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Deady C, McCarthy FP, Barron A, McCarthy CM, O’Keeffe GW, O’Mahony SM. An altered gut microbiome in pre-eclampsia: cause or consequence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1352267. [PMID: 38774629 PMCID: PMC11106424 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1352267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia, are a leading cause of serious and debilitating complications that affect both the mother and the fetus. Despite the occurrence and the health implications of these disorders there is still relatively limited evidence on the molecular underpinnings of the pathophysiology. An area that has come to the fore with regard to its influence on health and disease is the microbiome. While there are several microbiome niches on and within the body, the distal end of the gut harbors the largest of these impacting on many different systems of the body including the central nervous system, the immune system, and the reproductive system. While the role of the microbiome in hypertensive disorders, including pre-eclampsia, has not been fully elucidated some studies have indicated that several of the symptoms of these disorders are linked to an altered gut microbiome. In this review, we examine both pre-eclampsia and microbiome literature to summarize the current knowledge on whether the microbiome drives the symptoms of pre-eclampsia or if the aberrant microbiome is a consequence of this condition. Despite the paucity of studies, obvious gut microbiome changes have been noted in women with pre-eclampsia and the individual symptoms associated with the condition. Yet further research is required to fully elucidate the role of the microbiome and the significance it plays in the development of the symptoms. Regardless of this, the literature highlights the potential for a microbiome targeted intervention such as dietary changes or prebiotic and probiotics to reduce the impact of some aspects of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Deady
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus P. McCarthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- The Infant Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aaron Barron
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W. O’Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M. O’Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Lombardi M, Troisi J, Motta BM, Torre P, Masarone M, Persico M. Gut-Liver Axis Dysregulation in Portal Hypertension: Emerging Frontiers. Nutrients 2024; 16:1025. [PMID: 38613058 PMCID: PMC11013091 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension (PH) is a complex clinical challenge with severe complications, including variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. The gut microbiota (GM) and its interconnectedness with human health have emerged as a captivating field of research. This review explores the intricate connections between the gut and the liver, aiming to elucidate how alterations in GM, intestinal barrier function, and gut-derived molecules impact the development and progression of PH. A systematic literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, identified 12 original articles that suggest a relationship between GM, the gut-liver axis, and PH. Mechanisms such as dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, altered microbial structure, and inflammation appear to orchestrate this relationship. One notable study highlights the pivotal role of the farnesoid X receptor axis in regulating the interplay between the gut and liver and proposes it as a promising therapeutic target. Fecal transplantation experiments further emphasize the pathogenic significance of the GM in modulating liver maladies, including PH. Recent advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics have expanded our understanding of the GM's role in human ailments. The review suggests that addressing the unmet need of identifying gut-liver axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways holds potential for elucidating pathogenesis and directing novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
- European Institute of Metabolomics (EIM) Foundation, Via G. Puccini, 3, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
- European Institute of Metabolomics (EIM) Foundation, Via G. Puccini, 3, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Benedetta Maria Motta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Pietro Torre
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Mario Masarone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
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Li D, Chen F. Effects of Gut Microbiota on Hypertension and the Cardiovascular System. Nutrients 2023; 15:4633. [PMID: 37960287 PMCID: PMC10650547 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, which include hypertension and atherosclerosis, are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
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Ponziani FR, Coppola G, Rio P, Caldarelli M, Borriello R, Gambassi G, Gasbarrini A, Cianci R. Factors Influencing Microbiota in Modulating Vaccine Immune Response: A Long Way to Go. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1609. [PMID: 37897011 PMCID: PMC10611107 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine immunogenicity still represents an unmet need in specific populations, such as people from developing countries and "edge populations". Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as the environment, age, and dietary habits, influence cellular and humoral immune responses. The human microbiota represents a potential key to understanding how these factors impact the immune response to vaccination, with its modulation being a potential step to address vaccine immunogenicity. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the intricate interactions between the microbiota and the immune system in response to vaccines, highlighting the state of the art in gut microbiota modulation as a novel therapeutic approach to enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and laying the foundation for future, more solid data for its translation to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (G.C.); (P.R.); (M.C.); (R.B.); (G.G.); (A.G.)
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Kiouptsi K, Pontarollo G, Reinhardt C. Gut Microbiota and the Microvasculature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041179. [PMID: 37460157 PMCID: PMC10411863 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as an actuating variable shaping vascular development and endothelial cell function in the intestinal mucosa but also affecting the microvasculature of remote organs. In the small intestine, colonization with gut microbiota and subsequent activation of innate immune pathways promotes the development of intricate capillary networks and lacteals, influencing the integrity of the gut-vascular barrier as well as nutrient uptake. Since the liver yields most of its blood supply via the portal circulation, the hepatic microcirculation steadily encounters microbiota-derived patterns and active signaling metabolites that induce changes in the organization of the liver sinusoidal endothelium, influencing immune zonation of sinusoids and impacting on metabolic processes. In addition, microbiota-derived signals may affect the vasculature of distant organ systems such as the brain and the eye microvasculature. In recent years, this gut-resident microbial ecosystem was revealed to contribute to the development of several vascular disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Li Y, Fu R, Li R, Zeng J, Liu T, Li X, Jiang W. Causality of gut microbiome and hypertension: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1167346. [PMID: 37215554 PMCID: PMC10192878 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1167346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The pathogenesis of hypertension involves a diverse range of genetic, environmental, hemodynamic, and more causative factors. Recent evidence points to an association between the gut microbiome and hypertension. Given that the microbiota is in part determined by host genetics, we used the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to address the bidirectional causal link between gut microbiota and hypertension. Methods We selected genetic variants (P < 1 × 10-5) for gut microbiota (n = 18,340) from the MiBioGen study. Genetic association estimates for hypertension were extracted from genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics on 54,358 cases and 408,652 controls. Seven complementary MR methods were implemented, including the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, followed by sensitivity analyses to verify the robustness of the results. Reverse-direction MR analyses were further conducted to probe if there was a reverse causative relationship. Bidirectional MR analysis then examines a modulation of gut microbiota composition by hypertension. Results At the genus level, our MR estimates from gut microbiome to hypertension showed that there were 5 protective factors Allisonella, Parabacteroide, Phascolarctobacterium, Senegalimassilia, and unknowngenus (id.1000000073), while 6 genera Clostridiuminnocuum, Eubacteriumcoprostanoligenes, Eubacteriumfissicatena, Anaerostipes, LachnospiraceaeFCS020, and unknowngenus (id.2041) are risk factors. The Alcaligenaceae and ClostridialesvadinBB60 were detrimental and beneficial at the family level, respectively. In contrast, the MR results of hypertension-gut flora showed hypertensive states can lead to an increased abundance of Eubacteriumxylanophilum, Eisenbergiella, and Lachnospiraceae and a lower abundance of Alistipes, Bilophila, Butyricimonas, and Phascolarctobacterium. Conclusion Altered gut microbiota is a causal factor in the development of hypertension, and hypertension causes imbalances in the intestinal flora. Substantial research is still needed to find the key gut flora and explore the specific mechanisms of their effects so that new biomarkers can be found for blood pressure control.
