1
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Yaniv D, Mattson B, Talbot S, Gleber-Netto FO, Amit M. Targeting the peripheral neural-tumour microenvironment for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024:10.1038/s41573-024-01017-z. [PMID: 39242781 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-01017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
As the field of cancer neuroscience expands, the strategic targeting of interactions between neurons, cancer cells and other elements in the tumour microenvironment represents a potential paradigm shift in cancer treatment, comparable to the advent of our current understanding of tumour immunology. Cancer cells actively release growth factors that stimulate tumour neo-neurogenesis, and accumulating evidence indicates that tumour neo-innervation propels tumour progression, inhibits tumour-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, promotes neovascularization, facilitates metastasis and regulates immune exhaustion and evasion. In this Review, we give an up-to-date overview of the dynamics of the tumour microenvironment with an emphasis on tumour innervation by the peripheral nervous system, as well as current preclinical and clinical evidence of the benefits of targeting the nervous system in cancer, laying a scientific foundation for further clinical trials. Combining empirical data with a biomarker-driven approach to identify and hone neuronal targets implicated in cancer and its spread can pave the way for swift clinical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yaniv
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brandi Mattson
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederico O Gleber-Netto
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Kisla M, Yaman M, Zengin-Karadayi F, Korkmaz B, Bayazeid O, Kumar A, Peravali R, Gunes D, Tiryaki RS, Gelinci E, Cakan-Akdogan G, Ates-Alagoz Z, Konu O. Synthesis and Structure of Novel Phenothiazine Derivatives, and Compound Prioritization via In Silico Target Search and Screening for Cytotoxic and Cholinesterase Modulatory Activities in Liver Cancer Cells and In Vivo in Zebrafish. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:30594-30614. [PMID: 39035947 PMCID: PMC11256110 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazines (PTZ) are antipsychotics known to modulate a variety of neurotransmitter activities that include dopaminergic and cholinergic signaling and have been identified as potential anticancer agents in vitro. However, it is important to also test whether a highly cytotoxic, repurposed, or novel PTZ has low toxicity and neuromodulatory activity in vivo using vertebrate model organisms, such as zebrafish. In this study, we synthesized novel phenothiazines and screened them in vitro in liver cancer and in vivo in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The syntheses of several intermediate PTZ 10-yl acyl chlorides were followed by elemental analysis and determination of 1H NMR and 13C NMR mass (ESI+) spectra of a large number of novel PTZ 10-carboxamides. Cytotoxicities of 28 PTZ derivatives (1-28) screened against Hep3B and SkHep1 liver cancer cell lines revealed five intermediate and five novel leads along with trifluoperazine (TFP), prochlorperazine (PCP), and perphenazine, which are relatively more cytotoxic than the basic PTZ core. Overall, the derivatives were more cytotoxic to Hep3B than SkHep1 cells. Moreover, in silico target screening identified cholinesterases as some of the commonest targets of the screened phenothiazines. Interestingly, molecular docking studies with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase proteins showed that the most cytotoxic compounds 1, 3, PCP, and TFP behaved similar to Huprin W in their amino acid interactions with the AChE protein. The highly cytotoxic intermediate PTZ derivative 1 exhibited a relatively lower toxicity profile than those of 2 and 3 during the zebrafish development. It also modulated in vivo the cholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner while significantly increasing the total cholinesterase activity and/or ACHE mRNA levels, independent of the liver cancer cell type. Our screen also identified novel phenothiazines, i.e., 8 and 10, with significant cytotoxic and cholinesterase modulatory effects in liver cancer cells; yet both compounds had low levels of toxicity in zebrafish. Moreover, they modulated the cholinesterase activity or expression of ACHE in a cancer cell line-specific manner, and compound 10 significantly inhibited the cholinesterase activity in zebrafish. Accordingly, using a successful combination of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches, we identified several lead anticancer and cholinesterase modulatory PTZ derivatives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet
Murat Kisla
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
- Graduate
School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Yaman
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Zengin-Karadayi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Busra Korkmaz
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Bayazeid
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Amrish Kumar
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ravindra Peravali
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Damla Gunes
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rafed Said Tiryaki
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Gelinci
- Izmir
Biomedicine
and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Cakan-Akdogan
- Izmir
Biomedicine
and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey
- Medical
Biology Department, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ates-Alagoz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM-Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Arora C, Matic M, Bisceglia L, Di Chiaro P, De Oliveira Rosa N, Carli F, Clubb L, Nemati Fard LA, Kargas G, Diaferia GR, Vukotic R, Licata L, Wu G, Natoli G, Gutkind JS, Raimondi F. The landscape of cancer-rewired GPCR signaling axes. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100557. [PMID: 38723607 PMCID: PMC11099383 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
We explored the dysregulation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand systems in cancer transcriptomics datasets to uncover new therapeutics opportunities in oncology. We derived an interaction network of receptors with ligands and their biosynthetic enzymes. Multiple GPCRs are differentially regulated together with their upstream partners across cancer subtypes and are associated to specific transcriptional programs and to patient survival patterns. The expression of both receptor-ligand (or enzymes) partners improved patient stratification, suggesting a synergistic role for the activation of GPCR networks in modulating cancer phenotypes. Remarkably, we identified many such axes across several cancer molecular subtypes, including many involving receptor-biosynthetic enzymes for neurotransmitters. We found that GPCRs from these actionable axes, including, e.g., muscarinic, adenosine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and chemokine receptors, are the targets of multiple drugs displaying anti-growth effects in large-scale, cancer cell drug screens, which we further validated. We have made the results generated in this study freely available through a webapp (gpcrcanceraxes.bioinfolab.sns.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakit Arora
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marin Matic
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Bisceglia
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Di Chiaro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Natalia De Oliveira Rosa
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Carli
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lauren Clubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorenzo Amir Nemati Fard
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgos Kargas
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe R Diaferia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ranka Vukotic
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Guanming Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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4
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Lin X, Yi Q, Qing B, Lan W, Jiang F, Lai Z, Huang J, Liu Q, Jiang J, Wang M, Zou L, Huang X, Wang J. Two Fluorescent Probes for Recognition of Acetylcholinesterase: Design, Synthesis, and Comparative Evaluation. Molecules 2024; 29:1961. [PMID: 38731452 PMCID: PMC11085145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two "on-off" probes (BF2-cur-Ben and BF2-cur-But) recognizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were designed and synthesized. The obtained probes can achieve recognition of AChE with good selectivity and pH-independence with a linear range of 0.5~7 U/mL and 0.5~25 U/mL respectively. BF2-cur-Ben has a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.031 U/mL), higher enzyme affinity (Km = 16 ± 1.6 μM), and higher inhibitor sensitivity. A responsive mechanism of the probes for AChE was proposed based on HPLC and mass spectra (MS) experiments, as well as calculations. In molecular simulation, BF2-cur-Ben forms more hydrogen bonds (seven, while BF2-cur-But has only four) and thus has a more stable enzyme affinity, which is mirrored by the results of the comparison of Km values. These two probes could enable recognition of intracellular AChE and probe BF2-cur-Ben has superior cell membrane penetration due to its higher log p value. These probes can monitor the overexpression of AChE during apoptosis of lung cancer cells. The ability of BF2-cur-Ben to monitor AChE in vivo was confirmed by a zebrafish experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qingyuan Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Binyang Qing
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Weisen Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Fangcheng Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zefeng Lai
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jijun Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jimin Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Lianjia Zou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Xinbi Huang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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5
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Ahmed GY, Osman AA, Mukhtar A. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme among cancer patients a potential diagnostic and prognostic indicator a multicenter case-control study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5127. [PMID: 38429330 PMCID: PMC10907625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity is impaired by a variety of inhibitors including organophosphorus pesticides, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between cancer and the blood level of the (AChE). This is a multicenter hospital-based case-control study conducted in the Radiation and Isotopes Center Khartoum, and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Biology and Oncology Gezira. One hundred and fifty participants, half of them cancer patients and half cancer free were recruited. All participants were screened for demographic, environmental, occupational, and clinical characteristics. Blood for the (AChE) activity test was drawn from participants in the two groups. The mean age of the participants was 40.6 ± 14.8 years. Geographical distribution showed the Central Region of Sudan had the highest rate of cancer, followed by North State, Khartoum State, West State, and East State. The most common tumor subtype was breast cancer, followed by leukemia, colon, esophageal, and prostate cancer. Inferential analysis revealed significantly impaired (AChE) activity among cancer patients compared to controls (53.4 ± 20.3% vs. 93.8 ± 8.8, p-value 0.001). There was a significant statistical association between impaired (AChE) activity and cancer. (AChE) activity might be applied in the future as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Further large sample and molecular studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasmelseed Y Ahmed
