Q, Zhang J. Chitosan Nanovaccines as Efficient Carrier Adjuvant System for IL-12 with Enhanced Protection Against HBV. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4913-4928. [PMID: 34321879 PMCID: PMC8312321 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alum adjuvant in HBV prophylactic vaccines is poor in inducing cellular immunity with the inhibition of IL-12 secretion, and approximately 5–10% of immunised individuals fail to clear HBV upon infection. IL-12 plasmids (pIL-12) as adjuvants enhance significant humoral and cellular immune response in vaccines. However, finding a novel delivery system to protect pIL-12 from enzymatic degradation and achieve efficient delivery remains a major challenge. Methods We prepared the chitosan nanovaccine-loaded IL-12 expression plasmid (termed as “Ng(-)pIL-12”) and analysed the physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency and safety. Then, we evaluated the efficiency of Ng(-)pIL-12 for prophylactic HBV vaccine. Serum samples were collected and analysed for IL-12, HBsAg, anti-HBs IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b. Liver tissues were collected and analysed for HBV DNA and RNA. BMDCs and lymphocytes were collected and analysed for HBV-specific immune responses. To further confirm the long-term protective immune response against HBV, these immunised mice were challenged with hydrodynamic injection of pAAV/HBV 1.2 plasmid on day 56 after the initiation of immunisation. Results Chitosan nanovaccine prepared with CS and γ-PGA could load pIL-12 effectively and safely, and IL-12 was efficiently produced in vivo. Interestingly, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant combined with HBsAg induced higher levels of anti-HBs IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b, promoted maturation and presentation capacity of DCs, especially CD8α+/CD103+ DCs. Meanwhile, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant generated robust HBV-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses. More importantly, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant triggered terminally differentiated effector memory responses with strong anti-HBV effects. Conclusion Chitosan nanovaccines as an efficient carrier adjuvant system for pIL-12 combined with HBsAg induced protective anti-HBs IgG and enhanced HBV-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses, and achieved long-term memory response against HBV, making it a promising candidate for prophylactic HBV vaccines. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/RZZ_0Z5j7Yc
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haigang Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlai Yin
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Wallner C, Drysch M, Becerikli M, Schmidt SV, Hahn S, Wagner JM, Reinkemeier F, Dadras M, Sogorski A, von Glinski M, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Deficiency of myostatin protects skeletal muscle cells from ischemia reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12572. [PMID: 34131275 PMCID: PMC8206371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury plays a pivotal role in many diseases and leads to collateral damage during surgical interventions. While most studies focus on alleviating its severity in the context of brain, liver, kidney, and cardiac tissue, research as regards to skeletal muscle has not been conducted to the same extent. In the past, myostatin (MSTN), primarily known for supressing muscle growth, has been implicated in inflammatory circuits, and research provided promising results for cardiac IR injury mitigation by inhibiting MSTN cell surface receptor ACVR2B. This generated the question if interrupting MSTN signaling could temper IR injury in skeletal muscle. Examining human specimens from free myocutaneous flap transfer demonstrated increased MSTN signaling and tissue damage in terms of apoptotic activity, cell death, tissue edema, and lipid peroxidation. In subsequent in vivo MstnLn/Ln IR injury models, we identified potential mechanisms linking MSTN deficiency to protective effects, among others, inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling and SERCA2a modulation. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling revealed a putative involvement of NK cells. Collectively, this work establishes a protective role of MSTN deficiency in skeletal muscle IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallner
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marius Drysch
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mustafa Becerikli
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sonja Verena Schmidt
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Hahn
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Maximilian Wagner
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix Reinkemeier
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mehran Dadras
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Sogorski
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Maxi von Glinski
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- grid.412471.50000 0004 0551 2937Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Savio LEB, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Ectonucleotidase Modulation of Lymphocyte Function in Gut and Liver. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:621760. [PMID: 33553158 PMCID: PMC7859358 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.621760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance between regulatory and effector T lymphocytes contributes to loss of immunotolerance and plays a permissive role in the initiation, perpetuation, and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders. Regulatory/effector cell balance is governed by the CD39 ectonucleotidase, the prototype member of the NTPDase family that hydrolyzes ATP and ADP into AMP, subsequently converted into adenosine by CD73. Generation of adenosine impacts T-cell function as it contributes to the mechanism of suppression of Tregs and confers regulatory properties to pathogenic Th17-cells. CD39 cell distribution, mechanism of regulation and impact on inflammatory and regulatory signaling pathways are also discussed here. Innovative therapeutic strategies to boost CD39 levels and activity by either administering soluble ADPases or interfering with CD39 inhibitory signals are reviewed. Restoration of CD39 levels and function has enormous translational and clinical implications and should be regarded as an additional form of treatment to be deployed in the chronic inflammatory setting. The key role of CD39 in immunoregulation in the context of Crohn's disease, one of the most frequent manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune hepatitis, an autoimmune disorder of the liver, is reviewed and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Zeng J, Ning Z, Wang Y, Xiong H. Implications of CD39 in immune-related diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107055. [PMID: 33045579 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) mediates pro-inflammatory responses by recruiting and activating inflammatory cells. CD39 can hydrolyze eATP into adenosine monophosphate (AMP), while CD73 can convert AMP into the immunosuppressive nucleoside adenosine (ADO). CD39 is a rate-limiting enzyme in this cascade, which is regarded as an immunological switch shifting the ATP-mediated pro-inflammatory environment to the ADO- mediated anti-inflammatory status. The CD39 expression can be detected in a wide spectrum of immunocytes, which is under the influence of environmental and genetic factors. It is increasingly suggested that, CD39 participates in some pathophysiological processes, like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), sepsis, multiple sclerosis (MS), allergic diseases, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes and cancer. Here, we focus on the current understanding of CD39 in immunity, and comprehensively illustrate the diverse CD39 functions within a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Zeng
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Zhaochen Ning
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong 272000, China.
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China.
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Han H, Desert R, Das S, Song Z, Athavale D, Ge X, Nieto N. Danger signals in liver injury and restoration of homeostasis. J Hepatol 2020; 73:933-951. [PMID: 32371195 PMCID: PMC7502511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns are signalling molecules involved in inflammatory responses and restoration of homeostasis. Chronic release of these molecules can also promote inflammation in the context of liver disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of the role of damage-associated molecular patterns as danger signals in liver injury. We consider the role of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as inducers of damage-associated molecular patterns, as well as how specific damage-associated molecular patterns participate in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases such as alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. In addition, we discuss the role of damage-associated molecular patterns in ischaemia reperfusion injury and liver transplantation and highlight current studies in which blockade of specific damage-associated molecular patterns has proven beneficial in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Romain Desert
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dipti Athavale
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 1020N, MC 787, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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11
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Wang P, Jia J, Zhang D. Purinergic signalling in liver diseases: Pathological functions and therapeutic opportunities. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100165. [PMID: 33103092 PMCID: PMC7575885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides, including ATP, are essential regulators of liver function and serve as danger signals that trigger inflammation upon injury. Ectonucleotidases, which are expressed by liver-resident cells and recruited immune cells sequentially hydrolyse nucleotides to adenosine. The nucleotide/nucleoside balance orchestrates liver homeostasis, tissue repair, and functional restoration by regulating the crosstalk between liver-resident cells and recruited immune cells. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge on the role of purinergic signals in liver homeostasis, restriction of inflammation, stimulation of liver regeneration, modulation of fibrogenesis, and regulation of carcinogenesis. Moreover, we discuss potential targeted therapeutic strategies for liver diseases based on purinergic signals involving blockade of nucleotide receptors, enhancement of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity, and activation of adenosine receptors.
