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Afonso MB, Marques V, van Mil SW, Rodrigues CM. Human liver organoids: From generation to applications. Hepatology 2024; 79:1432-1451. [PMID: 36815360 PMCID: PMC11095893 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, research into human hepatology has been revolutionized by the development of mini human livers in a dish. These liver organoids are formed by self-organizing stem cells and resemble their native counterparts in cellular content, multicellular architecture, and functional features. Liver organoids can be derived from the liver tissue or pluripotent stem cells generated from a skin biopsy, blood cells, or renal epithelial cells present in urine. With the development of liver organoids, a large part of previous hurdles in modeling the human liver is likely to be solved, enabling possibilities to better model liver disease, improve (personalized) drug testing, and advance bioengineering options. In this review, we address strategies to generate and use organoids in human liver disease modeling, followed by a discussion of their potential application in drug development and therapeutics, as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Saskia W.C. van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M.P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Bertolini A, Nguyen M, Zehra SA, Taleb SA, Bauer-Pisani T, Palm N, Strazzabosco M, Fiorotto R. Prominent role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis-related liver disease in mice. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)00225-3. [PMID: 38554847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cystic fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD) is a chronic cholangiopathy that increases morbidity and mortality in patients with CF. Current treatments are unsatisfactory, and incomplete understanding of CFLD pathogenesis hampers therapeutic development. We have previously shown that mouse CF cholangiocytes respond to lipopolysaccharide with excessive inflammation. Thus, we investigated the role of the gut-liver axis in the pathogenesis of CFLD. METHODS Wild-type (WT), whole-body Cftr knockout (CFTR-KO) and gut-corrected (CFTR-KO-GC) mice were studied. Liver changes were assessed by immunohistochemistry and single-cell transcriptomics (single-cell RNA sequencing), inflammatory mediators were analysed by proteome array, faecal microbiota by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and gut permeability by FITC-dextran assay. RESULTS The livers of CFTR-KO mice showed ductular proliferation and periportal inflammation, whereas livers of CFTR-KO-GC mice had no evident pathology. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of periportal cells showed increased presence of neutrophils, macrophages and T cells, and activation of pro-inflammatory and pathogen-mediated immune pathways in CFTR-KO livers, consistent with a response to gut-derived stimuli. CFTR-KO mice exhibited gut dysbiosis with enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp., which was associated with increased intestinal permeability and mucosal inflammation, whereas gut dysbiosis and inflammation were absent in CFTR-KO-GC mice. Treatment with nonabsorbable antibiotics ameliorated intestinal permeability and liver inflammation in CFTR-KO mice. Faecal microbiota transfer from CFTR-KO to germ-free WT mice did not result in dysbiosis nor liver pathology, indicating that defective intestinal CFTR is required to maintain dysbiosis. CONCLUSION Defective CFTR in the gut sustains a pathogenic microbiota, creates an inflammatory milieu, and alters intestinal permeability. These changes are necessary for the development of cholangiopathy. Restoring CFTR in the intestine or modulating the microbiota could be a promising strategy to prevent or attenuate liver disease. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Severe cystic fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD) affects 10% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment options remain limited due to a lack of understanding of disease pathophysiology. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mediates Cl- and HCO3- secretion in the biliary epithelium and its defective function is thought to cause cholestasis and excessive inflammatory responses in CF. However, our study in Cftr-knockout mice demonstrates that microbial dysbiosis, combined with increased intestinal permeability caused by defective CFTR in the intestinal mucosa, acts as a necessary co-factor for the development of CFLD-like liver pathology in mice. These findings uncover a major role for the gut microbiota in CFLD pathogenesis and call for further investigation and clinical validation to develop targeted therapeutic strategies acting on the gut-liver axis in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Mytien Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Syeda Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Shakila Afroz Taleb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Tory Bauer-Pisani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Noah Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
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Anton-Păduraru DT, Azoicăi AN, Trofin F, Murgu AM, Mîndru DE, Bocec AS, Halițchi COI, Zota GR, Păduraru D, Nastase EV. Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis of Cystic Fibrosis-Related Liver Disease in Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:538. [PMID: 38473009 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multifaceted disorder predominantly investigated for its pulmonary manifestations, yet patients with CF also exhibit a spectrum of extrapulmonary manifestations, notably those involving the hepatobiliary system. The latter constitutes the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with CF. Cystic fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD), with an escalating prevalence, manifests diverse clinical presentations ranging from hepatomegaly to cirrhosis and hepatopulmonary syndrome. Consequently, early detection and appropriate management are imperative for sustaining the health and influencing the quality of life of CF patients afflicted with CFLD. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of hepatobiliary manifestations associated with CF. It delineates the clinical hepatobiliary manifestations, diagnostic methodologies, incorporating minimally invasive markers, and therapeutic approaches, encompassing the impact of novel CFTR modulators on CFLD. Given the exigency of early diagnosis and the intricate management of CFLD, a multidisciplinary team approach is essential to optimize care and enhance the quality of life for this subset of patients. In conclusion, recognizing CF as more than solely a pulmonary ailment, the authors underscore the imperative for further clinical investigations to establish a more robust evidence base for CFLD management within the continuum of this chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana-Teodora Anton-Păduraru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
- "Sf. Maria" Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alice Nicoleta Azoicăi
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
- "Sf. Maria" Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Felicia Trofin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity-Microbiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Alina Mariela Murgu
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
- "Sf. Maria" Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Mîndru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
- "Sf. Maria" Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Simona Bocec
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | | | - Gabriela Rusu Zota
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana Păduraru
- "Dr. C. I. Parhon" Clinical Hospital, 700503 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Eduard Vasile Nastase
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Infectious Diseases, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sf. Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