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Cui C, Wang X, Li L, Wei H, Peng J. Multifaceted involvements of Paneth cells in various diseases within intestine and systemically. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1115552. [PMID: 36993974 PMCID: PMC10040535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serving as the guardians of small intestine, Paneth cells (PCs) play an important role in intestinal homeostasis maintenance. Although PCs uniquely exist in intestine under homeostasis, the dysfunction of PCs is involved in various diseases not only in intestine but also in extraintestinal organs, suggesting the systemic importance of PCs. The mechanisms under the participation of PCs in these diseases are multiple as well. The involvements of PCs are mostly characterized by limiting intestinal bacterial translocation in necrotizing enterocolitis, liver disease, acute pancreatitis and graft-vs-host disease. Risk genes in PCs render intestine susceptible to Crohn’s disease. In intestinal infection, different pathogens induce varied responses in PCs, and toll-like receptor ligands on bacterial surface trigger the degranulation of PCs. The increased level of bile acid dramatically impairs PCs in obesity. PCs can inhibit virus entry and promote intestinal regeneration to alleviate COVID-19. On the contrary, abundant IL-17A in PCs aggravates multi-organ injury in ischemia/reperfusion. The pro-angiogenic effect of PCs aggravates the severity of portal hypertension. Therapeutic strategies targeting PCs mainly include PC protection, PC-derived inflammatory cytokine elimination, and substituting AMP treatment. In this review, we discuss the influence and importance of Paneth cells in both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases as reported so far, as well as the potential therapeutic strategies targeting PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lindeng Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Peng,
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Proctor A, Parvinroo S, Richie T, Jia X, Lee STM, Karp PD, Paley S, Kostic AD, Pierre JF, Wannemuehler MJ, Phillips GJ. Resources to Facilitate Use of the Altered Schaedler Flora (ASF) Mouse Model to Study Microbiome Function. mSystems 2022; 7:e0029322. [PMID: 35968975 PMCID: PMC9600240 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00293-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals colonized with a defined microbiota represent useful experimental systems to investigate microbiome function. The altered Schaedler flora (ASF) represents a consortium of eight murine bacterial species that have been used for more than 4 decades where the study of mice with a reduced microbiota is desired. In contrast to germ-free mice, or mice colonized with only one or two species, ASF mice show the normal gut structure and immune system development. To further expand the utility of the ASF, we have developed technical and bioinformatic resources to enable a systems-based analysis of microbiome function using this model. Here, we highlighted four distinct applications of these resources that enable and improve (i) measurements of the abundance of each ASF member by quantitative PCR; (ii) exploration and comparative analysis of ASF genomes and the metabolic pathways they encode that comprise the entire gut microbiome; (iii) global transcriptional profiling to identify genes whose expression responds to environmental changes within the gut; and (iv) discovery of genetic changes resulting from the evolutionary adaptation of the microbiota. These resources were designed to be accessible to a broad community of researchers that, in combination with conventionally-reared mice (i.e., with complex microbiome), should contribute to our understanding of microbiome structure and function. IMPORTANCE Improved experimental systems are needed to advance our understanding of how the gut microbiome influences processes of the mammalian host as well as microbial community structure and function. An approach that is receiving considerable attention is the use of animal models that harbor a stable microbiota of known composition, i.e., defined microbiota, which enables control over an otherwise highly complex and variable feature of mammalian biology. The altered Schaedler flora (ASF) consortium is a well-established defined microbiota model, where mice are stably colonized with 8 distinct murine bacterial species. To take better advantage of the ASF, we established new experimental and bioinformatics resources for researchers to make better use of this model as an experimental system to study microbiome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Proctor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Shadi Parvinroo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tanner Richie
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas, USA
| | - Xinglin Jia
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sonny T. M. Lee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas, USA
| | - Peter D. Karp
- Bioinformatics Research Group, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Suzanne Paley
- Bioinformatics Research Group, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Aleksandar D. Kostic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph F. Pierre
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Afzaal M, Saeed F, Shah YA, Hussain M, Rabail R, Socol CT, Hassoun A, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM, Rusu AV, Aadil RM. Human gut microbiota in health and disease: Unveiling the relationship. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999001. [PMID: 36225386 PMCID: PMC9549250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut possesses millions of microbes that define a complex microbial community. The gut microbiota has been characterized as a vital organ forming its multidirectional connecting axis with other organs. This gut microbiota axis is responsible for host-microbe interactions and works by communicating with the neural, endocrinal, humoral, immunological, and metabolic pathways. The human gut microorganisms (mostly non-pathogenic) have symbiotic host relationships and are usually associated with the host’s immunity to defend against pathogenic invasion. The dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is therefore linked to various human diseases, such as anxiety, depression, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. The mechanism leading to the disease development has a crucial correlation with gut microbiota, metabolic products, and host immune response in humans. The understanding of mechanisms over gut microbiota exerts its positive or harmful impacts remains largely undefined. However, many recent clinical studies conducted worldwide are demonstrating the relation of specific microbial species and eubiosis in health and disease. A comprehensive understanding of gut microbiota interactions, its role in health and disease, and recent updates on the subject are the striking topics of the current review. We have also addressed the daunting challenges that must be brought under control to maintain health and treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Afzaal,
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roshina Rabail
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdo Hassoun
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
- Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Faculdade de Ciências de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Alexandru Vasile Rusu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Rana Muhammad Aadil,
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Influence of Gut–Liver Axis on Portal Hypertension in Advanced Chronic Liver Disease: The Gut Microbiome as a New Protagonist in Therapeutic Management. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically significant portal hypertension is associated with most complications of advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), including variceal bleeding, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy. Gut dysbiosis is a hallmark of ACLD with portal hypertension and consists of the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in autochthonous bacteria; additionally, congestion makes the intestinal barrier more permeable to bacteria and their products, which contributes to the development of complications through inflammatory mechanisms. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of the gut–liver axis in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension, with a focus on therapies targeting portal hypertension and the gut microbiota. The modulation of the gut microbiota on several levels represents a major challenge in the upcoming years; in-depth characterization of the molecular and microbiological mechanisms linking the gut–liver axis to portal hypertension in a bidirectional relationship could pave the way to the identification of new therapeutic targets for innovative therapies in the management of ACLD.
