1
|
Li T, Hasan MN, Gu L. Bile acids regulation of cellular stress responses in liver physiology and diseases. EGASTROENTEROLOGY 2024; 2:e100074. [PMID: 39027418 PMCID: PMC11257078 DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2024-100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are physiological detergents and signalling molecules that are critically implicated in liver health and diseases. Dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis alters cell function and causes cell injury in chronic liver diseases. Therapeutic agents targeting bile acid synthesis, transport and signalling hold great potential for treatment of chronic liver diseases. The broad cellular and physiological impacts of pharmacological manipulations of bile acid metabolism are still incompletely understood. Recent research has discovered new links of bile acid signalling to the regulation of autophagy and lysosome biology, redox homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These are well-conserved mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to nutrient and organelle stresses and play critical roles in maintaining cellular integrity and promoting survival. However, dysregulation of these cellular pathways is often observed in chronic liver diseases, which exacerbates cellular dysfunction to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Therefore, identification of these novel links has significantly advanced our knowledge of bile acid biology and physiology, which is needed to understand the contributions of bile acid dysregulation in disease pathogenesis, establish bile acids as diagnostic markers and develop bile acid-based pharmacological interventions. In this review, we will first discuss the roles of bile acid dysregulation in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, and then discuss the recent findings on the crosstalk of bile acid signalling and cellular stress responses. Future investigations are needed to better define the roles of these crosstalks in regulating cellular function and disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lijie Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wen T, Xie J, Ma L, Hao Z, Zhang W, Wu T, Li L. Vitamin D Receptor Activation Reduces Hepatic Inflammation via Enhancing Macrophage Autophagy in Cholestatic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:369-383. [PMID: 38104651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage autophagy dysfunction aggravates liver injury by activating inflammasomes, which can cleave pro-IL-1β to its active, secreted form. We investigated whether the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis could up-regulate macrophage autophagy function to inhibit the activation of inflammasome-dependent IL-1β during cholestasis. Paricalcitol (PAL; VDR agonist) was intraperitoneally injected into bile duct-ligated mice for 5 days. Up-regulation of VDR expression by PAL reduced liver injury by reducing the oxidative stress-induced inflammatory reaction in macrophages. Moreover, PAL inhibited inflammasome-dependent IL-1β generation. Mechanistically, the knockdown of VDR increased IL-1β generation, whereas VDR overexpression exerted the opposite effect following tert-butyl hydroperoxide treatment. The inflammasome antagonist glyburide, the caspase-1-specific inhibitor YVAD, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) blocked the increase in Vdr shRNA-induced IL-1β production. Interestingly, up-regulation of VDR also enhanced macrophage autophagy. Autophagy reduction impaired the up-regulation of VDR-inhibited macrophage inflammasome-generated IL-1β, whereas autophagy induction showed a synergistic effect with VDR overexpression through ROS-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This result was confirmed by p38 MAPK inhibitor, MAPK activator, and ROS inhibitor NAC. Collectively, PAL triggered macrophage autophagy by suppressing activation of the ROS-p38 MAPK pathway, which, in turn, suppressed inflammasome-generated cleaved, active forms of IL-1β, eventually leading to reduced inflammation. Thus, triggering the VDR may be a potential target for the anti-inflammatory treatment of cholestatic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wenling First People's Hospital, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Liman Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Hao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingyao Wu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wenling First People's Hospital, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu K, Liu Y, Xia J, Liu J, Wang K, Liang H, Xu F, Liu D, Nie D, Tang X, Huang A, Chen C, Tang N. Loss of SLC27A5 Activates Hepatic Stellate Cells and Promotes Liver Fibrosis via Unconjugated Cholic Acid. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304408. [PMID: 37957540 PMCID: PMC10787101 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the dysregulation of bile acid (BA) composition has been associated with fibrosis progression, its precise roles in liver fibrosis is poorly understood. This study demonstrates that solute carrier family 27 member 5 (SLC27A5), an enzyme involved in BAs metabolism, is substantially downregulated in the liver tissues of patients with cirrhosis and fibrosis mouse models. The downregulation of SLC27A5 depends on RUNX family transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), which serves as a transcriptional repressor. The findings reveal that experimental SLC27A5 knockout (Slc27a5-/- ) mice display spontaneous liver fibrosis after 24 months. The loss of SLC27A5 aggravates liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCI4 ) and thioacetamide (TAA). Mechanistically, SLC27A5 deficiency results in the accumulation of unconjugated BA, particularly cholic acid (CA), in the liver. This accumulation leads to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by upregulated expression of early growth response protein 3 (EGR3). The re-expression of hepatic SLC27A5 by an adeno-associated virus or the reduction of CA levels in the liver using A4250, an apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor, ameliorates liver fibrosis in Slc27a5-/- mice. In conclusion, SLC27A5 deficiency in mice drives hepatic fibrosis through CA-induced activation of HSCs, highlighting its significant implications for liver fibrosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Institute of Life SciencesChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Huijun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Fengli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Dina Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Dan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Life SciencesChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Institute for Viral HepatitisDepartment of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Lyu A, Wang C. The molecular insights of bile acid homeostasis in host diseases. Life Sci 2023; 330:121919. [PMID: 37422071 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) function as detergents promoting nutrient absorption and as hormones regulating nutrient metabolism. Most BAs are key regulatory factors of physiological activities, which are involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and drug metabolisms. Hepatic and intestinal diseases have close connections with the systemic cycling disorders of BAs. The abnormal in BA absorption