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Mahboobipour AA, Ala M, Safdari Lord J, Yaghoobi A. Clinical manifestation, epidemiology, genetic basis, potential molecular targets, and current treatment of polycystic liver disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:175. [PMID: 38671465 PMCID: PMC11055360 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a rare condition observed in three genetic diseases, including autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). PLD usually does not impair liver function, and advanced PLD becomes symptomatic when the enlarged liver compresses adjacent organs or increases intra-abdominal pressure. Currently, the diagnosis of PLD is mainly based on imaging, and genetic testing is not required except for complex cases. Besides, genetic testing may help predict patients' prognosis, classify patients for genetic intervention, and conduct early treatment. Although the underlying genetic causes and mechanisms are not fully understood, previous studies refer to primary ciliopathy or impaired ciliogenesis as the main culprit. Primarily, PLD occurs due to defective ciliogenesis and ineffective endoplasmic reticulum quality control. Specifically, loss of function mutations of genes that are directly involved in ciliogenesis, such as Pkd1, Pkd2, Pkhd1, and Dzip1l, can lead to both hepatic and renal cystogenesis in ADPKD and ARPKD. In addition, loss of function mutations of genes that are involved in endoplasmic reticulum quality control and protein folding, trafficking, and maturation, such as PRKCSH, Sec63, ALG8, ALG9, GANAB, and SEC61B, can impair the production and function of polycystin1 (PC1) and polycystin 2 (PC2) or facilitate their degradation and indirectly promote isolated hepatic cystogenesis or concurrent hepatic and renal cystogenesis. Recently, it was shown that mutations of LRP5, which impairs canonical Wnt signaling, can lead to hepatic cystogenesis. PLD is currently treated by somatostatin analogs, percutaneous intervention, surgical fenestration, resection, and liver transplantation. In addition, based on the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, several investigational treatments have been used in preclinical studies, some of which have shown promising results. This review discusses the clinical manifestation, complications, prevalence, genetic basis, and treatment of PLD and explains the investigational methods of treatment and future research direction, which can be beneficial for researchers and clinicians interested in PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Mahboobipour
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Safdari Lord
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Yaghoobi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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Wang P, Laster K, Jia X, Dong Z, Liu K. Targeting CRAF kinase in anti-cancer therapy: progress and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:208. [PMID: 38111008 PMCID: PMC10726672 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is commonly dysregulated in human malignancies by processes driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. Among the members of the RAF kinase family, CRAF plays an important role in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, as well as in the progression of cancer. Recent research has provided evidence implicating the role of CRAF in the physiological regulation and the resistance to BRAF inhibitors through MAPK-dependent and MAPK-independent mechanisms. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of solely targeting CRAF kinase activity remains controversial. Moreover, the kinase-independent function of CRAF may be essential for lung cancers with KRAS mutations. It is imperative to develop strategies to enhance efficacy and minimize toxicity in tumors driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. The review investigates CRAF alterations observed in cancers and unravels the distinct roles of CRAF in cancers propelled by diverse oncogenes. This review also seeks to summarize CRAF-interacting proteins and delineate CRAF's regulation across various cancer hallmarks. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in pan-RAF inhibitors and their combination with other therapeutic approaches to improve treatment outcomes and minimize adverse effects in patients with RAF/RAS-mutant tumors. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role of CRAF in cancers and highlighting the latest developments in RAF inhibitor therapies, we endeavor to identify synergistic targets and elucidate resistance pathways, setting the stage for more robust and safer combination strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kyle Laster
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xuechao Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- Basic Medicine Sciences Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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Retraction: Cyclic AMP/PKA-dependent paradoxical activation of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling in polycystin-2 defective mice treated with sorafenib. Hepatology 2023; 78:E64. [PMID: 37478363 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
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Zhou JX, Torres VE. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Therapies on the Horizon. ADVANCES IN KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEALTH 2023; 30:245-260. [PMID: 37088527 DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the formation of numerous kidney cysts which leads to kidney failure. ADPKD is responsible for approximately 10% of patients with kidney failure. Overwhelming evidence supports that vasopressin and its downstream cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling promote cystogenesis, and targeting vasopressin 2 receptor with tolvaptan and other antagonists ameliorates cyst growth in preclinical studies. Tolvaptan is the only drug approved by Food and Drug Administration to treat ADPKD patients at the risk of rapid disease progression. A major limitation of the widespread use of tolvaptan is aquaretic events. This review discusses the potential strategies to improve the tolerability of tolvaptan, the progress on the use of an alternative vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist lixivaptan, and somatostatin analogs. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of PKD have led to new approaches of treatment via targeting different signaling pathways. We review the new pharmacotherapies and dietary interventions of ADPKD that are promising in the preclinical studies and investigated in clinical trials.
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Ji R, Chen J, Xie Y, Dou X, Qing B, Liu Z, Lu Y, Dang L, Zhu X, Sun Y, Zheng X, Zhang L, Guo D, Chen Y. Multi-omics profiling of cholangiocytes reveals sex-specific chromatin state dynamics during hepatic cystogenesis in polycystic liver disease. J Hepatol 2023; 78:754-769. [PMID: 36681161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholangiocytes transit from quiescence to hyperproliferation during cystogenesis in polycystic liver disease (PLD), the severity of which displays prominent sex differences. Epigenetic regulation plays important roles in cell state transition. We aimed to investigate the sex-specific epigenetic basis of hepatic cystogenesis and to develop therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic modifications for PLD treatment. METHODS Normal and cystic primary cholangiocytes were isolated from wild-type and PLD mice of both sexes. Chromatin states were characterized by analyzing chromatin accessibility (ATAC sequencing) and multiple histone modifications (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing). Differential gene expression was determined by transcriptomic analysis (RNA sequencing). Pharmacologic inhibition of epigenetic modifying enzymes was undertaken in PLD model mice. RESULTS Through genome-wide profiling of chromatin dynamics, we revealed a profound increase of global chromatin accessibility during cystogenesis in both male and female PLD cholangiocytes. We identified a switch from H3K9me3 to H3K9ac on cis-regulatory DNA elements of cyst-associated genes and showed that inhibition of H3K9ac acetyltransferase or H3K9me3 demethylase slowed cyst growth in male, but not female, PLD mice. In contrast, we found that H3K27ac was specifically increased in female PLD mice and that genes associated with H3K27ac-gained regions were enriched for cyst-related pathways. In an integrated epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis, we identified an estrogen receptor alpha-centered transcription factor network associated with the H3K27ac-regulated cystogenic gene expression program in female PLD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the multi-layered sex-specific epigenetic dynamics underlying cholangiocyte state transition and reveal a potential epigenetic therapeutic strategy for male PLD patients. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS In the present study, we elucidate a sex-specific epigenetic mechanism underlying the cholangiocyte state transition during hepatic cystogenesis and identify epigenetic drugs that effectively slow cyst growth in male PLD mice. These findings underscore the importance of sex difference in the pathogenesis of PLD and may guide researchers and physicians to develop sex-specific personalized approaches for PLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyang Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Qing
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yumei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Dang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Wu Z, Bian Y, Chu T, Wang Y, Man S, Song Y, Wang Z. The role of angiogenesis in melanoma: Clinical treatments and future expectations. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028647. [PMID: 36588679 PMCID: PMC9797529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma has increased rapidly over the past few decades, with mortality accounting for more than 75% of all skin cancers. The high metastatic potential of Melanoma is an essential factor in its high mortality. Vascular angiogenic system has been proved to be crucial for the metastasis of melanoma. An in-depth understanding of angiogenesis will be of great benefit to melanoma treatment and may promote the development of melanoma therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances and challenges of anti-angiogenic agents, including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, human recombinant Endostatin, and traditional Chinese herbal medicine. We hope to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms, clinical research progress, and future research directions of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhu Wu
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yifei Bian
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuman Wang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Man
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Shuai Man, ; Yongmei Song, ; Zhenguo Wang,
| | - Yongmei Song
- Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Shuai Man, ; Yongmei Song, ; Zhenguo Wang,
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Shuai Man, ; Yongmei Song, ; Zhenguo Wang,
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Zhou X, Torres VE. Emerging therapies for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with a focus on cAMP signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:981963. [PMID: 36120538 PMCID: PMC9478168 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.981963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), with an estimated genetic prevalence between 1:400 and 1:1,000 individuals, is the third most common cause of end stage kidney disease after diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Over the last 3 decades there has been great progress in understanding its pathogenesis. This allows the stratification of therapeutic targets into four levels, gene mutation and polycystin disruption, proximal mechanisms directly caused by disruption of polycystin function, downstream regulatory and signaling pathways, and non-specific pathophysiologic processes shared by many other diseases. Dysfunction of the polycystins, encoded by the PKD genes, is closely associated with disruption of calcium and upregulation of cyclic AMP and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, affecting most downstream regulatory, signaling, and pathophysiologic pathways altered in this disease. Interventions acting on G protein coupled receptors to inhibit of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production have been effective in preclinical trials and have led to the first approved treatment for ADPKD. However, completely blocking cAMP mediated PKA activation is not feasible and PKA activation independently from cAMP can also occur in ADPKD. Therefore, targeting the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway beyond cAMP production makes sense. Redundancy of mechanisms, numerous positive and negative feedback loops, and possibly counteracting effects may limit the effectiveness of targeting downstream pathways. Nevertheless, interventions targeting important regulatory, signaling and pathophysiologic pathways downstream from cAMP/PKA activation may provide additive or synergistic value and build on a strategy that has already had success. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the role of cAMP and PKA signaling and their multiple downstream pathways as potential targets for emergent therapies for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Rochester, MN, United States
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Genetics, pathobiology and therapeutic opportunities of polycystic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:585-604. [PMID: 35562534 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PLDs) are inherited genetic disorders characterized by progressive development of intrahepatic, fluid-filled biliary cysts (more than ten), which constitute the main cause of morbidity and markedly affect the quality of life. Liver cysts arise in patients with autosomal dominant PLD (ADPLD) or in co-occurrence with renal cysts in patients with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD and ARPKD, respectively). Hepatic cystogenesis is a heterogeneous process, with several risk factors increasing the odds of developing larger cysts. Depending on the causative gene, PLDs can arise exclusively in the liver or in parallel with renal cysts. Current therapeutic strategies, mainly based on surgical procedures and/or chronic administration of somatostatin analogues, show modest benefits, with liver transplantation as the only potentially curative option. Increasing research has shed light on the genetic landscape of PLDs and consequent cholangiocyte abnormalities, which can pave the way for discovering new targets for therapy and the design of novel potential treatments for patients. Herein, we provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the field of PLDs, mainly focusing on genetics, pathobiology, risk factors and next-generation therapeutic strategies, highlighting future directions in basic, translational and clinical research.
