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Buenaventura RGM, Merlino G, Yu Y. Ez-Metastasizing: The Crucial Roles of Ezrin in Metastasis. Cells 2023; 12:1620. [PMID: 37371090 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is the cytoskeletal organizer and functions in the modulation of membrane-cytoskeleton interaction, maintenance of cell shape and structure, and regulation of cell-cell adhesion and movement, as well as cell survival. Ezrin plays a critical role in regulating tumor metastasis through interaction with other binding proteins. Notably, Ezrin has been reported to interact with immune cells, allowing tumor cells to escape immune attack in metastasis. Here, we review the main functions of Ezrin, the mechanisms through which it acts, its role in tumor metastasis, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Gabriel M Buenaventura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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2
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da Silva ES, Naghavi MH. Microtubules and viral infection. Adv Virus Res 2023; 115:87-134. [PMID: 37173066 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form rapidly adaptable, complex intracellular networks of filaments that not only provide structural support, but also form the tracks along which motors traffic macromolecular cargos to specific sub-cellular sites. These dynamic arrays play a central role in regulating various cellular processes including cell shape and motility as well as cell division and polarization. Given their complex organization and functional importance, MT arrays are carefully controlled by many highly specialized proteins that regulate the nucleation of MT filaments at distinct sites, their dynamic growth and stability, and their engagement with other subcellular structures and cargoes destined for transport. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of how MTs and their regulatory proteins function, including their active targeting and exploitation, during infection by viruses that utilize a wide variety of replication strategies that occur within different cellular sub-compartments or regions of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; HIV Clinical and Translational Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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3
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Zhao Y, Liu R, Li M, Liu P. The spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK): A crucial therapeutic target for diverse liver diseases. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12130. [PMID: 36568669 PMCID: PMC9768320 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an enigmatic protein tyrosine kinase, and involved in signal transduction related with lots of cellular processes. It's highly expressed in the cells of hematopoietic origin and acts as an important therapeutic target in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergic disorders. In recent years, more and more evidences indicate that SYK is expressed in non-hematopoietic cells and effectively regulates various non-immune biological responses as well. In this review, we mainly summary the role of SYK in different liver diseases. Robust SYK expression has been discovered in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, as well as Kupffer cells, which participates in the regulation of numerous signal transduction in various liver diseases (e.g. hepatitis, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). In addition, the blockage of SYK activity using small molecule modulators is considered as a significant therapeutic strategy against liver diseases, and both hepatic SYK and non-hepatic SYK could become highly promising therapeutic targets. Totally, even though some critical points about the significance of SYK in liver diseases treatment still need further elaboration, more reliable biotechnical or pharmacological therapy modes will be established based on the better understanding of the relationship between SYK and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,International Joint Research Center on Cell Stress and Disease Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,International Joint Research Center on Cell Stress and Disease Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,International Joint Research Center on Cell Stress and Disease Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,International Joint Research Center on Cell Stress and Disease Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an, China,Corresponding author.