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Hao M, Yao Z, Zhao M, Chen Z, Wang P, Sang X, Yang Q, Wang K, Han X, Cao G. Active ingredients screening and pharmacological mechanism research of curcumae rhizoma-sparganii rhizoma herb pair ameliorates liver fibrosis based on network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116111. [PMID: 36592822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcumae Rhizoma-Sparganii Rhizoma (CR-SR) is a classic herbal pair to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis in ancient China. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. AIM OF STUDY To screen out the anti-liver fibrosis active ingredients in CR-SR. Moreover, preliminary exploration the molecular mechanism of CR-SR to ameliorates liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this research, plant taxonomy has been confirmed in the "The Plant List" database (www.theplantlist.org). The chemical components of CR-SR were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). "Component-Target-Pathway-Disease" network of CR-SR components were built by network pharmacology. Then, the interaction between primary components and predicted protein targets based on network pharmacology were validated by molecular docking. The pharmacological actions of CR-SR were verified by blood biochemical indexes, histopathologic examination of CCL4 induced rats' model. The core protein targets were verified by Western blot. The effects of screened active components by molecular autodocking were verified by HSC-T6 cell experiment. RESULTS The result shows that 57 chemical constituents in CR-SR herbal pair were identified by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, in which, 27 compounds were closely connected with liver fibrosis related protein targets. 55 protein targets screened out by "component-target-pathway-disease network" maybe the underlying targets for CR-SR to cure liver fibrosis. Moreover, the 55 protein targets are mainly related to RNA transcription, apoptosis, and signal transduction. The molecular autodocking predicted that ten components can bond well with PTGS2 and RELA protein targets. The blood biochemical indexes, histopathologic examination of CCL4 induced rats experiment showed that CR-SR has well intervention effect of liver fibrosis. The Western blot analysis indicated that CR-SR could significantly inhibit RELA, PTGS2, IL-6, SRC, and AKT1 protein expression to exert the anti-fibrosis effect. The HSC-T6 cell experiment indicated that both formononetin (FNT) and curdione could significantly inhibit the activation of HSC and reduce the expression of PTGS2, and p-AKT1 which was accordance with the molecular autodocking results. CONCLUSION This study proved the molecular mechanism of CR-SR multi-component and multi-target anti-liver fibrosis effect through mass spectrometry, network pharmacology, and western blotting technology. The research provides a theoretical evidence for the development and utilization of CR-SR herbal pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Zhouhui Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Mengting Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Ziyan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Pingping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
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Duwe L, Fouassier L, Lafuente-Barquero J, Andersen JB. Unraveling the actin cytoskeleton in the malignant transformation of cholangiocyte biology. Transl Oncol 2022; 26:101531. [PMID: 36113344 PMCID: PMC9483793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct actin cytoskeleton organization is vital in the liver organ homeostasis and disease control. Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton may play a vital role in the bile duct cells cholangiocytes. An abnormal actin network leads to aberrant cell morphology, deregulated signaling networks and ultimately triggering the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and paving the route for cancer cell dissemination (metastasis). In this review, we will outline alterations of the actin cytoskeleton and the potential role of this dynamic network in initiating CCA, as well as regulating the course of this malignancy. Actin rearrangements not only occur because of signaling pathways, but also regulate and modify cellular signaling. This emphasizes the importance of the actin cytoskeleton itself as cause for aberrant signaling and in promoting tumorigenic phenotypes. We will highlight the impact of aberrant signaling networks on the actin cytoskeleton and its rearrangement as potential cause for CCA. Often, these exact mechanisms in CCA are limited understood and still must be elucidated. Indeed, focusing future research on how actin affects and regulates other signaling pathways may provide more insights into the mechanisms of CCA development, progression, and metastasis. Moreover, manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton organization highlights the potential for a novel therapeutic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Duwe
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Juan Lafuente-Barquero
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark.
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6
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Rodrigues MA, Gomes DA, Fiorotto R, Guerra MT, Weerachayaphorn J, Bo T, Sessa WC, Strazzabosco M, Nathanson MH. Molecular determinants of peri-apical targeting of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 in cholangiocytes. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2748-2764. [PMID: 35852334 PMCID: PMC9512452 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid and bicarbonate secretion is a principal function of cholangiocytes, and impaired secretion results in cholestasis. Cholangiocyte secretion depends on peri-apical expression of the type 3 inositol trisphosphate receptor (ITPR3), and loss of this intracellular Ca2+ release channel is a final common event in most cholangiopathies. Here we investigated the mechanism by which ITPR3 localizes to the apical region to regulate secretion. Isolated bile duct units, primary mouse cholangiocytes, and polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were examined using a combination of biochemical and fluorescence microscopy techniques to investigate the mechanism of ITPR3 targeting to the apical region. Apical localization of ITPR3 depended on the presence of intact lipid rafts as well as interactions with both caveolin 1 (CAV1) and myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9). Chemical disruption of lipid rafts or knockdown of CAV1 or MYH9 redistributed ITPR3 away from the apical region. MYH9 interacted with the five c-terminal amino acids of the ITPR3 peptide. Disruption of lipid rafts impaired Ca2+ signaling, and absence of CAV1 impaired both Ca2+ signaling and fluid secretion. Conclusion: A cooperative mechanism involving MYH9, CAV1, and apical lipid rafts localize ITPR3 to the apical region to regulate Ca2+ signaling and secretion in cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A. Rodrigues
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Dawidson A. Gomes
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Mateus T. Guerra
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Tao Bo
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and TherapeuticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - William C. Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and TherapeuticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Michael H. Nathanson
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Advances in Preclinical In Vitro Models for the Translation of Precision Medicine for Cystic Fibrosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081321. [PMID: 36013270 PMCID: PMC9409685 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of preclinical in vitro models has provided significant progress to the studies of cystic fibrosis (CF), a frequently fatal monogenic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Numerous cell lines were generated over the last 30 years and they have been instrumental not only in enhancing the understanding of CF pathological mechanisms but also in developing therapies targeting the underlying defects in CFTR mutations with further validation in patient-derived samples. Furthermore, recent advances toward precision medicine in CF have been made possible by optimizing protocols and establishing novel assays using human bronchial, nasal and rectal tissues, and by progressing from two-dimensional monocultures to more complex three-dimensional culture platforms. These models also enable to potentially predict clinical efficacy and responsiveness to CFTR modulator therapies at an individual level. In parallel, advanced systems, such as induced pluripotent stem cells and organ-on-a-chip, continue to be developed in order to more closely recapitulate human physiology for disease modeling and drug testing. In this review, we have highlighted novel and optimized cell models that are being used in CF research to develop novel CFTR-directed therapies (or alternative therapeutic interventions) and to expand the usage of existing modulator drugs to common and rare CF-causing mutations.