- Columbia University Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, and Health Sciences, Managil University for Sciences & Technology, Managil, Sudan
| | | | - Ahlam Mukhtar
- Stack Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
- Radiation and Isotopes Center Khartoum, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
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6
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Arora C, Matic M, DiChiaro P, Rosa NDO, Carli F, Clubb L, Fard LAN, Kargas G, Diaferia G, Vukotic R, Licata L, Wu G, Natoli G, Gutkind JS, Raimondi F. The landscape of cancer rewired GPCR signaling axes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532291. [PMID: 37398064 PMCID: PMC10312480 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We explored the dysregulation of GPCR ligand signaling systems in cancer transcriptomics datasets to uncover new therapeutics opportunities in oncology. We derived an interaction network of receptors with ligands and their biosynthetic enzymes, which revealed that multiple GPCRs are differentially regulated together with their upstream partners across cancer subtypes. We showed that biosynthetic pathway enrichment from enzyme expression recapitulated pathway activity signatures from metabolomics datasets, providing valuable surrogate information for GPCRs responding to organic ligands. We found that several GPCRs signaling components were significantly associated with patient survival in a cancer type-specific fashion. The expression of both receptor-ligand (or enzymes) partners improved patient stratification, suggesting a synergistic role for the activation of GPCR networks in modulating cancer phenotypes. Remarkably, we identified many such axes across several cancer molecular subtypes, including many pairs involving receptor-biosynthetic enzymes for neurotransmitters. We found that GPCRs from these actionable axes, including e.g., muscarinic, adenosine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and chemokine receptors, are the targets of multiple drugs displaying anti-growth effects in large-scale, cancer cell drug screens. We have made the results generated in this study freely available through a webapp (gpcrcanceraxes.bioinfolab.sns.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakit Arora
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marin Matic
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi DiChiaro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Natalia De Oliveira Rosa
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Carli
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lauren Clubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorenzo Amir Nemati Fard
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgos Kargas
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Diaferia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ranka Vukotic
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Guanming Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Pérez-Aguilar B, Marquardt JU, Muñoz-Delgado E, López-Durán RM, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Gómez-Olivares JL. Changes in the Acetylcholinesterase Enzymatic Activity in Tumor Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4629. [PMID: 37760598 PMCID: PMC10526250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is a well-known protein because of the relevance of its enzymatic activity in the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in nerve transmission. In addition to the catalytic action, it exerts non-catalytic functions; one is associated with apoptosis, in which acetylcholinesterase could significantly impact the survival and aggressiveness observed in cancer. The participation of AChE as part of the apoptosome could explain the role in tumors, since a lower AChE content would increase cell survival due to poor apoptosome assembly. Likewise, the high Ach content caused by the reduction in enzymatic activity could induce cell survival mediated by the overactivation of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) that activate anti-apoptotic pathways. On the other hand, in tumors in which high enzymatic activity has been observed, AChE could be playing a different role in the aggressiveness of cancer; in this review, we propose that AChE could have a pro-inflammatory role, since the high enzyme content would cause a decrease in ACh, which has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, as discussed in this review. In this review, we analyze the changes that the enzyme could display in different tumors and consider the different levels of regulation that the acetylcholinesterase undergoes in the control of epigenetic changes in the mRNA expression and changes in the enzymatic activity and its molecular forms. We focused on explaining the relationship between acetylcholinesterase expression and its activity in the biology of various tumors. We present up-to-date knowledge regarding this fascinating enzyme that is positioned as a remarkable target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Pérez-Aguilar
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico; (B.P.-A.); (M.C.G.-R.)
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | | | - Rosa María López-Durán
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico;
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico; (B.P.-A.); (M.C.G.-R.)
| | - Luis E. Gomez-Quiroz
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico; (B.P.-A.); (M.C.G.-R.)
| | - José Luis Gómez-Olivares
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico;
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8
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Shimizu N, Shiraishi H, Hanada T. Zebrafish as a Useful Model System for Human Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2246. [PMID: 37759472 PMCID: PMC10526867 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a significant global health challenge, thereby necessitating extensive research to understand their intricate complexities and to develop effective treatments. In this context, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a valuable model organism for studying various aspects of liver disease. The zebrafish liver has striking similarities to the human liver in terms of structure, function, and regenerative capacity. Researchers have successfully induced liver damage in zebrafish using chemical toxins, genetic manipulation, and other methods, thereby allowing the study of disease mechanisms and the progression of liver disease. Zebrafish embryos or larvae, with their transparency and rapid development, provide a unique opportunity for high-throughput drug screening and the identification of potential therapeutics. This review highlights how research on zebrafish has provided valuable insights into the pathological mechanisms of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | | | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
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9
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Abosrea AM, Aboul Ezz HS, Mahmoud SM, Mousa MR, Ahmed NA. The potential role of pumpkin seeds oil on methotrexate-induced lung toxicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7321. [PMID: 37147356 PMCID: PMC10162995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chemotherapeutic drugs cause adverse pulmonary reactions leading to severe pulmonary disease. Though methotrexate (MTX) is used for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, it is highly toxic with multiple adverse effects including pulmonary toxicity. Essential oils represent an open frontier for pharmaceutical sciences due to their wide range of pharmacological properties. Pumpkin seeds oil (PSO) was used to investigate its ability to alleviate methotrexate-induced lung toxicity in rats. Lung tissue from MTX-treated group revealed a decrease in malondialdehyde, glutathione, and nitric oxide accompanied by a marked inhibition in cholinesterase activity, and enhanced catalase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Analysis of PSO revealed that the oil was rich in hexadecanoic acid, decane methyl esters, squalene, polydecane, docosane, and other derivatives. Administration of PSO ameliorated the oxidant/antioxidant and proinflammatory changes induced by MTX in the lung tissue. Histological examinations confirmed the potency of PSO in reducing the histopathological alterations induced by MTX. Immunohistochemical analysis showed decreased nuclear factor-kappa B and caspase 3 expression after PSO. The present data indicated the protective efficiency of PSO against MTX-induced lung injury by decreasing oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis and could thus be recommended as an adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Abosrea
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba S Aboul Ezz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sahar M Mahmoud
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Mousa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nawal A Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Bhardwaj A, Liyanage SI, Weaver DF. Cancer and Alzheimer's Inverse Correlation: an Immunogenetic Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3086-3099. [PMID: 36797545 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated an inverse link between cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with data suggesting that people with Alzheimer's have a decreased risk of cancer and vice versa. Although other studies have investigated mechanisms to explain this relationship, the connection between these two diseases remains largely unexplained. Processes seen in cancer, such as decreased apoptosis and increased cell proliferation, seem to be reversed in AD. Given the need for effective therapeutic strategies for AD, comparisons with cancer could yield valuable insights into the disease process and perhaps result in new treatments. Here, through a review of existing literature, we compared the expressions of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis to establish a genetic basis for the reciprocal association between AD and cancer. We discuss an array of genes involved in the aforementioned processes, their relevance to both diseases, and how changes in those genes produce varying effects in either disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhardwaj
- Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - S Imindu Liyanage
- Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.
- Departments of Medicine and Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Magnetic Nanomaterials Mediate Electromagnetic Stimulations of Nerves for Applications in Stem Cell and Cancer Treatments. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020058. [PMID: 36826857 PMCID: PMC9960824 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some progress has been made in the treatment of cancer, challenges remain. In recent years, advancements in nanotechnology and stem cell therapy have provided new approaches for use in regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. Among them, magnetic nanomaterials have attracted widespread attention in the field of regenerative medicine and cancer; this is because they have high levels of safety and low levels of invasibility, promote stem cell differentiation, and affect biological nerve signals. In contrast to pure magnetic stimulation, magnetic nanomaterials can act as amplifiers of an applied electromagnetic field in vivo, and by generating different effects (thermal, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, etc.), the corresponding ion channels are activated, thus enabling the modulation of neuronal activity with higher levels of precision and local modulation. In this review, first, we focused on the relationship between biological nerve signals and stem cell differentiation, and tumor development. In addition, the effects of magnetic nanomaterials on biological neural signals and the tumor environment were discussed. Finally, we introduced the application of magnetic-nanomaterial-mediated electromagnetic stimulation in regenerative medicine and its potential in the field of cancer therapy.