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Erratum. Hepatology 2022; 76:535. [PMID: 35509109 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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The Mechanism of Rac1 in Regulating HCC Cell Glycolysis Which Provides Underlying Therapeutic Target for HCC Therapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7319641. [PMID: 35847360 PMCID: PMC9279021 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7319641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim To explore the role of Rac1 on sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods CCK-8, wound healing assay, Transwell, and cell cycle assay were used to detect the tumor cells development. Cell viability was assessed by MTT. The glycolytic pathway was revealed by cellular metabolism assays. Result We recovered that Rac1 upregulation was related to HCC patients' poorer prognosis. Forced expression of Rac1 promoted cell development and sorafenib chemoresistance in HCC cells. Rac1 inhibitor EHop-016 and sorafenib combination markedly prevented cell viability, G2/M phase cycle arrest, and apoptosis than single therapy. Furthermore, combination therapy decreased glycolysis in HCC cells. In vivo, the tumor growth was significantly prevented by combination therapy single therapy. Conclusion Our research declares that Rac1 inhibition could block sorafenib resistance in HCC by decreasing glycolysis, which would provide an underlying target for HCC therapy.
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The cellular pathways and potential therapeutics of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1171-1188. [PMID: 34156429 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) refers to a group of disorders, driven by the formation of cysts in renal tubular cells and is currently one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease. The range of symptoms observed in PKD is due to mutations in cilia-localising genes, resulting in changes in cellular signalling. As such, compounds that are currently in preclinical and clinical trials target some of these signalling pathways that are dysregulated in PKD. In this review, we highlight these pathways including cAMP, EGF and AMPK signalling and drugs that target them and may show promise in lessening the disease burden of PKD patients. At present, tolvaptan is the only approved therapy for ADPKD, however, it carries several adverse side effects whilst comparatively, no pharmacological drug is approved for ARPKD treatment. Aside from this, drugs that have been the subject of multiple clinical trials such as metformin, which targets AMPK signalling and somatostatins, which target cAMP signalling have shown great promise in reducing cyst formation and cellular proliferation. This review also discusses other potential and novel targets that can be used for future interventions, such as β-catenin and TAZ, where research has shown that a reduction in the overexpression of these signalling components results in amelioration of disease phenotype. Thus, it becomes apparent that well-designed preclinical investigations and future clinical trials into these pathways and other potential signalling targets are crucial in bettering disease prognosis for PKD patients and could lead to personalised therapy approaches.
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Yu Q, Li K, Zhao A, Wei M, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lian T, Wang C, Xu L, Zhang Y, Xu C, Liu F. Sorafenib not only impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation but also promotes vasoconstriction through the upregulation of vasoconstrictive endothelin type B receptors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 414:115420. [PMID: 33503445 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As a VEGF-targeting agent, sorafenib has been used to treat a number of solid tumors but can easily lead to adverse vascular effects. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, rat mesenteric arteries were subjected to organ cultured in the presence of different concentrations of sorafenib (0, 3, 6 and 9 mg/L) with or without inhibitors (U0126, 10-5 M; SB203580, 10-5 M; SP200126, 10-5 M) of MAPK kinases, and then acetylcholine- or sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilation and sarafotoxin 6c-induced vasoconstriction were monitored by a sensitive myograph. The NO synthetases, the nitrite levels, the endothelial marker CD31,the ETB and ETA receptors and the phosphorylation of MAPK kinases were studied. Next, rats were orally administrated by sorafenib for 4 weeks (7.5 and 15 mg/kg/day), and their blood pressure, plasma ET-1, the ETB and ETA receptors and the phosphorylation of MAPK kinases in the mesenteric arteries were investigated. The results showed that sorafenib impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to decreased NO levels and the low expression of eNOS and iNOS. Weak staining for CD31 indicated that sorafenib induced endothelial damage. Moreover, sorafenib caused the upregulation of vasoconstrictive ETB receptors, the enhancement of ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and the activation of JNK/MAPK. Blocking the JNK, ERK1/2 and p38/MAPK signaling pathways by using the inhibitors significantly abolished ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. Furthermore, it was observed that the oral administration of sorafenib caused an increase in blood pressure and plasma ET-1, upregulation of the ETB receptor and the activation of JNK in the mesenteric arteries. In conclusion, sorafenib not only impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilatation but also enhances ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction, which may be the causal factors for hypertension and other adverse vascular effects in patients treated with sorafenib.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/toxicity
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Male
- Mesenteric Artery, Superior/drug effects
- Mesenteric Artery, Superior/metabolism
- Mesenteric Artery, Superior/physiopathology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Endothelin B/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin B/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sorafenib/toxicity
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Up-Regulation
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.
| | - Kun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Andong Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mengqian Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhenhao Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, China.
| | - Ting Lian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Cangbao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710010, China.