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Fan Z, Pitmon E, Wen L, Miller J, Ehinger E, Herro R, Liu W, Chen J, Mikulski Z, Conrad DJ, Marki A, Orecchioni M, Kumari P, Zhu YP, Marcovecchio PM, Hedrick CC, Hodges CA, Rathinam VA, Wang K, Ley K. Bone Marrow Transplantation Rescues Monocyte Recruitment Defect and Improves Cystic Fibrosis in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:745-752. [PMID: 35031577 PMCID: PMC8855460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-threatening disease accompanied by repeated lung infections and multiorgan inflammation that affects tens of thousands of people worldwide. The causative gene, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), is mutated in CF patients. CFTR functions in epithelial cells have traditionally been thought to cause the disease symptoms. Recent work has shown an additional defect: monocytes from CF patients show a deficiency in integrin activation and adhesion. Because monocytes play critical roles in controlling infections, defective monocyte function may contribute to CF progression. In this study, we demonstrate that monocytes from CFTRΔF508 mice (CF mice) show defective adhesion under flow. Transplanting CF mice with wild-type (WT) bone marrow after sublethal irradiation replaced most (60-80%) CF monocytes with WT monocytes, significantly improved survival, and reduced inflammation. WT/CF mixed bone marrow chimeras directly demonstrated defective CF monocyte recruitment to the bronchoalveolar lavage and the intestinal lamina propria in vivo. WT mice reconstituted with CF bone marrow also show lethality, suggesting that the CF defect in monocytes is not only necessary but also sufficient to cause disease. We also show that monocyte-specific knockout of CFTR retards weight gains and exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Our findings show that providing WT monocytes by bone marrow transfer rescues mortality in CF mice, suggesting that similar approaches may mitigate disease in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Elise Pitmon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Lai Wen
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erik Ehinger
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rana Herro
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Douglas J Conrad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alex Marki
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paola M Marcovecchio
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Craig A Hodges
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Models Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Vijay A Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Cystic fibrosis-related liver disease: Clinical presentations, diagnostic and monitoring approaches in the era of CFTR modulator therapies. J Hepatol 2022; 76:420-434. [PMID: 34678405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disease in the Caucasian population. Cystic fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD) is defined as the pathogenesis related to the underlying CFTR defect in biliary epithelial cells. CFLD needs to be distinguished from other liver manifestations that may not have any pathological significance. The clinical/histological presentation and severity of CFLD vary. The main histological presentation of CFLD is focal biliary fibrosis, which is usually asymptomatic. Portal hypertension develops in a minority of cases (about 10%) and may require specific management including liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease. Portal hypertension is usually the result of the progression of focal biliary fibrosis to multilobular cirrhosis during childhood. Nevertheless, non-cirrhotic portal hypertension as a result of porto-sinusoidal vascular disease is now identified increasingly more frequently, mainly in young adults. To evaluate the effect of new CFTR modulator therapies on the liver, the spectrum of hepatobiliary involvement must first be precisely classified. This paper discusses the phenotypic features of CFLD, its underlying physiopathology and relevant diagnostic and follow-up approaches, with a special focus on imaging.
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10
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Chen B, Jefferson DM, Cho WK. Impaired Regulatory Volume Decrease and Characterization of Underlying Volume-Activated Currents in Cystic Fibrosis Human Cholangiocyte Cell Line. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:261-276. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Bijvelds MJC, Roos FJM, Meijsen KF, Roest HP, Verstegen MMA, Janssens HM, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge HR. Rescue of chloride and bicarbonate transport by elexacaftor-ivacaftor-tezacaftor in organoid-derived CF intestinal and cholangiocyte monolayers. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:537-543. [PMID: 34922851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cystic fibrosis (CF), loss of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-dependent bicarbonate secretion precipitates the accumulation of viscous mucus in the lumen of respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelial tissues. We investigated whether the combination of elexacaftor (ELX), ivacaftor (IVA) and tezacaftor (TEZ), apart from its well-documented effect on chloride transport, also restores Phe508del-CFTR-mediated bicarbonate transport. METHODS Epithelial monolayers were cultured from intestinal and biliary (cholangiocyte) organoids of homozygous Phe508del-CFTR patients and controls. Transcriptome sequencing was performed, and bicarbonate and chloride transport were assessed in the presence or absence of ELX/IVA/TEZ, using the intestinal current measurement technique. RESULTS ELX/IVA/TEZ markedly enhanced bicarbonate and chloride transport across intestinal epithelium. In biliary epithelium, it failed to enhance CFTR-mediated bicarbonate transport but effectively rescued CFTR-mediated chloride transport, known to be requisite for bicarbonate secretion through the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE2 (SLC4A2), which was highly expressed by cholangiocytes. Biliary but not intestinal epithelial cells expressed an alternative anion channel, anoctamin-1/TMEM16A (ANO1), and secreted bicarbonate and chloride upon purinergic receptor stimulation. CONCLUSIONS ELX/IVA/TEZ has the potential to restore both chloride and bicarbonate secretion across CF intestinal and biliary epithelia and may counter luminal hyper-acidification in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly F Meijsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hettie M Janssens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Mechanism of cholangiocellular damage and repair during cholestasis. Ann Hepatol 2021; 26:100530. [PMID: 34509686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of damage of the biliary epithelium remains partially unexplored. However, recently many works have offered new evidence regarding the cholangiocytes' damage process, which is the main target in a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from acute cholestasis, cholangiopathies to cholangiocarcinoma. This is encouraging since some works addressed this epithelium's relevance in health and disease until a few years ago. The biliary tree in the liver, comprised of cholangiocytes, is a pipeline for bile flow and regulates key hepatic processes such as proliferation, regeneration, immune response, and signaling. This review aimed to compile the most recent advances on the mechanisms of cholangiocellular damage during cholestasis, which, although it is present in many cholangiopathies, is not necessarily a common or conserved process in all of them, having a relevant role cAMP and PKA during obstructive cholestasis, as well as Ca2+-dependent PKC in functional cholestasis. Cholangiocellular damage could vary according to the type of cholestasis, the aggressor, or the bile ducts' location where it develops and what kind of damage can favor cholangiocellular carcinoma development.