came up with overmuch BAs could be involved in the pathophysiology of liver and bowel and metabolic disorders such as fatty liver diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. The primary BAs (PBAs), which are synthesized in the liver, can be transformed into the secondary BAs (SBAs) by gut microbiota. The transformation processes are tightly associated with the gut microbiome and the host endogenous metabolism. The BA biosynthesis gene cluster bile-acid-inducible operon is essential for modulating BA pool, gut microbiome composition, and the onset of intestinal inflammation. This forms a bidirectional interaction between the host and its gut symbiotic ecosystem. The subtle changes in the composition and abundance of BAs perturb the host physiological and metabolic activity. Therefore, maintaining the homeostasis of BAs pool contributes to the balance of the body's physiological and metabolic system. Our review aims to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the BAs homeostasis, assess the key factors sustaining the homeostasis and the role of BA acting on host diseases. By linking the BAs metabolic disorders and their associated diseases, we illustrate the effects of BAs homeostasis on health and potential clinical interventions can be taken under the latest research findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhang
- HKBU lnstitute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Sciences, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- HKBU lnstitute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Sciences, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- HKBU lnstitute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Kong MW, Jiang N, Ye C, Yao XW, Zou XJ, Hu HM, Liu HT. Vine tea extract ameliorated acute liver injury by inhibiting hepatic autophagy and reversing abnormal bile acid metabolism. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20145. [PMID: 37809393 PMCID: PMC10559920 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota disturbance, autophagy dysregulation, and accumulation of hepatic bile acids (BAs) are essential features of liver injury. Therefore, regulating autophagy and BA metabolism are potential strategies for treating liver diseases. Vine tea has been seen beyond a pleasant tea in food science. Our previous study found that vine tea extract (VTE) intervention alleviated acute liver injury (ALI) by restoring gut microbiota dysbiosis. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of VTE on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic autophagy and BA metabolism disorder in mice. The results showed that VTE effectively suppressed CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic autophagy. LC-MS/MS assay suggested that VTE affected fecal BA production by reducing the fecal BA levels and improving cholestasis in ALI mice. Besides, VTE inhibited BA synthesis, promoted BA transport in the liver, and enhanced BA reabsorption in the ileum through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-related signaling pathway. The hepatic expressions of Fxr and Abca1 were elevated by VTE. Finally, the depletion of gut microbiota in ALI mice had a negative impact on abnormal autophagy and BA metabolism. It was also noted that the administration of VTE did not provide any additional improvement in this regard. Overall, VTE ameliorated ALI by reversing hepatic autophagy and abnormal BA metabolism, and the beneficial effects of VTE on liver injury depended on the existence of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Ming-Wang Kong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, PR China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Chen Ye
- Wuhan Customs Technology Center, Qintai Avenue 588, Wuhan 430050, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Hai-Ming Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khambu B, Cai G, Liu G, Bailey NT, Mercer AA, Baral K, Ma M, Chen X, Li Y, Yin XM. NRF2 transcriptionally regulates Caspase-11 expression to activate HMGB1 release by Autophagy-deficient hepatocytes. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:270. [PMID: 37507374 PMCID: PMC10382497 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury or stress can induce intracellular translocation and release of nuclear HMGB1, a DAMP molecule known to participate in inflammation and other pathological processes. Active release of HMGB1 from stimulated macrophages can be mediated by inflammasomes, which cleave Gasdermin D to form pores on cytoplasmic membranes. We previously had shown that active release of HMGB1 from autophagy deficient hepatocytes also depended on the inflammasome but how the inflammasome was activated was not known. Here we report that persistent activation of transcription factor NRF2 under the autophagy deficient condition led to transcriptional upregulation of Caspase-11 expression, which could then activate the CASPASE-1inflammasome. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) and luciferase-based reporter assays, we show that NRF2 directly binds to the Caspase-11 promoter and transcriptionally increase the expression of Caspase-11. Genetic deletion of Caspase-11 in autophagy-deficient livers represses the release of HMGB1 and its pathological consequence, ductular cell proliferation. Consistently, deletion of NLRP3, which can activate CASPASE-1 mediated inflammasomes under other types of signals, did not prevent HMGB1 release and ductular cell proliferation in autophagy deficient livers. Surprisingly, while cleavage of GASDEMIN D occurred in autophagy-deficient livers its deletion did not prevent the HMGB1 release, suggesting that CASPASE-11-mediated inflammasome activation may also engage in a different mechanism for HMGB1 release by the autophagy deficient hepatocytes. Collectively, this work reveals the novel role of NRF2 in transcriptional upregulation of Caspase-11 and in inflammasome activation to promote active release of HMGB via a non-Gasdermin D mediated avenue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilon Khambu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Genxiang Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety; Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Niani Tiaye Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LO, USA
| | - Arissa A Mercer
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LO, USA
| | - Kamal Baral
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LO, USA
| | - Michelle Ma