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12
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Jamal QMS, Alharbi AH. Molecular docking and dynamics studies of cigarette smoke carcinogens interacting with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes of the central nervous system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61972-61992. [PMID: 34382170 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The free radicals produced by cigarette smoking are responsible for tissue damage, heart and lung diseases, and carcinogenesis. The effect of tobacco on the central nervous system (CNS) has received increased attention nowadays in research. Therefore, to explore the molecular interaction of cigarette smoke carcinogens (CSC) 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) with well-known targets of CNS-related disorders, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes, a cascade of the computational study was conducted including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). The investigated results of NNAL+AChEcomplex, NNK+AChEcomplex, and NNK+BuChEcomplex based on intermolecular energies (∆G) were found to -8.57 kcal/mol, -8.21 kcal/mol, and -8.08 kcal/mol, respectively. MDS deviation and fluctuation plots of the NNAL and NNK interaction with AChE and BuChE have shown significant results. Further, Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) results shown the best total binding energy (Binding∆G) -87.381 (+/-13.119) kJ/mol during NNK interaction with AChE. Our study suggests that CSC is well capable of altering the normal biomolecular mechanism of CNS; thus, obtained data could be useful to design extensive wet laboratory experimentation to know the effects of CSC on human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali H Alharbi
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Emerging Roles of the Nervous System in Gastrointestinal Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153722. [PMID: 35954387 PMCID: PMC9367305 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nerve–cancer cross-talk has increasingly become a focus of the oncology field, particularly in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The indispensable roles of the nervous system in GI tumorigenesis and malignancy have been dissected by epidemiological, experimental animal and mechanistic data. Herein, we review and integrate recent discoveries linking the nervous system to GI cancer initiation and progression, and focus on the molecular mechanisms by which nerves and neural receptor pathways drive GI malignancy. Abstract Our understanding of the fascinating connection between nervous system and gastrointestinal (GI) tumorigenesis has expanded greatly in recent years. Recent studies revealed that neurogenesis plays an active part in GI tumor initiation and progression. Tumor-driven neurogenesis, as well as neurite outgrowth of the pre-existing peripheral nervous system (PNS), may fuel GI tumor progression via facilitating cancer cell proliferation, chemoresistance, invasion and immune escape. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides drive the activation of various oncogenic pathways downstream of neural receptors within cancer cells, underscoring the importance of neural signaling pathways in GI tumor malignancy. In addition, neural infiltration also plays an integral role in tumor microenvironments, and contributes to an environment in favor of tumor angiogenesis, immune evasion and invasion. Blockade of tumor innervation via denervation or pharmacological agents may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy against GI tumors. In this review, we summarize recent findings linking the nervous system to GI tumor progression, set the spotlight on the molecular mechanisms by which neural signaling fuels cancer aggressiveness, and highlight the importance of targeting neural mechanisms in GI tumor therapy.
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14
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The Aptamer Ob2, a novel AChE inhibitor, restores cognitive deficits and alleviates amyloidogenesis in 5×FAD transgenic mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:114-123. [PMID: 35402070 PMCID: PMC8938253 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cerebral cholinergic neurons and decreased levels of acetylcholine (ACh) are considered to be major factors causing cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abnormally elevated levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) resulting in decreased levels of ACh are common in AD patients; thus, AChE inhibitors (AChEIs) are widely used for the treatment of AD. In our previous work, we acquired DNA aptamers Ob1, Ob2, and Ob3 against human brain AChE from systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). In this study, we investigated the effect of these aptamers on learning and memory abilities, as well as the underlying mechanism in a 5×FAD transgenic AD mouse model. Here, we showed that only aptamer Ob2 exhibits a good inhibitory effect on both mouse and human AChE activity. In addition, chronic treatment with aptamer Ob2 significantly improved cognitive ability of 5×FAD mice in the Morris water maze. Moreover, the mechanism of aptamer Ob2 in 5×FAD mice may be associated with its inhibition of AChE activity, alleviation of the levels of Aβ by lowering the expression of β-secretase (BACE1), and activation of astrocytes in the brains of 5×FAD mice. These results indicate that aptamer Ob2 exhibits potential as an effective AChEI for the treatment of AD.
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15
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Calaf GM, Crispin LA, Muñoz JP, Aguayo F, Bleak TC. Muscarinic Receptors Associated with Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092322. [PMID: 35565451 PMCID: PMC9100020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recently, cancer research has described the presence of the cholinergic machinery, specifically muscarinic receptors, in a wide variety of cancers due to their activation and signaling pathways associated with tumor progression and metastasis, providing a wide overview of their contribution to different cancer formation and development for new antitumor targets. This review focused on determining the molecular signatures associated with muscarinic receptors in breast and other cancers and the need for pharmacological, molecular, biochemical, technological, and clinical approaches to improve new therapeutic targets. Abstract Cancer has been considered the pathology of the century and factors such as the environment may play an important etiological role. The ability of muscarinic agonists to stimulate growth and muscarinic receptor antagonists to inhibit tumor growth has been demonstrated for breast, melanoma, lung, gastric, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, and brain cancer. This work aimed to study the correlation between epidermal growth factor receptors and cholinergic muscarinic receptors, the survival differences adjusted by the stage clinical factor, and the association between gene expression and immune infiltration level in breast, lung, stomach, colon, liver, prostate, and glioblastoma human cancers. Thus, targeting cholinergic muscarinic receptors appears to be an attractive therapeutic alternative due to the complex signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leodan A. Crispin
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Tammy C. Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
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16
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Ran H, Ma J, Cai L, Zhou H, Yuan Z, Chen Y, Chang W, Huang Y, Xiao Y. Serum cholinesterase may independently predict prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:93. [PMID: 35062903 PMCID: PMC8783506 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum cholinesterase (ChE) was found to be involved in cancer initiation and progression. However, the survival association between serum ChE and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been extensively discussed. In the present study, we aim to elevate the role of ChE in overall survival (OS) of NSCLC patients. Methods A total of 961 histologically confirmed NSCLC patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2018 in a provincial cancer hospital in southwestern China were retrospectively selected. Relevant information, such as histological type, clinical stage, chemotherapy, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), important serum indicators (albumin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, ChE), date of death of the patients was extracted from the computerized hospital information system. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between baseline serum ChE measured at the diagnosis and the OS of NSCLC patients. Results The median of baseline ChE (7700 units/liter) was used as a cut-off to dichotomize NSCLC patients. After controlling for possible confounding factors, serum ChE at diagnosis was significantly associated with OS of NSCLC: patients with higher level of ChE were observed a better prognosis (hazard ratio, HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93, p = 0.006). Subgroup analysis revealed significant ChE-OS association for NSCLC patients: with lower systemic inflammation level (baseline NLR < 2.95, HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56–0.89, p = 0.003), of adenocarcinoma (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.54–0.80, p < 0.001), in advanced stage (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66–0.92, p < 0.01), and received chemotherapy (HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59–0.96, p < 0.02). Conclusion Baseline ChE may have independent prognostic value for NSCLC patients. Longitudinal studies should be performed to corroborate this finding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09212-0.
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Tonon F, Farra R, Zennaro C, Pozzato G, Truong N, Parisi S, Rizzolio F, Grassi M, Scaggiante B, Zanconati F, Bonazza D, Grassi G, Dapas B. Xenograft Zebrafish Models for the Development of Novel Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Molecules. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080803. [PMID: 34451900 PMCID: PMC8400454 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of tumor and the second leading cause of tumor-related death worldwide. Liver cirrhosis is the most important predisposing factor for HCC. Available therapeutic approaches are not very effective, especially for advanced HCC, which is the most common form of the disease at diagnosis. New therapeutic strategies are therefore urgently needed. The use of animal models represents a relevant tool for preclinical screening of new molecules/strategies against HCC. However, several issues, including animal husbandry, limit the use of current models (rodent/pig). One animal model that has attracted the attention of the scientific community in the last 15 years is the zebrafish. This freshwater fish has several attractive features, such as short reproductive time, limited space and cost requirements for husbandry, body transparency and the fact that embryos do not show immune response to transplanted cells. To date, two different types of zebrafish models for HCC have been developed: the transgenic zebrafish and the zebrafish xenograft models. Since transgenic zebrafish models for HCC have been described elsewhere, in this review, we focus on the description of zebrafish xenograft models that have been used in the last five years to test new molecules/strategies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tonon
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Rossella Farra
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Cristina Zennaro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Nhung Truong
- Stem Cell Research and Application Laboratory, VNUHCM, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam;
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (F.R.)
- Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, I 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (F.R.)
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, I 30170 Mestre, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Bruna Scaggiante
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (B.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Deborah Bonazza
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (B.S.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (B.S.); (B.D.)