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4
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Deffieu MS, Clément CMH, Dorobantu CM, Partiot E, Bare Y, Faklaris O, Rivière B, Ayala-Nunez NV, Baumert TF, Rondé P, Mély Y, Lucansky V, Gaudin R. Occludin stalls HCV particle dynamics apart from hepatocyte tight junctions, promoting virion internalization. Hepatology 2022; 76:1164-1179. [PMID: 35388524 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Numerous HCV entry factors have been identified, and yet information regarding their spatiotemporal dynamics is still limited. Specifically, one of the main entry factors of HCV is occludin (OCLN), a protein clustered at tight junctions (TJs), away from the HCV landing site. Thus, whether HCV particles slide toward TJs or, conversely, OCLN is recruited away from TJs remain debated. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we generated CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 edited Huh7.5.1 cells expressing endogenous levels of enhanced green fluorescent protein/OCLN and showed that incoming HCV particles recruit OCLN outside TJs, independently of claudin 1 (CLDN1) expression, another important HCV entry factor located at TJs. Using ex vivo organotypic culture of hepatic slices obtained from human liver explants, a physiologically relevant model that preserves the overall tissue architecture, we confirmed that HCV associates with OCLN away from TJs. Furthermore, we showed, by live cell imaging, that increased OCLN recruitment beneath HCV particles correlated with lower HCV motility. To decipher the mechanism underlying virus slow-down upon OCLN recruitment, we performed CRISPR knockout (KO) of CLDN1, an HCV entry factor proposed to act upstream of OCLN. Although CLDN1 KO potently inhibits HCV infection, OCLN kept accumulating underneath the particle, indicating that OCLN recruitment is CLDN1 independent. Moreover, inhibition of the phosphorylation of Ezrin, a protein involved in HCV entry that links receptors to the actin cytoskeleton, increased OCLN accumulation and correlated with more efficient HCV internalization. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data provide robust evidence that HCV particles interact with OCLN away from TJs and shed mechanistic insights regarding the manipulation of transmembrane receptor localization by extracellular virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maika S Deffieu
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille M H Clément
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cristina M Dorobantu
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emma Partiot
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yonis Bare
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Orestis Faklaris
- BCM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Rivière
- CHU Montpellier, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques-CRB, Montpellier, France
| | - Nilda Vanesa Ayala-Nunez
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Rondé
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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5
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Barik GK, Sahay O, Paul D, Santra MK. Ezrin gone rogue in cancer progression and metastasis: An enticing therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188753. [PMID: 35752404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer as it remains the most complicated, devastating, and enigmatic aspect of cancer. Several decades of extensive research have identified several key players closely associated with metastasis. Among these players, cytoskeletal linker Ezrin (the founding member of the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family) was identified as a critical promoter of metastasis in pediatric cancers in the early 21st century. Ezrin was discovered 40 years ago as a aminor component of intestinal epithelial microvillus core protein, which is enriched in actin-containing cell surface structures. It controls gastric acid secretion and plays diverse physiological roles including maintaining cell polarity, regulating cell adhesion, cell motility and morphogenesis. Extensive research for more than two decades evinces that Ezrin is frequently dysregulated in several human cancers. Overexpression, altered subcellular localization and/or aberrant activation of Ezrin are closely associated with higher metastatic incidence and patient mortality, thereby justifying Ezrin as a valuable prognostic biomarker in cancer. Ezrin plays multifaceted role in multiple aspects of cancer, with its significant contribution in the complex metastatic cascade, through reorganizing the cytoskeleton and deregulating various cellular signaling pathways. Current preclinical studies using genetic and/or pharmacological approaches reveal that inactivation of Ezrin results in significant inhibition of Ezrin-mediated tumor growth and metastasis as well as increase in the sensitivity of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we discuss the recent advances illuminating the molecular mechanisms responsible for Ezrin dysregulation in cancer and its pleiotropic role in cancer progression and metastasis. We also highlight its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancers. More importantly, we put forward some potential questions, which we strongly believe, will stimulate both basic and translational research to better understand Ezrin-mediated malignancy, ultimately leading to the development of Ezrin-targeted cancer therapy for the betterment of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Barik
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Osheen Sahay
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Debasish Paul
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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6