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13
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Ogawa M, Jiang JX, Xia S, Yang D, Ding A, Laselva O, Hernandez M, Cui C, Higuchi Y, Suemizu H, Dorrell C, Grompe M, Bear CE, Ogawa S. Generation of functional ciliated cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6504. [PMID: 34764255 PMCID: PMC8586142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of mature functional cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides a model for studying the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies and for developing therapies to treat them. Current differentiation protocols are not efficient and give rise to cholangiocytes that are not fully mature, limiting their therapeutic applications. Here, we generate functional hPSC-derived cholangiocytes that display many characteristics of mature bile duct cells including high levels of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the presence of primary cilia capable of sensing flow. With this level of maturation, these cholangiocytes are amenable for testing the efficacy of cystic fibrosis drugs and for studying the role of cilia in cholangiocyte development and function. Transplantation studies show that the mature cholangiocytes generate ductal structures in the liver of immunocompromised mice indicating that it may be possible to develop cell-based therapies to restore bile duct function in patients with biliary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ogawa
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jia-Xin Jiang
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Donghe Yang
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Avrilynn Ding
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marcela Hernandez
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Changyi Cui
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- grid.452212.20000 0004 0376 978XCentral Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- grid.452212.20000 0004 0376 978XCentral Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Craig Dorrell
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Christine E. Bear
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Zarei K, Meyerholz DK, Stoltz DA. Early intrahepatic duct defects in a cystic fibrosis porcine model. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14978. [PMID: 34288572 PMCID: PMC8290831 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatobiliary disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet this problem remains understudied. Previous studies in the newborn CF pig demonstrated decreased bile flow into the small intestine and a microgallbladder with increased luminal mucus and fluid secretion defects. In this study, we examined the intrahepatic bile ducts of the newborn CF pig. We assessed whether our findings from the gallbladder are present elsewhere in the porcine biliary tract and if CF pig cholangiocytes have fluid secretion defects. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated apical CFTR expression in non-CF pig intrahepatic bile ducts of a variety of sizes; CF pig intrahepatic bile ducts lacked CFTR expression. Assessment of serum markers did not reveal significant signs of hepatobiliary disease except for an elevation in direct bilirubin. Quantitative histology demonstrated that CF pigs had smaller bile ducts that more frequently contained luminal mucus. CF intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids were smaller and lacked cAMP-mediated fluid secretion. Together these data suggest that cholangiocyte fluid secretion is decreased in the CF pig, contributing to structural changes in bile ducts and decreased biliary flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyan Zarei
- Department of Internal MedicineRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of PathologyRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - David A. Stoltz
- Department of Internal MedicineRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsRoy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Pappajohn Biomedical InstituteUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
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15
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Roos FJM, Bijvelds MJC, Verstegen MMA, Roest HP, Metselaar HJ, Polak WG, Jonge HRD, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW. Impact of hypoxia and AMPK on CFTR-mediated bicarbonate secretion in human cholangiocyte organoids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G741-G752. [PMID: 33655768 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00389.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes express cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is involved in bicarbonate secretion for the protection against bile toxicity. During liver transplantation, prolonged hypoxia of the graft is associated with cholangiocyte loss and biliary complications. Hypoxia is known to diminish CFTR activity in the intestine, but whether it affects CFTR activity in cholangiocytes remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hypoxia on CFTR activity in intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) and test drug interventions to restore bicarbonate secretion. Fifteen different human ICOs were cultured as monolayers and ion channel [CFTR and anoctamin-1 (ANO1)] activity was determined using an Ussing chamber assay with or without AMP kinase (AMPK) inhibitor under hypoxic and oxygenated conditions. Bile toxicity was tested by apical exposure of cells to fresh human bile. Overall gene expression analysis showed a high similarity between ICOs and primary cholangiocytes. Under oxygenated conditions, both CFTR and ANO1 channels were responsible for forskolin and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) UTP-activated anion secretion. Forskolin stimulation in the absence of intracellular chloride showed ion transport, indicating that bicarbonate could be secreted by CFTR. During hypoxia, CFTR activity significantly decreased (P = 0.01). Switching from oxygen to hypoxia during CFTR measurements reduced CFTR activity (P = 0.03). Consequently, cell death increased when ICO monolayers were exposed to bile during hypoxia compared with oxygen (P = 0.04). Importantly, addition of AMPK inhibitor restored CFTR-mediated anion secretion during hypoxia. ICOs provide an excellent model to study cholangiocyte anion channels and drug-related interventions. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia affects cholangiocyte ion secretion, leaving cholangiocytes vulnerable to bile toxicity. The mechanistic insights from this model maybe relevant for hypoxia-related biliary injury during liver transplantation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The previously described liver-derived organoids resemble primary cholangiocytes and should be properly named intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs). ICOs have functional cholangiocyte ion channels (CFTR and ANO1). CFTR might be able to secrete bicarbonate directly into the bile duct lumen. Hypoxia inhibits CFTR and ANO1 functionality in ICOs, which can partially be restored by addition of an AMP kinase inhibitor. Hypoxia impairs cholangiocyte resistance against cytotoxic effects of bile, resulting in increased cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech G Polak
- Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Huang Y, Miyamoto D, Li PL, Sakai Y, Hara T, Adachi T, Soyama A, Hidaka M, Kanetaka K, Gu WL, Eguchi S. Chemical conversion of aged hepatocytes into bipotent liver progenitor cells. Hepatol Res 2021; 51:323-335. [PMID: 33378128 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the aging society, understanding the influence of hepatocyte age on hepatocyte donation may inform efforts to expand alternative cell sources to mitigate liver donor shortage. A combination of the molecules Y27632, A-83-01, and CHIR99021 has been used to reprogram rodent young hepatocytes into chemically induced liver progenitor (CLiP) cells; however, whether it could also reprogram aged hepatocytes has not yet been elucidated. METHODS Primary hepatocytes were isolated from aged and young donor rats, respectively. Hepatic histological changes were evaluated. Differences in gene expression in hepatocytes were identified. The in vitro reprogramming plasticity of hepatocytes as evidenced by CLiP conversion and the hepatocyte and cholangiocyte maturation capacity of reprogrammed CLIPs were analyzed. The effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on cell propagation was also investigated. RESULTS The histological findings revealed ongoing liver damage with inflammation, fibrosis, senescence, and ductular reaction in aged livers. Microarray analysis showed altered gene expression profiles in hepatocytes from aged donors, especially with regard to metabolic pathways. Aged hepatocytes could be converted into CLiPs (Aged-CLiPs) expressing progenitor cell markers, but with a relatively low proliferative rate compared with young hepatocytes. Aged-CLiPs possessed both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte maturation capacity. HGF facilitated CLiP conversion in aged hepatocytes, which was partly related to the activation of Erk1 and Akt1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Aged rat hepatocytes have retained reprogramming plasticity as evidenced by CLiP conversion in culture. HGF promoted proliferation and CLiP conversion in aged hepatocytes. Hepatocytes from aged donors may be used as an alternative cell source to mitigate donor shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Pei-Lin Li
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanobu Hara
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Adachi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Soyama
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hidaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanetaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wei-Li Gu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Wang Z, Faria J, Penning LC, Masereeuw R, Spee B. Tissue-Engineered Bile Ducts for Disease Modeling and Therapy. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:59-76. [PMID: 33267737 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent biotechnical advances in the in vitro culture of cholangiocytes and generation of bioengineered biliary tissue have a high potential for creating biliary tissue to be used for disease modeling, drug screening, and transplantation. For the past few decades, scientists have searched for a source of cholangiocytes, focused on primary cholangiocytes or cholangiocytes derived from hepatocytes or stem cells. At the same time, the development of scaffolds for biliary tissue engineering for transplantation and modeling of cholangiopathies has been explored. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of cholangiocytes sources, the effect of signaling molecules, and transcription factors on cell differentiation, along with the effects of extracellular matrix molecules and scaffolds on bioengineered biliary tissues, and their application in disease modeling and drug screening. Impact statement Over the past few decades, biliary tissue engineering has acquired significant attention, but currently a number of factors hinder this field to eventually generate bioengineered bile ducts that mimic in vivo physiology and are suitable for transplantation. In this review, we present the latest advances with respect to cell source selection, influence of growth factors and scaffolds, and functional characterization, as well as applications in cholangiopathy modeling and drug screening. This review is suited for a broad spectrum of readers, including fundamental liver researchers and clinicians with interest in the current state and application of bile duct engineering and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - João Faria
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Oliveira AG, Fiorotto R. Novel approaches to liver disease diagnosis and modeling. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 33824923 PMCID: PMC7829068 DOI: 10.21037/tgh-20-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of a prompt and accurate diagnosis remains on top of the list of challenges faced by patients with rare liver diseases. Although rare liver diseases affect a significant percentage of the population as a group, when taken singularly they represent unique diseases and the approaches used for diagnosis of common liver diseases are insufficient. However, the development of new methods for the acquisition of molecular and clinical data (i.e., genomic, proteomics, metabolomics) and computational tools for their analysis and integration, together with advances in modeling diseases using stem cell-based technology [i.e., induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and tissue organoids] represent a promising and powerful tool to improve the clinical management of these patients. This is the goal of precision medicine, a novel approach of modern medicine that aims at delivering a specific treatment based on disease-specific biological insights and individual profile. This review will discuss the application and advances of these technologies and how they represent a new opportunity in hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André G. Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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19
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Staufer K. Current Treatment Options for Cystic Fibrosis-Related Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8586. [PMID: 33202578 PMCID: PMC7696864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD) has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), and affects children and adults. The understanding of the pathogenesis of CFLD is key in order to develop efficacious treatments. However, it remains complex, and has not been clarified to the last. The search for a drug might be additionally complicated due to the diverse clinical picture and lack of a unified definition of CFLD. Although ursodeoxycholic acid has been used for decades, its efficacy in CFLD is controversial, and the potential of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) modulators and targeted gene therapy in CFLD needs to be defined in the near future. This review focuses on the current knowledge on treatment strategies for CFLD based on pathomechanistic viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Staufer
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; ; Tel.: +41-31-63-2-74-88
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20
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Lee SJ, Lee HA. Trends in the development of human stem cell-based non-animal drug testing models. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:441-452. [PMID: 33093266 PMCID: PMC7585597 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.6.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo animal models are limited in their ability to mimic the extremely complex systems of the human body, and there is increasing disquiet about the ethics of animal research. Many authorities in different geographical areas are considering implementing a ban on animal testing, including testing for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, there is a need for research into systems that can replicate the responses of laboratory animals and simulate environments similar to the human body in a laboratory. An in vitro two-dimensional cell culture model is widely used, because such a system is relatively inexpensive, easy to implement, and can gather considerable amounts of reference data. However, these models lack a real physiological extracellular environment. Recent advances in stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication techniques have facilitated the development of various 3D cell culture models. These include multicellular spheroids, organoids, and organs-on-chips, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Organoids are organ-specific cell clusters created by aggregating cells derived from pluripotent, adult, and cancer stem cells. Patient-derived organoids can be used as models of human disease in a culture dish. Biomimetic organ chips are models that replicate the physiological and mechanical functions of human organs. Many organoids and organ-on-a-chips have been developed for drug screening and testing, so competition for patents between countries is also intensifying. We analyzed the scientific and technological trends underlying these cutting-edge models, which are developed for use as non-animal models for testing safety and efficacy at the nonclinical stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Hyang-Ae Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