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LO, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety; Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Impaired hepatic autophagy exacerbates hepatotoxin induced liver injury. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 36810855 PMCID: PMC9944334 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxins activate the hepatic survival pathway, but it is unclear whether impaired survival pathways contribute to liver injury caused by hepatotoxins. We investigated the role of hepatic autophagy, a cellular survival pathway, in cholestatic liver injury driven by a hepatotoxin. Here we demonstrate that hepatotoxin contained DDC diet impaired autophagic flux, resulting in the accumulation of p62-Ub-intrahyaline bodies (IHBs) but not the Mallory Denk-Bodies (MDBs). An impaired autophagic flux was associated with a deregulated hepatic protein-chaperonin system and significant decline in Rab family proteins. Additionally, p62-Ub-IHB accumulation activated the NRF2 pathway rather than the proteostasis-related ER stress signaling pathway and suppressed the FXR nuclear receptor. Moreover, we demonstrate that heterozygous deletion of Atg7, a key autophagy gene, aggravated the IHB accumulation and cholestatic liver injury. Conclusion: Impaired autophagy exacerbates hepatotoxin-induced cholestatic liver injury. The promotion of autophagy may represent a new therapeutic approach for hepatotoxin-induced liver damage.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu J, Liu J, Meng C, Gu Q, Huang C, Liu F, Xia C. NRF2 and FXR dual signaling pathways cooperatively regulate the effects of oleanolic acid on cholestatic liver injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154529. [PMID: 36343550 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the anti-cholestatic effect of oleanolic acid (OA) is associated with FXR and NRF2. However, how the two signaling pathways cooperate to regulate the anti-cholestatic effect of OA remains unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to further demonstrate the effect of OA on alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury and the interaction mechanism between NRF2 and FXR signaling pathways in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. METHODS Gene knockout animals and cell models, metabolomics analysis, and co-immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the mechanism of OA against cholestatic liver injury. RESULTS The effect of OA against ANIT-induced liver injury in rats was dramatically reduced after Nrf2 gene knockdown. With the silencing of Fxr, the hepatoprotective effect of OA was weakened, but it still effectively alleviated cholestatic liver injury in rats. In L02 cells, OA can up-regulate the levels of NRF2, FXR, BSEP and UGT1A1, and reduce the expression of CYP7A1. Silencing of NRF2 or FXR significantly attenuated the protective effect of OA on ANIT-induced L02 cell injury and its regulation on downstream target genes, and the influence of NRF2 gene silencing on OA appeared to be greater. The NRF2 activator sulforaphane, and the FXR activator GW4064 both remarkably promoted NRF2 binding to P300 and FXR to RXRα, but reduced β-catenin binding to P300 and β-catenin binding to FXR. CONCLUSION The effect of OA on cholestatic liver injury is closely related to the simultaneous activation of NRF2 and FXR dual signaling pathways, in which NRF2 signaling pathway plays a more important role. The dual signaling pathways of NRF2 and FXR cooperatively regulate bile acid metabolic homeostasis through the interaction mechanism with β-catenin/P300.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Chao Meng
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Qi Gu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shearn CT, Anderson AL, Devereux MW, Orlicky DJ, Michel C, Petersen DR, Miller CG, Harpavat S, Schmidt EE, Sokol RJ. The autophagic protein p62 is a target of reactive aldehydes in human and murine cholestatic liver disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276879. [PMID: 36378690 PMCID: PMC9665405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cholestatic liver diseases, including Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC), are characterized by periportal inflammation with progression to cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to examine interactions between oxidative stress and autophagy in cholestasis. Using hepatic tissue from male acute cholestatic (bile duct ligated) as well as chronic cholestatic (Mdr2KO) mice, localization of oxidative stress, the antioxidant response and induction of autophagy were analyzed and compared to human PSC liver. Concurrently, the ability of reactive aldehydes to post-translationally modify the autophagosome marker p62 was assessed in PSC liver tissue and in cell culture. Expression of autophagy markers was upregulated in human and mouse cholestatic liver. Whereas mRNA expression of Atg12, Lamp1, Sqstm1 and Map1lc3 was increased in acute cholestasis in mice, it was either suppressed or not significantly changed in chronic cholestasis. In human and murine cholestasis, periportal hepatocytes showed increased IHC staining of ubiquitin, 4-HNE, p62, and selected antioxidant proteins. Increased p62 staining colocalized with accumulation of 4-HNE-modified proteins in periportal parenchymal cells as well as with periportal macrophages in both human and mouse liver. Mechanistically, p62 was identified as a direct target of lipid aldehyde adduction in PSC hepatic tissue and in vitro cell culture. In vitro LS-MS/MS analysis of 4-HNE treated recombinant p62 identified carbonylation of His123, Cys128, His174, His181, Lys238, Cys290, His340, Lys341 and His385. These data indicate that dysregulation of autophagy and oxidative stress/protein damage are present in the same periportal hepatocyte compartment of both human and murine cholestasis. Thus, our results suggest that both increased expression as well as ineffective autophagic degradation of oxidatively-modified proteins contributes to injury in periportal parenchymal cells and that direct modification of p62 by reactive aldehydes may contribute to autophagic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin T. Shearn
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Devereux
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Cole Michel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Petersen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Colin G. Miller
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv Harpavat
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Hungarian Veterinary Medical University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morishita H, Komatsu M. Role of autophagy in liver diseases. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Zhang B, Li J, Zong X, Wang J, Xin L, Song H, Zhang W, Koda S, Hua H, Zhang B, Yu Q, Zheng KY, Yan C. FXR deficiency in hepatocytes disrupts the bile acid homeostasis and inhibits autophagy to promote liver injury in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010651. [PMID: 35930537 PMCID: PMC9355238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis, with 250 million people affected, is characterized by its serious hepatic inflammatory response and fibrosis formation, which could lead to dangerous complications, such as portal hypertension, splenomegaly and even ascites. But until now, the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis remains largely unknown. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear transcription factor mainly expresses in hepatocytes in the liver, can regulate liver diseases by controlling bile acid metabolism. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, we found that the expression of FXR was decreased in the liver of infected mice as shown by western blot and RT-qPCR assays. Furthermore, hepatocyte-specific FXR-deficient mice (FXRflox/floxAlbCre, FXR-HKO) were generated and infected with ~16 cercariae of S. japonicum for five weeks. We found that FXR deficiency in hepatocytes promoted the progression of liver injury, aggravated weight loss and death caused by infection, and promoted inflammatory cytokines production, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Surprisingly, hepatic granulomas and fibrosis were not affected. In addition, using UPLC-MS/MS spectrometry, it was found that S. japonicum infection resulted in elevated bile acids in the liver of mice, which was more obvious in FXR-deficient mice. Meanwhile, autophagy was induced in littermate control mice due to the infection, but it was significantly decreased in FXR-HKO mice. Conclusions/Significance All these findings suggest that FXR deficiency in hepatocytes disrupts bile acid homeostasis and inhibits autophagy, which may aggravate the damages of hepatocytes caused by S. japonicum infection. It highlights that FXR in hepatocytes plays a regulatory role in the progression of schistosomiasis. The liver, a critical metabolic organ, consists of approximately 80% parenchymal hepatocytes. Hepatic schistosomiasis results in inflammatory granulomas response and fibrosis formation that inevitably affects hepatocytes. However, whether and how hepatocytes involved in the progression of liver injury caused by S. japonicum is not clear. Here, we found that, the level of FXR, a key regulator of bile acid metabolism in hepatocytes, was clearly decreased in the liver of mice with this worm infection. Further, we found that FXR specifically deficient in hepatocytes increased bile acids toxicity and inhibited hepatocellular autophagy induced by worm infection, which therefore accelerated the progression of schistosomiasis by promoting hepatocyte injuries but not the formation of egg granulomas and hepatic fibrosis. Our work provides a regulatory loop of FXR/bile acids-autophagy in schistosomiasis, which suggests a role of hepatic FXR in the protection from hepatic damages caused by infection with S. japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianlian Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyao Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (CY)
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (CY)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang N, Wu Y, Zhong W, Xia G, Xia H, Wang L, Wei X, Li Y, Shang H, He H, Lin S. Multiple anti-non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) efficacies of isopropylidenyl anemosapogenin via farnesoid X receptor activation and TFEB-mediated autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154148. [PMID: 35576742 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can develop into cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma without effective treatment. However, there are currently no drugs for NASH treatment, and the development of new therapeutics has remained a major challenge in NASH research. Advances in traditional Chinese medicine to treat liver disease inspired us to search for new NASH candidates from Chi-Shao, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. PURPOSE In this research, we aimed to clarify the anti-NASH effect and the underlying mechanism of isopropylidenyl anemosapogenin (IA, 1), which was a new lead compound isolated from Chi-Shao. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Isopropylidenyl anemosapogenin (IA, 1) was first discovered by collagen type I α 1 promoter luciferase bioassay-guided isolation and then characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and enriched by semi-synthesis. Using various molecular biology techniques, the multiple anti-NASH efficacies and mechanisms of IA were clarified based on in vitro LX-2 and Huh7 cell models, along with the in vivo choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-induced mouse model and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced rat model. The UPLC-MS/MS method was used to assess the plasma concentration of IA. RESULTS A new lead compound IA was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Chi-Shao, which showed significant anti-liver fibrosis activity in TGF-β1-treated LX-2 cells and anti-liver steatosis activity in oleic acid-treated Huh7 cells. Furthermore, IA could significantly ameliorate in vivo CDAHFD-induced liver injury by activating the farnesoid X receptor pathway, including its targets Nr0b2, Abcb11, and Slc10a2. Simultaneously, IA activated the autophagy pathway by activating the TFEB factor, thereby promoting lipid degradation. Its liver-protective and anti-fibrosis activities were verified by the BDL-induced rat model. Finally, with an oral administration of 100 mg/kg, IA achieved the maximum plasma concentration of 1.23 ± 0.18 μg/ml at 2.67 ± 0.58 h. CONCLUSION IA, an unreported lupine-type triterpenoid isolated from Chi-shao, can significantly alleviate liver injury and fibrosis via farnesoid X receptor activation and TFEB-mediated autophagy, which indicates that IA could serve as a novel therapeutic candidate against NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wanchao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guiyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongwei He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Sheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pan PH, Wang YY, Lin SY, Liao SL, Chen YF, Huang WC, Chen CJ, Chen WY. Plumbagin ameliorates bile duct ligation-induced cholestatic liver injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113133. [PMID: 35594710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin, a natural bicyclic naphthoquinone, has diverse pharmacological properties and biological benefits against a number of disorders, including liver disease. Though plumbagin's hepatoprotective potential attracts attention, currently no experimental evidence exists on its effectiveness against cholestatic liver injury. The present study investigated its hepatoprotection in the rat model of extrahepatic cholestasis using Bile Duct Ligation (BDL). We found that daily plumbagin supplementation protected the liver from cholestatic damage. Hepatoprotective actions of plumbagin were accompanied by reduction of Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad, High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1)/Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4), Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90), caveolin-1, NF-κB/AP-1, Dynamin Related Protein-1 (Drp1), malondialdehyde level, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), p62/SQSTM1, and caspase 3 as well as increase of Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), bile acid efflux transporters, glutathione, LC3-II, Beclin1, and nuclear NF-E2-Related Factor-2 (Nrf2) and Transcription Factor EB (TFEB). The activation of nuclear Nrf2 caused by plumbagin correlated well with the improvement in bile acid retention, liver histology, serum biochemical, ductular reaction, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, impaired autophagy, and fibrosis, involving interplay of multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Plumbagin is likely a candidate drug to protect the liver from cholestatic damages. Despite the promising findings from this study, translational implication of plumbagin on cholestatic liver injury warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Ho Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung City 435, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fang Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 840, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maitiabula G, Tian F, Wang P, Zhang L, Gao X, Wan S, Sun H, Yang J, Zhang Y, Gao T, Xue B, Li C, Li J, Wang X. Liver PP2A-Cα Protects From Parenteral Nutrition-associated Hepatic Steatosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:669-692. [PMID: 35643235 PMCID: PMC9421584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving therapy for patients with intestinal failure. Hepatic steatosis is a potentially fatal complication of long-term PN, but the involved pathological mechanisms are incompletely unclarified. Herein, we identify the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the pathogenesis of parenteral nutrition-associated hepatic steatosis (PNAHS). METHODS Proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of liver samples from patients with PNAHS were applied to identify the mechanism of PNAHS. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) mice model, in vivo, and in vitro experiments were used to assess the effect of PP2A-Cα on liver fatty acid metabolism. RESULTS Reduced expression of PP2A-Cα (catalytic subunit) enhanced activation of serine/threonine kinase Akt2 and decreased activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were associated with hepatic steatosis in patients with PNAHS. Mice given PN for 14 days developed hepatic steatosis, down-regulation of PP2A-Cα, activation of Akt2, and inhibition of AMPK. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of PP2A-Cα in mice given PN exacerbated Akt2 activation, AMPK inhibition, and hepatic steatosis through an effect on fatty acid degradation, whereas hepatocyte-specific PP2A-Cα overexpression significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis accompanied with Akt2 suppression and AMPK activation. Additionally, pharmacological activation of Akt2 in mice overexpressing PP2A-Cα led to the aggravation of hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that hepatic PP2A-Cα serves as a protective factor of PNAHS due to ameliorating hepatic steatosis and improving liver function. Our study provides a strong rationale that PP2A-Cα may be involved in the pathogenesis of PNAHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulisudumu Maitiabula
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songlin Wan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Bin Xue, PhD, LongMian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China. tel: +86-25-87115542
| | - Chaojun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Chaojun Li, PhD, Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China. tel: +86-25-83596289.
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Xinying Wang, MD, PhD, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China. tel: +86-25-80861429
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Senescence Connects Autophagy Deficiency to Inflammation and Tumor Progression in the Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:333-355. [PMID: 35398596 PMCID: PMC9233281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cellular senescence frequently is present in injured livers. The induction mechanism and the pathologic role are not always clear. We aimed to understand the dynamics of senescence induction and progression, and the mechanism responsible for the pathology using a mouse model that disables the essential process of autophagy. METHODS Mice deficient in key autophagy genes Atg7 or Atg5 in the liver were used. Senescence was measured using established cellular and molecular signatures. The mechanistic roles of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NRF2), forkhead box K1, and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were assessed using mouse genetic models. Liver functions, pathology, and tumor development were measured using biochemical and histologic approaches. RESULTS Inducible deletion of Atg7 rapidly up-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors independently of injury and induced senescence-associated β-galactosidase activities and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Sustained activation of NRF2 was the major factor causing senescence by mediating oxidative DNA damage and up-regulating C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, a key component of autophagy-related SASP, via the NRF2-forkhead box K1 axis. Senescence was responsible for hepatic inflammation through CCR2-mediated recruitment of CD11b+ monocytes and CD3+ T cells. The CCR2-mediated process in turn enhanced senescence and SASP by up-regulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and chemokines. Thus, senescence and inflammation can mutually augment each other, forming an amplification loop for both events. The CCR2-mediated process also modulated liver injury and tumor progression at the later stage of autophagy deficiency-related pathology. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the insight that hepatic senescence can occur early in the disease process, triggers inflammation and is enhanced by inflammation, and has long-term effects on liver injury and tumor progression.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang L, Li A, Huang Z, Wang Y, Yi B. Knockout of farnesoid X receptor gene aggravates cisplatin-induced kidney injury. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:174-182. [PMID: 35545407 PMCID: PMC10930519 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors and belongs to bile acid receptor. Studies have shown that the expression of FXR in renal tissue can reduce renal injury via regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibition of inflammatory response, reduction of oxidative stress and renal fibrosis. However, it is unclear whether FXR is involved in autophagy in renal diseases. This study aims to investigate the role of FXR in cisplatin-induced acute renal injury and whether its mechanism is related to autophagy regulation. METHODS Twelve male WT or FXR-KO mice at 12 weeks were randomly divided into a WT group, a WT+cisplatin group, a FXR-KO group, and a FXR-KO+cisplatin group, with 6 mice in each group. The WT+cisplatin group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group were intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin (20 mg/kg), and the WT group and the FXR-KO group were intraperitoneally injected with equal volume of cisplatin solvent. Seventy-two hours later, the mice were killed and blood and renal tissue samples were collected. The levels of SCr and BUN were detected by immunoturbidimetry. After the staining, the pathological changes of renal tissue were observed under optical microscope. The protein levels of LC3 and p62 were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The clearance of damaged mitochondria and the accumulation of lysosomal substrate were observed under electron microscope. The apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells was detected by TUNEL. RESULTS Compared with the WT group or the FXR-KO group, both SCr and BUN levels in the WT+cisplatin group or the FXR-KO+cisplatin group were significantly increased (P<0.01 or P<0.001), and SCr and BUN levels in the FXR-KO+cisplatin group were significantly higher than those in the WT+cisplatin group (both P<0.05). Under the light microscope, there were no obvious pathological changes in the renal tissue of mice in the WT group and the FXR-KO group. Both the WT+cisplatin group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group had vacuolar or granular degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells, flat cells, lumen expansion, brush edge falling off, and even exposed basement membrane and tubular formation. The scores of renal tubular injury in the WT+cisplatin