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Kurniawan DW, Storm G, Prakash J, Bansal R. Role of spleen tyrosine kinase in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1005-1019. [PMID: 32205992 PMCID: PMC7081001 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i10.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in most hematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic cells and play a crucial role in both immune and non-immune biological responses. SYK mediate diverse cellular responses via an immune-receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)-dependent signalling pathways, ITAMs-independent and ITAMs-semi-dependent signalling pathways. In liver, SYK expression has been observed in parenchymal (hepatocytes) and non-parenchymal cells (hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells), and found to be positively correlated with the disease severity. The implication of SYK pathway has been reported in different liver diseases including liver fibrosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Antagonism of SYK pathway using kinase inhibitors have shown to attenuate the progression of liver diseases thereby suggesting SYK as a highly promising therapeutic target. This review summarizes the current understanding of SYK and its therapeutic implication in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhadhang Wahyu Kurniawan
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto 53132, Indonesia
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3454, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
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7
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Michie KA, Bermeister A, Robertson NO, Goodchild SC, Curmi PMG. Two Sides of the Coin: Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin and Merlin Control Membrane Structure and Contact Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081996. [PMID: 31018575 PMCID: PMC6515277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The merlin-ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) family of proteins plays a central role in linking the cellular membranes to the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Merlin regulates contact inhibition and is an integral part of cell–cell junctions, while ERM proteins, ezrin, radixin and moesin, assist in the formation and maintenance of specialized plasma membrane structures and membrane vesicle structures. These two protein families share a common evolutionary history, having arisen and separated via gene duplication near the origin of metazoa. During approximately 0.5 billion years of evolution, the merlin and ERM family proteins have maintained both sequence and structural conservation to an extraordinary level. Comparing crystal structures of merlin-ERM proteins and their complexes, a picture emerges of the merlin-ERM proteins acting as switchable interaction hubs, assembling protein complexes on cellular membranes and linking them to the actin cytoskeleton. Given the high level of structural conservation between the merlin and ERM family proteins we speculate that they may function together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Michie
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Adam Bermeister
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Neil O Robertson
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Sophia C Goodchild
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Paul M G Curmi
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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8
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Neuralized E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 3 Is an Inducible Antiviral Effector That Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Assembly by Targeting Viral E1 Glycoprotein. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01123-18. [PMID: 30111563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01123-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV can be sensed by host innate immunity to induce expression of interferons (IFNs) and a number of antiviral effectors. In this study, we found HCV infection induced the expression of neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3 (NEURL3), a putative E3 ligase, in a manner that requires the involvement of innate immune sensing but is independent of the IFN action. Furthermore, we showed that NEURL3 inhibited HCV infection while it had little effect on other RNA viruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that NEURL3 inhibited HCV assembly by directly binding HCV envelope glycoprotein E1 to interfere with the E1/E2 heterodimerization, an important prerequisite for virion morphogenesis. Finally, we showed that knockout of NEURL3 significantly enhanced HCV infection. In summary, we identified NEURL3 as a novel inducible antiviral host factor that suppresses HCV assembly. Our results not only shed new insight into how host innate immunity acts against HCV but also revealed a new important biological function for NEURL3.IMPORTANCE The exact biological function of NEURL3, a putative E3 ligase, remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that NEURL3 could be upregulated upon HCV infection in a manner dependent on pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immune response. NEURL3 inhibits HCV assembly by directly binding viral E1 envelope glycoprotein to disrupt its interaction with E2, an action that requires its Neuralized homology repeat (NHR) domain but not the RING domain. Furthermore, we found that NEURL3 has a pangenotypic anti-HCV activity and interacts with E1 of genotypes 2a, 1b, 3a, and 6a but does not inhibit other closely related RNA viruses, such as ZIKV, DENV, and VSV. To our knowledge, our study is the first report to demonstrate that NEURL3 functions as an antiviral host factor. Our results not only shed new insight into how host innate immunity acts against HCV, but also revealed a new important biological function for NEURL3.
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9