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Key Words
- A1, adenosine receptor A1
- A2A, adenosine receptor A2A
- A2B, adenosine receptor A2B
- A3, adenosine receptor A3
- AIH, autoimmune hepatitis
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- APCP, α,β-methylene ADP
- Adenosine receptors
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CD73, ecto-5ʹ-nucleotidase
- ConA, concanavalin A
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DMN, dimethylnitrosamine
- Ecto-5ʹ-nucleotidase
- Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases 1
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL-, interleukin-
- IPC, ischaemic preconditioning
- IR, ischaemia-reperfusion
- Liver
- MAPK, mitogen-activating protein kinase
- MCDD, methionine- and choline-deficient diet
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T
- NTPDases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases
- Nucleotide receptors
- P1, purinergic type 1
- P2, purinergic type 2
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPADS, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonate
- Purinergic signals
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
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12
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Vuerich M, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Ectonucleotidases in Intestinal and Hepatic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:507. [PMID: 30941139 PMCID: PMC6433995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling modulates systemic and local inflammatory responses. Extracellular nucleotides, including eATP, promote inflammation, at least in part via the inflammasome upon engagement of P2 purinergic receptors. In contrast, adenosine generated during eATP phosphohydrolysis by ectonucleotidases, triggers immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory pathways. Mounting evidence supports the role of ectonucleotidases, especially ENTPD1/CD39 and CD73, in the control of several inflammatory conditions, ranging from infectious disease, organ fibrosis to oncogenesis. Our experimental data generated over the years have indicated both CD39 and CD73 serve as pivotal regulators of intestinal and hepatic inflammation. In this context, immune cell responses are regulated by the balance between eATP and adenosine, potentially impacting disease outcomes as in gastrointestinal infection, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia reperfusion injury of the bowel and liver, autoimmune or viral hepatitis and other inflammatory conditions, such as cancer. In this review, we report the most recent discoveries on the role of ENTPD1/CD39, CD73, and other ectonucleotidases in the regulation of intestinal and hepatic inflammation. We discuss the present knowledge, highlight the most intriguing and promising experimental data and comment on important aspects that still need to be addressed to develop purinergic-based therapies for these important illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Lu TF, Yang TH, Zhong CP, Shen C, Lin WW, Gu GX, Xia Q, Xu N. Dual Effect of Hepatic Macrophages on Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury during Liver Transplantation. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e24. [PMID: 29984042 PMCID: PMC6026692 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication in liver transplantation (LT) and it is closely related to the recovery of grafts' function. Researches has verified that both innate and adaptive immune system are involved in the development of IRI and Kupffer cell (KC), the resident macrophages in the liver, play a pivotal role both in triggering and sustaining the sterile inflammation. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released by the initial dead cell because of the ischemia insult, firstly activate the KC through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors. Activated KCs is the dominant players in the IRI as it can secret various pro-inflammatory cytokines to exacerbate the injury and recruit other types of immune cells from the circulation. On the other hand, KCs can also serve in a contrary way to ameliorate IRI by upregulating the anti-inflammatory factors. Moreover, new standpoint has been put forward that KCs and macrophages from the circulation may function in different way to influence the inflammation. Managements towards KCs are expected to be the effective way to improve the IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Fei Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Tai-Hua Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medicine School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Cheng-Peng Zhong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chuan Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lin
- Department of Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Guang-Xiang Gu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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Savio LEB, de Andrade Mello P, Figliuolo VR, de Avelar Almeida TF, Santana PT, Oliveira SD, Silva CL, Feldbrügge L, Csizmadia E, Minshall RD, Longhi MS, Wu Y, Robson SC, Coutinho-Silva R. CD39 limits P2X7 receptor inflammatory signaling and attenuates sepsis-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 2017; 67:716-726. [PMID: 28554875 PMCID: PMC5875702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The severity of sepsis can be linked to excessive inflammatory responses resulting in hepatic injury. P2X7 receptor activation by extracellular ATP (eATP) exacerbates inflammation by augmenting cytokine production; while CD39 (ENTPD1) scavenges eATP to generate adenosine, thereby limiting P2X7 activation and resulting in A2A receptor stimulation. We aim to determine how the functional interaction of P2X7 receptor and CD39 control the macrophage response, and consequently impact on sepsis and liver injury. METHODS Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and CD39-/- mice. Several in vitro assays were performed using peritoneal or bone marrow derived macrophages to determine CD39 ectonucleotidase activity and its role in sepsis-induced liver injury. RESULTS CD39 expression in macrophages limits ATP-P2X7 receptor pro-inflammatory signaling. P2X7 receptor paradoxically boosts CD39 activity. Inhibition and/or deletion of P2X7 receptor in LPS-primed macrophages attenuates cytokine production and inflammatory signaling as well as preventing ATP-induced increases in CD39 activity. Septic CD39-/- mice exhibit higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and show more pronounced liver injury than WT mice. Pharmacological P2X7 blockade largely prevents tissue damage, cell apoptosis, cytokine production, and the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in the liver from septic WT, while only attenuating these outcomes in CD39-/- mice. Furthermore, the combination of P2X7 blockade with adenosine A2A receptor stimulation completely inhibits cytokine production, the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, and protects septic CD39-/- mice against liver injury. CONCLUSIONS CD39 attenuates sepsis-associated liver injury by scavenging eATP and ultimately generating adenosine. We propose boosting of CD39 would suppress P2X7 responses and trigger adenosinergic signaling to limit systemic inflammation and restore liver homeostasis during the acute phase of sepsis. Lay summary: CD39 expression in macrophages limits P2X7-mediated pro-inflammatory responses, scavenging extracellular ATP and ultimately generating adenosine. CD39 genetic deletion exacerbates sepsis-induced experimental liver injury. Combinations of a P2X7 antagonist and adenosine A2A receptor agonist are hepatoprotective during the acute phase of abdominal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R. Figliuolo
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago F. de Avelar Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T. Santana
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suellen D.S. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claudia L.M. Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Linda Feldbrügge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D. Minshall
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding authors. Address: Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Tel.: +1 617 735 2921; fax: +1 617 735 2930. (S.C. Robson) or Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373. Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Tel.: +55 21 3938 6565; fax: +55 21 2280 8193 (R. Coutinho-Silva). (S.C. Robson), (R. Coutinho-Silva)
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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Chisci E, De Giorgi M, Zanfrini E, Testasecca A, Brambilla E, Cinti A, Farina L, Kutryb-Zajac B, Bugarin C, Villa C, Grassilli E, Combi R, Gaipa G, Cerrito MG, Rivolta I, Smolenski RT, Lavitrano M, Giovannoni R. Simultaneous overexpression of human E5NT and ENTPD1 protects porcine endothelial cells against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:320-333. [PMID: 28389406 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and oxidative stress still limit the survival of cells and organs in xenotransplantation models. Ectonucleotidases play an important role in inflammation and IRI in transplantation settings. We tested the potential protective effects derived by the co-expression of the two main vascular ectonucleotidases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase (E5NT) and ecto nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1), in an in vitro model of H2O2-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. We produced a dicistronic plasmid (named pCX-DI-2A) for the co-expression of human E5NT and ENTPD1 by using the F2A technology. pCX-DI-2A-transfected porcine endothelial cells simultaneously overexpressed hE5NT and hENTPD1, which were correctly processed and localized on the plasma membrane. Furthermore, such co-expression system led to the synergistic enzymatic activity of hE5NT and hENTPD1 as shown by the efficient catabolism of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic extracellular adenine nucleotides along with the enhanced production of the anti-inflammatory molecule adenosine. Interestingly, we found that the hE5NT/hENTPD1 co-expression system conferred protection to cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. pCX-DI-2A-transfected cells showed reduced activation of caspase 3/7 and cytotoxicity than mock-, hE5NT- and hENTPD1-transfected cells. Furthermore, pCX-DI-2A-transfected cells showed decreased H2O2-induced production of ROS as compared to the other control cell lines. The cytoprotective phenotype observed in pCX-DI-2A-transfected cells was associated with higher detoxifying activity of catalase as well as increased activation of the survival signaling molecules Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Our data add new insights to the protective effects of the combination of hE5NT and hENTPD1 against oxidative stress and constitute a proof of concept for testing this new genetic combination in pig-to-non-human primates xenotransplantation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Chisci
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Marco De Giorgi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elisa Zanfrini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Testasecca
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Brambilla
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cinti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Farina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Barbara Kutryb-Zajac
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Cristina Bugarin
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Emanuela Grassilli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Romina Combi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cerrito
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | | | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Giovannoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
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Brief Report: Increased Frequency of CD39+ CD56bright Natural Killer Cells in HIV-1 Infection Correlates With Immune Activation and Disease Progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:467-472. [PMID: 27930600 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on natural killer (NK) cells was examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cell of 61 HIV-1-infected patients. Increased frequencies of CD39CD56 NK cells were detectable in untreated HIV patients, which was associated with high viral load, low CD4 T-cell count, and CD8 T-cell activation. Additionally, levels of CD39 on NK cells were inducible by in vitro stimulation of NK cells, correlating with aryl hydrocarbon receptor and interleukin 10 expression. Here, we provide the first evidence of increased CD39CD56 NK cell frequencies during HIV infection, which might have consequences for NK cell function and HIV pathogenesis.