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13
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Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. New insights on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in biliary pathophysiology. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100251. [PMID: 34151244 PMCID: PMC8189933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) includes 5 members (VEGF-A to -D, and placenta growth factor), which regulate several critical biological processes. VEGF-A exerts a variety of biological effects through high-affinity binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR-1, -2 and -3), co-receptors and accessory proteins. In addition to its fundamental function in angiogenesis and endothelial cell biology, VEGF/VEGFR signalling also plays a role in other cell types including epithelial cells. This review provides an overview of VEGF signalling in biliary epithelial cell biology in both normal and pathologic conditions. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling stimulates bile duct proliferation in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. VEGF/VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 and angiopoietins are involved at different stages of biliary development. In certain conditions, cholangiocytes maintain the ability to secrete VEGF-A, and to express a functional VEGFR-2 receptor. For example, in polycystic liver disease, VEGF secreted by cystic cells stimulates cyst growth and vascular remodelling through a PKA/RAS/ERK/HIF1α-dependent mechanism, unveiling a new level of complexity in VEFG/VEGFR-2 regulation in epithelial cells. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling is also reactivated during the liver repair process. In this context, pro-angiogenic factors mediate the interactions between epithelial, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells. This process takes place during the wound healing response, however, in chronic biliary diseases, it may lead to pathological neo-angiogenesis, a condition strictly linked with fibrosis progression, the development of cirrhosis and related complications, and cholangiocarcinoma. Novel observations indicate that in cholangiocarcinoma, VEGF is a determinant of lymphangiogenesis and of the immune response to the tumour. Better insights into the role of VEGF signalling in biliary pathophysiology might help in the search for effective therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- ADPKD, adult dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Anti-Angiogenic therapy
- BA, biliary atresia
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CLDs, chronic liver diseases
- Cholangiocytes
- Cholangiopathies
- DP, ductal plate
- DPM, ductal plate malformation
- DRCs, ductular reactive cells
- Development
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor type 1α
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IHBD, intrahepatic bile ducts
- IL-, interleukin-
- LECs, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Liver repair
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- PBP, peribiliary plexus
- PC, polycystin
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placental growth factor
- PLD, polycystic liver diseases
- Polycystic liver diseases
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors
- VEGF-A
- VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling
- VEGFR-1/2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Messchendorp AL, Casteleijn NF, Meijer E, Gansevoort RT. Somatostatin in renal physiology and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:1306-1316. [PMID: 31077332 PMCID: PMC7462725 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive cyst formation, leading to growth in kidney volume and renal function decline. Although therapies have emerged, there is still an important unmet need for slowing the rate of disease progression in ADPKD. High intracellular levels of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) are involved in cell proliferation and fluid secretion, resulting in cyst formation. Somatostatin (SST), a hormone that is involved in many cell processes, has the ability to inhibit intracellular cAMP production. However, SST itself has limited therapeutic potential since it is rapidly eliminated in vivo. Therefore analogues have been synthesized, which have a longer half-life and may be promising agents in the treatment of ADPKD. This review provides an overview of the complex physiological effects of SST, in particular renal, and the potential therapeutic role of SST analogues in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lianne Messchendorp
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek F Casteleijn
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Meijer
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Juengpanich S, Topatana W, Lu C, Staiculescu D, Li S, Cao J, Lin J, Hu J, Chen M, Chen J, Cai X. Role of cellular, molecular and tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: Possible targets and future directions in the regorafenib era. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1778-1792. [PMID: 32162677 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains as one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality, despite the recent development of new therapeutic options. Regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, is the first systemic therapy that has a survival benefit for patients with advanced HCC that have a poor response to sorafenib. Even though regorafenib has been approved by the FDA, the clinical trial for regorafenib treatment does not show significant improvement in overall survival. The impaired efficacy of regorafenib caused by various resistance mechanisms, including epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, inflammation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, oxidative stress, fibrosis and autophagy, still needs to be resolved. In this review, we provide insight on regorafenib microenvironmental, molecular and cellular mechanisms and interactions in HCC treatment. The aim of this review is to help physicians select patients that would obtain the maximal benefits from regorafenib in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarun Juengpanich
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Win Topatana
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Staiculescu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Chen Y, Li N, Xu B, Wu M, Yan X, Zhong L, Cai H, Wang T, Wang Q, Long F, Jiang G, Xiao H. Polymer-based nanoparticles for chemo/gene-therapy: Evaluation its therapeutic efficacy and toxicity against colorectal carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109257. [PMID: 31377472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination treatment through simultaneous delivery of anticancer drugs and gene with nano-formulation has been demonstrated to be an elegant and efficient approach for colorectal cancer therapy. Recently, sorafenib being studied in combination therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) attracted attention of researchers. On the basis of our previous study, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) loaded nanoparticles showed good effect on CRC in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we designed a combination therapy for sorafenib (Sora), a multi-kinase inhibitor and PEDF, a powerful antiangiogenic gene, in a nano-formulation aimed to increase anti-tumor effect on CRC for the first time. Sora and PEDF were simultaneously encapsulated in PEG-PLGA based nanoparticles by a modified double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The obtained co-encapsulated nanoparticles (Sora@PEDF-NPs) showed high entrapment efficiency of both Sora and PEDF - and exhibited a uniform spherical morphology. The release profiles of Sora and PEDF were in a sustained manner. The most effective tumor growth inhibition in the C26 cells and C26-bearing mice was observed in the Sora@PEDF-NPs in comparison with none-drug nanoparticles, free Sora, mono-drug nanoparticles (Sora-NPs and PEDF-NPs) and the mixture of Sora-NPs and equivalent PEDF-NPs (Mix-NPs). More importantly, Sora@PEDF-NPs showed lower toxicity than free Sora in mice according to the acute toxicity test. The serologic biochemical analysis and mice body weight during therapeutic period revealed that Sora@PEDF-NPs had no obvious toxicity. All the data demonstrated that the simultaneously loaded nanoparticles with multi-kinase inhibitor and anti-angiogenic gene might be one of the most potential formulations in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma in clinic and worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - NingXi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - XiaoYan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - LiJun Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - QiuJu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - FangYi Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - HongTao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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17
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Fabris L, Fiorotto R, Spirli C, Cadamuro M, Mariotti V, Perugorria MJ, Banales JM, Strazzabosco M. Pathobiology of inherited biliary diseases: a roadmap to understand acquired liver diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:497-511. [PMID: 31165788 PMCID: PMC6661007 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile duct epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, regulate the composition of bile and its flow. Acquired, congenital and genetic dysfunctions in these cells give rise to a set of diverse and complex diseases, often of unknown aetiology, called cholangiopathies. New knowledge has been steadily acquired about genetic and congenital cholangiopathies, and this has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of acquired cholangiopathies. This Review focuses on findings from studies on Alagille syndrome, polycystic liver diseases, fibropolycystic liver diseases (Caroli disease and congenital hepatic fibrosis) and cystic fibrosis-related liver disease. In particular, knowledge on the role of Notch signalling in biliary repair and tubulogenesis has been advanced by work on Alagille syndrome, and investigations in polycystic liver diseases have highlighted the role of primary cilia in biliary pathophysiology and the concept of biliary angiogenic signalling and its role in cyst growth and biliary repair. In fibropolycystic liver disease, research has shown that loss of fibrocystin generates a signalling cascade that increases β-catenin signalling, activates the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome, and promotes production of IL-1β and other chemokines that attract macrophages and orchestrate the process of pericystic and portal fibrosis, which are the main mechanisms of progression in cholangiopathies. In cystic fibrosis-related liver disease, lack of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator increases the sensitivity of epithelial Toll-like receptor 4 that sustains the secretion of nuclear factor-κB-dependent cytokines and peribiliary inflammation in response to gut-derived products, providing a model for primary sclerosing cholangitis. These signalling mechanisms may be targeted therapeutically and they offer a possibility for the development of novel treatments for acquired cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fabris