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Therapeutic inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase in inflammatory macrophages using PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Control Release 2018; 288:227-238. [PMID: 30219279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the leading cause of cirrhosis worldwide and the most rapidly growing indication for liver transplantation. Macrophages are the important cellular component in the inflammatory milieu in NASH. Inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators produced by macrophages causes significant tissue injury in many inflammatory diseases. Therefore, inhibition of the inflammatory macrophages would be a promising approach to attenuate NASH. In this study, we studied the implication of SYK pathway in NASH, and investigated PLGA nanoparticles-based delivery of SYK pathway inhibitor as an effective and promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of NASH. We found positive correlation between SYK expression with the pathogenesis of NASH and alcoholic hepatitis in patients. Importantly, SYK expression was significantly induced in M1-differentiated inflammatory macrophages. To inhibit SYK pathway specifically, we used a small-molecule inhibitor R406 that blocks Fc-receptor signaling pathway and reduces immune complex-mediated inflammation. R406 dose-dependently inhibited nitric-oxide release and M1-specific markers in M1-differentiated macrophages. Thereafter, we synthesized PLGA nanoparticles to deliver R406 to increase the drug pharmacokinetics for the efficient treatment of NASH. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of R406-PLGA in-vitro in differentiated macrophages, and in-vivo in Methionine-Choline-deficient (MCD)-diet induced NASH mouse model. R406-PLGA inhibited M1-specific differentiation markers in RAW and bone-marrow-derived macrophages. In-vivo, R406 and more strongly R406-PLGA ameliorated fibrosis, inflammation and steatosis in mice. R406 and more significantly R406-PLGA reduced ALT, AST, cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels. These results suggest that delivery of SYK inhibitor using PLGA nanoparticles can be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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10
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Walsh D, Naghavi MH. Exploitation of Cytoskeletal Networks during Early Viral Infection. Trends Microbiol 2018; 27:39-50. [PMID: 30033343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Being dependent upon host transport systems to navigate the cytoplasm, viruses have evolved various strategies to manipulate cytoskeletal functions. Generally, viruses use the actin cytoskeleton to control entry and short-range transport at the cell periphery and exploit microtubules (MTs) for longer-range cytosolic transport, in some cases to reach the nucleus. While earlier studies established the fundamental importance of these networks to successful infection, the mechanistic details and true extent to which viruses usurp highly specialized host cytoskeletal regulators and motor adaptors is only beginning to emerge. This review outlines our current understanding of how cytoskeletal regulation contributes specifically to the early stages of viral infection, with a primary focus on retroviruses and herpesviruses as examples of recent advances in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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11
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Osteopontin Regulates Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Replication and Assembly by Interacting with HCV Proteins and Lipid Droplets and by Binding to Receptors αVβ3 and CD44. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02116-17. [PMID: 29669827 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02116-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and assembly occur at the specialized site of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and lipid droplets (LDs), respectively. Recently, several host proteins have been shown to be involved in HCV replication and assembly. In the present study, we demonstrated the important relationship among osteopontin (OPN), the ER, and LDs. OPN is a secreted phosphoprotein, and overexpression of OPN in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue can lead to invasion and metastasis. OPN expression is also enhanced in HCV-associated HCC. Our recent studies have demonstrated the induction, proteolytic cleavage, and secretion of OPN in response to HCV infection. We also defined the critical role of secreted OPN in human hepatoma cell migration and invasion through binding to receptors integrin αVβ3 and CD44. However, the role of HCV-induced OPN in the HCV life cycle has not been elucidated. In this study, we showed a significant reduction in HCV replication, assembly, and infectivity in HCV-infected cells transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against OPN, αVβ3, and CD44. We also observed the association of endogenous OPN with HCV proteins (NS3, NS5A, NS4A/B, NS5B, and core). Confocal microscopy revealed the colocalization of OPN with HCV NS5A and core in the ER and LDs, indicating a possible role for OPN in HCV replication and assembly. Interestingly, the secreted OPN activated HCV replication, infectivity, and assembly through binding to αVβ3 and CD44. Collectively, these observations provide evidence that HCV-induced OPN is critical for HCV replication and assembly.IMPORTANCE Recently, our studies uncovered the critical role of HCV-induced endogenous and secreted OPN in migration and invasion of hepatocytes. However, the role of OPN in the HCV life cycle has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the importance of OPN in HCV replication and assembly. We demonstrated that endogenous OPN associates with HCV NS3, NS5A, NS5B, and core proteins, which are in close proximity to the ER and LDs. Moreover, we showed that the interactions of secreted OPN with cell surface receptors αVβ3 and CD44 are critical for HCV replication and assembly. These observations provide evidence that HCV-induced endogenous and secreted OPN play pivotal roles in HCV replication and assembly in HCV-infected cells. Taken together, our findings clearly demonstrate that targeting OPN may provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention of HCV pathogenesis.