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Abstract
Liver ischemia reperfusion activates innate immune system to drive the full development of inflammatory hepatocellular injury. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulate myeloid and dendritic cells via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate the immune response. Complex intracellular signaling network transduces inflammatory signaling to regulate both innate immune cell activation and parenchymal cell death. Recent studies have revealed that DAMPs may trigger not only proinflammatory but also immune regulatory responses by activating different PRRs or distinctive intracellular signaling pathways or in special cell populations. Additionally, tissue injury milieu activates PRR-independent receptors which also regulate inflammatory disease processes. Thus, the innate immune mechanism of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury involves diverse molecular and cellular interactions, subjected to both endogenous and exogenous regulation in different cells. A better understanding of these complicated regulatory pathways/network is imperative for us in designing safe and effective therapeutic strategy to ameliorate liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients.
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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19
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:121-144. [PMID: 28258700 PMCID: PMC5338647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Zeiser R, Robson SC, Vaikunthanathan T, Dworak M, Burnstock G. Unlocking the Potential of Purinergic Signaling in Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2781-2794. [PMID: 27005321 PMCID: PMC5472988 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling has been recognized as playing an important role in inflammation, angiogenesis, malignancy, diabetes and neural transmission. Activation of signaling pathways downstream from purinergic receptors may also be implicated in transplantation and related vascular injury. Following transplantation, the proinflammatory "danger signal" adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from damaged cells and promotes proliferation and activation of a variety of immune cells. Targeting purinergic signaling pathways may promote immunosuppression and ameliorate inflammation. Under pathophysiological conditions, nucleotide-scavenging ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 hydrolyze ATP, ultimately, to the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. Adenosine suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production and is associated with improved graft survival and decreased severity of graft-versus-host disease. Furthermore, purinergic signaling is involved both directly and indirectly in the mechanism of action of several existing immunosuppressive drugs, such as calcineurin inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Targeting of purinergic receptor pathways, particularly in the setting of combination therapies, could become a valuable immunosuppressive strategy in transplantation. This review focuses on the role of the purinergic signaling pathway in transplantation and immunosuppression and explores possible future applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding authors: Markus Dworak and Simon C. Robson, and
| | - T. Vaikunthanathan
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - M. Dworak
- Novartis Pharma, Nuernberg, Germany,Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Corresponding authors: Markus Dworak and Simon C. Robson, and
| | - G. Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London, UK,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ischemic tissue injury contributes to significant morbidity and mortality and is implicated in a range of pathologic conditions, including but not limited to myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and acute kidney injury. The associated reperfusion phase is responsible for the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, further accentuating inflammation. Adenosine triphosphate molecule has been implicated in various ischemic conditions, including stroke and myocardial infarction. STUDY SELECTION Adenosine triphosphate is a well-defined intracellular energy transfer and is commonly referred to as the body's "energy currency." However, Laboratory studies have demonstrated that extracellular adenosine triphosphate has the ability to initiate inflammation and is therefore referred to as a damage-associated molecular pattern. Purinergic receptors-dependent signaling, proinflammatory cytokine release, increased Ca influx into cells, and subsequent apoptosis have been shown to form a common underlying extracellular adenosine triphosphate molecular mechanism in ischemic organ injury. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we aim to discuss the molecular mechanisms behind adenosine triphosphate-mediated ischemic tissue injury and evaluate the role of extracellular adenosine triphosphate in ischemic injury in specific organs, in order to provide a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this complex process. We also appraise potential future therapeutic strategies to limit damage in various organs, including the heart, brain, kidneys, and lungs.
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Maurer CA, Walensi M, Käser SA, Künzli BM, Lötscher R, Zuse A. Liver resections can be performed safely without Pringle maneuver: A prospective study. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1038-1046. [PMID: 27648156 PMCID: PMC5002500 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i24.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate liver resections without Pringle maneuver, i.e., clamping of the portal triad.
METHODS Between 9/2002 and 7/2013, 175 consecutive liver resections (n = 101 major anatomical and n = 74 large atypical > 5 cm) without Pringle maneuver were performed in 127 patients (143 surgeries). Accompanying, 37 wedge resections (specimens < 5 cm) and 43 radiofrequency ablations were performed. Preoperative volumetric calculation of the liver remnant preceeded all anatomical resections. The liver parenchyma was dissected by water-jet. The median central venous pressure was 4 mmHg (range: 5-14). Data was collected prospectively.
RESULTS The median age of patients was 60 years (range: 16-85). Preoperative chemotherapy was used in 70 cases (49.0%). Liver cirrhosis was present in 6.3%, and liver steatosis of ≥ 10% in 28.0%. Blood loss was median 400 mL (range 50-5000 mL). Perioperative blood transfusions were given in 22/143 procedures (15%). The median weight of anatomically resected liver specimens was 525 g (range: 51-1850 g). One patient died postoperatively. Biliary leakages (n = 5) were treated conservatively. Temporary liver failure occurred in two patients.
CONCLUSION Major liver resections without Pringle maneuver are feasible and safe. The avoidance of liver inflow clamping might reduce liver damage and failure, and shorten the hospital stay.