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Hassan M, Juanola O, Keller I, Nanni P, Wolski W, Martínez-López S, Caparrós E, Francés R, Moghadamrad S. Paneth Cells Regulate Lymphangiogenesis under Control of Microbial Signals during Experimental Portal Hypertension. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071503. [PMID: 35884808 PMCID: PMC9313283 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota can modulate portal hypertension through the regulation of the intestinal vasculature. We have recently demonstrated that bacterial antigens activate Paneth cells (PCs) to secrete products that regulate angiogenesis and portal hypertension. In the present work we hypothesized that Paneth cells regulate the development of lymphatic vessels under the control of intestinal microbiota during experimental portal hypertension. We used a mouse model of inducible PCs depletion (Math1Lox/LoxVilCreERT2) and performed partial portal vein ligation (PPVL) to induce portal hypertension. After 14 days, we performed mRNA sequencing and evaluated the expression of specific lymphangiogenic genes in small intestinal tissue. Intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic vessels proliferation was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Intestinal organoids with or without PCs were exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and conditioned media (CM) was used to stimulate human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The lymphangiogenic activity of stimulated LECs was assessed by tube formation and wound healing assays. Secretome analysis of CM was performed using label-free proteomics quantification methods. Intestinal immune cell infiltration was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We observed that the intestinal gene expression pattern was altered by the absence of PCs only in portal hypertensive mice. We found a decreased expression of specific lymphangiogenic genes in the absence of PCs during portal hypertension, resulting in a reduced proliferation of intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic vessels as compared to controls. In vitro analyses demonstrated that lymphatic tube formation and endothelial wound healing responses were reduced significantly in LECs treated with CM from organoids without PCs. Secretome analyses of CM revealed that PCs secrete proteins that are involved in lipid metabolism, cell growth and proliferation. Additionally, intestinal macrophages infiltrated the ileal mucosa and submucosa of mice with and without Paneth cells in response to portal hypertension. Our results suggest that intestinal microbiota signals stimulate Paneth cells to secrete factors that modulate the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic vessels network during experimental portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Hassan
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Juanola
- Laboratories for Translational Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University/ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.N.); (W.W.)
| | - Witold Wolski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University/ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.N.); (W.W.)
| | - Sebastián Martínez-López
- Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Departamento Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Esther Caparrós
- Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Departamento Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Rubén Francés
- Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Departamento Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (S.M.-L.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03207 Elche, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratories for Translational Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-58-666-7117
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Ghaffari S, Abbasi A, Somi MH, Moaddab SY, Nikniaz L, Kafil HS, Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo H. Akkermansia muciniphila: from its critical role in human health to strategies for promoting its abundance in human gut microbiome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7357-7377. [PMID: 35238258 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2045894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila, a frequent colonizer in the gut mucous layer of individuals, has constantly been recognized as a promising candidate for the next generation of probiotics due to its biological advantages from in vitro and in vivo investigations. This manuscript comprehensively reviewed the features of A. muciniphila in terms of its function in host physiology and frequently utilized nutrition using the published peer-reviewed articles, which should present valuable and critical information to scientists, engineers, and even the general population. A. muciniphila is an important bacterium that shows host physiology. However, its physiological advantages in several clinical settings also have excellent potential to become a probiotic. Consequently, it can be stated that there is a coherent and direct relation between the biological activities of the gut microbiota, intestinal dysbiosis/eubiosis, and the population of A. muciniphila in the gut milieu, which is influenced by various genetical and nutritional factors. Current regulatory barriers, the need for large-scale clinical trials, and the feasibility of production must be removed before A muciniphila can be extensively used as a next-generation probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Ghaffari
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Yaghoub Moaddab
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Nikniaz
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Zou Y, Song X, Liu N, Sun W, Liu B. Intestinal Flora: A Potential New Regulator of Cardiovascular Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:753-772. [PMID: 35656118 PMCID: PMC9116925 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made in reducing the burden of the disease by preventing the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), potential risk factors still exist and lead to its progression. In recent years, numerous studies have revealed that intestinal flora can interfere with the physiological processes of the host through changes in composition and function or related metabolites. Intestinal flora thus affects the occurrence and development of a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. Moreover, studies have found that interventions for intestinal flora and its metabolites provide new opportunities for CVD treatment. This article mainly discusses the interaction between the human intestinal flora and its metabolites, the occurrence and development of CVD, and the potential of intestinal flora as a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Sun
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Sun Wei () and Bin Liu (), Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Sun Wei () and Bin Liu (), Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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14
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Huang P, Wang X, Wang S, Wu Z, Zhou Z, Shao G, Ren C, Kuang M, Zhou Y, Jiang A, Tang W, Miao J, Qian X, Gong A, Xu M. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Potential effect of NMN on intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1403-1411. [PMID: 36105890 PMCID: PMC9464647 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) exerts physiological effects in mammals through its conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). In this study, we established experimental models of colitis by mixing drinking water of C57BL/6J mice with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS), and then fed them with the same concentration of NMN or at the same time. After NMN treatment, we observed improved morphology of inflamed intestines, slightly restored length of colon, improved barrier function and reduced proinflammatory factors expression in serum. Also, significant alterations in the composition and abundance of intestinal flora in IBD mice were found. The abundance of Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia and Lactobacillus, considered as beneficial bacteria, increased, while Bacteroidetes and Muribaculaceae unclassifiably decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that NMN may improve intestinal inflammation, reduce intestinal mucosal permeability and repair gut flora dysbiosis in IBD. After NMN feeding, the improved morphology of inflamed intestines, restored length of colon and enhanced mucosal permeability were discovered. The expression of pro-inflammatory factors in serum was also decreased after NMN administration. Significant alterations in the composition and abundance of intestinal flora in IBD mice were found. This study provides some evidences for the application of NMN in the prevention and treatment of IBD, which is important for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xuxin Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
- Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Wuxi 214200, PR China
| | - Siyu Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Genbao Shao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Caifang Ren
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Meiqian Kuang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Anqi Jiang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Weihong Tang
- Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jianye Miao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xin Qian
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
- Corresponding author. School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
- Corresponding author. Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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15
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Abstract
Antifibrotic therapies for the treatment of liver fibrosis represent an unconquered area of drug development. The significant involvement of the gut microbiota as a driving force in a multitude of liver disease, be it pathogenesis or fibrotic progression, suggest that targeting the gut–liver axis, relevant signaling pathways, and/or manipulation of the gut’s commensal microbial composition and its metabolites may offer opportunities for biomarker discovery, novel therapies and personalized medicine development. Here, we review potential links between bacterial translocation and deficits of host-microbiome compartmentalization and liver fibrosis that occur in settings of advanced chronic liver disease. We discuss established and emerging therapeutic strategies, translated from our current knowledge of the gut–liver axis, targeted at restoring intestinal eubiosis, ameliorating hepatic fibrosis and rising portal hypertension that characterize and define the course of decompensated cirrhosis.
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16
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Cookson TA. Bacterial-Induced Blood Pressure Reduction: Mechanisms for the Treatment of Hypertension via the Gut. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:721393. [PMID: 34485420 PMCID: PMC8414577 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.721393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. As more research into the gut microbiome emerges, we are finding increasing evidence to support that these microbes may have significant positive and negative effects on blood pressure and associated disorders. The bacterial-derived metabolites that are produced in the gut are capable of widespread effects to several tissue types and organs in the body. It is clear that the extensive metabolic function that is lost with gut dysbiosis is unlikely to be replenished with a single metabolite or bacterial strain. Instead, combinations of bacteria and concomitant therapies will provide a more well-rounded solution to manage hypertension. The bioactive molecules that are recognized in this review will inform on ideal characteristics of candidate bacteria and provide direction for future research on the gut microbiome in hypertension.