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12
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Xue Y, Mars WM, Bowen W, Singhi AD, Stoops J, Michalopoulos GK. Hepatitis C Virus Mimics Effects of Glypican-3 on CD81 and Promotes Development of Hepatocellular Carcinomas via Activation of Hippo Pathway in Hepatocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1469-1477. [PMID: 29577937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glypican (GPC)-3 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). GPC3 binds to CD81. Forced expression of CD81 in a GPC3-expressing HCC cell line caused activation of Hippo, a decrease in ezrin phosphorylation, and a decrease in yes-associated protein (YAP). CD81 is also associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into hepatocytes. Activation of CD81 by agonistic antibody causes activation of tyrosine-protein kinase SYK (SYK) and phosphorylation of ezrin, a regulator of the Hippo pathway. In cultures of normal hepatocytes, CD81 agonistic antibody led to enhanced phosphorylation of ezrin and an increase in nuclear YAP. HCV E2 protein mimicked GPC3 and led to enhanced Hippo activity and decreased YAP in cultured normal human hepatocytes. HCC tissue microarray revealed a lack of expression of CD81 in most HCCs, rendering them insusceptible to HCV infection. Activation of CD81 by agonistic antibody suppressed the Hippo pathway and increased nuclear YAP. HCV mimicked GPC3, causing Hippo activation and a decrease in YAP. HCV is thus likely to enhance hepatic neoplasia by acting as a promoter of growth of early CD81-negative neoplastic hepatocytes, which are resistant to HCV infection, and thus have a proliferative advantage to clonally expand as they participate in compensatory regeneration for the required maintenance of 100% of liver weight (hepatostat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Xue
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy M Mars
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Stoops
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form a rapidly adaptable network of filaments that radiate throughout the cell. These dynamic arrays facilitate a wide range of cellular processes, including the capture, transport, and spatial organization of cargos and organelles, as well as changes in cell shape, polarity, and motility. Nucleating from MT-organizing centers, including but by no means limited to the centrosome, MTs undergo rapid transitions through phases of growth, pause, and catastrophe, continuously exploring and adapting to the intracellular environment. Subsets of MTs can become stabilized in response to environmental cues, acquiring distinguishing posttranslational modifications and performing discrete functions as specialized tracks for cargo trafficking. The dynamic behavior and organization of the MT array is regulated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs), which include a subset of highly specialized plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) that respond to signaling cues to alter MT behavior. As pathogenic cargos, viruses require MTs to transport to and from their intracellular sites of replication. While interactions with and functions for MT motor proteins are well characterized and extensively reviewed for many viruses, this review focuses on MT filaments themselves. Changes in the spatial organization and dynamics of the MT array, mediated by virus- or host-induced changes to MT regulatory proteins, not only play a central role in the intracellular transport of virus particles but also regulate a wider range of processes critical to the outcome of infection.
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14
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Afifiyan N, Tillman B, French BA, Masouminia M, Samadzadeh S, French SW. Over expression of proteins that alter the intracellular signaling pathways in the cytoplasm of the liver cells forming Mallory-Denk bodies. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:106-114. [PMID: 28089901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, liver biopsy sections fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) from patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) were used. The results showed that the expression of the SYK protein was up regulated by RNA-seq and real time PCR analyses in the alcoholic hepatitis patients compared to controls. The results were supported by using the IHC fluorescent antibody staining intensity morphometric quantitation. Morphometric quantification of fluorescent intensity measurement showed a two fold increase in SYK protein in the cytoplasm of the cells forming MDBs compared to surrounding normal hepatocytes. The expression of AKT1 was also analyzed. AKT1 is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration. The AKT protein was also increased in hepatocyte balloon cells forming MDBs. This observation demonstrates the role of SYK and its subsequent effect on the internal signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT as well as p70S6K, as a potential multifunctional target in protein quality control mechanisms of hepatocytes when ER stress is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Afifiyan
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B Tillman
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B A French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - M Masouminia
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S Samadzadeh
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States.