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Fahrner R, Dondorf F, Ardelt M, Settmacher U, Rauchfuss F. Role of NK, NKT cells and macrophages in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6135-6144. [PMID: 27468206 PMCID: PMC4945975 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation has become the treatment of choice for acute or chronic liver disease. Because the liver acts as an innate immunity-dominant organ, there are immunological differences between the liver and other organs. The specific features of hepatic natural killer (NK), NKT and Kupffer cells and their role in the mechanism of liver transplant rejection, tolerance and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury are discussed in this review.
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Kudira R, Malinka T, Kohler A, Dosch M, de Agüero MG, Melin N, Haegele S, Starlinger P, Maharjan N, Saxena S, Keogh A, Stroka D, Candinas D, Beldi G. P2X1-regulated IL-22 secretion by innate lymphoid cells is required for efficient liver regeneration. Hepatology 2016; 63:2004-17. [PMID: 26853442 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Paracrine signalling mediated by cytokine secretion is essential for liver regeneration after hepatic resection, yet the mechanisms of cellular crosstalk between immune and parenchymal cells are still elusive. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is released by immune cells and mediates strong hepatoprotective functions. However, it remains unclear whether IL-22 is critical for the crosstalk between liver lymphocytes and parenchymal cells during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). Here, we found that plasma levels of IL-22 and its upstream cytokine, IL-23, are highly elevated in patients after major liver resection. In a mouse model of PH, deletion of IL-22 was associated with significantly delayed hepatocellular proliferation and an increase of hepatocellular injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Using Rag1(-/-) and Rag2(-/-) γc(-/) (-) mice, we show that the main producers of IL-22 post-PH are conventional natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells type 1. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a potent danger molecule, is elevated in patients immediately after major liver resection. Antagonism of the P2-type nucleotide receptors, P2X1 and P2Y6, significantly decreased IL-22 secretion ex vivo. In vivo, specific inhibition of P2X1 was associated with decreased IL-22 secretion, elevated liver injury, and impaired liver regeneration. CONCLUSION This study shows that innate immune cell-derived IL-22 is required for efficient liver regeneration and that secretion of IL-22 in the regenerating liver is modulated by the ATP receptor, P2X1. (Hepatology 2016;63:2004-2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kudira
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Malinka
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kohler
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Dosch
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Department of Gastroenterology/Mucosal Immunology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Melin
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Haegele
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niran Maharjan
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Beldi
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Eggenhofer E, Sabet-Rashedi M, Lantow M, Renner P, Rovira J, Koehl GE, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Kroemer A. RORγt(+) IL-22-producing NKp46(+) cells protect from hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. J Hepatol 2016; 64:128-34. [PMID: 26341825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS NKp46(+) cells are major effector cells in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Nevertheless, the precise role of unconventional subsets like the IL-22-producing NKp46(+) cells (NK22) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of NK22 cells in IRI in transplantation, particularly with respect to regulation by the transcription factor ROR-gamma-t (RORγt). METHODS To explore the role of NK22 cells in IRI in the absence of adaptive immunity, B6.RORγt-(gfp/wt)-reporter and B6.RORγt-(gfp/gfp)-knockout (KO) mice on a Rag KO background underwent 90min partial warm ischemia, followed by 24h of reperfusion. RESULTS Rag KO mice that possess fully functional NKp46(+) cells, and Rag-common-γ-chain-double-KO (Rag-γc-DKO) mice that lack T, B and NKp46(+) cells, were used as controls. We found that Rag-γc-DKO mice lacking NK22 cells show more severe levels of hepatocellular damage (GPT, histological injury) when compared to both Rag-RORγt-reporter and Rag KO mice that possess NK22 cells. Importantly, Rag-RORγt-reporter and Rag KO mice undergoing IRI expressed high protein levels of both IL-22 and GFP (RORγt), suggesting a protective role for RORγt(+) NK22 cells in IRI. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that RORγt critically protects from IRI through the induction of hepatic NK22 cells by studying Rag-Rorγt-DKO mice under IRI conditions. We found that the lack of RORγt(+) NK22 cells in Rag-Rorγt-DKO mice significantly enhanced IR-induced hepatocellular injury, a phenotype that could be reversed upon adoptive transfer of Rag-Rorγt-reporter NK22 cells into DKO mice. CONCLUSIONS RORγt(+) NK22 cells play an important protective role in IRI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Eggenhofer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | - Margareta Lantow
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Renner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun E Koehl
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
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28
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Zhai Y, Uchida Y, Ke B, Ji H, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Ischemia and reperfusion injury. Transpl Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119072997.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lysophosphatidic acid generation by pulmonary NKT cell ENPP-2/autotaxin exacerbates hyperoxic lung injury. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:455-61. [PMID: 26306905 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia is still broadly used in clinical practice in order to assure organ oxygenation in critically ill patients, albeit known toxic effects. In this present study, we hypothesize that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mediates NKT cell activation in a mouse model of hyperoxic lung injury. In vitro, pulmonary NKT cells were exposed to hyperoxia for 72 h, and the induction of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP-2) was examined and production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was measured. In vivo, animals were exposed to 100 % oxygen for 72 h and lungs and serum were harvested. Pulmonary NKT cells were then incubated with the LPA antagonist Brp-LPA. Animals received BrP-LPA prior to oxygen exposure. Autotaxin (ATX, ENPP-2) was significantly up-regulated on pulmonary NKT cells after hyperoxia (p < 0.01) in vitro. LPA levels were increased in supernatants of hyperoxia-exposed pulmonary NKT cells. LPA levels were significantly reduced by incubating NKT cells with LPA-BrP during oxygen exposure (p < 0,05) in vitro. Hyperoxia-exposed animals showed significantly increased serum levels of LPA (p ≤ 0,05) as well as increased pulmonary NKT cell numbers in vivo. BrP-LPA injection significantly improved survival as well as significantly decreased lung injury and lowered pulmonary NKT cell numbers. We conclude that NKT cell-induced hyperoxic lung injury is mediated by pro-inflammatory LPA generation, at least in part, secondary to ENPP-2 up-regulation on pulmonary NKT cells. Being a potent LPA antagonist, BrP-LPA prevents hyperoxia-induced lung injury in vitro and in vivo.