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17
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Murphy K, O'Donovan AN, Caplice NM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Exploring the Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080493. [PMID: 34436434 PMCID: PMC8401482 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been classified as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CVD risk factors include smoking, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, inflammation and diabetes. The gut microbiota can influence human health through multiple interactions and community changes are associated with the development and progression of numerous disease states, including CVD. The gut microbiota are involved in the production of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). These products of microbial metabolism are important modulatory factors and have been associated with an increased risk of CVD. Due to its association with CVD development, the gut microbiota has emerged as a target for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in CVD development, and associated microbial communities, functions, and metabolic profiles. We also discuss CVD therapeutic interventions that target the gut microbiota such as probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Murphy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Aoife N O'Donovan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Noel M Caplice
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
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18
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The Immunomodulatory Effect of the Gut Microbiota in Kidney Disease. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5516035. [PMID: 34095319 PMCID: PMC8140847 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5516035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a complex cluster composed of 100 trillion microorganisms, which holds a symbiotic relationship with the host under normal circumstances. Intestinal flora can facilitate the treatment of human metabolic dysfunctions and interact with the intestinal tract, which could influence intestinal tolerance, immunity, and sensitivity to inflammation. In recent years, significant interests have evolved on the association of intestinal microbiota and kidney diseases within the academic circle. Abnormal changes in intestinal microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can affect the integrity of the intestinal barrier, resulting in the bacterial translocation, production, and accumulation of dysbiotic gut-derived metabolites, such as urea, indoxyl sulfate (IS), and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS). These processes lead to the abnormal activation of immune cells; overproduction of antibodies, immune complexes, and inflammatory factors; and inflammatory cell infiltration that can directly or indirectly cause damage to the renal parenchyma. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of intestinal flora in the development and progression of several renal diseases, such as lupus nephritis, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Further research on these mechanisms should provide insights into the therapeutic potential of regulating intestinal flora and intervening related molecular targets for the abovementioned nephropathy.
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19
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Li J, Yang X, Zhou X, Cai J. The Role and Mechanism of Intestinal Flora in Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:811-830. [PMID: 32316741 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Hypertension (HTN) has a complex etiology that is characterized by genetic and environmental factors. It has become a global health burden leading to cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases, ultimately progressing to premature death. Accumulating evidence indicated that gut microbiome was associated with metabolic disorders and inflammation, which were closely linked to HTN. Recent Advances: Recent studies using bacterial genomic analysis and fecal microbiota transplantation as well as many lines of seminal evidence demonstrated that aberrant gut microbiome was significantly associated with HTN. The intestinal microbiome of both patients and animals with HTN had decreased bacterial diversity, disordered microbial structure and functions, and altered end products of fermentation. Gut dysbiosis and metabolites of the gut microbiota play an important role in blood pressure (BP) control, and they are therefore responsible for developing HTN. Critical Issues: This study aimed at focusing on the recent advances in understanding the role played by gut bacteria and the mechanisms underlying the pathological milieu that induced elevated BP and led to HTN pathogenesis. Potential intervention strategies targeting the correction of gut dysbiosis to improve HTN development were summarized. Future Directions: Larger numbers of fecal transplants from participants with HTN should be carried out to examine the magnitude of BP changes with the replacement of the gut microbiome. The proposed mechanisms for the gut in regulating BP remain to be verified. Whether intervention strategies using probiotics, dietary interventions, bacteriophages, and fecal transplants are feasible for individuals with HTN remains to be explored. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 811-830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Heart Center, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of China, Hypertension Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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20
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The influence of gut microbiota in cardiovascular diseases-a brief review. Porto Biomed J 2021; 6:e106. [PMID: 33490701 PMCID: PMC7817281 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lately, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important mediator of the development and the outcomes of certain diseases. It's well known that the gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health. Still far from being completely understood and analyzed is the complexity of this ecosystem, although a close relationship between the gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been established. A loss of diversity in the microbiota will lead to physiological changes, which can improve inflammatory or infection states like atherosclerosis and hypertension, the basic pathological process of CVD. Targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites are new and promising strategies for the treatment and prognosis of CVD.
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21
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Cheng D, Xie MZ. A review of a potential and promising probiotic candidate-Akkermansia muciniphila. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1813-1822. [PMID: 33113228 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila, a common colonizer in the intestinal mucus layer of humans, has gradually been considered as promising candidate for the next-generation probiotic, given its physiological benefits from animal and human studies. This article comprehensively reviewed A. muciniphila from the published peer-reviewed articles in the aspects of its role in the host physiology and commonly consumed food that can boost its abundance, which should provide useful and fundamental information for scientists and engineers and even ordinary consumers. Akkermansia muciniphila is not only a crucial biomarker that indicates the physiology of human beings but also has huge potential to become a probiotic given its physiological benefits in various clinical scenarios. Current barriers in terms of regulations, necessity for large-scale clinical experiments and production feasibility need to be resolved before A. muciniphila can be widely applied as the next-generation probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cheng
- Research and Development Center, Shanghai Lithy One-Health Group Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - M Z Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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22
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Niehaus CE, Strunz B, Cornillet M, Falk CS, Schnieders A, Maasoumy B, Hardtke S, Manns MP, Kraft ARM, Björkström NK, Cornberg M. MAIT Cells Are Enriched and Highly Functional in Ascites of Patients With Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis. Hepatology 2020; 72:1378-1393. [PMID: 32012321 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with advanced liver cirrhosis have an increased susceptibility to infections. As part of the cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which have the capacity to respond to bacteria, are severely diminished in circulation and liver tissue. However, MAIT cell presence and function in the peritoneal cavity, a common anatomical site for infections in cirrhosis, remain elusive. In this study, we deliver a comprehensive investigation of the immune compartment present in ascites of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, and focus especially on MAIT cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS To study this, matched peripheral blood and ascites fluid were collected from 35 patients with decompensated cirrhosis, with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). MAIT cell phenotype and function were analyzed using high-dimensional flow cytometry, and the obtained data were compared with the blood samples of healthy controls (n = 24) and patients with compensated cirrhosis (n = 11). We found circulating MAIT cells to be severely decreased in patients with cirrhosis as compared with controls. In contrast, in ascites fluid, MAIT cells were significantly increased together with CD14+ CD16+ monocytes, innate lymphoid cells, and natural killer cells. This was paralleled by elevated levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in ascites fluid as compared with plasma. Peritoneal MAIT cells displayed an activated tissue-resident phenotype, and this was corroborated by increased functional responses following stimulation with E. coli or interleukin (lL)-12 + IL-18 as compared with circulating MAIT cells. During SBP, peritoneal MAIT cell frequencies increased most among all major immune cell subsets, suggestive of active homing of MAIT cells to the site of infection. CONCLUSIONS Despite severely diminished MAIT cell numbers and impaired phenotype in circulation, peritoneal MAIT cells remain abundant, activated, and highly functional in decompensated cirrhosis and are further enriched in SBP. This suggests that peritoneal MAIT cells could be of interest for immune-intervention strategies in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Niehaus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schnieders