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Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a serine hydrolase whose primary function is to degrade acetylcholine (ACh) and terminate neurotransmission. Apart from its role in synaptic transmission, AChE has several "non-classical" functions in non-neuronal cells. AChE is involved in cellular growth, apoptosis, drug resistance pathways, response to stress signals and inflammation. The observation that the functional activity of AChE is altered in human tumors (relative to adjacent matched normal tissue) has raised several intriguing questions about its role in the pathophysiology of human cancers. Published reports show that AChE is a vital regulator of oncogenic signaling pathways involving proliferation, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis of primary tumors. The objective of this book chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the AChE-signaling pathway in the growth of progression of human cancers. The AChE isoforms, AChE-T, AChE-R and AChE-S are robustly expressed in human cancer cell lines as well in human tumors (isolated from patients). Traditionally, AChE-modulators have been used in the clinic for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging studies reveal that these drugs could be repurposed for the treatment of human cancers. The discovery of potent, selective AChE ligands will provide new knowledge about AChE-regulatory pathways in human cancers and foster the hope of novel therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Richbart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Justin C Merritt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nicholas A Nolan
- West Virginia University Medical School, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
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Önder Narin G, Aydın B, Cabadak H. Studies on the role of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in K562 cell proliferation and signaling. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5045-5055. [PMID: 34143396 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The results we obtained from this study gave information about the determination of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nACh) expression in human erythroleukemia cells, as well as whether it has a role in calcium release and cell proliferation in the presence of nicotinic agonist, antagonists. Determining the roles of α7 nicotinic receptors in erythroleukemia cells will also contribute to leukemia-related signal transduction studies. This study is primarily to determine the role of nicotinic agonists and antagonists in cell proliferation, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression, and calcium release. The aim of this study, which is a continuation and an important part of our previous studies on the cholinergic system, has contributed to the literature on the human erythroleukemia cell signaling mechanism. Cell viability was evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion test and Bromodeoxyuridine/5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Acetylcholine, nicotinic alpha 7 receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine citrate, and cholinergic antagonist atropine were used to determine the role of α7-nACh in K562 cell proliferation. In our experiments, the fluorescence spectrophotometer was used in Ca2+ measurements. The expression of nicotinic alpha 7 receptor was evaluated by western blot. The stimulating effect of acetylcholine in K562 cell proliferation was reversed by both the α7 nicotinic antagonist methyllycaconitine citrate and the cholinergic antagonist, atropine. Methyllycaconitine citrate inhibited K562 cell proliferation partially explained the roles of nicotinic receptors in signal transduction. While ACh caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+, methyllycaconitine citrate decreased intracellular Ca2+ level in K562 cell. The effects of nicotinic agonists and/or antagonists on erythroleukemic cells on proliferation, calcium level contributed to the interaction of nicotinic receptors with different signaling pathways. Proliferation mechanisms in erythroleukemic cells are under the control of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor via calcium influx and different signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Önder Narin
- Department of Biophysics, Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Aydın
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Health Campus, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Cabadak
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Health Campus, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Davenport CF, Scheithauer T, Dunst A, Bahr FS, Dorda M, Wiehlmann L, Tran DDH. Genome-Wide Methylation Mapping Using Nanopore Sequencing Technology Identifies Novel Tumor Suppressor Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083937. [PMID: 33920410 PMCID: PMC8069345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of multiple tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) plays an important role in cancer formation. Recent evidence has accumulated that cancer progression involves genome-wide alteration of epigenetic modifications, which may cause downregulation of the tumor suppressor gene. Using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a system, we mapped 5-methylcytosine signal at a genome-wide scale using nanopore sequencing technology to identify novel TSGs. Integration of methylation data with gene transcription profile of regenerated liver and primary HCCs allowed us to identify 10 potential tumor suppressor gene candidates. Subsequent validation led us to focus on functionally characterizing one candidate—glucokinase (GCK). We show here that overexpression of GCK inhibits the proliferation of HCC cells via induction of intracellular lactate accumulation and subsequently causes energy crisis due to NAD+ depletion. This suggests GCK functions as a tumor suppressor gene and may be involved in HCC development. In conclusion, these data provide valuable clues for further investigations of the process of tumorigenesis in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F. Davenport
- Research Core Unit Genomics OE 9415, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany; (C.F.D.); (T.S.); (M.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Tobias Scheithauer
- Research Core Unit Genomics OE 9415, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany; (C.F.D.); (T.S.); (M.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Alessia Dunst
- Institut fuer Zellbiochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany; (A.D.); (F.S.B.)
| | - Frauke Sophie Bahr
- Institut fuer Zellbiochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany; (A.D.); (F.S.B.)
| | - Marie Dorda
- Research Core Unit Genomics OE 9415, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany; (C.F.D.); (T.S.); (M.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Lutz Wiehlmann
- Research Core Unit Genomics OE 9415, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany; (C.F.D.); (T.S.); (M.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Doan Duy Hai Tran
- Institut fuer Zellbiochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany; (A.D.); (F.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-2857; Fax: +49-511-532-2847
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Li S, Zhao J, Huang R, Travers J, Klumpp-Thomas C, Yu W, MacKerell AD, Sakamuru S, Ooka M, Xue F, Sipes NS, Hsieh JH, Ryan K, Simeonov A, Santillo MF, Xia M. Profiling the Tox21 Chemical Collection for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:47008. [PMID: 33844597 PMCID: PMC8041433 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a biomarker of organophosphorous and carbamate exposure in environmental and occupational human health, has been commonly used to identify potential safety liabilities. So far, many environmental chemicals, including drug candidates, food additives, and industrial chemicals, have not been thoroughly evaluated for their inhibitory effects on AChE activity. AChE inhibitors can have therapeutic applications (e.g., tacrine and donepezil) or neurotoxic consequences (e.g., insecticides and nerve agents). OBJECTIVES The objective of the current study was to identify environmental chemicals that inhibit AChE activity using in vitro and in silico models. METHODS To identify AChE inhibitors rapidly and efficiently, we have screened the Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) 10K compound library in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) platform by using the homogenous cell-based AChE inhibition assay and enzyme-based AChE inhibition assays (with or without microsomes). AChE inhibitors identified from the primary screening were further tested in monolayer or spheroid formed by SH-SY5Y and neural stem cell models. The inhibition and binding modes of these identified compounds were studied with time-dependent enzyme-based AChE inhibition assay and molecular docking, respectively. RESULTS A group of known AChE inhibitors, such as donepezil, ambenonium dichloride, and tacrine hydrochloride, as well as many previously unreported AChE inhibitors, such as chelerythrine chloride and cilostazol, were identified in this study. Many of these compounds, such as pyrazophos, phosalone, and triazophos, needed metabolic activation. This study identified both reversible (e.g., donepezil and tacrine) and irreversible inhibitors (e.g., chlorpyrifos and bromophos-ethyl). Molecular docking analyses were performed to explain the relative inhibitory potency of selected compounds. CONCLUSIONS Our tiered qHTS approach allowed us to generate a robust and reliable data set to evaluate large sets of environmental compounds for their AChE inhibitory activity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6993.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhang Li
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jameson Travers
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nisha S. Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael F. Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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22
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Wang K, Shang F, Chen D, Cao T, Wang X, Jiao J, He S, Liang X. Protein liposomes-mediated targeted acetylcholinesterase gene delivery for effective liver cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:31. [PMID: 33482834 PMCID: PMC7821407 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective methods to deliver therapeutic genes to solid tumors and improve their bioavailability are the main challenges of current medical research on gene therapy. The development of efficient non-viral gene vector with tumor-targeting has very important application value in the field of cancer therapy. Proteolipid integrated with tumor-targeting potential of functional protein and excellent gene delivery performance has shown potential for targeted gene therapy. RESULTS Herein, we prepared transferrin-modified liposomes (Tf-PL) for the targeted delivery of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) therapeutic gene to liver cancer. We found that the derived Tf-PL/AChE liposomes exhibited much higher transfection efficiency than the commercial product Lipo 2000 and shown premium targeting efficacy to liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells in vitro. In vivo, the Tf-PL/AChE could effectively target liver cancer, and significantly inhibit the growth of liver cancer xenografts grafted in nude mice by subcutaneous administration. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed a transferrin-modified proteolipid-mediated gene delivery strategy for targeted liver cancer treatment, which has a promising potential for precise personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Shang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Dagui Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieliu Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary-pancreatic and Integrative Oncology, Minhang Branch, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of traditional Chinese medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Jiao
- Department of traditional Chinese medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli He
- Department of Hepatobiliary-pancreatic and Integrative Oncology, Minhang Branch, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Pfitzinger PL, Fangmann L, Wang K, Demir E, Gürlevik E, Fleischmann-Mundt B, Brooks J, D'Haese JG, Teller S, Hecker A, Jesinghaus M, Jäger C, Ren L, Istvanffy R, Kühnel F, Friess H, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Indirect cholinergic activation slows down pancreatic cancer growth and tumor-associated inflammation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:289. [PMID: 33357230 PMCID: PMC7758936 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Nerve-cancer interactions are increasingly recognized to be of paramount importance for the emergence and progression of pancreatic cancer (PCa). Here, we investigated the role of indirect cholinergic activation on PCa progression through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) via clinically available AChE-inhibitors, i.e. physostigmine and pyridostigmine. Methods We applied immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, MTT-viability, invasion, flow-cytometric-cell-cycle-assays, phospho-kinase arrays, multiplex ELISA and xenografted mice to assess the impact of AChE inhibition on PCa cell growth and invasiveness, and tumor-associated inflammation. Survival analyses were performed in a novel genetically-induced, surgically-resectable mouse model of PCa under adjuvant treatment with gemcitabine+/−physostigmine/pyridostigmine (n = 30 mice). Human PCa specimens (n = 39) were analyzed for the impact of cancer AChE expression on tumor stage and survival. Results We discovered a strong expression of AChE in cancer cells of human PCa specimens. Inhibition of this cancer-cell-intrinsic AChE via pyridostigmine and physostigmine, or administration of acetylcholine (ACh), diminished PCa cell viability and invasion in vitro and in vivo via suppression of pERK signaling, and reduced tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In the novel genetically-induced, surgically-resectable PCa mouse model, adjuvant co-therapy with AChE blockers had no impact on survival. Accordingly, survival of resected PCa patients did not differ based on tumor AChE expression levels. Patients with higher-stage PCa also exhibited loss of the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT), in their nerves. Conclusion For future clinical trials of PCa, direct cholinergic stimulation of the muscarinic signaling, rather than indirect activation via AChE blockade, may be a more effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo L Pfitzinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Fangmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Hepatic, Biliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100710, China