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Zhang D, Liu Y, Cui Y, Cui S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) mediates the LH-induced stimulation of progesterone synthesis in the porcine corpus luteum. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:1444-1456. [PMID: 31039922 DOI: 10.1071/rd18478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) synthesized by the corpus luteum (CL) plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. The LH signal is important for luteinisation and P4 synthesis in pigs. In a previous study, we demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) regulates P4 synthesis in mouse CL, but whether the function and mechanism of MAP3K8 in the pig is similar to that in the mouse is not known. Thus, in the present study we investigated the effects of MAP3K8 on porcine CL. Abundant expression of MAP3K8 was detected in porcine CL, and, in pigs, MAP3K8 expression was higher in mature CLs (or those of the mid-luteal phase) than in regressing CLs (late luteal phase). Further functional studies in cultured porcine luteal cells showed that P4 synthesis and the expression of genes encoding the key enzymes in P4 synthesis are significantly reduced when MAP3K8 is inhibited with the MAP3K8 inhibitor Tpl2 kinase inhibitor (MAP3K8i, 10μM). After 12-24h treatment of luteal cells with 100ngmL-1 LH, MAP3K8 expression and P4 secretion were significantly upregulated. In addition, the 10μM MAP3K8 inhibitor blocked the stimulatory effect of LH on P4 synthesis and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation in porcine luteal cells. The LH-induced increases in MAP3K8 phosphorylation and expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and P4 synthesis were all blocked when protein kinase A was inhibited by its inhibitor H89 (20 μM) in porcine luteal cells. In conclusion, MAP3K8 mediates the LH-induced stimulation of P4 synthesis through the PKA/mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway in porcine CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - Yan Cui
- The 306th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100101, PR China; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
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Torsello B, De Marco S, Bombelli S, Chisci E, Cassina V, Corti R, Bernasconi D, Giovannoni R, Bianchi C, Perego RA. The 1ALCTL and 1BLCTL isoforms of Arg/Abl2 induce fibroblast activation and extra cellular matrix remodelling differently. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038554. [PMID: 30837227 PMCID: PMC6451347 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrotic tissue and the stroma adjacent to cancer cells are characterised by the presence of activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) which play a role in creating a supportive tissue characterised by abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion. The myofibroblasts remodel this tissue through secreted molecules and modulation of their cytoskeleton and specialized contractile structures. The non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase Arg (also called Abl2) has the unique ability to bind directly to the actin cytoskeleton, transducing diverse extracellular signals into cytoskeletal rearrangements. In this study we analysed the 1ALCTL and 1BLCTL Arg isoforms in Arg−/− murine embryonal fibroblasts (MEF) cell line, focusing on their capacity to activate fibroblasts and to remodel ECM. The results obtained showed that Arg isoform 1BLCTL has a major role in proliferation, migration/invasion of MEF and in inducing a milieu able to modulate tumour cell morphology, while 1ALCTL isoform has a role in MEF adhesion maintaining active focal adhesions. On the whole, the presence of Arg in MEF supports the proliferation, activation, adhesion, ECM contraction and stiffness, while the absence of Arg affected these myofibroblast features. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Arg and its isoforms modulate the extra cellular matrix production that is relevant in fibrosis and tumour growth, this may open future novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Torsello
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Sofia De Marco
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Bombelli
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa Chisci
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Valeria Cassina
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Corti
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.,Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Bernasconi
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Giovannoni
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Bianchi
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto A Perego
- School of Medicine & Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
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20
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Hosseinzadeh F, Verdi J, Ai J, Hajighasemlou S, Seyhoun I, Parvizpour F, Hosseinzadeh F, Iranikhah A, Shirian S. Combinational immune-cell therapy of natural killer cells and sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:133. [PMID: 30214375 PMCID: PMC6131874 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and typically poor prognosis of this disease that lead to late stage diagnosis when potentially curative therapies are least effective; therefore, development of an effective and systematic treatment is an urgent requirement. Main body In this review, several current treatments for HCC patients and their advantages or disadvantages were summarized. Moreover, various recent preclinical and clinical studies about the performances of "two efficient agents, sorafenib or natural killer (NK) cells", against HCC cells were investigated. In addition, the focus this review was on the chemo-immunotherapy approach, correlation between sorafenib and NK cells and their effects on the performance of each other for better suppression of HCC. Conclusion It was concluded that combinational therapy with sorafenib and NK cells might improve the outcome of applied therapeutic approaches for HCC patients. Finally, it was also concluded that interaction between sorafenib and NK cells is dose and time dependent, therefore, a careful dose and time optimizing is necessary for development of a combinational immune-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Hosseinzadeh
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saieh Hajighasemlou
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Seyhoun
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frzad Parvizpour
- 1Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abolfazl Iranikhah
- 4Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- 5Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.,6Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr. Daneshbod Lab, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Autophagic cell death associated to Sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma is mediated through Akt inhibition in an ERK1/2 independent fashion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200878. [PMID: 30048489 PMCID: PMC6062059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To fully clarify the role of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase in the therapeutic response to Sorafenib in Renal Cell Carcinoma as well as the cell death mechanism associated to this kinase inhibitor, we have evaluated the implication of several Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases in Renal Cell Carcinoma-derived cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental model of Renal Cell Carcinoma-derived cell lines (ACHN and 786-O cells) was evaluated in terms of viability by MTT assay, induction of apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activity, autophagy induction by LC3 lipidation, and p62 degradation and kinase activity using phospho-targeted antibodies. Knock down of ATG5 and ERK5 was performed using lentiviral vector coding specific shRNA. RESULTS Our data discard Extracellular Regulated Kinase 1/2 and 5 as well as p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase pathways as mediators of Sorafenib toxic effect but instead indicate that the inhibitory effect is exerted through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of Akt mediates cell death associated to Sorafenib without caspase activation, and this is consistent with the induction of autophagy, as indicated by the use of pharmacological and genetic approaches. CONCLUSION The present report demonstrates that Sorafenib exerts its toxic effect through the induction of autophagy in an Akt-dependent fashion without the implication of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase. Therefore, our data discard the use of inhibitors of the RAF-MEK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway in RCC and support the use of pro-autophagic compounds, opening new therapeutic opportunities for Renal Cell Carcinoma.
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22
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Trampert DC, Nathanson MH. Regulation of bile secretion by calcium signaling in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1761-1770. [PMID: 29787781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling controls secretion in many types of cells and tissues. In the liver, Ca2+ regulates secretion in both hepatocytes, which are responsible for primary formation of bile, and cholangiocytes, which line the biliary tree and further condition the bile before it is secreted. Cholestatic liver diseases, which are characterized by impaired bile secretion, may result from impaired Ca2+ signaling mechanisms in either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. This review will discuss the Ca2+ signaling machinery and mechanisms responsible for regulation of secretion in both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and the pathophysiological changes in Ca2+ signaling that can occur in each of these cell types to result in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Trampert
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA
| | - Michael H Nathanson
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
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Lohmeyer J, Nerreter T, Dotterweich J, Einsele H, Seggewiss-Bernhardt R. Sorafenib paradoxically activates the RAS/RAF/ERK pathway in polyclonal human NK cells during expansion and thereby enhances effector functions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:64-72. [PMID: 29573266 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a major role in host immunity against leukaemia and lymphoma. However, clinical trials applying NK cells have not been as efficient as hoped for. Patients treated with rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) inhibitors exhibit increased tumour infiltration by immune cells, suggesting that a combination of RAF inhibitors with immunotherapy might be beneficial. As mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (CRAF) regulate NK cell functions, we performed an in-vitro investigation on the potential of clinically relevant short-acting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as potential adjuvants for NK cell therapy: NK cells from healthy human blood donors were thus treated with sorafenib, sunitinib or the pan-RAF inhibitor ZM336372 during ex-vivo expansion. Functional outcomes assessed after washout of the drugs included cytokine production, degranulation, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction and signal transduction with/without target cell contact. Paradoxically, sorafenib enhanced NK cell effector functions in a time- and dose-dependent manner by raising the steady-state activation level. Of note, this did not lead to NK cell exhaustion, but enhanced activity against target cells such as K562 or Daudis mediated via the RAS/RAF/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, but not via protein kinase B (AKT). Our data will pave the path to develop a rationale for the considered use of RAF inhibitors such as sorafenib for pre-activation in NK cell-based adoptive immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lohmeyer
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Nerreter
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Dotterweich
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Einsele
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R Seggewiss-Bernhardt