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Maasoumy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Hardtke
- German Center for Infection Research, HepNet Study-House German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke R M Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Hassan M, Moghadamrad S, Sorribas M, Muntet SG, Kellmann P, Trentesaux C, Fraudeau M, Nanni P, Wolski W, Keller I, Hapfelmeier S, Shroyer NF, Wiest R, Romagnolo B, De Gottardi A. Paneth cells promote angiogenesis and regulate portal hypertension in response to microbial signals. J Hepatol 2020; 73:628-639. [PMID: 32205193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Paneth cells (PCs) synthesize and secrete antimicrobial peptides that are key mediators of host-microbe interactions, establishing a balance between intestinal microflora and enteric pathogens. We observed that their number increases in experimental portal hypertension and aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which these cells can contribute to the regulation of portal pressure. METHODS We first treated Math1Lox/LoxVilcreERT2 mice with tamoxifen to induce the complete depletion of intestinal PCs. Subsequently, we performed partial portal vein or bile duct ligation. We then studied the effects of these interventions on hemodynamic parameters, proliferation of blood vessels and the expression of genes regulating angiogenesis. Intestinal organoids were cultured and exposed to different microbial products to study the composition of their secreted products (by proteomics) and their effects on the proliferation and tube formation of endothelial cells (ECs). In vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy was used to confirm the findings on blood vessel proliferation. RESULTS Portal hypertension was significantly attenuated in PC-depleted mice compared to control mice and was associated with a decrease in portosystemic shunts. Depletion of PCs also resulted in a significantly decreased density of blood vessels in the intestinal wall and mesentery. Furthermore, we observed reduced expression of intestinal genes regulating angiogenesis in Paneth cell depleted mice using arrays and next generation sequencing. Tube formation and wound healing responses were significantly decreased in ECs treated with conditioned media from PC-depleted intestinal organoids exposed to intestinal microbiota-derived products. Proteomic analysis of conditioned media in the presence of PCs revealed an increase in factors regulating angiogenesis and additional metabolic processes. In vivo endomicroscopy showed decreased vascular proliferation in the absence of PCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in response to intestinal flora and microbiota-derived factors, PCs secrete not only antimicrobial peptides, but also pro-angiogenic signaling molecules, thereby promoting intestinal and mesenteric angiogenesis and regulating portal hypertension. LAY SUMMARY Paneth cells are present in the lining of the small intestine. They prevent the passage of bacteria from the intestine into the blood circulation by secreting substances to fight bacteria. In this paper, we discovered that these substances not only act against bacteria, but also increase the quantity of blood vessels in the intestine and blood pressure in the portal vein. This is important, because high blood pressure in the portal vein may result in several complications which could be targeted with novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Hassan
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Inselspital, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland (Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland)
| | - Marcel Sorribas
- Department for Biomedical Research, Gastroenterology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sergi G Muntet
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kellmann
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- INSERM, U106, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France; Université paris Descartes Sorbonne paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Fraudeau
- INSERM, U106, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France; Université paris Descartes Sorbonne paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomic Centre, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Witold Wolski
- Functional Genomic Centre, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department for Biomedical Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Noah F Shroyer
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department for Biomedical Research, Gastroenterology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Inselspital, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland (Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland)
| | - Beatrice Romagnolo
- INSERM, U106, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France; Université paris Descartes Sorbonne paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrea De Gottardi
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Inselspital, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland (Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland); Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
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24
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Zeng C, Tan H. Gut Microbiota and Heart, Vascular Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1238:107-141. [PMID: 32323183 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2385-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health. Accumulating evidence has indicated an intimate relationship between gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which has become the leading cause of death worldwide. The alteration of gut microbial composition (gut dysbiosis) has been proven to contribute to atherosclerosis, the basic pathological process of CVD. In addition, the metabolites of gut microbiota have been found to be closely related to the development of CVD. For example, short-chain fatty acids are widely acclaimed beneficial effect against CVD, whereas trimethylamine-N-oxide is considered as a contributing factor in the development of CVD. In this chapter, we mainly discuss the gut microbial metabolite-involved mechanisms of CVD focusing on atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and heart failure. Targeting gut microbiota and related metabolites are novel and promising strategies for the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongmei Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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25
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Silveira-Nunes G, Durso DF, Jr LRADO, Cunha EHM, Maioli TU, Vieira AT, Speziali E, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Franceschi C, Rampelli S, Turroni S, Brigidi P, Faria AMC. Hypertension Is Associated With Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Inflammation in a Brazilian Population. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:258. [PMID: 32226382 PMCID: PMC7080704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major global health challenge, as it represents the main risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular disease. It is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by high and sustained levels of blood pressure, likely resulting from a complex interplay of endogenous and environmental factors. The gut microbiota has been strongly supposed to be involved but its role in hypertension is still poorly understood. In an attempt to fill this gap, here we characterized the microbial composition of fecal samples from 48 hypertensive and 32 normotensive Brazilian individuals by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, the cytokine production of peripheral blood samples was investigated to build an immunological profile of these individuals. We identified a dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota in hypertensive subjects, featured by reduced biodiversity and distinct bacterial signatures compared with the normotensive counterpart. Along with a reduction in Bacteroidetes members, hypertensive individuals were indeed mainly characterized by increased proportions of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia while decreased relative abundances of well-known butyrate-producing commensals, including Roseburia and Faecalibacterium within the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. We also observed an inflamed immune profile in hypertensive individuals with an increase in TNF/IFN-γ ratio, and in TNF and IL-6 production when compared to normotensive ones. Our work provides the first evidence of association of hypertension with altered gut microbiota and inflammation in a Brazilian population. While lending support to the existence of potential microbial signatures of hypertension, likely to be robust to age and geography, our findings point to largely neglected bacteria as potential contributors to intestinal homeostasis loss and emphasize the high vulnerability of hypertensive individuals to inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Silveira-Nunes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Danielle Fernandes Durso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Alves de Oliveira Jr
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Angélica Thomaz Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elaine Speziali
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics (ITMM), Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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26