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30
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Yokota S, Yoshida O, Dou L, Spadaro AV, Isse K, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Kimura S, Du Q, Demetris AJ, Thomson AW, Geller DA. IRF-1 promotes liver transplant ischemia/reperfusion injury via hepatocyte IL-15/IL-15Rα production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6045-56. [PMID: 25964490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury following liver transplantation (LTx) is an important problem that significantly impacts clinical outcomes. IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a nuclear transcription factor that plays a critical role in liver injury. Our objective was to determine the immunomodulatory role of IRF-1 during I/R injury following allogeneic LTx. IRF-1 was induced in liver grafts immediately after reperfusion in both human and mouse LTx. IRF-1 contributed significantly to I/R injury because IRF-1-knockout (KO) grafts displayed much less damage as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase and histology. In vitro, IRF-1 regulated both constitutive and induced expression of IL-15, as well as IL-15Rα mRNA expression in murine hepatocytes and liver dendritic cells. Specific knockdown of IRF-1 in human primary hepatocytes gave similar results. In addition, we identified hepatocytes as the major producer of soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes in the liver. IRF-1-KO livers had significantly reduced NK, NKT, and CD8(+) T cell numbers, whereas rIL-15/IL-15Rα restored these immune cells, augmented cytotoxic effector molecules, promoted systemic inflammatory responses, and exacerbated liver injury in IRF-1-KO graft recipients. These results indicate that IRF-1 promotes LTx I/R injury via hepatocyte IL-15/IL-15Rα production and suggest that targeting IRF-1 and IL-15/IL-15Rα may be effective in reducing I/R injury associated with LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Yokota
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lei Dou
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anthony V Spadaro
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark A Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Qiang Du
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anthony J Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - David A Geller
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Liver Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Extracellular adenosine generation in the regulation of pro-inflammatory responses and pathogen colonization. Biomolecules 2015; 5:775-92. [PMID: 25950510 PMCID: PMC4496696 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, an immunomodulatory biomolecule, is produced by the ecto-enzymes CD39 (nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase) and CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) by dephosphorylation of extracellular ATP. CD73 is expressed by many cell types during injury, infection and during steady-state conditions. Besides host cells, many bacteria also have CD39-CD73-like machinery, which helps the pathogen subvert the host inflammatory response. The major function for adenosine is anti-inflammatory, and most recent research has focused on adenosine's control of inflammatory mechanisms underlying various autoimmune diseases (e.g., colitis, arthritis). Although adenosine generated through CD73 provides a feedback to control tissue damage mediated by a host immune response, it can also contribute to immunosuppression. Thus, inflammation can be a double-edged sword: it may harm the host but eventually helps by killing the invading pathogen. The role of adenosine in dampening inflammation has been an area of active research, but the relevance of the CD39/CD73-axis and adenosine receptor signaling in host defense against infection has received less attention. Here, we review our recent knowledge regarding CD73 expression during murine Salmonellosis and Helicobacter-induced gastric infection and its role in disease pathogenesis and bacterial persistence. We also explored a possible role for the CD73/adenosine pathway in regulating innate host defense function during infection.
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32
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Yoshida O, Dou L, Kimura S, Yokota S, Isse K, Robson SC, Geller DA, Thomson AW. CD39 deficiency in murine liver allografts promotes inflammatory injury and immune-mediated rejection. Transpl Immunol 2015; 32:76-83. [PMID: 25661084 PMCID: PMC4368493 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an essential metabolic energy source, is released following cell apoptosis or necrosis. It acts as a damage-associated molecule pattern to stimulate innate immune cells. The ectonucleotidase CD39 regulates immune activation by hydrolysis of extracellular ATP. We have shown previously that CD39 expression by donor livers helps protect syngeneic grafts with extended (24 hr) cold preservation time from ischemia reperfusion injury. Given its immune regulatory properties, we hypothesized that CD39 expression in donor livers might modulate transplant tolerance that occurs following mouse allogeneic liver transplantation (LTx). Livers from C57BL/6 (B6) wild-type (WT) or CD39 KO mice were transplanted into normal C3H recipients with minimal (approximately 1 hr) cold ischemia. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels at day 4 post LTx were significantly higher in animals given CD39KO compared with WT livers. Moreover, IFN-γ production by liver-infiltrating CD8+ T cells at day 4 was significantly higher in CD39KO than in WT grafts. Furthermore, splenic T cells from CD39KO liver recipients exhibited greater proliferative responses to donor alloantigens than those from mice given WT grafts. By contrast, there was a concomitant significant reduction in the frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg) in CD39KO than in WT livers. Whereas WT liver allografts survived > 100 days, no CD39KO grafts survived beyond 40 days (median survival time [MST]: WT: >100 days vs CD39KO: 8 days; p<0.01). In addition, soluble CD39 administration significantly prolonged CD39KO liver allograft survival (MST: 27.5 days). These novel data suggest that CD39 expression in liver allografts modulates tissue injury, inflammation, anti-donor effector T cell responses and Treg infiltration and can suppress transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yoshida
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Lei Dou
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shinichiro Yokota
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - David A Geller
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Liver Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ishimaru M, Yusuke N, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Takenouchi T, Kitani H, Kojima S. Purinergic signaling via P2Y receptors up-mediates IL-6 production by liver macrophages/Kupffer cells. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:413-23. [PMID: 24849676 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Resident macrophages in the liver (Kupffer cells) produce various cytokines and chemokines, and have important roles in hepatitis and liver fibrosis. The cells are activated by various factors, for example lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is an endotoxin and is high in the blood of patients with liver cirrhosis. Involvement of P2 receptors in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from Kupffer cells is little. In this study, we investigated purinergic signaling in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, from liver Kupffer cells of C57BL/6 mice (KUP5 cells). KUP5cells were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and cultivated with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The cells were stimulated with LPS. LPS-induced IL-6 production by KUP5 cells was suppressed significantly by pretreatments with non-selective P2 antagonist suramin, P2Y13antagonist MRS2211, and ecto-nucleotidase, whereas P2Y receptor agonists, significantly increased the IL-6 production. P2Y13knockdown reduced LPS-induced IL-6 production, but by less than 50%. These results would suggest that P2Y receptors including P2Y13and others, may involves in LPS-induced IL-6 production in Kupffer cells, leading to the liver inflammation. Therefore, we first showed the importance of purinergic signaling via P2Y receptors in the activation of Kupffer cells and liver injury, which is worthwhile in drug development for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ishimaru
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS)
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He W, Wilder T, Cronstein BN. Rolofylline, an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, inhibits osteoclast differentiation as an inverse agonist. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1167-76. [PMID: 23962057 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine may be generated by hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides by ectonucleotidases, including ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39), ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP-1) and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Previous work from our laboratory has uncovered a critical role for adenosine A1 receptors (A1 R) in osteoclastogenesis; blockade or deletion of these receptors diminishes osteoclast differentiation. Interestingly, selective A1 R agonists neither affect basal osteoclastogenesis nor do they reverse A1 R antagonist-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we determined whether ectonucleotidase-mediated adenosine production was required for A1 R antagonist-mediated inhibition, and, when we saw no effect, determined whether A1 R was constitutively activated and the antagonist was acting as an inverse agonist to diminish osteoclast differentiation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Osteoclast formation derived from wild-type, CD39 knockout (KO), CD73 KO, NPP-1 KO and TNAP KO mice was examined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated osteoclasts and osteoclast gene expression (Ctsk, Acp5, MMP-9 and NFATc1). Intracellular cAMP concentration was determined by elisa. KEY RESULTS Rolofylline inhibited osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 20-70 nM) in mice lacking all four of these phosphatases, although baseline osteoclast formation was significantly less in precursors from CD73 KO mice. Rolofylline (1 μM) stimulates cAMP production in bone marrow macrophages by 10.23 ± 0.89-fold. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the A1 R is constitutively activated in osteoclast precursors, thereby diminishing basal AC activity, and that A1 R antagonists act as inverse agonists to release A1 R-mediated inhibition of basal AC activity and permit osteoclast differentiation. The constitutive activity of A1 R promotes osteoclast formation and down-regulation of this activity blocks osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie He