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Masyuk TV, Masyuk AI, LaRusso NF. Therapeutic Targets in Polycystic Liver Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:950-957. [PMID: 25915482 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150427161743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PLD) are a group of genetic disorders initiated by mutations in several PLD-related genes and characterized by the presence of multiple cholangiocyte-derived hepatic cysts that progressively replace liver tissue. PLD co-exists with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and Autosomal Recessive PKD as well as occurs alone (i.e., Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease [ADPLD]). PLD associated with ADPKD and ARPKD belong to a group of disorders known as cholangiociliopathies since many disease-causative and disease-related proteins are expressed in primary cilia of cholangiocytes. Aberrant expression of these proteins in primary cilia affects their structures and functions promoting cystogenesis. Current medical therapies for PLD include symptomatic management and surgical interventions. To date, the only available drug treatment for PLD patients that halt disease progression and improve quality of life are somatostatin analogs. However, the modest clinical benefits, need for long-term maintenance therapy, and the high cost of treatment justify the necessity for more effective treatment options. Substantial evidence suggests that experimental manipulations with components of the signaling pathways that influence cyst development (e.g., cAMP, intracellular calcium, receptor tyrosine kinase, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) channel, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), histone deacetylase (HDAC6), Cdc25A phosphatase, miRNAs and metalloproteinases) attenuate growth of hepatic cysts. Many of these targets have been evaluated in pre-clinical trials suggesting their value as potential new therapies. This review outlines the current clinical and preclinical treatment strategies for PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota, MN 55905, United States
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Lorenzo Pisarello M, Masyuk TV, Gradilone SA, Masyuk AI, Ding JF, Lee PY, LaRusso NF. Combination of a Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor and a Somatostatin Receptor Agonist Synergistically Reduces Hepatorenal Cystogenesis in an Animal Model of Polycystic Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:981-994. [PMID: 29366679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic cystogenesis in polycystic liver disease (PLD) is associated with abnormalities in multiple cellular processes, including elevated cAMP and overexpression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Disease progression in polycystic kidney (PCK) rats (an animal model of PLD) is attenuated by inhibition of either cAMP production or HDAC6. Therefore, we hypothesized that concurrent targeting of HDAC6 and cAMP would synergistically reduce cyst growth. Changes in hepatorenal cystogenesis were examined in PCK rats treated with a pan-HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat; three specific HDAC6 inhibitors, ACY-1215, ACY-738, and ACY-241; and a combination of ACY-1215 and the somatostatin receptor analogue, pasireotide. We also assessed effects of ACY-1215 and pasireotide alone and in combination on cell proliferation, cAMP production, and expression of acetylated α-tubulin in vitro in cultured cholangiocytes and the length of primary cilia and the frequency of ciliated cholangiocytes in vivo in PCK rats. Panobinostat and all three HDAC6 inhibitors decreased hepatorenal cystogenesis in PCK rats. ACY-1215 was more effective than other HDAC inhibitors and was chosen for combinational treatment. ACY-1215 + pasireotide combination synergistically reduced cyst growth and increased length of primary cilia in PCK rats. In cultured cystic cholangiocytes, ACY-1215 + pasireotide combination concurrently decreased cell proliferation and inhibited cAMP levels. These data suggest that the combination of drugs that inhibit HDAC6 and cAMP may be an effective therapy for PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Jingyi F Ding
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | - Pui-Yuen Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
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Cawrse BM, Lapidus RS, Cooper B, Choi EY, Seley-Radtke KL. Anticancer Properties of Halogenated Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines with Decreased Toxicity via N5 Substitution. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:178-185. [PMID: 29193845 PMCID: PMC5912934 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogues have shown antiproliferative activity in recent studies, with cell accumulation occurring in the G2 /M stage without apoptosis. However, the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of these compounds has yet to be determined. To investigate the PK profile of these compounds, a series of halogenated pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine compounds was synthesized and first tested for activity in various cancer cell lines followed by a mouse model. EC50 values ranged from 0.014 to 14.5 μm, and maximum tolerated doses (MTD) in mice were between 5 and 10 mg kg-1 . This indicates a wide variance in activity and toxicity that necessitates further study. To decrease toxicity, a second series of compounds was synthesized with N5-alkyl substitutions in an effort to slow the rate of metabolism, which was thought to be leading to the toxicity. The N-substituted compounds demonstrated comparable cell line activity (EC50 values between 0.83-7.3 μm) with significantly decreased toxicity (MTD=40 mg kg-1 ). Finally, the PK profile of the active N5-substituted compound shows a plasma half-life of 32.7 minutes, and rapid conversion into the parent unsubstituted analogue. Together, these data indicate that halogenated pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines present a promising lead into potent antiproliferative agents with tunable activity and toxicity, and rapid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Cawrse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Rena S Lapidus
- Translational Laboratory Shared Service, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brandon Cooper
- Translational Laboratory Shared Service, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Eun Yong Choi
- Translational Laboratory Shared Service, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
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Li X, Liu RZ, Zeng Q, Huang ZH, Zhang JD, Liu ZL, Zeng J, Xiao H. 3'-Daidzein sulfonate sodium protects against memory impairment and hippocampal damage caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1561-1567. [PMID: 30127116 PMCID: PMC6126135 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.237119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
3′-Daidzein sulfonate sodium (DSS) is a new synthetic water-soluble compound derived from daidzein, a soya isoflavone that plays regulatory roles in neurobiology. In this study, we hypothesized that the regulatory role of DSS in neurobiology exhibits therapeutic effects on hippocampal damage and memory impairment. To validate this hypothesis, we established rat models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) by the permanent occlusion of the common carotid arteries using the two-vessel occlusion method. Three weeks after modeling, rat models were intragastrically administered 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg DSS, once a day, for 5 successive weeks. The Morris water maze test was performed to investigate CCH-induced learning and memory deficits. TUNEL assay was used to analyze apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1, CA3 regions and dentate gyrus. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the morphology of neurons in the hippocampal CA1, CA3 regions and dentate gyrus. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the phosphorylation of PKA, ERK1/2 and CREB in the hippocampal PKA/ERK1/2/CREB signaling pathway. Results showed that DSS treatment greatly improved the learning and memory deficits of rats with CCH, reduced apoptosis of neurons in the hippocampal CA1, CA3 regions and dentate gyrus, and increased the phosphorylation of PKA, ERK1/2, and CREB in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that DSS protects against CCH-induced memory impairment and hippocampal damage possibly through activating the PKA/ERK1/2/CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Rui-Zhen Liu
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Huang
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | | | - Zong-Liang Liu
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
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Jensen BC, Parry TL, Huang W, Beak JY, Ilaiwy A, Bain JR, Newgard CB, Muehlbauer MJ, Patterson C, Johnson GL, Willis MS. Effects of the kinase inhibitor sorafenib on heart, muscle, liver and plasma metabolism in vivo using non-targeted metabolomics analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4797-4811. [PMID: 28977680 PMCID: PMC5727336 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The human kinome consists of roughly 500 kinases, including 150 that have been proposed as therapeutic targets. Protein kinases regulate an array of signalling pathways that control metabolism, cell cycle progression, cell death, differentiation and survival. It is not surprising, then, that new kinase inhibitors developed to treat cancer, including sorafenib, also exhibit cardiotoxicity. We hypothesized that sorafenib cardiotoxicity is related to its deleterious effects on specific cardiac metabolic pathways given the critical roles of protein kinases in cardiac metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH FVB/N mice (10 per group) were challenged with sorafenib or vehicle control daily for 2 weeks. Echocardiographic assessment of the heart identified systolic dysfunction consistent with cardiotoxicity in sorafenib-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated controls. Heart, skeletal muscle, liver and plasma were flash frozen and prepped for non-targeted GC-MS metabolomics analysis. KEY RESULTS Compared to vehicle-treated controls, sorafenib-treated hearts exhibited significant alterations in 11 metabolites, including markedly altered taurine/hypotaurine metabolism (25-fold enrichment), identified by pathway enrichment analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These studies identified alterations in taurine/hypotaurine metabolism in the hearts and skeletal muscles of mice treated with sorafenib. Interventions that rescue or prevent these sorafenib-induced changes, such as taurine supplementation, may be helpful in attenuating sorafenib-induced cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Jensen
- McAllister Heart InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Cardiology University of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Wei Huang
- McAllister Heart InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Ju Youn Beak
- McAllister Heart InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Amro Ilaiwy
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - James R Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Michael J Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Cam Patterson
- Presbyterian Hospital/Weill‐Cornell Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
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Jiang L, Sun L, Edwards G, Manley M, Wallace DP, Septer S, Manohar C, Pritchard MT, Apte U. Increased YAP Activation Is Associated With Hepatic Cyst Epithelial Cell Proliferation in ARPKD/CHF. Gene Expr 2017; 17:313-326. [PMID: 28915934 PMCID: PMC5705408 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15034976037343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease/congenital hepatic fibrosis (ARPKD/CHF) is a rare but fatal genetic disease characterized by progressive cyst development in the kidneys and liver. Liver cysts arise from aberrantly proliferative cholangiocytes accompanied by pericystic fibrosis and inflammation. Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is implicated in human hepatic malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatoblastoma, but its role in hepatic cystogenesis in ARPKD/CHF is unknown. We studied the role of the YAP in hepatic cyst development using polycystic kidney (PCK) rats, an orthologous model of ARPKD, and in human ARPKD/CHF patients. The liver cyst wall epithelial cells (CWECs) in PCK rats were highly proliferative and exhibited expression of YAP. There was increased expression of YAP target genes, Ccnd1 (cyclin D1) and Ctgf (connective tissue growth factor), in PCK rat livers. Extensive expression of YAP and its target genes was also detected in human ARPKD/CHF liver samples. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of YAP activity with verteporfin and short hairpin (sh) RNA-mediated knockdown of YAP expression in isolated liver CWECs significantly reduced their proliferation. These data indicate that increased YAP activity, possibly through dysregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway, is associated with hepatic cyst growth in ARPKD/CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lina Sun