| | - Elke Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Engin Gürlevik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Fleischmann-Mundt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Brooks
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan G D'Haese
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Rouzanna Istvanffy
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp Onur Ceyhan
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany. .,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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24
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Shatkin G, Yeoman B, Birmingham K, Katira P, Engler AJ. Computational models of migration modes improve our understanding of metastasis. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:041505. [PMID: 33195959 PMCID: PMC7647620 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells migrate through changing microenvironments of diseased and healthy tissue, making their migration particularly challenging to describe. To better understand this process, computational models have been developed for both the ameboid and mesenchymal modes of cell migration. Here, we review various approaches that have been used to account for the physical environment's effect on cell migration in computational models, with a focus on their application to understanding cancer metastasis and the related phenomenon of durotaxis. We then discuss how mesenchymal migration models typically simulate complex cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, while ameboid migration models use a cell-focused approach that largely ignores ECM when not acting as a physical barrier. This approach greatly simplifies or ignores the mechanosensing ability of ameboid migrating cells and should be reevaluated in future models. We conclude by describing future model elements that have not been included to date but would enhance model accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Shatkin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Katherine Birmingham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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25
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Salem EA, Elhalafawy IA, Hegazy MM, Younis FE, Swellim OA, Sakr MA. Altered tumor suppressor genes expression in Egyptian pesticide applicators exposed to organophosphate insecticides. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:558-566. [PMID: 32869731 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720940538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure in spraying and application of non-arsenical insecticides has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. The fundamental molecular mechanisms involved the tumor-related genes. This study aimed to investigate the carcinogenesis effects related to chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides in pesticide applicators. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 27 pesticide applicators and 24 matched controls through the period from June to December 2018. The level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was determined and the effects of OPs exposure on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the DNA-damage responsive genes P53, P21, GADD45a, and MDM2 were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A significant reduction of serum AChE enzyme activities was observed in chronically exposed subjects in comparison with the control group (p = 0.001). The expression of P53, P21 mRNA was significantly downregulated in the exposed group compared with the healthy nonexposed control group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the expression of MDM2 and GADD45a did not significantly differ between the exposed subjects and the control group (p > 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the exposed and control groups regarding the genotype or allele distributions of P53 Arg72Pro polymorphism. These results suggested that chronic exposure to OP insecticides may have mitogenic and carcinogenicity activity for the exposed cases due to downregulation of P53 and P21 but did not demonstrate any DNA damage properties for the exposed cases, and finally, a regular follow-up of the exposed cases for tumor markers is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Salem
- Industrial Medicine and Occupational Health, Department of Public Heath and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A Elhalafawy
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, 392053University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mofrih M Hegazy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | - Faten E Younis
- Industrial Medicine and Occupational Health, Department of Public Heath and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | - Ola A Swellim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | - Moustafa A Sakr
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, 392053University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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26
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Lin ZL, Ding J, Sun GP, Li D, He SS, Liang XF, Huang XR, Xie J. Application of Paclitaxel-loaded EGFR Peptide-conjugated Magnetic Polymeric Liposomes for Liver Cancer Therapy. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:145-154. [PMID: 32166677 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing the methodologies that allow for safe and effective delivery of therapeutic drugs to target sites is a very important research area in cancer therapy. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated magnetic polymeric liposome (MPL) nanoparticles (NPs) assembled from octadecyl quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan (OQC), PEGylated OQC, cholesterol, and magnetic NPs, and functionalized with epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) peptide, were successfully prepared for in-vivo liver targeting. The two-step liver targeting strategy, based on both magnetic force and EGFR peptide conjugation, was evaluated in a subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma model of nude mouse. The results showed that EGFR-conjugated MPLs not only accumulated in the liver by magnetic force, but could also diffuse into tumor cells as a result of EGFR targeting. In addition, paclitaxel (PTX) was incorporated into small EGFR-conjugated MPLs (102.0±0.7 nm), resulting in spherical particles with high drug encapsulation efficiency (>90%). The use of the magnetic targeting for enhancing the transport of PTX-loaded EGFR-conjugated MPLs to the tumor site was further confirmed by detecting PTX levels. In conclusion, PTX-loaded EGFR-conjugated MPLs could potentially be used as an effective drug delivery system for targeted liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lv Lin
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Seventh People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266034, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Shan-Shan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xun-Ru Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Fujian Normal University, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
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27
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Li X, Zhang ZS, Zhang XH, Yang SN, Liu D, Diao CR, Wang H, Zheng FP. Cyanidin inhibits EMT induced by oxaliplatin via targeting the PDK1-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Food Funct 2019; 10:592-601. [PMID: 30672917 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have been shown to exhibit antitumor activity in several cancers in vitro and in vivo. Oxaliplatin is widely used as an anti-cancer drug. However, a large proportion of patients receiving platinum-based anti-cancer drug treatments will relapse because of metastasis and drug resistance. The aim of this study is to discover an effective anthocyanin that possesses the combinational anti-metastatic effects of oxaliplatin. Our results showed that cyanidin, one of the main constituents of anthocyanins, widely found in black rice, black bean, Hawthorn and other foods, could reverse drug resistance and enhance the effects of oxaliplatin on hepatic cellular cancer (HCC). Cyanidin inhibited migration and reversed EMT biomarker changes induced by low dose OXA. Moreover, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) can be considered a potential target and cyanidin significantly increased OXA sensitivity and inhibited the EMT induced by OXA via PI3K/Akt signaling in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China.
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28
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Yoon HS, Kang JI, Kim SM, Ko A, Koh YS, Hyun JW, Yoon SP, Ahn MJ, Kim YH, Kang JH, Yoo ES, Kang HK. Norgalanthamine Stimulates Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells via Anagen-Activating Signaling Pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:139-143. [PMID: 30606985 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Norgalanthamine has been shown to possess hair-growth promoting effects, including increase in hair-fiber length in cultured rat vibrissa follicles and increase in dermal papilla cell (DPC) proliferation. However, the intracellular mechanisms that underlie the action of norgalanthamine in DPCs have not been investigated. In this study, we addressed the ability of norgalanthamine to trigger anagen-activating signaling pathways in DPCs. Norgalanthamine significantly increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation at 0.1 µM, a concentration at which DPC proliferation was also induced. Furthermore, the increases in norgalanthamine-induced ERK 1/2 activation and subsequent DPC proliferation were suppressed by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor, U0126. A 0.1 µM dose of norgalanthamine also increased phosphorylation of AKT, which was followed by an increase in glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. In addition, LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, blocked the effect of norgalanthamine on DPC proliferation. These results suggest that norgalanthamine can stimulate the anagen phase of the hair cycle in DPCs via activation of the ERK 1/2, PI3K/AKT, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Seok Yoon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Jung-Il Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Ara Ko
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Young-Sang Koh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Sang-Pil Yoon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Mee Jung Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Ji-Hoon Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
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29
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Abdel-Hamid NM, Abdullah AH. Serum histamine and acetylcholine variations as new noninvasive biochemical markers in staging of experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Med 2018; 19:115-120. [PMID: 30460419 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-0537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a major prerequisite for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and progression. The present study aims to assess the potential role of two endogenous regulators of angiogenesis histamine (His) and acetylcholine (Ach), as possible biochemical markers for staging of HCC. Five groups of rats were used in this study: a control healthy group (I), another 4 intoxicated groups used for the induction of HCC with a high dose of diethyl nitrosamine (DENA, 200 mg/kg, single I.P. dose), (II, III, IV, and V). Groups II, III, IV, and V were killed following 8, 16, 24, and 32 weeks after DENA injection, respectively. Serum level of His and Ach was estimated using high-performance liquid chromatography technique coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured using ELISA technique along with liver histological examination for all groups. Progression of HCC was estimated by histopathological examination. The results exhibited prominent increase in serum His and Ach levels during the early stages of HCC in group II, III in comparison with the control, and then His serum level declined to the normal level during the last stage of HCC development (group V).However, Ach elevation continued. AFP serum level showed marked increase, till 32 weeks after hepatocarcinogenesis. The decreased histamine level, combined to elevated AFP, indicates an early stage, while continued elevation of Ach with decreased His levels indicates a later stage of HCC. The combination of these two neurotransmitters to AFP may contribute to a noninvasive biochemical staging for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil M Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Amer Hasan Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Mustansiryah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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30
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Melatonin Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Chemotherapy Through Long Non-Coding RNA RAD51-AS1-Mediated Suppression of DNA Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090320. [PMID: 30201872 PMCID: PMC6162454 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair systems are abnormally active in most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells due to accumulated mutations, resulting in elevated DNA repair capacity and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, targeting DNA repair mechanisms is a common treatment approach in HCC to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage. In this study, we examined the anti-HCC effects of melatonin and elucidated the regulatory mechanisms. The results of functional assays showed that in addition to inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of HCC cells, melatonin suppressed their DNA repair capacity, thereby promoting the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Whole-transcriptome and gain- and loss-of-function analyses revealed that melatonin induces expression of the long noncoding RNA RAD51-AS1, which binds to RAD51 mRNA to inhibit its translation, effectively decreasing the DNA repair capacity of HCC cells and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Animal models further demonstrated that a combination of melatonin and the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide (VP16) can significantly enhance tumor growth inhibition compared with monotherapy. Our results show that melatonin is a potential adjuvant treatment for chemotherapy and radiotherapy in HCC.