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Kumar R, Sood U, Gupta V, Singh M, Scaria J, Lal R. Recent Advancements in the Development of Modern Probiotics for Restoring Human Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:12-25. [PMID: 32089570 PMCID: PMC7000592 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy gut is predominantly occupied by bacteria which play a vital role in nutrition and health. Any change in normal gut homeostasis imposes gut dysbiosis. So far, efforts have been made to mitigate the gastrointestinal symptoms using modern day probiotics. The majority of the probiotics strains used currently belong to the genera Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. Recent advancements in culturomics by implementing newer techniques coupled with the use of gnotobiotic animal models provide a subtle ground to develop novel host specific probiotics therapies. In this review article, the recent advances in the development of microbe-based therapies which can now be implemented to treat a wide spectrum of diseases have been discussed. However, these probiotics are not classified as drugs and there is a lack of stringent law enforcement to protect the end users against the pseudo-probiotic products. While modern probiotics hold strong promise for the future, more rigorous regulations are needed to develop genuine probiotic products and characterize novel probiotics using the latest research and technology. This article also highlights the possibility of reducing antibiotic usage by utilizing probiotics developed using the latest concepts of syn and ecobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana 122001 India
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
- South Dakota Centre for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Utkarsh Sood
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana 122001 India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Vipin Gupta
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana 122001 India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Mona Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067 India
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
- South Dakota Centre for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Rup Lal
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana 122001 India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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27
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Yokoyama K, Tsuchiya N, Yamauchi R, Miyayama T, Uchida Y, Shibata K, Fukuda H, Umeda K, Takata K, Tanaka T, Inomata S, Morihara D, Takeyama Y, Shakado S, Sakisaka S, Hirai F. Exploratory Research on the Relationship between Human Gut Microbiota and Portal Hypertension. Intern Med 2020; 59:2089-2094. [PMID: 32879200 PMCID: PMC7516306 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4628-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The relationship between gut microbiota and portal hypertension remains unclear. We investigated the characteristics of the gut microbiota in portal hypertension patients with esophago-gastric varices and liver cirrhosis. Methods Thirty-six patients (12 patients with portal hypertension, 12 healthy controls, and 12 non-cirrhosis patients) were enrolled in this university hospital study. Intestinal bacteria and statistical analyses were performed up to the genus level using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism method targeting 16S ribosomal RNA genes, with diversified regions characterizing each bacterium. Results Levels of Lactobacillales were significantly higher (p=0.045) and those of Clostridium cluster IV significantly lower (p=0.014) in patients with portal hypertension than in other patients. This Clostridium cluster contains many butanoic acid-producing strains, including Ruminococcace and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Clostridium cluster IX levels were also significantly lower (p=0.045) in portal hypertension patients than in other patients. There are many strains of Clostridium that produce propionic acid, and the effects on the host and the function of these bacterial species in the human intestine remain unknown. Regarding the Bifidobacterium genus, which is supposed to decrease as a result of cirrhosis, no significant decrease was observed in this study. Conclusion In the present study, we provided information on the characteristics of the gut microbiota of portal hypertension patients with esophago-gastric varices due to liver cirrhosis. In the future, we aim to develop probiotic treatments following further analyses that include the species level, such as the intestinal flora analysis method and next-generation sequencers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naoaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yotaro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kaoru Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Takata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Inomata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shakado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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28
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Abstract
The recognition that intestinal microbiota exert profound effects on human health has led to major advances in our understanding of disease processes. Studies over the past 20 years have shown that host components, including components of the host immune system, shape the microbial community. Pathogenic alterations in commensal microorganisms contribute to disease manifestations that are generally considered to be noncommunicable, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus and liver disease, through a variety of mechanisms, including effects on host immunity. More recent studies have shed new light on how the immune system and microbiota might also drive the pathogenesis of renal disorders. In this Review, we discuss the latest insights into the mechanisms regulating the microbiome composition, with a focus both on genetics and environmental factors, and describe how commensal microorganisms calibrate innate and adaptive immune responses to affect the activation threshold for pathogenic stimulations. We discuss the mechanisms that lead to intestinal epithelial barrier inflammation and the relevance of certain bacteria to the pathogenesis of two common kidney-based disorders: hypertension and renal stone disease. Limitations of current approaches to microbiota research are also highlighted, emphasizing the need to move beyond studies of correlation to causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Knauf
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Richard Brewer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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29
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30
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Yang T, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 14:442-456. [PMID: 29760448 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host has attracted considerable attention owing to its involvement in diverse diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with hypertension and is characterized by immune dysregulation, metabolic disorder and sympathetic activation, which are all linked to gut dysbiosis and altered host-microbiota crosstalk. In this Review, we discuss the complex interplay between the brain, the gut, the microbiota and the kidney in CKD and hypertension and explain our brain-gut-kidney axis hypothesis for the pathogenesis of these diseases. Consideration of the role of the brain-gut-kidney axis in the maintenance of normal homeostasis and of dysregulation of this axis in CKD and hypertension could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In addition, the discovery of unique microbial communities and their associated metabolites and the elucidation of brain-gut-kidney signalling are likely to fill fundamental knowledge gaps leading to innovative research, clinical trials and treatments for CKD and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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31
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Suh SH, Choe K, Hong SP, Jeong SH, Mäkinen T, Kim KS, Alitalo K, Surh CD, Koh GY, Song JH. Gut microbiota regulates lacteal integrity by inducing VEGF-C in intestinal villus macrophages. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201846927. [PMID: 30783017 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A lacteal is a blunt-ended, long, tube-like lymphatic vessel located in the center of each intestinal villus that provides a unique route for drainage of absorbed lipids from the small intestine. However, key regulators for maintaining lacteal integrity are poorly understood. Here, we explore whether and how the gut microbiota regulates lacteal integrity. Germ depletion by antibiotic treatment triggers lacteal regression during adulthood and delays lacteal maturation during the postnatal period. In accordance with compromised lipid absorption, the button-like junction between lymphatic endothelial cells, which is ultrastructurally open to permit free entry of dietary lipids into lacteals, is significantly reduced in lacteals of germ-depleted mice. Lacteal defects are also found in germ-free mice, but conventionalization of germ-free mice leads to normalization of lacteals. Mechanistically, VEGF-C secreted from villus macrophages upon MyD88-dependent recognition of microbes and their products is a main factor in lacteal integrity. Collectively, we conclude that the gut microbiota is a crucial regulator for lacteal integrity by endowing its unique microenvironment and regulating villus macrophages in small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kibaek Choe
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon Pyo Hong
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Korea
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Biology Program and Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea .,Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joo-Hye Song
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea
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32
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Shen TCD, Pyrsopoulos N, Rustgi VK. Microbiota and the liver. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:539-550. [PMID: 29316191 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome outnumbers the human genome by 150-fold and plays important roles in metabolism, immune system education, tolerance development, and prevention of pathogen colonization. Dysbiosis has been associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) as well as cirrhosis and complications. This article provides an overview of this relationship. Liver Transplantation 24 539-550 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chin David Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Vinod K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers Health, New Brunswick, NJ