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15
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Bukong TN, Iracheta-Vellve A, Saha B, Ambade A, Satishchandran A, Gyongyosi B, Lowe P, Catalano D, Kodys K, Szabo G. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase activation ameliorates inflammation, cell death, and steatosis in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2016; 64:1057-71. [PMID: 27302565 PMCID: PMC5033691 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of mortality with limited therapies available. Because alcohol targets numerous signaling pathways in hepatocytes and in immune cells, the identification of a master regulatory target that modulates multiple signaling processes is attractive. In this report, we assessed the role of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, which has a central modulatory role in multiple proinflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathomechanism of ALD. Using mouse disease models that represent various phases in the progression of human ALD, we found that alcohol, in all of these models, induced SYK activation in the liver, both in hepatocytes and liver mononuclear cells. Furthermore, significant SYK activation also occurred in liver samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with ALD/alcoholic hepatitis compared to controls. Functional inhibition of SYK activation in vivo abrogated alcohol-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration, resident immune cell activation, as well as inflammasome and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2-mediated nuclear factor kappa B activation in mice. Strikingly, inhibition of SYK activation diminished alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and interferon regulatory factor 3-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate a novel, functional, and multicellular role for SYK phosphorylation in modulating immune cell-driven liver inflammation, hepatocyte cell death, and steatosis at different stages of ALD. These novel findings highlight SYK as a potential multifunctional target in the treatment of alcoholic steatohepatitis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1057-1071).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
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16
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Zhu L, Chen X, Kong X, Cai YD. Investigation of the roles of trace elements during hepatitis C virus infection using protein-protein interactions and a shortest path algorithm. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2756-68. [PMID: 27208424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis is a type of infectious disease that induces inflammation of the liver without pinpointing a particular pathogen or pathogenesis. Type C hepatitis, as a type of hepatitis, has been reported to induce cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma within a very short amount of time. It is a great threat to human health. Some studies have revealed that trace elements are associated with infection with and immune rejection against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. METHODS In this study, we aimed to expand our knowledge of this phenomenon by designing a computational method to identify genes that may be related to both HCV and trace element metabolic processes. The searching procedure included three stages. First, a shortest path algorithm was applied to a large network, constructed by protein-protein interactions, to identify potential genes of interest. Second, a permutation test was executed to exclude false discoveries. Finally, some rules based on the betweenness and associations between candidate genes and HCV and trace elements were built to select core genes among the remaining genes. RESULTS 12 lists of genes, corresponding to 12 types of trace elements, were obtained. These genes are deemed to be associated with HCV infection and trace elements metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The analyses indicate that some genes may be related to both HCV and trace element metabolic processes, further confirming the associations between HCV and trace elements. The method was further tested on another set of HCV genes, the results indicate that this method is quite robustness. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The newly found genes may partially reveal unknown mechanisms between HCV infection and trace element metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiuCun Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - XiJia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhou LY, Zhang LL. Host restriction factors for hepatitis C virus. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1477-86. [PMID: 26819515 PMCID: PMC4721981 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-hepatitis C virus (HCV) interactions have both informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis and provided novel insights into host cell biology. These findings are illustrated by the recent discovery of host-encoded factors that restrict HCV infection. In this review, we briefly discuss these restriction factors in different steps of HCV infection. In each case, we discuss how these restriction factors were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit HCV infection and their potential contribution to viral pathogenesis.
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18
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Chai J, Cai SY, Liu X, Lian W, Chen S, Zhang L, Feng X, Cheng Y, He X, He Y, Chen L, Wang R, Wang H, Boyer JL, Chen W. Canalicular membrane MRP2/ABCC2 internalization is determined by Ezrin Thr567 phosphorylation in human obstructive cholestasis. J Hepatol 2015; 63. [PMID: 26212029 PMCID: PMC4686151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) excretes conjugated organic anions including bilirubin and bile acids. Malfunction of MRP2 leads to jaundice in patients. Studies in rodents indicate that Radixin plays a critical role in determining Mrp2 canalicular membrane expression. However, it is not known how human hepatic MRP2 expression is regulated in cholestasis. METHODS We assessed liver MRP2 expression in patients with obstructive cholestasis caused by gallstone blockage of bile ducts, and investigated the regulatory mechanism in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Western blot detected that liver MRP2 protein expression in obstructive cholestatic patients (n=30) was significantly reduced to 25% of the non-cholestatic controls (n=23). Immunoprecipitation identified Ezrin but not Radixin associating with MRP2 in human livers, and the increased amount of phospho-Ezrin Thr567 was positively correlated with the amount of co-precipitated MRP2 in cholestatic livers, whereas Ezrin and Radixin total protein levels were unchanged in cholestasis. Further detailed studies indicate that Ezrin Thr567 phosphorylation plays an important role in MRP2 internalization in HepG2 cells. Since increased expression of PKCα, δ and ε were detected in these cholestatic livers, we further confirmed that these PKCs stimulated Ezrin phosphorylation and reduced MRP2 membrane expression in HepG2 cells. Finally, we identified GP78 as the key ubiquitin ligase E3 involved in MRP2 proteasome degradation. CONCLUSIONS Activation of liver PKCs during cholestasis leads to Ezrin Thr567 phosphorylation resulting in MRP2 internalization and degradation where ubiquitin ligase E3 GP78 is involved. This process provides a mechanistic explanation for jaundice seen in patients with obstructive cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Liangjun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xinchan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochong He
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yu He
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - James L. Boyer
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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19
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Lee S, Lee C. Functional characterization and proteomic analysis of the nucleocapsid protein of porcine deltacoronavirus. Virus Res 2015; 208:136-45. [PMID: 26103099 PMCID: PMC7114568 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The PDCoV N protein exists as non-covalently linked oligomers. PDCoV N is predominantly distributed in the nucleolus. N overexpression had no effect on cell growth. PDCoV N significantly altered two cellular chaperone proteins, GRP78 and HSC70.