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21
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Cholangiocarcinoma Disease Modelling Through Patients Derived Organoids. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040832. [PMID: 32235647 PMCID: PMC7226733 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer organoids are 3D phenotypic cultures that can be established from resected or biopsy tumour samples and can be grown as mini tumours in the dish. Flourishing evidence supports the feasibility of patient derived organoids (PDO) from a number of solid tumours. Evidence for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) PDO is still sparse but growing. CCA PDO lines have been established from resected early stage disease, advanced cancers and highly chemorefractory tumours. Cancer PDO was shown to recapitulate the 3D morphology, genomic landscape and transcriptomic profile of the source counterpart. They proved to be a valued model for drug discovery and sensitivity testing, and they showed to mimic the drug response observed in vivo in the patients. However, PDO lack representation of the intratumour heterogeneity and the tumour-stroma interaction. The efficiency rate of CCA PDO within the three different subtypes, intrahepatic, perihilar and distal, is still to be explored. In this manuscript we will review evidence for CCA PDO highlighting advantages and limitations of this novel disease model.
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22
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Recent Advances in Practical Methods for Liver Cell Biology: A Short Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062027. [PMID: 32188134 PMCID: PMC7139397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to portray in detail novel in vitro and in vivo methods for the study of liver cell biology that had been presented at the workshop of the 8th meeting of the European Club for Liver Cell Biology (ECLCB-8) in October of 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
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Deciphering the role of protein kinase CK2 in the maturation/stability of F508del-CFTR. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Shen T, Li Y, Zhu S, Yu J, Zhang B, Chen X, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Niu Y, Shang Z. YAP1 plays a key role of the conversion of normal fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts that contribute to prostate cancer progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:36. [PMID: 32066485 PMCID: PMC7027236 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-1542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are an important part of the tumour microenvironment, and their functions are of great concern. This series of experiments aimed to explore how Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) regulates the function of stromal cells and how the normal fibroblasts (NFs) convert into CAFs in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods The effects of conditioned media from different fibroblasts on the proliferation and invasion of epithelial cells TrampC1 were examined. We then analysed the interaction between the YAP1/TEAD1 protein complex and SRC, as well as the regulatory function of the downstream cytoskeletal proteins and actins. A transplanted tumour model was used to explore the function of YAP1 in regulating tumour growth through stromal cells. The relationship between the expression of YAP1 in tumour stromal cells and the clinical characteristics of PCa patients was analysed. Results The expression level of YAP1 was significantly upregulated in PCa stromal cells. After the expression level of YAP1 was increased, NF was transformed into CAF, enhancing the proliferation and invasion ability of epithelial cells. The YAP1/TEAD1 protein complex had the capability to influence downstream cytoskeletal proteins by regulating SRC transcription; therefore, it converts NF to CAF, and CAF can significantly promote tumour growth and metastasis. The high expression of YAP1 in the tumour stromal cells suggested a poor tumour stage and prognosis in PCa patients. Conclusion YAP1 can convert NFs into CAFs in the tumour microenvironment of PCa, thus promoting the development and metastasis of PCa. Silencing YAP1 in tumour stromal cells can effectively inhibit tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yang Li
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Shimiao Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Jianpeng Yu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Xuanrong Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
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25
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Hepatobiliary Involvement in Cystic Fibrosis. Respir Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42382-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, Vierling JM, Adams D, Alpini G, Banales JM, Beuers U, Björnsson E, Bowlus C, Carbone M, Chazouillères O, Dalekos G, De Gottardi A, Harada K, Hirschfield G, Invernizzi P, Jones D, Krawitt E, Lanzavecchia A, Lian ZX, Ma X, Manns M, Mavilio D, Quigley EM, Sallusto F, Shimoda S, Strazzabosco M, Swain M, Tanaka A, Trauner M, Tsuneyama K, Zigmond E, Gershwin ME. The challenges of primary biliary cholangitis: What is new and what needs to be done. J Autoimmun 2019; 105:102328. [PMID: 31548157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is an uncommon, chronic, cholangiopathy of autoimmune origin and unknown etiology characterized by positive anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA), female preponderance and progression to cirrhosis if left untreated. The diagnosis is based on AMA- or PBC-specific anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)-positivity in the presence of a cholestatic biochemical profile, histologic confirmation being mandatory only in seronegative cases. First-line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is effective in preventing disease progression in about two thirds of the patients. The only approved second-line treatment is obeticholic acid. This article summarizes the most relevant conclusions of a meeting held in Lugano, Switzerland, from September 23rd-25th 2018, gathering basic and clinical scientists with various background from around the world to discuss the latest advances in PBC research. The meeting was dedicated to Ian Mackay, pioneer in the field of autoimmune liver diseases. The role of liver histology needs to be reconsidered: liver pathology consistent with PBC in AMA-positive individuals without biochemical cholestasis is increasingly reported, raising the question as to whether biochemical cholestasis is a reliable disease marker for both clinical practice and trials. The urgent need for new biomarkers, including more accurate markers of cholestasis, was also widely discussed during the meeting. Moreover, new insights in interactions of bile acids with biliary epithelia in PBC provide solid evidence of a role for impaired epithelial protection against potentially toxic hydrophobic bile acids, raising the fundamental question as to whether this bile acid-induced epithelial damage is the cause or the consequence of the autoimmune attack to the biliary epithelium. Strategies are needed to identify difficult-to-treat patients at an early disease stage, when new therapeutic approaches targeting immunologic pathways, in addition to bile acid-based therapies, may be effective. In conclusion, using interdisciplinary approaches, groundbreaking advances can be expected before long in respect to our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of PBC, with the ultimate aim of improving its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK; European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER.