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García-Lezana T, Raurell I, Bravo M, Torres-Arauz M, Salcedo MT, Santiago A, Schoenenberger A, Manichanh C, Genescà J, Martell M, Augustin S. Restoration of a healthy intestinal microbiota normalizes portal hypertension in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2018; 67:1485-1498. [PMID: 29113028 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Portal hypertension (PH) drives most of the clinical complications in chronic liver diseases. However, its progression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its association with the intestinal microbiota (IM) have been scarcely studied. Our aim was to investigate the role of the IM in the mechanisms leading to PH in early NASH. The experimental design was divided in two stages. In stage 1, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 8 weeks a high-fat, high-glucose/fructose diet (HFGFD) or a control diet/water (CD). Representative rats were selected as IM donors for stage 2. In stage 2, additional HFGFD and CD rats underwent intestinal decontamination, followed by IM transplantation with feces from opposite-diet donors (heterologous transplant) or autologous fecal transplant (as controls), generating four groups: CD-autotransplanted, CD-transplanted, HFGFD-autotransplanted, HFGFD-transplanted. After IM transplantation, the original diet was maintained for 12-14 days until death. HFGFD rats developed obesity, insulin resistance, NASH without fibrosis but with PH, intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction, and IM dysbiosis. In HFGFD rats, transplantation with feces from CD donors caused a significant reduction of PH to levels comparable to CD without significant changes in NASH histology. The reduction in PH was due to a 31% decrease of intrahepatic vascular resistance compared to the HFGFD-autotransplanted group (P < 0.05). This effect occurs through restoration of the sensitivity to insulin of the hepatic protein kinase B-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The IM exerts a direct influence in the development of PH in rats with diet-induced NASH and dysbiosis; PH, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction revert when a healthy IM is restored. (Hepatology 2018;67:1485-1498).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa García-Lezana
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Raurell
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Bravo
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Torres-Arauz
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alba Santiago
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Chaysavanh Manichanh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Genescà
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martell
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Augustin
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), influx of urea and other retained toxins exerts a change in the gut microbiome. There is decreased number of beneficial bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, an essential nutrient for the colonic epithelium, concurrent with an increase in bacteria that produce uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulphate, p-cresyl sulphate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Due to intestinal wall inflammation and degradation of intercellular tight junctions, gut-derived uremic toxins translocate into the bloodstream and exert systemic effects. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for gut-derived uremic toxins in promoting multiorgan dysfunction via inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptosis pathways. End-organ effects include vascular calcification, kidney fibrosis, anemia, impaired immune system, adipocyte dysfunction with insulin resistance, and low turnover bone disease. Higher blood levels of gut-derived uremic toxins are associated with increased cardiovascular events and mortality in the CKD population. Clinical trials that have examined interventions to trap toxic products or reverse gut microbial dysbiosis via oral activated charcoal AST-120, prebiotics and probiotics have not shown impact on cardiovascular or survival outcomes but were limited by sample size and short trials. In summary, the gut microbiome is a major contributor to adverse cardiovascular outcomes and progression of CKD.
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35
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Lin L, Cai M, Deng S, Huang W, Huang J, Huang X, Huang M, Wang Y, Shuai X, Zhu K. Amelioration of cirrhotic portal hypertension by targeted cyclooxygenase-1 siRNA delivery to liver sinusoidal endothelium with polyethylenimine grafted hyaluronic acid. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2329-2339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Arab JP, Martin-Mateos RM, Shah VH. Gut-liver axis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension: the chicken and the egg. Hepatol Int 2017; 12:24-33. [PMID: 28550391 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term gut-liver axis is used to highlight the close anatomical and functional relationship between the intestine and the liver. The intestine has a highly specialized epithelial membrane which regulates transport across the mucosa. Due to dysbiosis, impairment of the intestinal barrier and altered immunity status, bacterial products can reach the liver through the portal vein, where they are recognized by specific receptors, activate the immune system and lead to a proinflammatory response. Gut microbiota and bacterial translocation play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and its complications, such as portal hypertension, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopaty. The gut microbiota also plays a critical role as a modulator of bile acid metabolism which can also influence intestinal permeability and portal hypertension through the farnesoid-X receptor. On the other hand, cirrhosis and portal hypertension affect the microbiota and increase translocation, leading to a "chicken and egg" situation, where translocation increases portal pressure, and vice versa. A myriad of therapies targeting gut microbiota have been evaluated specifically in patients with chronic liver disease. Further studies targeting intestinal microbiota and its possible hemodynamic and metabolic effects are needed. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases and portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA.,Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa M Martin-Mateos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Schwabl P, Laleman W. Novel treatment options for portal hypertension. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2017; 5:90-103. [PMID: 28533907 PMCID: PMC5421460 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gox011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension is most frequently associated with cirrhosis and is a major driver for associated complications, such as variceal bleeding, ascites or hepatic encephalopathy. As such, clinically significant portal hypertension forms the prelude to decompensation and impacts significantly on the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis. At present, non-selective β-blockers, vasopressin analogues and somatostatin analogues are the mainstay of treatment but these strategies are far from satisfactory and only target splanchnic hyperemia. In contrast, safe and reliable strategies to reduce the increased intrahepatic resistance in cirrhotic patients still represent a pending issue. In recent years, several preclinical and clinical trials have focused on this latter component and other therapeutic avenues. In this review, we highlight novel data in this context and address potentially interesting therapeutic options for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schwabl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wim Laleman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Li J, Zhao F, Wang Y, Chen J, Tao J, Tian G, Wu S, Liu W, Cui Q, Geng B, Zhang W, Weldon R, Auguste K, Yang L, Liu X, Chen L, Yang X, Zhu B, Cai J. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:14. [PMID: 28143587 PMCID: PMC5286796 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the potential role of gut microbiome in metabolic diseases has been revealed, especially in cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases worldwide, yet whether gut microbiota dysbiosis participates in the development of hypertension remains largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we carried out comprehensive metagenomic and metabolomic analyses in a cohort of 41 healthy controls, 56 subjects with pre-hypertension, 99 individuals with primary hypertension, and performed fecal microbiota transplantation from patients to germ-free mice. RESULTS Compared to the healthy controls, we found dramatically decreased microbial richness and diversity, Prevotella-dominated gut enterotype, distinct metagenomic composition with reduced bacteria associated with healthy status and overgrowth of bacteria such as Prevotella and Klebsiella, and disease-linked microbial function in both pre-hypertensive and hypertensive populations. Unexpectedly, the microbiome characteristic in pre-hypertension group was quite similar to that in hypertension. The metabolism changes of host with pre-hypertension or hypertension were identified to be closely linked to gut microbiome dysbiosis. And a disease classifier based on microbiota and metabolites was constructed to discriminate pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals from controls accurately. Furthermore, by fecal transplantation from hypertensive human donors to germ-free mice, elevated blood pressure was observed to be transferrable through microbiota, and the direct influence of gut microbiota on blood pressure of the host was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results describe a novel causal role of aberrant gut microbiota in contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension. And the significance of early intervention for pre-hypertension was emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Hypertension Center, Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of China, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037 China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Computational Genomics Laboratory, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Hypertension Center, Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of China, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037 China
| | - Junru Chen