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly discovered enterotropic swine coronavirus that causes enteritis and diarrhea in piglets. Like other coronaviruses, PDCoV commonly contains 4 major structural proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Among these, the N protein is known to be the most abundant and multifunctional viral component. Therefore, as the first step toward understanding the biology of PDCoV, the present study investigated functional characteristics and expression dynamics of host proteins in a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing the PDCoV N protein. Similar to N proteins of other coronaviruses, the PDCoV N protein was found to interact with itself to form non-covalently linked oligomers and was mainly localized to the nucleolus. We then assessed alterations in production levels of proteins in the N-expressing PK (PK-PDCoV-N) cells at different time points by means of proteomic analysis. According to the results of high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, a total of 43 protein spots were initially found to be differentially expressed in PK-PDCoV-N cells in comparison with control PK cells. Of these spots, 10 protein spots showed a statistically significant alteration, including 8 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated protein spots and were picked for subsequent protein identification by peptide mass fingerprinting following matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The affected cellular proteins that we identified in this study were classified into the functional groups involved in various cellular processes such as cell division, metabolism, the stress response, protein biosynthesis and transport, cytoskeleton networks and cell communication. Notably, two members of the heat shock protein 70 family were found to be up-regulated in PK-PDCoV-N cells. These proteomic data will provide insights into the specific cellular response to the N protein during PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea.
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20
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Bukong TN, Momen-Heravi F, Kodys K, Bala S, Szabo G. Exosomes from hepatitis C infected patients transmit HCV infection and contain replication competent viral RNA in complex with Ago2-miR122-HSP90. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004424. [PMID: 25275643 PMCID: PMC4183590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting receptor-mediated entry of HCV into hepatocytes confer limited therapeutic benefits. Evidence suggests that exosomes can transfer genetic materials between cells; however, their role in HCV infection remains obscure. Here, we show that exosomes isolated from sera of chronic HCV infected patients or supernatants of J6/JFH1-HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells contained HCV RNA. These exosomes could mediate viral receptor-independent transmission of HCV to hepatocytes. Negative sense HCV RNA, indicative of replication competent viral RNA, was present in exosomes of all HCV infected treatment non-responders and some treatment-naïve individuals. Remarkably, HCV RNA was associated with Ago2, HSP90 and miR-122 in exosomes isolated from HCV-infected individuals or HCV-infected Huh7.5 cell supernatants. Exosome-loading with a miR-122 inhibitor, or inhibition of HSP90, vacuolar H+-ATPases, and proton pumps, significantly suppressed exosome-mediated HCV transmission to naïve cells. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence for HCV transmission by blood-derived exosomes and highlight potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence N. Bukong
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen Kodys
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Osteopontin is up-regulated in chronic hepatitis C and is associated with cellular permissiveness for hepatitis C virus replication. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:845-55. [PMID: 24438228 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OPN (osteopontin)) is a Hh (Hedgehog)-regulated cytokine that is up-regulated during chronic liver injury and directly promotes fibrosis. We have reported that Hh signalling enhances viral permissiveness and replication in HCV (hepatitis C virus)-infected cells. Hence we hypothesized that OPN directly promotes HCV replication, and that targeting OPN could be beneficial in HCV. In the present study, we compared the expression of OPN mRNA and protein in HCV (JFH1)-infected Huh7 and Huh7.5 cells, and evaluated whether modulating OPN levels using exogenous OPN ligands (up-regulate OPN) or OPN-specific RNA-aptamers (neutralize OPN) leads to changes in HCV expression. Sera and livers from patients with chronic HCV were analysed to determine whether OPN levels were associated with disease severity or response to therapy. Compared with Huh7 cells, Huh7.5 cells support higher levels of HCV replication (15-fold) and expressed significantly more OPN mRNA (30-fold) and protein. Treating Huh7 cells with OPN ligands led to a dose-related