group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group were significantly higher than those in the WT group and the FXR-KO group, respectively (both P<0.001), and the score in the FXR-KO+cisplatin group was significantly higher than that in the WT+cisplatin group (P<0.05). Under the transmission electron microscope, the mitochondria of mouse tubular epithelial cell in the WT+cisplatin group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group was swollen, round, vacuolated, cristae broken or disappeared; the lysosome was uneven and high-density clumps, and the change was more obvious in the FXR-KO+cisplatin group. Western blotting showed that the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I was decreased and the expression of p62 was increased in the WT+cisplatin group compared with the WT group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group compared with FXR-KO group (P<0.05 or P<0.01); compared with the FXR-KO group, the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I was decreased and the expression of p62 was increased significantly in the FXR-KO+cisplatin group (both P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression of total LC3 and p62 in renal cortex of the WT+cisplatin group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group was increased significantly, especially in the FXR-KO+cisplatin group. TUNEL results showed that the mice in the WT group and the FXR-KO group had negative staining or only a few apoptotic tubular epithelial cells, and the number of apoptotic cells in the WT+cisplatin group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group were increased. The apoptosis rates of renal tubular epithelial cells in the WT+cisplatin group and the FXR-KO+cisplatin group were significantly higher than those in the WT group and the FXR-KO group, respectively (both P<0.001), and the apoptosis rate in the FXR-KO+cisplatin group was significantly higher than that in the WT+cisplatin group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Knockout of FXR gene aggravates cisplatin induced acute renal injury, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting autophagy and promoting apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
- Medical College of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou Hunan 412012.
| | - Aimei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Medical College of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou Hunan 412012
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim EY, Lee JM. NRF2 Activation in Autophagy Defects Suppresses a Pharmacological Transactivation of the Nuclear Receptor FXR. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020370. [PMID: 35204252 PMCID: PMC8868494 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), an antioxidant transcription factor, is activated in autophagy-deficient mice due to the accumulations of p62/SQSTM1 and its subsequent interaction with Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), an adaptor component for Cullin3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Farnesoid x receptor (FXR/NR1H4) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. FXR plays an essential role in bile acid synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, affecting glucose and lipid metabolism. Obeticholic acid as a potent FXR agonist has been approved to treat primary biliary cholangitis and clinical trials for its use in the treatment of other liver diseases are underway. Here we show that NRF2 activation in autophagy defects impedes a transactivation of FXR. Liver-specific Atg7 knockout mice or a treatment of autophagy inhibitor showed decreased inductions of FXR target genes upon its synthetic agonists. Moreover, enforced NRF2 activations with small molecules potently decreased the pharmacological activation of FXR in cultured cells. Finally, we demonstrate that NRF2 activation by the treatment with the food antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole is necessary and sufficient to inhibit the pharmacological activation of FXR in vivo. These results reveal a novel function of the basal autophagy-NRF2 axis for the regulation of FXR transactivation, and shed light on a potential therapeutic strategy in metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-4826
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Byrnes K, Blessinger S, Bailey NT, Scaife R, Liu G, Khambu B. Therapeutic regulation of autophagy in hepatic metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:33-49. [PMID: 35127371 PMCID: PMC8799888 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis requires dynamic catabolic and anabolic processes. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosomal degradative pathway, can rewire cellular metabolism linking catabolic to anabolic processes and thus sustain homeostasis. This is especially relevant in the liver, a key metabolic organ that governs body energy metabolism. Autophagy's role in hepatic energy regulation has just begun to emerge and autophagy seems to have a much broader impact than what has been appreciated in the field. Though classically known for selective or bulk degradation of cellular components or energy-dense macromolecules, emerging evidence indicates autophagy selectively regulates various signaling proteins to directly impact the expression levels of metabolic enzymes or their upstream regulators. Hence, we review three specific mechanisms by which autophagy can regulate metabolism: A) nutrient regeneration, B) quality control of organelles, and C) signaling protein regulation. The plasticity of the autophagic function is unraveling a new therapeutic approach. Thus, we will also discuss the potential translation of promising preclinical data on autophagy modulation into therapeutic strategies that can be used in the clinic to treat common metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Key Words
- AIM, Atf8 interacting motif
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- ATL3, Atlastin GTPase 3
- ATM, ATM serine/threonine kinase
- Autophagy
- BA, bile acid
- BCL2L13, BCL2 like 13
- BNIP3, BCL2 interacting protein 3
- BNIP3L, BCL2 interacting protein 3 like
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCPG1, cell cycle progression 1
- CLN3, lysosomal/endosomal transmembrane protein
- CMA, chaperonin mediated autophagy
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- CRY1, cryptochrome 1
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cryptochrome 1
- DFCP1, double FYVE-containing protein 1
- FAM134B, family with sequence similarity 134, member B
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FOXO1, Forkhead box O1
- FUNDC1, FUN14 domain containing 1
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- GABARAPL1, GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1
- GIM, GABARAP-interacting motif
- LAAT-1, lysosomal amino acid transporter 1 homologue
- LALP70, lysosomal apyrase-like protein of 70 kDa
- LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1
- LAMP2, lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2
- LD, lipid droplet
- LIMP1, lysosomal integral membrane protein-1
- LIMP3, lysosomal integral membrane protein-3
- LIR, LC3 interacting region
- LXRa, liver X receptor a
- LYAAT-1, lysosomal amino acid transporter 1
- Liver metabolism
- Lysosome
- MCOLN1, mucolipin 1
- MFSD1, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 1