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, 071000 China
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology Kailuan General Hospital, Hebei Union University, Tangshan, 063000 China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Centre for Noncoding RNA Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Bin Geng
- Hypertension Center, Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of China, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037 China
| | - Weili Zhang
- Hypertension Center, Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of China, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037 China
| | - Ryan Weldon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Kelda Auguste
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030 China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hypertension Center, Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of China, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037 China
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Biggs MB, Medlock GL, Moutinho TJ, Lees HJ, Swann JR, Kolling GL, Papin JA. Systems-level metabolism of the altered Schaedler flora, a complete gut microbiota. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 11:426-438. [PMID: 27824342 PMCID: PMC5270571 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The altered Schaedler flora (ASF) is a model microbial community with both in vivo and in vitro relevance. Here we provide the first characterization of the ASF community in vitro, independent of a murine host. We compared the functional genetic content of the ASF to wild murine metagenomes and found that the ASF functionally represents wild microbiomes better than random consortia of similar taxonomic composition. We developed a chemically defined medium that supported growth of seven of the eight ASF members. To elucidate the metabolic capabilities of these ASF species—including potential for interactions such as cross-feeding—we performed a spent media screen and analyzed the results through dynamic growth measurements and non-targeted metabolic profiling. We found that cross-feeding is relatively rare (32 of 3570 possible cases), but is enriched between Clostridium ASF356 and Parabacteroides ASF519. We identified many cases of emergent metabolism (856 of 3570 possible cases). These data will inform efforts to understand ASF dynamics and spatial distribution in vivo, to design pre- and probiotics that modulate relative abundances of ASF members, and will be essential for validating computational models of ASF metabolism. Well-characterized, experimentally tractable microbial communities enable research that can translate into more effective microbiome-targeted therapies to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Biggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gregory L Medlock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas J Moutinho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hannah J Lees
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jason A Papin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Karbach SH, Schönfelder T, Brandão I, Wilms E, Hörmann N, Jäckel S, Schüler R, Finger S, Knorr M, Lagrange J, Brandt M, Waisman A, Kossmann S, Schäfer K, Münzel T, Reinhardt C, Wenzel P. Gut Microbiota Promote Angiotensin II-Induced Arterial Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003698. [PMID: 27577581 PMCID: PMC5079031 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome is essential for physiological host responses and development of immune functions. The impact of gut microbiota on blood pressure and systemic vascular function, processes that are determined by immune cell function, is unknown. Methods and Results Unchallenged germ‐free mice (GF) had a dampened systemic T helper cell type 1 skewing compared to conventionally raised (CONV‐R) mice. Colonization of GF mice with regular gut microbiota induced lymphoid mRNA transcription of T‐box expression in T cells and resulted in mild endothelial dysfunction. Compared to CONV‐R mice, angiotensin II (AngII; 1 mg/kg per day for 7 days) infused GF mice showed reduced reactive oxygen species formation in the vasculature, attenuated vascular mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase subunit Nox2, as well as a reduced upregulation of retinoic‐acid receptor‐related orphan receptor gamma t (Rorγt), the signature transcription factor for interleukin (IL)‐17 synthesis. This resulted in an attenuated vascular leukocyte adhesion, less infiltration of Ly6G+ neutrophils and Ly6C+ monocytes into the aortic vessel wall, protection from kidney inflammation, as well as endothelial dysfunction and attenuation of blood pressure increase in response to AngII. Importantly, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and systolic dysfunction were attenuated in GF mice, indicating systemic protection from cardiovascular inflammatory stress induced by AngII. Conclusion Gut microbiota facilitate AngII‐induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension, at least in part, by supporting an MCP‐1/IL‐17 driven vascular immune cell infiltration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne H Karbach
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schönfelder
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ines Brandão
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eivor Wilms
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nives Hörmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Finger
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maike Knorr
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jeremy Lagrange
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Brandt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
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Granger DN, Holm L, Kvietys P. The Gastrointestinal Circulation: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1541-83. [PMID: 26140727 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) circulation receives a large fraction of cardiac output and this increases following ingestion of a meal. While blood flow regulation is not the intense phenomenon noted in other vascular beds, the combined responses of blood flow, and capillary oxygen exchange help ensure a level of tissue oxygenation that is commensurate with organ metabolism and function. This is evidenced in the vascular responses of the stomach to increased acid production and in intestine during periods of enhanced nutrient absorption. Complimenting the metabolic vasoregulation is a strong myogenic response that contributes to basal vascular tone and to the responses elicited by changes in intravascular pressure. The GI circulation also contributes to a mucosal defense mechanism that protects against excessive damage to the epithelial lining following ingestion of toxins and/or noxious agents. Profound reductions in GI blood flow are evidenced in certain physiological (strenuous exercise) and pathological (hemorrhage) conditions, while some disease states (e.g., chronic portal hypertension) are associated with a hyperdynamic circulation. The sacrificial nature of GI blood flow is essential for ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs during periods of whole body stress. The restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to GI organs following ischemia elicits an exaggerated tissue injury response that reflects the potential of this organ system to generate reactive oxygen species and to mount an inflammatory response. Human and animal studies of inflammatory bowel disease have also revealed a contribution of the vasculature to the initiation and perpetuation of the tissue inflammation and associated injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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42
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Schaubeck M, Clavel T, Calasan J, Lagkouvardos I, Haange SB, Jehmlich N, Basic M, Dupont A, Hornef M, von Bergen M, Bleich A, Haller D. Dysbiotic gut microbiota causes transmissible Crohn's disease-like ileitis independent of failure in antimicrobial defence. Gut 2016; 65:225-37. [PMID: 25887379 PMCID: PMC4752651 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is associated with Crohn's disease (CD). Functional evidence for a causal role of bacteria in the development of chronic small intestinal inflammation is lacking. Similar to human pathology, TNF(deltaARE) mice develop a tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-driven CD-like transmural inflammation with predominant ileal involvement. DESIGN Heterozygous TNF(deltaARE) mice and wildtype (WT) littermates were housed under conventional (CONV), specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) conditions. Microbial communities were analysed by high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Metaproteomes were measured using LC-MS. Temporal and spatial resolution of disease development was followed after antibiotic treatment and transfer of microbial communities into GF mice. Granulocyte infiltration and Paneth cell function was assessed by immunofluorescence and gene expression analysis. RESULTS GF-TNF(deltaARE) mice were free of inflammation in the gut and antibiotic treatment of CONV-TNF(deltaARE) mice attenuated ileitis but not colitis, demonstrating that disease severity and location are microbiota-dependent. SPF-TNF(deltaARE) mice developed distinct ileitis-phenotypes associated with gradual loss of antimicrobial defence. 16S analysis and metaproteomics revealed specific compositional and functional alterations of bacterial communities in inflamed mice. Transplantation of disease-associated but not healthy microbiota transmitted CD-like ileitis to GF-TNF(deltaARE) recipients and triggered loss of lysozyme and cryptdin-2 expression. Monoassociation of GF-TNF(deltaARE) mice with the human CD-related Escherichia coli LF82 did not induce ileitis. CONCLUSIONS We provide clear experimental evidence for the causal role of gut bacterial dysbiosis in the development of chronic ileal inflammation with subsequent failure of Paneth cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schaubeck
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jelena Calasan
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Sven Bastiaan Haange
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institut for Medical Microbiology, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany,UFZ, Department of Metabolomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany,ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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