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31
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Wan C, Wu M, Zhang S, Chen Y, Lu C. α7nAChR-mediated recruitment of PP1γ promotes TRAF6/NF-κB cascade to facilitate the progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1626-1639. [PMID: 30074282 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic signaling pathways have been recently implicated in the development of various human cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. In the present study, we reported that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), an important member of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, interacts with Protein Phosphatase-1γ (PP1γ) in human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) tissues. In addition, we found that α7nAChR facilitates the ubiquitination and activation of TRAF6 in a PP1γ-dependent manner in HCC cells. Furthermore, we showed that ligand-bounded α7nAChR induces the degradation of IκBα, leading to resultant phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of NF-κB p65. Accordingly, acetylcholine triggers the expression of critical NF-κB target genes, such as Cyclin D1 and PCNA, as well as the proliferation of HCC cells in a PP1γ- and α7nAChR-dependent manner. Furthermore, we revealed that nicotine-triggered α7nAChR activation promotes oncosphere formation and in vivo tumor growth of HCC cells. Moreover, we showed that the protein levels of both α7nAChR and PP1γ are significantly upregulated in human HCC specimens compared with adjacent non-cancerous ones, and that upregulated expression of the two proteins predict significantly worsened prognosis in HCC patients. These findings together indicate that the cholinergic receptor α7nAChR exerts a facilitating role in HCC development through PP1γ-dependent TRAF6/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shusen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Jeong S, Zheng B, Wang H, Xia Q, Chen L. Nervous system and primary liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:286-292. [PMID: 29660379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have found irregular activities of the nervous system-associated factors in the development and progression of primary liver cancer. These factors contributed in the regulation of migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells, and took a role in modulating invasion, metastasis, and recurrence after curative treatment. In clinical researches, neural-related factors were found to be significant prognostic factors, suggesting that the interactions between nervous system and primary liver cancer are indispensable in understanding underlying biological mechanisms. Herein, we reviewed up-to-date achievements in this area and the future perspectives of the interactions between the nervous system and primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogsong Jeong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China
| | - Bo Zheng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China.
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China.
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China.
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33
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Xie H, Hou Y, Cheng J, Openkova MS, Xia B, Wang W, Li A, Yang K, Li J, Xu H, Yang C, Ma L, Li Z, Fan X, Li K, Lou G. Metabolic profiling and novel plasma biomarkers for predicting survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32134-32146. [PMID: 28389631 PMCID: PMC5458273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies around the world, and patients with ovarian cancer always have an extremely poor chance of survival. Therefore, it is meaningful to develop a highly efficient model that can predict the overall survival for EOC. In order to investigate whether metabolites could be used to predict the survival of EOC, we performed a metabolic analysis of 98 plasma samples with follow-up information, based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) systems in both positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) modes. Four metabolites: Kynurenine, Acetylcarnitine, PC (42:11), and LPE(22:0/0:0) were selected as potential predictive biomarkers. The AUC value of metabolite-based risk score, together with pathological stages in predicting three-year survival rate was 0.80. The discrimination performance of these four biomarkers between short-term mortality and long-term survival was excellent, with an AUC value of 0.82. In conclusion, our plasma metabolomics study presented the dysregulated metabolism related to the survival of EOC, and plasma metabolites could be utilized to predict the overall survival and discriminate the short-term mortality and long-term survival for EOC patients. These results could provide supplementary information for further study about EOC survival mechanism and guiding the appropriate clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, the Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | | | - Bairong Xia
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, the Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Junnan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Libing Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zhenzi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xin Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, the Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
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Avci ME, Keskus AG, Targen S, Isilak ME, Ozturk M, Atalay RC, Adams MM, Konu O. Development of a novel zebrafish xenograft model in ache mutants using liver cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1570. [PMID: 29371671 PMCID: PMC5785479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme responsible for degradation of acetylcholine, has been identified as a prognostic marker in liver cancer. Although in vivo Ache tumorigenicity assays in mouse are present, no established liver cancer xenograft model in zebrafish using an ache mutant background exists. Herein, we developed an embryonic zebrafish xenograft model using epithelial (Hep3B) and mesenchymal (SKHep1) liver cancer cell lines in wild-type and ache sb55 sibling mutant larvae after characterization of cholinesterase expression and activity in cell lines and zebrafish larvae. The comparison of fluorescent signal reflecting tumor size at 3-days post-injection (dpi) revealed an enhanced tumorigenic potential and a reduced migration capacity in cancer cells injected into homozygous ache sb55 mutants when compared with the wild-type. Increased tumor load was confirmed using an ALU based tumor DNA quantification method modified for use in genotyped xenotransplanted zebrafish embryos. Confocal microscopy using the Huh7 cells stably expressing GFP helped identify the distribution of tumor cells in larvae. Our results imply that acetylcholine accumulation in the microenvironment directly or indirectly supports tumor growth in liver cancer. Use of this model system for drug screening studies holds potential in discovering new cholinergic targets for treatment of liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ender Avci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Gokce Keskus
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seniye Targen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Efe Isilak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rengul Cetin Atalay
- Medical Informatics Department, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michelle M Adams
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Li Y, Ye Y, Feng B, Qi Y. Long Noncoding RNA lncARSR Promotes Doxorubicin Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Modulating PTEN-PI3K/Akt Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4498-4507. [PMID: 28464252 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally resistant to chemotherapy due to intrinsic or acquired drug resistances. Many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in chemo-resistance of HCC cells. However, the contribution of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) to chemo-resistance of HCC cells is still largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the critical roles of long noncoding RNA lncARSR in chemo-resistance of HCC cells. lncARSR is upregulated in HCC, associated with large tumor size and advanced BCLC stage, and indicts poor prognosis. Functional assays showed that overexpression of lncARSR enhances doxorubicin resistance of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. And while knockdown of lncARSR increases sensitivity of HCC cells to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that lncARSR physically associates with PTEN mRNA, promotes PTEN mRNA degradation, decreases PTEN expression, and activates PI3K/Akt pathway. PTEN is downregulated in HCC, and the expression of PTEN is negatively correlated with lncARSR in HCC tissues. Furthermore, the effects of lncARSR overexpression on doxorubicin resistance could be reversed by PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, and lncARSR knockdown-induced doxorubicin sensitivity could be reversed by PTEN depletion. Taken together, our results showed that upregulated lncARSR promotes doxorubicin resistance in HCC via modulating PTEN-PI3K/Akt pathway, and implied that lncARSR may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC chemo-resistance. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4498-4507, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Bimin Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Central Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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36
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Li S, Huang R, Solomon S, Liu Y, Zhao B, Santillo MF, Xia M. Identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors using homogenous cell-based assays in quantitative high-throughput screening platforms. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28294544 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme responsible for metabolism of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter associated with muscle movement, cognition, and other neurobiological processes. Inhibition of AChE activity can serve as a therapeutic mechanism, but also cause adverse health effects and neurotoxicity. In order to efficiently identify AChE inhibitors from large compound libraries, homogenous cell-based assays in high-throughput screening platforms are needed. In this study, a fluorescent method using Amplex Red (10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine) and the Ellman absorbance method were both developed in a homogenous format using a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). An enzyme-based assay using Amplex Red was also optimized and used to confirm the potential inhibitors. These three assays were used to screen 1368 compounds, which included a library of pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC) and 88 additional compounds from the Tox21 program, at multiple concentrations in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) format. All three assays exhibited exceptional performance characteristics including assay signal quality, precision, and reproducibility. A group of inhibitors were identified from this study, including known (e.g. physostigmine and neostigmine bromide) and potential novel AChE inhibitors (e.g. chelerythrine chloride and cilostazol). These results demonstrate that this platform is a promising means to profile large numbers of chemicals that inhibit AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhang Li
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Solomon