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NBR1, BRCA1 gene 1 protein
- NCoR1, nuclear receptor co-repressor 1
- NDP52, calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2
- NPC-1, Niemann-Pick disease, type C1
- Nutrient regeneration
- OPTN, optineurin
- PEX5, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- PINK1, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PLIN2, perilipin 2
- PLIN3, perilipin 3
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2a
- PPARα, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-alpha
- PQLC2, PQ-loop protein
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Quality control
- RETREG1, reticulophagy regulator 1
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTN3, reticulon 3
- RTNL3, a long isoform of RTN3
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- S6K, P70-S6 kinase
- S6RP, S6 ribosomal protein
- SCARB2, scavenger receptor class B member 2
- SEC62, SEC62 homolog, preprotein translocation factor
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SLC36A1, solute carrier family 36 member 1
- SLC38A7, solute carrier family 38 member 7
- SLC38A9, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 9
- SNAT7, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 7
- SPIN, spindling
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- STBD1, starch-binding domain-containing protein 1
- Signaling proteins
- TBK1, serine/threonine-protein kinase
- TEX264, testis expressed 264, ER-phagy receptor
- TFEB/TFE3, transcription factor EB
- TGR5, takeda G protein receptor 5
- TRAC-1, thyroid-hormone-and retinoic acid-receptor associated co-repressor 1
- TRPML1, transient receptor potential mucolipin 1
- ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- V-ATPase, vacuolar-ATPase
- VDR, vitamin D3 receptor
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- WIPI1, WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
Collapse
|
19
|
Involvement of Autophagy in Ageing and Chronic Cholestatic Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102772. [PMID: 34685751 PMCID: PMC8534511 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a “housekeeping” lysosomal degradation process involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes in all eukaryotic cells. The dysregulation of hepatic autophagy has been described in several conditions, from obesity to diabetes and cholestatic disease. We review the role of autophagy, focusing on age-related cholestatic diseases, and discuss its therapeutic potential and the molecular targets identified to date. The accumulation of toxic BAs is the main cause of cell damage in cholestasis patients. BAs and their receptor, FXR, have been implicated in the regulation of hepatic autophagy. The mechanisms by which cholestasis induces liver damage include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and ER stress, which lead to cell death and ultimately to liver fibrosis as a compensatory mechanism to reduce the damage. The stimulation of autophagy seems to ameliorate the liver damage. Autophagic activity decreases with age in several species, whereas its basic extends lifespan in animals, suggesting that it is one of the convergent mechanisms of several longevity pathways. No strategies aimed at inducing autophagy have yet been tested in cholestasis patients. However, its stimulation can be viewed as a novel therapeutic strategy that may reduce ageing-dependent liver deterioration and also mitigate hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Q, Qi Y, Shen W, Xu J, Wang L, Chen S, Hou T, Si J. The Aged Intestine: Performance and Rejuvenation. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1693-1712. [PMID: 34631215 PMCID: PMC8460310 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the growing elderly population, age-related problems are gaining increasing attention from the scientific community. With senescence, the intestine undergoes a spectrum of changes and infirmities that are likely the causes of overall aging. Therefore, identification of the aged intestine and the search for novel strategies to rescue it, are required. Although progress has been made in research on some components of the aged intestine, such as intestinal stem cells, the comprehensive understanding of intestinal aging is still limited, and this restricts the in-depth search for efficient strategies. In this concise review, we discuss several aspects of intestinal aging. More emphasis is placed on the appraisal of current and potential strategies to alleviate intestinal aging, as well as future targets to rejuvenate the aged intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Wang
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yadong Qi
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiyi Shen
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jilei Xu
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lan Wang
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shujie Chen
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tongyao Hou
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianmin Si
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.,2Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Petrescu AD, DeMorrow S. Farnesoid X Receptor as Target for Therapies to Treat Cholestasis-Induced Liver Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081846. [PMID: 34440614 PMCID: PMC8392259 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on liver disease burden worldwide estimated that cirrhosis is the 11th most common cause of death globally, and there is a great need for new therapies to limit the progression of liver injuries in the early stages. Cholestasis is caused by accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids (BA) in the liver due to dysfunctional BA efflux or bile flow into the gall bladder. Therefore, strategies to increase detoxification of hydrophobic BA and downregulate genes involved in BA production are largely investigated. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has a central role in BA homeostasis and recent publications revealed that changes in autophagy due to BA-induced reactive oxygen species and increased anti-oxidant response via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), result in dysregulation of FXR signaling. Several mechanistic studies have identified new dysfunctions of the cholestatic liver at cellular and molecular level, opening new venues for developing more performant therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca D. Petrescu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 78712, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-512-495-5779