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Genea Edwards
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michael Manley
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Darren P. Wallace
- †Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- ‡The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Seth Septer
- §Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Chirag Manohar
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michele T. Pritchard
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- ‡The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- ‡The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Animal models of biliary injury and altered bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1254-1261. [PMID: 28709963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last 25years, a number of animal models, mainly rodents, have been generated with the goal to mimic cholestatic liver injuries and, thus, to provide in vivo tools to investigate the mechanisms of biliary repair and, eventually, to test the efficacy of innovative treatments. Despite fundamental limitations applying to these models, such as the distinct immune system and the different metabolism regulating liver homeostasis in rodents when compared to humans, multiple approaches, such as surgery (bile duct ligation), chemical-induced (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, DDC, α-naphthylisothiocyanate, ANIT), viral infections (Rhesus rotavirustype A, RRV-A), and genetic manipulation (Mdr2, Cftr, Pkd1, Pkd2, Prkcsh, Sec63, Pkhd1) have been developed. Overall, they have led to a range of liver phenotypes recapitulating the main features of biliary injury and altered bile acid metabolisms, such as ductular reaction, peribiliary inflammation and fibrosis, obstructive cholestasis and biliary dysgenesis. Although with a limited translability to the human setting, these mouse models have provided us with the ability to probe over time the fundamental mechanisms promoting cholestatic disease progression. Moreover, recent studies from genetically engineered mice have unveiled 'core' pathways that make the cholangiocyte a pivotal player in liver repair. In this review, we will highlight the main phenotypic features, the more interesting peculiarities and the different drawbacks of these mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Spirli C, Mariotti V, Villani A, Fabris L, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Adenylyl cyclase 5 links changes in calcium homeostasis to cAMP-dependent cyst growth in polycystic liver disease. J Hepatol 2017; 66:571-580. [PMID: 27826057 PMCID: PMC5316496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genetic defects in polycystin-1 or -2 (PC1 or PC2) cause polycystic liver disease associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PLD-ADPKD). Progressive cyst growth is sustained by a cAMP-dependent Ras/ERK/HIFα pathway, leading to increased vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) signaling. In PC2-defective cholangiocytes, cAMP production in response to [Ca2+]ER depletion is increased, while store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), intracellular and endoplasmic reticulum [Ca2+]ER levels are reduced. We investigated whether the adenylyl cyclases, AC5 and AC6, which can be inhibited by Ca2+, are activated by the ER chaperone STIM1. This would result in cAMP/PKA-dependent Ras/ERK/HIFα pathway activation in PC2-defective cells, in response to [Ca2+]ER depletion. METHODS PC2/AC6 double conditional knockout (KO) mice were generated (Pkd2/AC6 KO) and compared to Pkd2 KO mice. The AC5 inhibitor SQ22,536 or AC5 siRNA were used in isolated cholangiocytes while the inhibitor was used in biliary organoid and animals; liver tissues were harvested for histochemical analysis. RESULTS When comparing Pkd2/AC6 KO to Pkd2 KO mice, no decrease in liver cyst size was found, and cellular cAMP after [Ca2+]ER depletion only decreased by 12%. Conversely, in PC2-defective cells, inhibition of AC5 significantly reduced cAMP production, pERK1/2 expression and VEGF-A secretion. AC5 inhibitors significantly reduced growth of biliary organoids derived from Pkd2 KO and Pkd2/AC6 KO mice. In vivo treatment with SQ22,536 significantly reduced liver cystic area and cell proliferation in PC2-defective mice. After [Ca2+]ER depletion in PC2-defective cells, STIM1 interacts with AC5 but not with Orai1, the Ca2+ channel that mediates SOCE. CONCLUSION [Ca2+]ER depletion in PC2-defective cells activates AC5 and results in stimulation of cAMP/ERK1-2 signaling, VEGF production and cyst growth. This mechanism may represent a novel therapeutic target. LAY SUMMARY Polycystic liver diseases are characterized by progressive cyst growth until their complications mandate surgery or liver transplantation. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that inhibiting cell proliferation, which is induced by increased levels of cAMP, may represent a novel therapeutic target to slow the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Spirli
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Section of Digestive Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Villani
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Digestive Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Papaioannou G, Petit ET, Liu ES, Baccarini M, Pritchard C, Demay MB. Raf Kinases Are Essential for Phosphate Induction of ERK1/2 Phosphorylation in Hypertrophic Chondrocytes and Normal Endochondral Bone Development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3164-3171. [PMID: 28073913 PMCID: PMC5336153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypophosphatemia causes rickets by impairing hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis. Phosphate induction of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 phosphorylation in hypertrophic chondrocytes is required for phosphate-mediated apoptosis and growth plate maturation. MEK1/2 can be activated by numerous molecules including Raf isoforms. A- and B-Raf ablation in chondrocytes does not alter skeletal development, whereas ablation of C-Raf decreases hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis and impairs vascularization of the growth plate. However, ablation of C-Raf does not impair phosphate-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in vitro, but leads to rickets by decreasing VEGF protein stability. To determine whether Raf isoforms are required for phosphate-induced hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis, mice lacking all three Raf isoforms in chondrocytes were generated. Raf deletion caused neonatal death and a significant expansion of the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer of the growth plate, accompanied by decreased cleaved caspase-9. This was associated with decreased phospho-ERK1/2 immunoreactivity in the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer and impaired vascular invasion. These data further demonstrated that Raf kinases are required for phosphate-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cultured hypertrophic chondrocytes and perform essential, but partially redundant roles in growth plate maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfallia Papaioannou
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Elizabeth T Petit
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eva S Liu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center of Molecular Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Doktor-Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Marie B Demay
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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Vasopressin regulates the growth of the biliary epithelium in polycystic liver disease. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1147-1155. [PMID: 27571215 PMCID: PMC5480400 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts by three distinct receptor subtypes: V1a, V1b, and V2. In the liver, AVP is involved in ureogenesis, glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis and regeneration. No data exist about the presence of AVP in the biliary epithelium. Cholangiocytes are the target cells in a number of animal models of cholestasis, including bile duct ligation (BDL), and in several human pathologies, such as polycystic liver disease characterized by the presence of cysts that bud from the biliary epithelium. In vivo, liver fragments from normal and BDL mice and rats as well as liver samples from normal and ADPKD patients were collected to evaluate: (i) intrahepatic bile duct mass by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin-19; and (ii) expression of V1a, V1b and V2 by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. In vitro, small and large mouse cholangiocytes, H69 (non-malignant human cholangiocytes) and LCDE (human cholangiocytes from the cystic epithelium) were stimulated with vasopressin in the absence/presence of AVP antagonists such as OPC-31260 and Tolvaptan, before assessing cellular growth by MTT assay and cAMP levels. Cholangiocytes express V2 receptor that was upregulated following BDL and in ADPKD liver samples. Administration of AVP increased proliferation and cAMP levels of small cholangiocytes and LCDE cells. We found no effect in the proliferation of large mouse cholangiocytes and H69 cells. Increases were blocked by preincubation with the AVP antagonists. These results showed that AVP and its receptors may be important in the modulation of the proliferation rate of the biliary epithelium.
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Wu Y, Xu JX, El-Jouni W, Lu T, Li S, Wang Q, Tran M, Yu W, Wu M, Barrera IE, Bonventre JV, Zhou J, Denker BM, Kong T. Gα12 is required for renal cystogenesis induced by Pkd1 inactivation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3675-3684. [PMID: 27505895 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of PKD1, encoding the protein polycystin-1 (PC1), is the main cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The signaling pathways downstream of PC1 in ADPKD are still not fully understood. Here, we provide genetic evidence for the necessity of Gα12 (encoded by Gna12, hereafter Gα12) for renal cystogenesis induced by Pkd1 knockout. There was no phenotype in mice with deletion of Gα12 (Gα12-/-). Polyinosine-polycytosine (pI:pC)-induced deletion of Pkd1 (Mx1Cre+Pkd1f/fGα12+/+) in 1-week-old mice resulted in multiple kidney cysts by 9 weeks, but the mice with double knockout of Pkd1 and Gα12 (Mx1Cre+Pkd1f/fGα12-/-) had no structural and functional abnormalities in the kidneys. These mice could survive more than one year without kidney abnormalities except multiple hepatic cysts in some mice, which indicates that the effect of Gα12 on cystogenesis is kidney specific. Furthermore, Pkd1 knockout promoted Gα12 activation, which subsequently decreased cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion by affecting the function of focal adhesion and E-cadherin, respectively. Our results demonstrate that Gα12 is required for the development of kidney cysts induced by Pkd1 mutation in mouse ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jen X Xu
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wassim El-Jouni
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tzongshi Lu
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suyan Li
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qingyi Wang
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mei Tran
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wanfeng Yu
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maoqing Wu
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan E Barrera
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradley M Denker
- Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tianqing Kong