increase in HCV (15-fold) and OPN (8-fold) mRNA. Conversely, treating Huh7.5 cells with OPN-specific RNA aptamers inhibited HCV RNA and protein by >50% and repressed OPN mRNA to basal levels. Liver OPN expression was significantly higher (3-fold) in patients with advanced fibrosis. Serum OPN positively correlated with fibrosis-stage (P=0.009), but negatively correlated with ETBCR (end-of-treatment biochemical response), ETVR (end-of-treatment virological response), SBCR (sustained biochemical response) and SVR (sustained virological response) (P=0.007). The OPN fibrosis score (serum OPN and presence of fibrosis ≥F2) may be a predictor of SVR. In conclusion, OPN is up-regulated in the liver and serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C, and supports increased viral replication. OPN neutralization may be a novel therapeutic strategy in chronic hepatitis C.
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22
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Brimacombe CL, Wilson GK, Hübscher SG, McKeating JA, Farquhar MJ. A role for CD81 and hepatitis C virus in hepatoma mobility. Viruses 2014; 6:1454-72. [PMID: 24662676 PMCID: PMC3970161 DOI: 10.3390/v6031454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a family of small proteins that interact with themselves, host transmembrane and cytosolic proteins to form tetraspanin enriched microdomains (TEMs) that regulate important cellular functions. Several tetraspanin family members are linked to tumorigenesis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasing global health burden, in part due to the increasing prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) associated HCC. The tetraspanin CD81 is an essential receptor for HCV, however, its role in hepatoma biology is uncertain. We demonstrate that antibody engagement of CD81 promotes hepatoma spread, which is limited by HCV infection, in an actin-dependent manner and identify an essential role for the C-terminal interaction with Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (ERM) proteins in this process. We show enhanced hepatoma migration and invasion following expression of CD81 and a reduction in invasive potential upon CD81 silencing. In addition, we reveal poorly differentiated HCC express significantly higher levels of CD81 compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue. In summary, these data support a role for CD81 in regulating hepatoma mobility and propose CD81 as a tumour promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Brimacombe
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Garrick K Wilson
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Stefan G Hübscher
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Michelle J Farquhar
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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23
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Bukong TN, Kodys K, Szabo G. A Novel Human Radixin Peptide Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Infection at the Level of Cell Entry. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014; 20:269-276. [PMID: 25379035 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection of hepatocytes is a multistep process involving the interaction between viral and host cell molecules. Recently, we identified ezrin-moesin-radixin proteins and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) as important host therapeutic targets for HCV treatment development. Previously, an ezrin hinge region peptide (Hep1) has been shown to exert anti-HCV properties in vivo, though its mechanism of action remains limited. In search of potential novel inhibitors of HCV infection and their functional mechanism we analyzed the anti-HCV properties of different human derived radixin peptides. Sixteen different radixin peptides were derived, synthesized and tested. Real-time quantitative PCR, cell toxicity assay, immuno-precipitation/western blot analysis and computational resource for drug discovery software were used for experimental analysis. We found that a human radixin hinge region peptide (Peptide1) can specifically block HCV J6/JFH-1 infection of Huh7.5 cells. Peptide 1 had no cell toxicity or intracellular uptake into Huh7.5 cells. Mechanistically, the anti-HCV activity of Peptide 1 extended to disruption of HCV engagement of CD81 thereby blocking downstream SYK activation, which we have recently demonstrated to be important for effective HCV infection of target hepatocytes. Our findings highlight a novel functional class of anti-HCV agents that can inhibit HCV infection, most likely by disrupting vital viral-host signaling interactions at the level of virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence N Bukong
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB208, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karen Kodys
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB208, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB208, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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