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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van Golen RF, Reiniers MJ, Vrisekoop N, Zuurbier CJ, Olthof PB, van Rheenen J, van Gulik TM, Parsons BJ, Heger M. The mechanisms and physiological relevance of glycocalyx degradation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1098-118. [PMID: 24313895 PMCID: PMC4123469 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable side effect of major liver surgery that can culminate in liver failure. The bulk of I/R-induced liver injury results from an overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which inflict both parenchymal and microcirculatory damage. A structure that is particularly prone to oxidative attack and modification is the glycocalyx (GCX), a meshwork of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that covers the lumenal endothelial surface and safeguards microvascular homeostasis. ROS/RNS-mediated degradation of the GCX may exacerbate I/R injury by, for example, inducing vasoconstriction, facilitating leukocyte adherence, and directly activating innate immune cells. RECENT ADVANCES Preliminary experiments revealed that hepatic sinusoids contain a functional GCX that is damaged during murine hepatic I/R and major liver surgery in patients. There are three ROS that mediate GCX degradation: hydroxyl radicals, carbonate radical anions, and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl converts GAGs in the GCX to GAG chloramides that become site-specific targets for oxidizing and reducing species and are more efficiently fragmented than the parent molecules. In addition to ROS/RNS, the GAG-degrading enzyme heparanase acts at the endothelial surface to shed the GCX. CRITICAL ISSUES The GCX seems to be degraded during major liver surgery, but the underlying cause remains ill-defined. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The relative contribution of the different ROS and RNS intermediates to GCX degradation in vivo, the immunogenic potential of the shed GCX fragments, and the role of heparanase in liver I/R injury all warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand on NK cells protects from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplantation 2014; 97:1102-9. [PMID: 24804996 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) significantly contributes to graft dysfunction after liver transplantation. Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial innate effector cells in the liver and express tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a potent inducer of hepatocyte cell death. Here, we investigated if TRAIL expression on NK cells contributes to hepatic IRI. METHODS The outcome after partial hepatic IRI was assessed in TRAIL-null mice and contrasted to C57BL/6J wild-type mice and after NK cell adoptive transfer in RAG2/common gamma-null mice that lack T, B, and NK cells. Liver IRI was assessed by histological analysis, alanine aminotransferase, hepatic neutrophil activation by myeloperoxidase activity, and cytokine secretion at specific time points. NK cell cytotoxicity and differentiation were assessed in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, TRAIL-null mice exhibited significantly higher serum transaminases, histological signs of necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, and serum levels of interleukin-6 compared to wild-type animals. Adoptive transfer of TRAIL-null NK cells into immunodeficient RAG2/common gamma-null mice was associated with significantly elevated liver damage compared to transfer of wild-type NK cells. In TRAIL-null mice, NK cells exhibit higher cytotoxicity and decreased differentiation compared to wild-type mice. In vitro, cytotoxicity against YAC-1 and secretion of interferon gamma by TRAIL-null NK cells were significantly increased compared to wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS These experiments reveal that expression of TRAIL on NK cells is protective in a murine model of hepatic IRI through modulation of NK cell cytotoxicity and NK cell differentiation.
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Impact of brain death on ischemia/reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2014; 19:108-14. [PMID: 24565958 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In liver transplantation, the ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is influenced by factors related to graft quality, organ procurement and the transplant procedure itself. However, in brain-dead donors, the process of death itself also thoroughly affects organ damage through breakdown of the autonomous nervous system and subsequent massive cytokine release. This review highlights the actual knowledge on these proinflammatory effects of brain death on IRI in liver transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Brain death affects IRI either through hemodynamical or molecular effects with proinflammatory activation. Immunological effects are mainly mediated through Kupffer cell activation, leading to TNF-α and TLR4 amplification. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, TNF-β and MIP-1α are released, together with activation of the innate immune system via natural killer cells and natural killer T cells, which promote organ damage and activation of fibrosis. Preprocurement treatment regimens attempt to hamper inflammatory response by the application of methylprednisolone or thymoglobulin to the donor. Selective P-selectin antagonism resulted in improved function in marginal liver grafts. Inhaled nitric oxide was found to reduce apoptosis in liver grafts. Other medications like the immunosuppressant tacrolimus produced conflicting results regarding organ protection. Furthermore, improved organ storage after procurement - such as machine perfusion - can diminish effects of IRI in a clinical setting. SUMMARY Brain death plays a fundamental role in the regulation of molecular markers triggering inflammation and IRI-related tissue damage in liver transplants. Although several treatment options have reached clinical application, to date, the effects of brain death during donor conditioning and organ procurement remain relevant for organ function and survival.
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Burnstock G, Vaughn B, Robson SC. Purinergic signalling in the liver in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:51-70. [PMID: 24271096 PMCID: PMC3944046 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling is involved in both the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver. Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, stellate cells and cholangiocytes all express purinoceptor subtypes activated by adenosine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, uridine 5'-triphosphate or UDP. Purinoceptors mediate bile secretion, glycogen and lipid metabolism and indirectly release of insulin. Mechanical stress results in release of ATP from hepatocytes and Kupffer cells and ATP is also released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves supplying the liver. Ecto-nucleotidases play important roles in the signalling process. Changes in purinergic signalling occur in vascular injury, inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, diabetes, hepatitis, liver regeneration following injury or transplantation and cancer. Purinergic therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these pathologies are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential for the myriad of metabolic processes upon which life is based and is known widely as the universal energy currency unit of intracellular biologic reactions. ATP, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine, as well as other purines and pyrimidines also serve as ubiquitous extracellular mediators which function through the activation of specific receptors (viz. P2 receptors for nucleotides and purinergic P1 receptors for adenosine). Extracellular nucleotides are rapidly converted to nucleosides, such as adenosine, by highly regulated plasma membrane ectonucleotidases that modulate many of the normal biological and metabolic processes in the liver - such as gluconeogenesis and insulin signaling. Under inflammatory conditions, as with ischemia reperfusion, sepsis or metabolic stress, ATP and other nucleotides can also act as 'damage-associated molecular patterns' causing inflammasome activation in innate immune cells and endothelium resulting in tissue damage. The phosphohydrolysis of ATP by ectonucleotidases, such as those of the CD39/ENTPD family, results in the generation of immune suppressive adenosine, which in turn markedly limits inflammatory processes. Experimental studies by others and our group have implicated purinergic signaling in experimental models of hepatic ischemia reperfusion and inflammation, transplant rejection, hepatic regeneration, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cancer, amongst others. Expression of ectonucleotidases on sinusoidal endothelial, stellate or immune cells allows for homeostatic integration and linking of the control of vascular inflammatory and immune cell reactions in the liver. CD39 expression also identifies hepatic myeloid dendritic cells and efficiently distinguishes T-regulatory-type cells from other resting or activated T cells. Our evolving data strongly indicate that CD39 serves as a key 'molecular switch' and is an integral component of the suppressive machinery of myeloid, dendritic and T cells. Increased understanding of mechanisms of extracellular ATP scavenging and specifically conversion to nucleosides by ectonucleotidases of the CD39 family have also led to novel insights into the exquisite balance of nucleotide P2-receptor and adenosinergic P1-receptor signaling in inflammatory and hepatic diseases. Further, CD39 and other ectonucleotidases exhibit genetic polymorphisms in humans which alter levels of expression/function and are associated with predisposition to inflammatory and immune diseases, diabetes and vascular calcification, amongst other problems. Development of therapeutic strategies targeting purinergic signaling and ectonucleotidases offers promise for the management of disordered inflammation and aberrant immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron P Vaughn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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40