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - John M Vierling
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Adams
- Birmingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Einar Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Landspitali the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Christopher Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marco Carbone
- Division Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, Monza, Italy
| | - Olivier Chazouillères
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - George Dalekos
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Research, Laboratory of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Andrea De Gottardi
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Epatocentro Ticino & Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale and Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Gideon Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Division Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, Monza, Italy
| | - David Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Edward Krawitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Eamon Mm Quigley
- Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ehud Zigmond
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA.
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Fabris L, Fiorotto R, Spirli C, Cadamuro M, Mariotti V, Perugorria MJ, Banales JM, Strazzabosco M. Pathobiology of inherited biliary diseases: a roadmap to understand acquired liver diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:497-511. [PMID: 31165788 PMCID: PMC6661007 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile duct epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, regulate the composition of bile and its flow. Acquired, congenital and genetic dysfunctions in these cells give rise to a set of diverse and complex diseases, often of unknown aetiology, called cholangiopathies. New knowledge has been steadily acquired about genetic and congenital cholangiopathies, and this has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of acquired cholangiopathies. This Review focuses on findings from studies on Alagille syndrome, polycystic liver diseases, fibropolycystic liver diseases (Caroli disease and congenital hepatic fibrosis) and cystic fibrosis-related liver disease. In particular, knowledge on the role of Notch signalling in biliary repair and tubulogenesis has been advanced by work on Alagille syndrome, and investigations in polycystic liver diseases have highlighted the role of primary cilia in biliary pathophysiology and the concept of biliary angiogenic signalling and its role in cyst growth and biliary repair. In fibropolycystic liver disease, research has shown that loss of fibrocystin generates a signalling cascade that increases β-catenin signalling, activates the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome, and promotes production of IL-1β and other chemokines that attract macrophages and orchestrate the process of pericystic and portal fibrosis, which are the main mechanisms of progression in cholangiopathies. In cystic fibrosis-related liver disease, lack of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator increases the sensitivity of epithelial Toll-like receptor 4 that sustains the secretion of nuclear factor-κB-dependent cytokines and peribiliary inflammation in response to gut-derived products, providing a model for primary sclerosing cholangitis. These signalling mechanisms may be targeted therapeutically and they offer a possibility for the development of novel treatments for acquired cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fabris
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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28
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Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease: A Channelopathy Leading to Alterations in Innate Immunity and in Microbiota. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:197-207. [PMID: 31075352 PMCID: PMC6664222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic disease caused by mutation of Cftr. CF-associated liver disease (CFLD) is a common nonpulmonary cause of mortality in CF and accounts for approximately 2.5%-5% of overall CF mortality. The peak of the disease is in the pediatric population, but a second wave of liver disease in CF adults has been reported in the past decade in association with an increase in the life expectancy of these patients. New drugs are available to correct the basic defect in CF but their efficacy in CFLD is not known. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, expressed in the apical membrane of cholangiocytes, is a major determinant for bile secretion and CFLD classically has been considered a channelopathy. However, the recent findings of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator as a regulator of epithelial innate immunity and the possible influence of the intestinal disease with an altered microbiota on the liver complication have opened new mechanistic insights on the pathogenesis of CFLD. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and discusses a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Romina Fiorotto, PhD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, 1080-LMP, PO Box 208019, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.
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29
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) remains the third leading cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis. Although most patients with CFLD present in childhood, recent studies suggest a second wave of liver disease in adulthood. There are no clear guidelines for diagnosing CFLD. Treatment options for CFLD remain limited, and while UDCA is widely used, its long-term benefit is unclear. Those who develop hepatic decompensation or uncontrolled variceal bleeding may benefit from liver transplant, either alone, or in combination with lung transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Sakiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 South Greene Street, N3W50, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2S235, MSC 1500, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 9B-16, MSC 1800, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 9B-16, MSC 1800, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Rodrigues MA, Gomes DA, Nathanson MH. Calcium Signaling in Cholangiocytes: Methods, Mechanisms, and Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123913. [PMID: 30563259 PMCID: PMC6321159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a versatile second messenger that regulates a number of cellular processes in virtually every type of cell. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (ITPR) is the only intracellular Ca2+ release channel in cholangiocytes, and is therefore responsible for Ca2+-mediated processes in these cells. This review will discuss the machinery responsible for Ca2+ signals in these cells, as well as experimental models used to investigate cholangiocyte Ca2+ signaling. We will also discuss the role of Ca2+ in the normal and abnormal regulation of secretion and apoptosis in cholangiocytes, two of the best characterized processes mediated by Ca2+ in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Angela Rodrigues
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Michael Harris Nathanson
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
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31
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Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Liver diseases in the dish: iPSC and organoids as a new approach to modeling liver diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:920-928. [PMID: 30264693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases negatively impact the quality of life and survival of patients, and often require liver transplantation in cases that progress to organ failure. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver development and pathogenesis has been a challenging task, in part for the lack of adequate cellular models directly relevant to the human diseases. Recent technological advances in the stem cell field have shown the potentiality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and liver organoids as the next generation tool to model in vitro liver diseases. Hepatocyte-like cells and cholangiocyte are currently being generated from skin fibroblasts and mononuclear blood cells reprogrammed into iPSC and have been successfully used for disease modeling, drug testing and gene editing, with the hope to be able to find application also in regenerative medicine. Protocols to generate other liver cell types are still under development, but the field is advancing rapidly. On the other end, liver cells can now be isolated from liver specimens (liver explants or liver biopsies) and cultured in specific conditions to form polarized 3D organoids. The purpose of this review is to summarize all these recent technological advances and their potential applications but also to analyze the current issues to be addressed before the technology can reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Mariangela Amenduni
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA).