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael F Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Montenegro MF, Cabezas-Herrera J, Campoy FJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors. FASEB J 2016; 31:544-555. [PMID: 28148778 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600609r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The observation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) type H (AChEH), which is the predominant AChE variant in visceral organs and immune cells, in lipid rafts of muscle supports functional reasons for the raft targeting of glypiated AChEH The search for these reasons revealed that liver AChE activity is mostly confined to rafts and that the liver is able to make N-extended AChE variants and target them to rafts. These results prompted us to test whether AChE and muscarinic receptors existed in the same raft. Isolation of flotillin-2-rich raft fractions by their buoyancy in sucrose gradients, followed by immunoadsorption and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry application, gave the following results: 1) most hepatic AChE activity emanates from AChE-H mRNA, and its product, glypiated AChEH, accumulates in rafts; 2) N-extended N-AChE readthrough variant, nonglypiated N-AChEH, and N-AChE tailed variant were all identified in liver rafts; and 3) M3 AChRs were observed in rafts, and coprecipitation of raft-confined N-AChE and M3 receptors by using anti-M3 antibodies showed that enzyme and receptor reside in the same raft unit. A raft domain that harbors tightly packed muscarinic receptor and AChE may represent a molecular device that, by means of which, the intensity and duration of cholinergic inputs are regulated.-Montenegro, M. F., Cabezas-Herrera, J., Campoy, F. J., Muñoz-Delgado, E., Vidal, C. J. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Javier Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Encarnación Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
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38
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Suchiang K, Sharma R. Age-dependent modulation of fasting and long-term dietary restriction on acetylcholinesterase in non-neuronal tissues of mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 419:135-45. [PMID: 27379505 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) without malnutrition is a robust intervention that extends lifespan and slows the onset of nervous system deficit and age-related diseases in diverse organisms. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a thoroughly studied enzyme better known for hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh) in neuronal tissues, has recently been linked with multiple unrelated biological functions in different non-neuronal tissues. In the present study, the activity and protein expression level of AChE in liver, heart, and kidney of young (1 month), adult (6 month), and aged (18 month) mice were investigated. We also studied age- and tissue-specific changes in AChE activity and protein expression level after the mice were subjected to 24-h fasting and long-term DR. Our results showed that AChE activity and protein expression in kidney and heart of aged mice decreased significantly in comparison with young mice. On the contrary, long-term DR decreases the AChE activity and the protein expression level in all tissues irrespective of ages studied. We summarized that changes in AChE with age in different tissues studied reflects its different roles at different phases of an organism's life. Conversely, the cumulative modulation manifested in the form of lowering AChE by long-term DR may prevent the futile synthesis and accumulation of unwanted AChE besides the added compensatory benefit of enhanced ACh availability needed during the period of starvation. This, in turn, may help in preventing the declining homeostatic roles of this important neurotransmitter in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitlangki Suchiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605 014, India.
| | - Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793 022, India
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Chotirat S, Suriyo T, Hokland M, Hokland P, Satayavivad J, Auewarakul CU. Cholinergic activation enhances retinoic acid-induced differentiation in the human NB-4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 59:77-84. [PMID: 27282572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) has been shown to play a role in regulating hematopoietic differentiation. We determined the expression of cholinergic components in leukemic cell lines by Western blotting and in normal leukocyte subsets by flow cytometry and found a heterogeneous expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline transporter (CHT), M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3-mAChR) and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR). We then evaluated NNCS role in differentiation of human NB-4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line and discovered a dramatic induction of M3-mAChR after all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment (p<0.0001). Adding carbachol which is a cholinergic agonist to the ATRA treatment resulted in an increase of a granulocytic differentiation marker (CD11b) as compared with ATRA treatment alone (p<0.05), indicating that cholinergic activation enhanced ATRA in inducing NB-4 maturation. The combination of carbachol and ATRA treatment for 72h also resulted in decreased viability and increased cleaved caspase-3 expression when compared with ATRA treatment alone (p<0.05). However, this combination did not cause poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Overall, we have shown that NB-4 cells expressed M3-mAChR in a differentiation-dependent manner and cholinergic stimulation induced maturation and death of ATRA-induced differentiated NB-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadudee Chotirat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Marianne Hokland
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Peter Hokland
- Department of Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Chirayu U Auewarakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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40
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Lv X, Zhao F, Huo X, Tang W, Hu B, Gong X, Yang J, Shen Q, Qin W. Neuropeptide Y1 receptor inhibits cell growth through inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol 2016; 33:70. [PMID: 27262566 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) broadly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. It participates in multiple physiological and pathological processes through specific receptors. Evidences are accumulating that NPY is involved in development and progression in neuro- or endocrine-related cancers. However, little is known about the potential roles and underlying mechanisms of NPY receptors in HCC. In this study, we analyzed the expression of NPY receptors by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. Correlation between NPY1R levels and clinicopathological characteristics, and survival of HCC patients were explored, respectively. Cell proliferation was researched by CCK-8 in vitro, and tumor growth was studied by nude mice xenografts in vivo. We found that mRNA and protein level of NPY receptor Y1 subtype (NPY1R) significantly decreased in HCC tissues. Low expression of NPY1R closely correlated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. Proliferation of HCC cells was significantly inhibited by recombinant NPY protein in vitro. This inhibitory effect could be blocked by selected NPY1R antagonist BIBP3226. Furthermore, overexpression of NPY1R could significantly inhibit HCC cell proliferation. Knockdown of NPY1R promoted cell multiplication in vitro and increased tumorigenicity and tumor growth in vivo. NPY1R was found to participate in the inhibition of cell proliferation via inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway in HCC cells. Collectively, NPY1R plays an inhibitory role in tumor growth and may be a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Lv
- Basic Medical Research Centre in Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fengbo Zhao
- Basic Medical Research Centre in Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xisong Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 25/2200, Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Baoying Hu
- Basic Medical Research Centre in Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiu Gong
- Basic Medical Research Centre in Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Basic Medical Research Centre in Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiujin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 25/2200, Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- Basic Medical Research Centre in Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 25/2200, Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Campoy FJ, Vidal CJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Montenegro MF, Cabezas-Herrera J, Nieto-Cerón S. Cholinergic system and cell proliferation. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:257-265. [PMID: 27083142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system, comprising acetylcholine, the proteins responsible for acetylcholine synthesis and release, acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterases, is expressed by most human cell types. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, but also a local signalling molecule which regulates basic cell functions, and cholinergic responses are involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. So, activation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors has a proliferative and anti-apoptotic effect in many cells. The content of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterases is altered in many tumours, and cholinesterase content correlates with patient survival in some cancers. During apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase is induced and appears in the nuclei. Acetylcholinesterase participates in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis through hydrolysis of acetylcholine and by other catalytic and non catalytic mechanisms, in a variant-specific manner. This review gathers information on the role of cholinergic system and specially acetylcholinesterase in cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - C J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - E Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - M F Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - J Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarker Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, E-30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Nieto-Cerón
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarker Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, E-30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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Development of self-assembling peptide nanovesicle with bilayers for enhanced EGFR-targeted drug and gene delivery. Biomaterials 2015; 82:194-207. [PMID: 26763734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of rational vectors for efficient drug and gene delivery is crucial for cancer treatment. In this study, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding peptide amphiphile (PA) were used as the primary bilayer skeleton material to construct ultra-stable self-assembling peptide nanovesicle (SPV). The resulted EGFR-targeted SPV (ESPV) could efficiently encapsulate therapeutic cargos (drugs or small interfering RNAs [siRNAs]) or labelled fluorescent cargo (quantum dots [QDs]) and exhibited excellent affinity for EGFR-positive cancer cells. Moreover, ESPV could deliver more drug or plasmid DNA to tumour sites and promote gene expression (a three-fold ratio of ESPVs vs cationic liposomes). Notably, the individual delivery or co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene via the ESPVs resulted in excellent drug/gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo and exerted a significant growth-suppressing effect on a liver cancer xenograft. This nanoscale, targeted cargo-packaging technology may provide a new strategy for the design of highly targeted cancer therapy vectors.