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Validation of Effective Therapeutic Targets for ADPKD Using Animal Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 933:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-2041-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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You B, Yang YL, Xu Z, Dai Y, Liu S, Mao JH, Tetsu O, Li H, Jablons DM, You L. Inhibition of ERK1/2 down-regulates the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in human NSCLC cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4357-68. [PMID: 25738359 PMCID: PMC4414195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the EGFR/ERK and Hippo/YAP pathway have been found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we show that ERK1 and ERK2 have an effect on the Hippo/YAP pathway in human NSCLC cells. Firstly, inhibition of ERK1/2 by siRNA or small-molecular inhibitors decreased the YAP protein level, the reporter activity of the Hippo pathway, and the mRNA levels of the Hippo downstream genes, CTGF, Gli2, and BIRC5. Secondly, degradation of YAP protein was accelerated after ERK1/2 depletion in NSCLC cell lines, in which YAP mRNA level was not decreased. Thirdly, forced over-expression of the ERK2 gene rescued the YAP protein level and Hippo reporter activity after siRNA knockdown targeting 3′UTR of the ERK2 gene in NSCLC cells. Fourthly, depletion of ERK1/2 reduced the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Combined depletion of ERK1/2 had a greater effect on cell migration than depletion of either one separately. Finally, the MEK1/2 inhibitor Trametinib decreased YAP protein level and transcriptional activity of the Hippo pathway in NSCLC cell lines. Our results suggest that ERK1/2 inhibition participates in reducing YAP protein level, which in turn down-regulates expression of the downstream genes of the Hippo pathway to suppress migration and invasion of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuyuan Dai
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Osamu Tetsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Spirli C, Villani A, Mariotti V, Fabris L, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Posttranslational regulation of polycystin-2 protein expression as a novel mechanism of cholangiocyte reaction and repair from biliary damage. Hepatology 2015; 62:1828-39. [PMID: 26313562 PMCID: PMC4681612 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polycystin-2 (PC2 or TRPPC2), a member of the transient receptor potential channel family, is a nonselective calcium channel. Mutations in PC2 are associated with polycystic liver diseases. PC2-defective cholangiocytes show increased production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A-dependent activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, and stimulation of cyst growth and progression. Activation of the ERK/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway in cholangiocytes plays a key role during repair from biliary damage. We hypothesized that PC2 levels are modulated during biliary damage/repair, resulting in activation of the ERK/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. PC2 protein expression, but not its gene expression, was significantly reduced in mouse livers with biliary damage (Mdr2(-/-) knockout, bile duct ligation, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine treatment). Treatment of cholangiocytes with proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide donors, and endoplasmic reticulum stressors increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, HIF-1α transcriptional activity, secretion of VEGF, and VEGF receptor type 2 phosphorylation and down-regulated PC2 protein expression without affecting PC2 gene expression. Expression of homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 protein and NEK, ubiquitin-like proteins that promote proteosomal PC2 degradation, was increased. Pretreatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 restored the expression of PC2 in cells treated with cytokines but not in cells treated with nitric oxide donors or with endoplasmic reticulum stressors. In these conditions, PC2 degradation was instead inhibited by interfering with the autophagy pathway. Treatment of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine mice and of Mdr2(-/-) mice with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib restored PC2 expression and significantly reduced the ductular reaction, fibrosis, and phosphorylated ERK1/2. CONCLUSION In response to biliary damage, PC2 expression is modulated posttranslationally by the proteasome or the autophagy pathway, and PC2 down-regulation is associated with activation of ERK1/2 and an increase of HIF-1α-mediated VEGF secretion; treatments able to restore PC2 expression and to reduce ductular reaction and fibrosis may represent a new therapeutic approach in biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Spirli
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ambra Villani
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Kahramancetin N, Tihan T. Aggressive behavior and anaplasia in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a plea for a revision of the current WHO classification. CNS Oncol 2015; 2:523-30. [PMID: 25054822 DOI: 10.2217/cns.13.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare astrocytic neoplasm that commonly affects children and young adults, and presents with seizures. PXA is typically supratentorial with a predilection to the temporal lobe, and often involves the cortex and the meninges. PXAs have a favorable prognosis with a 10-year survival probability of >70%, and are WHO grade II neoplasms. Recent observations and studies demonstrate that PXAs are clinically, histologically and genetically distinct. Some PXAs recur and exhibit aggressive clinical behavior. In such cases, certain histological and clinical factors could account for the aggressive behavior. However, the histological features that predict adverse outcome are poorly defined. In the current WHO classification of CNS tumors, there is no option for a high-grade PXA, even if the tumor had numerous recurrences and poor outcome. In this review, we focus on aggressive clinical behavior and anaplasia in PXA, and discuss how our current experience suggests modifications in the current WHO classification. We also review recent discoveries on the molecular characteristics of PXA that could help us better understand their biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesibe Kahramancetin
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases are genetic disorders characterized by progressive bile duct dilatation and/or cyst development. The large volume of hepatic cysts causes different symptoms and complications such as abdominal distension, local pressure with back pain, hypertension, gastro-oesophageal reflux and dyspnea as well as bleeding, infection and rupture of the cysts. Current therapeutic strategies are based on surgical procedures and pharmacological management, which partially prevent or ameliorate the disease. However, as these treatments only show short-term and/or modest beneficial effects, liver transplantation is the only definitive therapy. Therefore, interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis is increasing so that new targets for therapy can be identified. In this Review, the genetic mechanisms underlying polycystic liver diseases and the most relevant molecular pathways of hepatic cystogenesis are discussed. Moreover, the main clinical and preclinical studies are highlighted and future directions in basic as well as clinical research are indicated.
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40
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Bolondi L, Craxi A, Trevisani F, Daniele B, Di Costanzo GG, Fagiuoli S, Cammà C, Bruzzi P, Danesi R, Spandonaro F, Boni C, Santoro A, Colombo M. Refining sorafenib therapy: lessons from clinical practice. Future Oncol 2014; 11:449-65. [PMID: 25360997 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the best use of sorafenib is essential in order to maximize clinical benefit in hepatocellular carcinoma. Based on Phase III and noninterventional study data, as well as our extensive experience, we discuss dose modification in order to manage adverse events, disease response evaluation and how to maximize treatment benefit. Sorafenib should be initiated at the approved dose (400 mg twice daily) and reduced/interrupted as appropriate in order to manage adverse events. Dose modification should be considered before discontinuation. Appropriate tumor response assessment is critical. Focusing on radiologic response may result in premature sorafenib discontinuation; symptomatic progression should also be considered. If second-line therapies or trials are unavailable, continuing sorafenib beyond radiologic progression may provide a clinical benefit. Our recommendations enable the maximization of treatment duration, and hence clinical benefit, for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bolondi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Mediero A, Perez-Aso M, Cronstein BN. Activation of adenosine A(2A) receptor reduces osteoclast formation via PKA- and ERK1/2-mediated suppression of NFκB nuclear translocation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1372-88. [PMID: 23647065 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We previously reported that adenosine, acting at adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R), inhibits osteoclast (OC) differentiation in vitro (A(2A)R activation OC formation reduces by half) and in vivo. For a better understanding how adenosine A(2A)R stimulation regulates OC differentiation, we dissected the signalling pathways involved in A(2A)R signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH OC differentiation was studied as TRAP+ multinucleated cells following M-CSF/RANKL stimulation of either primary murine bone marrow cells or the murine macrophage line, RAW264.7, in presence/absence of the A(2A)R agonist CGS21680, the A(2A)R antagonist ZM241385, PKA activators (8-Cl-cAMP 100 nM, 6-Bnz-cAMP) and the PKA inhibitor (PKI). cAMP was quantitated by EIA and PKA activity assays were carried out. Signalling events were studied in PKA knockdown (lentiviral shRNA for PKA) RAW264.7 cells (scrambled shRNA as control). OC marker expression was studied by RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS A(2A)R stimulation increased cAMP and PKA activity which and were reversed by addition of ZM241385. The direct PKA stimuli 8-Cl-cAMP and 6-Bnz-cAMP inhibited OC maturation whereas PKI increased OC differentiation. A(2A)R stimulation inhibited p50/p105 NFκB nuclear translocation in control but not in PKA KO cells. A(2A)R stimulation activated ERK1/2 by a PKA-dependent mechanism, an effect reversed by ZM241385, but not p38 and JNK activation. A(2A)R stimulation inhibited OC expression of differentiation markers by a PKA-mechanism. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A(2A)R activation inhibits OC differentiation and regulates bone turnover via PKA-dependent inhibition of NFκB nuclear translocation, suggesting a mechanism by which adenosine could target bone destruction in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Mediero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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42
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Abou-Alfa GK. Sorafenib use in hepatocellular carcinoma: more questions than answers. Hepatology 2014; 60:15-8. [PMID: 24493250 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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43
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Harris PC, Torres VE. Genetic mechanisms and signaling pathways in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2315-24. [PMID: 24892705 DOI: 10.1172/jci72272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in defining the genetic mechanisms of disease causation and modification in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) have helped to explain some extreme disease manifestations and other phenotypic variability. Studies of the ADPKD proteins, polycystin-1 and -2, and the development and characterization of animal models that better mimic the human disease, have also helped us to understand pathogenesis and facilitated treatment evaluation. In addition, an improved understanding of aberrant downstream pathways in ADPKD, such as proliferation/secretion-related signaling, energy metabolism, and activated macrophages, in which cAMP and calcium changes may play a role, is leading to the identification of therapeutic targets. Finally, results from recent and ongoing preclinical and clinical trials are greatly improving the prospects for available, effective ADPKD treatments.