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Tam PKH, Yiu RS, Lendahl U, Andersson ER. Cholangiopathies - Towards a molecular understanding. EBioMedicine 2018; 35:381-393. [PMID: 30236451 PMCID: PMC6161480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases constitute an important medical problem, and a number of these diseases, termed cholangiopathies, affect the biliary system of the liver. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the causes of cholangiopathies, which can be genetic, viral or environmental, and the few treatment options that are currently available beyond liver transplantation. We then discuss recent rapid progress in a number of areas relevant for decoding the disease mechanisms for cholangiopathies. This includes novel data from analysis of transgenic mouse models and organoid systems, and we outline how this information can be used for disease modeling and potential development of novel therapy concepts. We also describe recent advances in genomic and transcriptomic analyses and the importance of such studies for improving diagnosis and determining whether certain cholangiopathies should be viewed as distinct or overlapping disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, and Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong - Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, and The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Rachel S Yiu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, and Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong - Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, and The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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33
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Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Animal models for cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:965-969. [PMID: 30071276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a severe complication in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel. The sequence of events leading to CFLD is still unclear and has limited the development of more specific treatments other than the bile acid UDCA. However, in the last twenty years, several gaps have been filled, which have mainly been possible due to the availability of different animal models that mimic CF. CF mice, although they lack a spontaneous liver manifestation, have been essential to better understand the multiple functions of CFTR expression on the apical membrane of cholangiocytes, from chloride channel to regulator of epithelial innate immunity. Additionally, we have learned that the gut microbiota might be a pathogenetic factor for the development of liver disease. The recent creation of novel CF animal models (i.e. pig and ferret) that better reproduce the human disease, will allow for comparative studies with species that spontaneously develop the liver disease and will hopefully lead to novel therapeutic treatments. In this review, we have compared and summarized the main features of the current available CF animal models and their applicability for the study of the liver phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mariangela Amenduni
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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34
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Li Q, Dutta A, Kresge C, Bugde A, Feranchak AP. Bile acids stimulate cholangiocyte fluid secretion by activation of transmembrane member 16A Cl - channels. Hepatology 2018; 68:187-199. [PMID: 29360145 PMCID: PMC6055743 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acids stimulate a bicarbonate-rich choleresis, in part, through effects on cholangiocytes. Because Cl- channels in the apical membrane of cholangiocytes provide the driving force for secretion and transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A) has been identified as the Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel in the apical membrane of cholangiocytes, the aim of the present study was to determine whether TMEM16A is the target of bile-acid-stimulated Cl- secretion and to identify the regulatory pathway involved. In these studies of mouse, rat, and human biliary epithelium exposure to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) rapidly increased the rate of exocytosis, ATP release, [Ca2+ ]i , membrane Cl- permeability, and transepithelial secretion. Bile-acid-stimulated Cl- currents demonstrated biophysical properties consistent with TMEM16A and were inhibited by pharmacological or molecular (small-interfering RNA; siRNA) inhibition of TMEM16A. Bile acid-stimulated Cl- currents were not observed in the presence of apyrase, suramin, or 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), demonstrating that current activation requires extracellular ATP, P2Y, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors. TUDCA did not activate Cl- currents during pharmacologic inhibition of the apical Na+ -dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), but direct intracellular delivery of TUDCA rapidly activated Cl- currents. CONCLUSION Bile acids stimulate Cl- secretion in mouse and human biliary cells through activation of membrane TMEM16A channels in a process regulated by extracellular ATP and [Ca2+ ]i . These studies suggest that TMEM16A channels may be targets to increase bile flow during cholestasis. (Hepatology 2018;68:187-199).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of PhysiologyJianghan University School of MedicineWuhanChina,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Amal Dutta
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Charles Kresge
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Abhijit Bugde
- Departments of Cell BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Andrew P. Feranchak
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis-liver disease (CFLD). RECENT FINDINGS CFLD has a variety of manifestations. Previously, it was thought that patients progressed from mild cholestatic disease to cirrhosis to decompensated cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Newer evidence suggests that some patients may develop cirrhosis while others develop noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of disease necessitate modifications to the current diagnostic criteria. Both fibroscan and noninvasive biomarkers can be used to identify patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Ursodeoxycholic acid remains the mainstay of therapy despite a paucity of rigorous studies supporting its use. Novel therapeutic agents such as CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators and potentiators are encouraging but need to be evaluated specifically in CFLD. SUMMARY A better understanding of the pathophysiology of disease is critical to developing more disease-specific diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Feranchak AP. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: Actin(g) as a master regulator of cholangiocyte function. Hepatology 2018; 67:833-836. [PMID: 29023826 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Feranchak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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