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Yoshida O, Kimura S, Jackson EK, Robson SC, Geller DA, Murase N, Thomson AW. CD39 expression by hepatic myeloid dendritic cells attenuates inflammation in liver transplant ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:2163-75. [PMID: 23813862 PMCID: PMC3844081 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic innate immune cells, in particular, interstitial dendritic cells (DCs), regulate inflammatory responses and may promote inherent liver tolerogenicity. After tissue injury, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released and acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that activates innate immune cells by pattern recognition receptors. CD39 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1) rapidly hydrolyzes extracellular ATP to maintain physiological levels. We hypothesized that CD39 expression on liver DCs might contribute to regulation of their innate immune functions. Mouse liver conventional myeloid DCs (mDCs) were hyporesponsive to ATP, compared with their splenic counterparts. This disparity was ascribed to more efficient hydrolysis of ATP by higher expression of CD39 on liver mDCs. Human liver mDCs expressed greater levels of CD39 than those from peripheral blood. The comparatively high expression of CD39 on liver mDCs correlated strongly with both ATP hydrolysis and adenosine production. Notably, CD39(-/-) mouse liver mDCs exhibited a more mature phenotype, greater responsiveness to Toll-like receptor 4 ligation, and stronger proinflammatory and immunostimulatory activity than wild-type (WT) liver mDCs. To investigate the role of CD39 on liver mDCs in vivo, we performed orthotopic liver transplantation with extended cold preservation using CD39(-/-) or WT donor mouse livers. Compared to WT liver grafts, CD39(-/-) grafts exhibited enhanced interstitial DC activation, elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels, and more-severe tissue injury. Moreover, portal venous delivery of WT, but not CD39(-/-) liver mDCs, to donor livers immediately post-transplant exerted a protective effect against graft injury in CD39(-/-) to CD39(-/-) liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that CD39 expression on conventional liver mDCs limits their proinflammatory activity and confers protective properties on these important innate immune cells against liver transplant ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yoshida
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - David A. Geller
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Noriko Murase
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Jacob F, Novo CP, Bachert C, Van Crombruggen K. Purinergic signaling in inflammatory cells: P2 receptor expression, functional effects, and modulation of inflammatory responses. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:285-306. [PMID: 23404828 PMCID: PMC3757148 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and related nucleotides promote a wide range of pathophysiological responses via activation of cell surface purinergic P2 receptors. Almost every cell type expresses P2 receptors and/or exhibit regulated release of ATP. In this review, we focus on the purinergic receptor distribution in inflammatory cells and their implication in diverse immune responses by providing an overview of the current knowledge in the literature related to purinergic signaling in neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. The pathophysiological role of purinergic signaling in these cells include among others calcium mobilization, actin polymerization, chemotaxis, release of mediators, cell maturation, cytotoxicity, and cell death. We finally discuss the therapeutic potential of P2 receptor subtype selective drugs in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenila Jacob
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claudina Pérez Novo
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Nowak-Machen M, Schmelzle M, Hanidziar D, Junger W, Exley M, Otterbein L, Wu Y, Csizmadia E, Doherty G, Sitkovsky M, Robson SC. Pulmonary natural killer T cells play an essential role in mediating hyperoxic acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:601-9. [PMID: 23349052 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0180oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients are routinely exposed to high concentrations of supplemental oxygen for prolonged periods of time, which can be life-saving in the short term, but such exposure also causes severe lung injury and increases mortality. To address this therapeutic dilemma, we studied the mechanisms of the tissue-damaging effects of oxygen in mice. We show that pulmonary invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are unexpectedly crucial in the development of acute oxygen-induced lung injury. iNKT cells express high concentrations of the ectonucleotidase CD39, which regulates their state of activation. Both iNKT cell-deficient (Jα18(-/-)) and CD39-null mice tolerate hyperoxia, compared with wild-type control mice that exhibit severe lung injury. An adoptive transfer of wild-type iNKT cells into Jα18(-/-) mice results in hyperoxic lung injury, whereas the transfer of CD39-null iNKT cells does not. Pulmonary iNKT cell activation and proliferation are modulated by ATP-dependent purinergic signaling responses. Hyperoxic lung injury can be induced by selective P2X7-receptor blockade in CD39-null mice. Our data indicate that iNKT cells are involved in the pathogenesis of hyperoxic lung injury, and that tissue protection can be mediated through ATP-induced P2X7 receptor signaling, resulting in iNKT cell death. In conclusion, our data suggest that iNKT cells and purinergic signaling should be evaluated as potential novel therapeutic targets to prevent hyperoxic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nowak-Machen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Graubardt N, Fahrner R, Trochsler M, Keogh A, Breu K, Furer C, Stroka D, Robson SC, Slack E, Candinas D, Beldi G. Promotion of liver regeneration by natural killer cells in a murine model is dependent on extracellular adenosine triphosphate phosphohydrolysis. Hepatology 2013; 57:1969-79. [PMID: 22898900 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are released by cellular injury, bind to purinergic receptors expressed on hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, and modulate cellular crosstalk. Liver resection and resulting cellular stress initiate such purinergic signaling responses between hepatocytes and innate immune cells, which regulate and ultimately drive liver regeneration. We studied a murine model of partial hepatectomy using immunodeficient mice to determine the effects of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated purinergic signaling on liver regeneration. We noted first that liver NK cells undergo phenotypic changes post-partial hepatectomy (PH) in vivo, including increased cytotoxicity and more immature phenotype manifested by alterations in the expression of CD107a, CD27, CD11b, and CD16. Hepatocellular proliferation is significantly decreased in Rag2/common gamma-null mice (lacking T, B, and NK cells) when compared to wildtype and Rag1-null mice (lacking T and B cells but retaining NK cells). Extracellular ATP levels are elevated post-PH and NK cell cytotoxicity is substantively increased in vivo in response to hydrolysis of extracellular ATP levels by apyrase (soluble NTPDase). Moreover, liver regeneration is significantly increased by the scavenging of extracellular ATP in wildtype mice and in Rag2/common gamma-null mice after adoptive transfer of NK cells. Blockade of NKG2D-dependent interactions significantly decreased hepatocellular proliferation. In vitro, NK cell cytotoxicity is inhibited by extracellular ATP in a manner dependent on P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2X3 receptor activation. CONCLUSION We propose that hepatic NK cells are activated and cytotoxic post-PH and support hepatocellular proliferation. NK cell cytotoxicity is, however, attenuated by hepatic release of extracellular ATP by way of the activation of specific P2 receptors. Clearance of extracellular ATP elevates NK cell cytotoxicity and boosts liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Graubardt
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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44
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Besnard A, Julien B, Gonzales E, Tordjmann T. Innate immunity, purinergic system, and liver regeneration: a trip in complexity. Hepatology 2013; 57:1688-90. [PMID: 23390033 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Schmelzle M, Duhme C, Junger W, Salhanick SD, Chen Y, Wu Y, Toxavidis V, Csizmadia E, Han L, Bian S, Fürst G, Nowak M, Karp SJ, Knoefel WT, Esch JSA, Robson SC. CD39 modulates hematopoietic stem cell recruitment and promotes liver regeneration in mice and humans after partial hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2013; 257:693-701. [PMID: 23474584 PMCID: PMC4243517 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31826c3ec2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study molecular mechanisms involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization after liver resection and determine impacts on liver regeneration. BACKGROUND Extracellular nucleotide-mediated cell signaling has been shown to boost liver regeneration. Ectonucleotidases of the CD39 family are expressed by bone marrow-derived cells, and purinergic mechanisms might also impact mobilization and functions of HSC after liver injury. METHODS Partial hepatectomy was performed in C57BL/6 wild-type, Cd39 ectonucleotidase-null mice and in chimeric mice after transplantation of wild-type or Cd39-null bone marrow. Bone marrow-derived HSCs were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and administered after hepatectomy. Chemotactic studies were performed to examine effects of purinergic receptor agonists and antagonists in vitro. Mobilization of human HSCs and expression of CD39 were examined and linked to the extent of resection and liver tests. RESULTS Subsets of HSCs expressing Cd39 are preferentially mobilized after partial hepatectomy. Chemotactic responses of HSCs are increased by CD39-dependent adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis and adenosine signaling via A2A receptors in vitro. Mobilized Cd39 HSCs boost liver regeneration, potentially limiting interleukin 1β signaling. In clinical studies, mobilized human HSCs also express CD39 at high levels. Mobilization of HSCs correlates directly with the restoration of liver volume and function after partial hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate CD39 to be a novel HSC marker that defines a functionally distinct stem cell subset in mice and humans. HSCs are mobilized after liver resection, limit inflammation, and boost regeneration in a CD39-dependent manner. These observations have implications for monitoring and indicate future therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Constanze Duhme