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Karajannis MA, Legault G, Fisher MJ, Milla SS, Cohen KJ, Wisoff JH, Harter DH, Goldberg JD, Hochman T, Merkelson A, Bloom MC, Sievert AJ, Resnick AC, Dhall G, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Eberhart CG, Zagzag D, Allen JC. Phase II study of sorafenib in children with recurrent or progressive low-grade astrocytomas. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1408-16. [PMID: 24803676 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is thought to be the key driver of pediatric low-grade astrocytoma (PLGA) growth. Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor targeting BRAF, VEGFR, PDGFR, and c-kit. This multicenter phase II study was conducted to determine the response rate to sorafenib in patients with recurrent or progressive PLGA. METHODS Key eligibility criteria included age ≥ 2 years, progressive PLGA evaluable on MRI, and at least one prior chemotherapy treatment. Sorafenib was administered twice daily at 200 mg/m(2)/dose (maximum of 400 mg/dose) in continuous 28-day cycles. MRI, including 3-dimensional volumetric tumor analysis, was performed every 12 weeks. BRAF molecular testing was performed on tumor tissue when available. RESULTS Eleven patients, including 3 with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), were evaluable for response; 5 tested positive for BRAF duplication. Nine patients (82%) came off trial due to radiological tumor progression after 2 or 3 cycles, including 3 patients with confirmed BRAF duplication. Median time to progression was 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.1-31.0 months). Enrollment was terminated early due to this rapid and unexpectedly high progression rate. Tumor tissue obtained from 4 patients after termination of the study showed viable pilocytic or pilomyxoid astrocytoma. CONCLUSIONS Sorafenib produced unexpected and unprecedented acceleration of tumor growth in children with PLGA, irrespective of NF1 or tumor BRAF status. In vitro studies with sorafenib indicate that this effect is likely related to paradoxical ERK activation. Close monitoring for early tumor progression should be included in trials of novel agents that modulate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A Karajannis
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Geneviève Legault
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Michael J Fisher
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Sarah S Milla
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Kenneth J Cohen
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Jeffrey H Wisoff
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - David H Harter
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Judith D Goldberg
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Tsivia Hochman
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Amanda Merkelson
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Michael C Bloom
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Angela J Sievert
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Adam C Resnick
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Girish Dhall
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - David T W Jones
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - David Zagzag
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
| | - Jeffrey C Allen
- NYU Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (M.A.K., G.L., A.M., J.C.A.); Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.J.F., A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (S.S.M., M.C.B.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (K.J.C.); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.H.W., D.H.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health and The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (J.D.G., T.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.C.R); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (D.T.W.J., A.K., S.M.P.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (C.G.E.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York (D.Z.)
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Chang MY, Ong ACM. New treatments for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 76:524-35. [PMID: 23594398 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and results from mutations in PKD1 or PKD2. Cyst initiation and expansion arise from a combination of abnormal cell proliferation, fluid secretion and extracellular matrix defects and results in kidney enlargement and interstitial fibrosis. Since its first description over 200 years ago, ADPKD has been considered an untreatable condition and its management is limited to blood pressure reduction and symptomatic treatment of disease complications. Results of the recently reported TEMPO 3/4 trial thus represent a paradigm shift in demonstrating for the first time that cystic disease and loss of renal function can be slowed in humans. In this paper, we review the major therapeutic strategies currently being explored in ADPKD including a range of novel approaches in preclinical models. It is anticipated that the clinical management of ADPKD will undergo a revolution in the next decade with the translation of new treatments into routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Flavopiridol synergizes with sorafenib to induce cytotoxicity and potentiate antitumorigenic activity in EGFR/HER-2 and mutant RAS/RAF breast cancer model systems. Neoplasia 2014; 15:939-51. [PMID: 23908594 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling through the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk (Ras-MAPK) pathway is implicated in a wide array of carcinomas, including those of the breast. The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are implicated in regulating proliferative and survival signaling downstream of this pathway. Here, we show that CDK inhibitors exhibit an order of magnitude greater cytotoxic potency than a suite of inhibitors targeting RTK and Ras-MAPK signaling in cell lines representative of clinically recognized breast cancer (BC) subtypes. Drug combination studies show that the pan-CDK inhibitor, flavopiridol (FPD), synergistically potentiated cytotoxicity induced by the Raf inhibitor, sorafenib (SFN). This synergy was most pronounced at sub-EC50 SFN concentrations in MDA-MB-231 (KRAS-G13D and BRAF-G464V mutations), MDA-MB-468 [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression], and SKBR3 [ErbB2/EGFR2 (HER-2) overexpression] cells but not in hormone-dependent MCF-7 and T47D cells. Potentiation of SFN cytotoxicity by FPD correlated with enhanced apoptosis, suppression of retinoblastoma (Rb) signaling, and reduced Mcl-1 expression. SFN and FPD were also tested in an MDA-MB-231 mammary fat pad engraftment model of tumorigenesis. Mice treated with both drugs exhibited reduced primary tumor growth rates and metastatic tumor load in the lungs compared to treatment with either drug alone, and this correlated with greater reductions in Rb signaling and Mcl-1 expression in resected tumors. These findings support the development of CDK and Raf co-targeting strategies in EGFR/HER-2-overexpressing or RAS/RAF mutant BCs.
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Torra R. Tratamiento de la poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 142:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Spirli C, Locatelli L, Morell CM, Fiorotto R, Morton SD, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Protein kinase A-dependent pSer(675) -β-catenin, a novel signaling defect in a mouse model of congenital hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology 2013; 58:1713-23. [PMID: 23744610 PMCID: PMC3800498 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genetically determined loss of fibrocystin function causes congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), Caroli disease (CD), and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Cystic dysplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts and progressive portal fibrosis characterize liver pathology in CHF/CD. At a cellular level, several functional morphological and signaling changes have been reported including increased levels of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In this study we addressed the relationships between increased cAMP and β-catenin. In cholangiocytes isolated and cultured from Pkhd1(del4/del4) mice, stimulation of cAMP/PKA signaling (forskolin 10 μM) stimulated Ser(675) -phosphorylation of β-catenin, its nuclear localization, and its transcriptional activity (western blot and TOP flash assay, respectively) along with a down-regulation of E-cadherin expression (immunocytochemistry and western blot); these changes were inhibited by the PKA blocker, PKI (1 μM). The Rho-GTPase, Rac-1, was also significantly activated by cAMP in Pkhd1(del4/del4) cholangiocytes. Rac-1 inhibition blocked cAMP-dependent nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of pSer(675) -β-catenin. Cell migration (Boyden chambers) was significantly higher in cholangiocytes obtained from Pkhd1(del4/del4) and was inhibited by: (1) PKI, (2) silencing β-catenin (siRNA), and (3) the Rac-1 inhibitor NSC 23766. CONCLUSION These data show that in fibrocystin-defective cholangiocytes, cAMP/PKA signaling stimulates pSer(675) -phosphorylation of β-catenin and Rac-1 activity. In the presence of activated Rac-1, pSer(675) -β-catenin is translocated to the nucleus, becomes transcriptionally active, and is responsible for increased motility of Pkhd1(del4/del4) cholangiocytes. β-Catenin-dependent changes in cell motility may be central to the pathogenesis of the disease and represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Spirli
- Liver Center & Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luigi Locatelli
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carola M. Morell
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Liver Center & Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stuart D. Morton
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center & Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Morell CM, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Vascular biology of the biliary epithelium. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:26-32. [PMID: 23855292 PMCID: PMC3721432 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are involved in a variety of processes essential for liver pathophysiology. To meet their demanding metabolic and functional needs, bile ducts are nourished by their own arterial supply, the peribiliary plexus. This capillary network originates from the hepatic artery and is strictly arranged around the intrahepatic bile ducts. Biliary and vascular structures are linked by a close anatomic and functional association necessary for liver development, normal organ physiology, and liver repair. This strong association is finely regulated by a range of angiogenic signals, enabling the cross talk between cholangiocytes and the different vascular cell types. This review will briefly illustrate the "vascular" properties of cholangiocytes, their underlying molecular mechanisms and the relevant pathophysiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola M. Morell
- Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,Liver Center & Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
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Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is arbitrarily defined as a liver that contains >20 cysts. The condition is associated with two genetically distinct diseases: as a primary phenotype in isolated polycystic liver disease (PCLD) and as an extrarenal manifestation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Processes involved in hepatic cystogenesis include ductal plate malformation with concomitant abnormal fluid secretion, altered cell-matrix interaction and cholangiocyte hyperproliferation. PLD is usually a benign disease, but can cause debilitating abdominal symptoms in some patients. The main risk factors for growth of liver cysts are female sex, exogenous oestrogen use and multiple pregnancies. Ultrasonography is very useful for achieving a correct diagnosis of a polycystic liver and to differentiate between ADPKD and PCLD. Current radiological and surgical therapies for symptomatic patients include aspiration-sclerotherapy, fenestration, segmental hepatic resection and liver transplantation. Medical therapies that interact with regulatory mechanisms controlling expansion and growth of liver cysts are under investigation. Somatostatin analogues are promising; several clinical trials have shown that these drugs can reduce the volume of polycystic livers. The purpose of this Review is to provide an update on the diagnosis and management of PLD with a focus on literature published in the past 4 years.
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