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Xi Q, Gao N, Yang Y, Ye W, Zhang B, Wu J, Jiang G, Zhang X. Anticancer drugs induce hypomethylation of the acetylcholinesterase promoter via a phosphorylated-p38-DNMT1-AChE pathway in apoptotic hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Suriyo T, Tachachartvanich P, Visitnonthachai D, Watcharasit P, Satayavivad J. Chlorpyrifos promotes colorectal adenocarcinoma H508 cell growth through the activation of EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway but not cholinergic pathway. Toxicology 2015; 338:117-29. [PMID: 26514924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aside from the effects on neuronal cholinergic system, epidemiological studies suggest an association between chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure and cancer risk. This in vitro study examined the effects of CPF and its toxic metabolite, chlorpyrifos oxon (CPF-O), on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma H508, colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29, normal colon epithelial CCD841, liver hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, and normal liver hepatocyte THLE-3 cells. The results showed that CPF (5-100 μM) concentration-dependently increased viability of H508 and CCD841 cells in serum-free conditions. This increasing trend was not found in HT-29, HepG2 and THLE-3 cells. In contrast, CPF-O (50-100 μM) reduced the viability of all cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed the induction of cells in the S phase, and EdU incorporation assay revealed the induction of DNA synthesis in CPF-treated H508 cells indicating that CPF promotes cell cycle progression. Despite the observation of acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, atropine (a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) and N-acetylcysteine (a potent antioxidant) failed to inhibit the growth-promoting effect of CPF. CPF increased the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream effector, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), in H508 cells. AG-1478 (a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and U0126 (a specific MEK inhibitor) completely mitigated the growth promoting effect of CPF. Altogether, these results suggest that EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway but not cholinergic pathway involves in CPF-induced colorectal adenocarcinoma H508 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Phum Tachachartvanich
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Piyajit Watcharasit
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Abstract
DNA hydrolysis is a biochemical process often associated with different forms of cell death, including apoptosis. In a recent paper published in Cell Discovery, Du et al. report that synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE-S) shows an unexpected enzymatic activity as DNase switched on after cytotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez-Osuna
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular-Unitat de Medicina & Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor J Yuste
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular-Unitat de Medicina & Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Castillo-González AC, Pelegrín-Hernández JP, Nieto-Cerón S, Madrona AP, Noguera JA, López-Moreno MF, Rodríguez-López JN, Vidal CJ, Hellín-Meseguer D, Cabezas-Herrera J. Unbalanced acetylcholinesterase activity in larynx squamous cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:81-6. [PMID: 26002584 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have demonstrated that a non-neuronal cholinergic system is expressed aberrantly in airways. A proliferative effect is exerted directly by cholinergic agonists through the activation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. In cancer, particularly those related with smoking, the mechanism through which tumour cells respond to aberrantly activated cholinergic signalling is a key question. Fifty paired pieces of larynx squamous cell carcinoma and adjacent non-cancerous tissue were compared in terms of their acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE). The AChE activity in non-cancerous tissues (0.248 ± 0.030 milliunits per milligram of wet tissue; mU/mg) demonstrates that upper respiratory tissues express sufficient AChE activity for controlling the level of acetylcholine (ACh). In larynx carcinomas, the AChE activity decreased to 0.157 ± 0.024 mU/mg (p=0.009). Larynx cancer patients exhibiting low ACh-degrading enzymatic activity had a significantly shorter overall survival (p=0.031). Differences in the mRNA levels of alternatively spliced AChE isoforms and molecular compositions were noted between glottic and supraglottic cancers. Our results suggest that the low AChE activity observed in larynx squamous cell carcinoma may be useful for predicting the outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Castillo-González
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Pelegrín-Hernández
- Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Susana Nieto-Cerón
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Piñero Madrona
- Surgery Service of University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Noguera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Fuensanta López-Moreno
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Neptuno Rodríguez-López
- Surgery Service of University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Surgery Service of University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego Hellín-Meseguer
- Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
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Castillo-González AC, Nieto-Cerón S, Pelegrín-Hernández JP, Montenegro MF, Noguera JA, López-Moreno MF, Rodríguez-López JN, Vidal CJ, Hellín-Meseguer D, Cabezas-Herrera J. Dysregulated cholinergic network as a novel biomarker of poor prognostic in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:385. [PMID: 25956553 PMCID: PMC4435806 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In airways, a proliferative effect is played directly by cholinergic agonists through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors activation. How tumors respond to aberrantly activated cholinergic signalling is a key question in smoking-related cancer. This research was addressed to explore a possible link of cholinergic signalling changes with cancer biology. METHODS Fifty-seven paired pieces of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and adjacent non-cancerous tissue (ANCT) were compared for their mRNA levels for ACh-related proteins and ACh-hydrolyzing activity. RESULTS The measurement in ANCT of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (5.416 ± 0.501 mU/mg protein and 6.350 ± 0.599 mU/mg protein, respectively) demonstrated that upper respiratory tract is capable of controlling the availability of ACh. In HNSCC, AChE and BChE activities dropped to 3.584 ± 0.599 mU/mg protein (p = 0.002) and 3.965 ± 0.423 mU/mg protein (p < 0.001). Moreover, tumours with low AChE activity and high BChE activity were associated with shorter patient overall survival. ANCT and HNSCC differed in mRNA levels for AChE-T, α3, α5, α9 and β2 for nAChR subunits. Tobacco exposure had a great impact on the expression of both AChE-H and AChE-T mRNAs. Unaffected and cancerous pieces contained principal AChE dimers and BChE tetramers. The lack of nerve-born PRiMA-linked AChE agreed with pathological findings on nerve terminal remodelling and loss in HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the low AChE activity in HNSCC can be used to predict survival in patients with head and neck cancer. So, the ChE activity level can be used as a reliable prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Castillo-González
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - Susana Nieto-Cerón
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - Juan Pablo Pelegrín-Hernández
- Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - María Fernanda Montenegro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Noguera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - María Fuensanta López-Moreno
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - José Neptuno Rodríguez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - Diego Hellín-Meseguer
- Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra Madrid-Cartagena s/n, El Palmar, Murcia, 30120, Spain.
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Pérez-Aguilar B, Vidal CJ, Palomec G, García-Dolores F, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Bucio L, Gómez-Olivares JL, Gómez-Quiroz LE. Acetylcholinesterase is associated with a decrease in cell proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1380-7. [PMID: 25869328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that rapidly splits acetylcholine into acetate and choline, presents non-cholinergic functions through which may participate in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. These two features are relevant in cancer, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a very aggressive liver tumor with high incidence and poor prognosis in advanced stages. Here we explored the relation between acetylcholinesterase and HCC growth by testing the influence of AChE on proliferation of Huh-7 and HepG2 cell lines, addressed in monolayer cultures, spheroid formation and human liver tumor samples. Results showed a clear relation in AChE expression and cell cycle progression, an effect which depended on cell confluence. Inhibition of AChE activity led to an increase in cell proliferation, which was associated with downregulation of p27 and cyclins. The fact that Huh-7 and HepG2 cell lines provided similar results lent weight to the relationship of AChE expression with cell cycle progression in hepatoma cell lines at least. Human liver tumor samples exhibited a decrease in AChE activity as compared with normal tissue. The evidence presented herein provides additional support for the proposed tumor suppressor role of AChE, which makes it a potential therapeutic target in therapies against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Pérez-Aguilar
- Doctorado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México DF, Mexico; Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México DF, Mexico
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Guillermina Palomec
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México DF, Mexico
| | | | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México DF, Mexico
| | - Leticia Bucio
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México DF, Mexico
| | - José Luis Gómez-Olivares
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México DF, Mexico.
| | - Luis Enrique Gómez-Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México DF, Mexico.
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Xi HJ, Wu RP, Liu JJ, Zhang LJ, Li ZS. Role of acetylcholinesterase in lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:390-8. [PMID: 26273392 PMCID: PMC4511315 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in catalytic hydrolysis of cholinergic neurotransmitters. Intensive research has proven the involvement of this protein in novel functions, such as cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation. In addition, several recent studies have indicated that acetylcholinesterase is potentially a marker and regulator of apoptosis. Importantly, AChE is also a promising tumor suppressor. In this review, we briefly summarize the involvement of AChE in apoptosis and cancer, focusing on the role of AChE in lung cancer, as well as the therapeutic consideration of AChE for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Xi
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Pei Wu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- School of Nursing, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China ; Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
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50
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Tian YE, Xie XU, Lin Y, Tan G, Zhong WU. Androgen receptor in hepatocarcinogenesis: Recent developments and perspectives. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1983-1988. [PMID: 26136999 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that males are at a higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with females. Identifying the factors that cause this gender-specific difference in the incidence of HCC has long been considered important for revealing the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Given the unprecedented tools that are now available for molecular research, genetic studies have established that the androgen receptor (AR) may be partly responsible for gender disparity in HCC. AR has a dual role, promoting HCC initiation and development, as well as suppressing HCC metastasis. The present review provides an overview of the involvement of AR signaling in HCC. The review highlighted important studies, examples of the direct AR transcriptional target genes involved in HCC and novel theories concerning the conventional concept, suggesting that targeting the AR, rather than the androgen, may provide an improved therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Tian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - X U Xie
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yao Lin
- Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Guang Tan
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - W U Zhong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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