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven D. Salhanick
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vasilis Toxavidis
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lihui Han
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shu Bian
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Günter Fürst
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peri-operative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seth J. Karp
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wolfram T. Knoefel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Pommey S, Lu B, McRae J, Stagg J, Hill P, Salvaris E, Robson SC, d'Apice AJF, Cowan PJ, Dwyer KM. Liver grafts from CD39-overexpressing rodents are protected from ischemia reperfusion injury due to reduced numbers of resident CD4+ T cells. Hepatology 2013; 57:1597-606. [PMID: 22829222 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major limiting event for successful liver transplantation, and CD4+ T cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been implicated in promoting IRI. We hypothesized that hepatic overexpression of CD39, an ectonucleotidase with antiinflammatory functions, will protect liver grafts after prolonged cold ischemia. CD39-transgenic (CD39tg) and wildtype (WT) mouse livers were transplanted into WT recipients after 18 hours cold storage and pathological analysis was performed 6 hours after transplantation. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly reduced in recipients of CD39tg livers compared to recipients of WT livers. Furthermore, less severe histopathological injury was demonstrated in the CD39tg grafts. Immune analysis revealed that CD4+ T cells and iNKT cells were significantly decreased in number in the livers of untreated CD39tg mice. This was associated with a peripheral CD4+ T cell lymphopenia due to defective thymocyte maturation. To assess the relative importance of liver-resident CD4+ T cells and iNKT cells in mediating liver injury following extended cold preservation and transplantation, WT mice depleted of CD4+ T cells or mice genetically deficient in iNKT cells were used as donors. The absence of CD4+ T cells, but not iNKT cells, protected liver grafts from early IRI. CONCLUSION Hepatic CD4+ T cells, but not iNKT cells, play a critical role in early IRI following extended cold preservation in a liver transplant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pommey
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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47
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van Golen RF, Reiniers MJ, Olthof PB, van Gulik TM, Heger M. Sterile inflammation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury: present concepts and potential therapeutics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:394-400. [PMID: 23216461 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is an often unavoidable consequence of major liver surgery and is characterized by a sterile inflammatory response that jeopardizes the viability of the organ. The inflammatory response results from acute oxidative and nitrosative stress and consequent hepatocellular death during the early reperfusion phase, which causes the release of endogenous self-antigens known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs, in turn, are indirectly responsible for a second wave of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) production by driving the chemoattraction of various leukocyte subsets that exacerbate oxidative liver damage during the later stages of reperfusion. In this review, the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic I/R injury are outlined, with emphasis on the interplay between ROS/RNS, DAMPs, and the cell types that either produce ROS/RNS and DAMPs or respond to them. This theoretical background is subsequently used to explain why current interventions for hepatic I/R injury have not been very successful. Moreover, novel therapeutic modalities are addressed, including MitoSNO and nilotinib, and metalloporphyrins on the basis of the updated paradigm of hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in the liver, a major complication of haemorrhagic shock, resection and transplantation, is a dynamic process that involves the two interrelated phases of local ischaemic insult and inflammation-mediated reperfusion injury. This Review highlights the latest mechanistic insights into innate-adaptive immune crosstalk and cell activation cascades that lead to inflammation-mediated injury in livers stressed by ischaemia-reperfusion, discusses progress in large animal experiments and examines efforts to minimize liver IRI in patients who have received a liver transplant. The interlinked signalling pathways in multiple hepatic cell types, the IRI kinetics and positive versus negative regulatory loops at the innate-adaptive immune interface are discussed. The current gaps in our knowledge and the pathophysiology aspects of IRI in which basic and translational research is still required are stressed. An improved appreciation of cellular immune events that trigger and sustain local inflammatory responses, which are ultimately responsible for organ injury, is fundamental to developing innovative strategies for treating patients who have received a liver transplant and developed ischaemia-reperfusion inflammation and organ dysfunction.
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49
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Longhi MS, Robson SC, Bernstein SH, Serra S, Deaglio S. Biological functions of ecto-enzymes in regulating extracellular adenosine levels in neoplastic and inflammatory disease states. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:165-72. [PMID: 23292173 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When present in the extracellular environment, the nucleoside adenosine protects cells and tissues from excessive inflammation and immune-mediated damage while promoting healing processes. This role has been highlighted experimentally using distinct disease models, including those of colitis, diabetes, asthma, sepsis, and ischemic injury. Adenosine also suppresses immune responses, as in the tumor microenvironment, assisting immune evasion while promoting angiogenesis. The mechanisms involved in adenosine signaling are addressed elsewhere in this issue. Here, the authors specifically address the generation of adenosine from extracellular nucleotides. This process is catalyzed by a series of plasma membrane ectonucleotidases, with the focus in this article on members of the CD39, CD73, and CD38 families and on their role in inflammatory and neoplastic hematological diseases. Pharmacological modulation of adenosine generation by drugs that either have or modulate ectonucleotidase function might be exploited to treat these diverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Longhi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS, London, UK.
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50
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Sun X, Han L, Seth P, Bian S, Li L, Csizmadia E, Junger WG, Schmelzle M, Usheva A, Tapper EB, Baffy G, Sukhatme VP, Wu Y, Robson SC. Disordered purinergic signaling and abnormal cellular metabolism are associated with development of liver cancer in Cd39/ENTPD1 null mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:205-16. [PMID: 22859060 PMCID: PMC3505255 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver cancer is associated with chronic inflammation, which is linked to immune dysregulation, disordered metabolism, and aberrant cell proliferation. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1; (CD39/ENTPD1) is an ectonucleotidase that regulates extracellular nucleotide/nucleoside concentrations by scavenging nucleotides to ultimately generate adenosine. These properties inhibit antitumor immune responses and promote angiogenesis, being permissive for the growth of transplanted tumors. Here we show that Cd39 deletion promotes development of both induced and spontaneous autochthonous liver cancer in mice. Loss of Cd39 results in higher concentrations of extracellular nucleotides, which stimulate proliferation of hepatocytes, abrogate autophagy, and disrupt glycolytic metabolism. Constitutive activation of Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-S6K1 pathways occurs in both quiescent Cd39 null hepatocytes in vitro and liver tissues in vivo. Exogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) boosts these signaling pathways, whereas rapamycin inhibits such aberrant responses in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Deletion of Cd39 and resulting changes in disordered purinergic signaling perturb hepatocellular metabolic/proliferative responses, paradoxically resulting in malignant transformation. These findings might impact adjunctive therapies for cancer. Our studies indicate that the biology of autochthonous and transplanted tumors is quite distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lihui Han
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shu Bian
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Linglin Li
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wolfgang G. Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anny Usheva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elliot B. Tapper
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vikas P. Sukhatme
- Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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