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qian H, Chao X, Williams J, Fulte S, Li T, Yang L, Ding WX. Autophagy in liver diseases: A review. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100973. [PMID: 34120768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis as well as drug/xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Research from the past decades indicate that autophagy, the cellular catabolic process mediated by lysosomes, plays an important role in maintaining cellular and metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Hepatic autophagy fluctuates with hormonal cues and the availability of nutrients that respond to fed and fasting states as well as circadian activities. Dysfunction of autophagy in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells can lead to various liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, alcohol associated liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cholestasis, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be a potential strategy for treating these various liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current progress on the understanding of autophagy in liver physiology. We will also discuss several forms of selective autophagy in the liver and the molecular signaling pathways in regulating autophagy of different cell types and their implications in various liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sam Fulte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The pathophysiological function of non-gastrointestinal farnesoid X receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107867. [PMID: 33895191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) influences bile acid homeostasis and the progression of various diseases. While the roles of hepatic and intestinal FXR in enterohepatic transport of bile acids and metabolic diseases were reviewed previously, the pathophysiological functions of FXR in non-gastrointestinal cells and tissues have received little attention. Thus, the roles of FXR in the liver, immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidney, and pancreas beyond the gastrointestinal system are reviewed herein. Gain of FXR function studies in non-gastrointestinal tissues reveal that FXR signaling improves various experimentally-induced metabolic and immune diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, primary biliary cholangitis, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy, while loss of FXR promotes regulatory T cells production, protects the brain against ischemic injury, atherosclerosis, and inhibits pancreatic tumor progression. The downstream pathways regulated by FXR are diverse and tissue/cell-specific, and FXR has both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activities, all of which may explain why activation and inhibition of FXR signaling could produce paradoxical or even opposite effects in some experimental disease models. FXR signaling is frequently compromised by diseases, especially during the progressive stage, and rescuing FXR expression may provide a promising strategy for boosting the therapeutic effect of FXR agonists. Tissue/cell-specific modulation of non-gastrointestinal FXR could influence the treatment of various diseases. This review provides a guide for drug discovery and clinical use of FXR modulators.
Collapse
|
24
|
Feng SL, Zhang J, Jin H, Zhu WT, Yuan Z. A Network Pharmacology Study of the Molecular Mechanisms of Hypericum japonicum in the Treatment of Cholestatic Hepatitis with Validation in an Alpha-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) Hepatotoxicity Rat Model. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e928402. [PMID: 33657087 PMCID: PMC7938440 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This network pharmacology study aimed to identify the active compounds and molecular mechanisms involved in the effects of Hypericum japonicum on cholestatic hepatitis. We validated the findings in an alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) rat model of hepatotoxicity. Material/Methods The chemical constituents and targets of H. japonicum and target genes previously associated with cholestatic hepatitis were retrieved from public databases. A network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software and the STRING database and potential protein functions were analyzed based on the public platform of bioinformatics. ANIT was used to induce cholestatic hepatitis in a rat model using 36 Sprague-Dawley rats, and this model was used to investigate intervention with 3 doses of quercetin (low-dose, 50 mg/kg; medium-dose, 100 mg/kg; and high-dose, 200 mg/kg), the main active component of H. japonicum. Levels of serum biochemical indexes were measured by commercial kits, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of markers of liver and mitochondrial function and oxidative stress were detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The main active ingredients of H. japonicum were quercetin, kaempferol, and tetramethoxyluteolin, and their key targets included prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Quercetin intervention promoted recovery from cholestatic hepatitis. Conclusions The findings from this research provide support for future research on the roles of quercetin, kaempferol, and tetramethoxyluteolin in human liver disease and the roles of the PTGS2, BCL2, CYP7A1, and FXR genes in cholestatic hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Ling Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongliu Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wen Ting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongwen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu J, Lickteig AJ, Zhang Y, Csanaky IL, Klaassen CD. Activation of Nrf2 decreases bile acid concentrations in livers of female mice. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:605-615. [PMID: 33522359 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1880033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of oxidative/electrophilic stress. Studies suggest a role of Nrf2 in regulating bile acid (BA) metabolism in male mice. However, whether Nrf2 is important for BA homeostasis in female mice remains undefined. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of Nrf2 activation, either through CDDO-imidazolide (CDDO-Im) treatment or genetic modulation of Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1), on BA homeostasis in female mice.2. Both pharmacological and genetic Nrf2 activation increased mRNA levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 3 (Mrp2 and Mrp3), two Nrf2 target genes, in livers and ilea of female mice. Both pharmacological and genetic activation of Nrf2 decreased BA concentrations in the liver, which did not appear to be due to increased biliary BA excretion or decreased ileal BA absorption. Importantly, both pharmacological and genetic activation of Nrf2 downregulated hepatic Cyp7a1 mRNA, which might be attributable to the upregulation of the Fxr-Fgf15 signalling in the ileum.3. To conclude, Nrf2 activation lowers BA concentrations in livers of female mice, which appears to be attributable to the decreased hepatic BA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Andrew J Lickteig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Iván L Csanaky
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Panzitt K, Fickert P, Wagner M. Regulation of autophagy by bile acids and in cholestasis - CholestoPHAGY or CholeSTOPagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166017. [PMID: 33242590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway in which the cell self-digests its own components to provide nutrients in harsh environmental conditions. It also represents an opportunity to rid the cell of superfluous and damaged organelles, misfolded proteins or invaded microorganisms. Liver autophagy contributes to basic hepatic functions such as lipid, glycogen and protein turnover. Deregulated hepatic autophagy has been linked to many liver diseases including alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, hepatitis B and C infections, liver fibrosis as well as liver cancer. Recently, bile acids and the bile acid receptor FXR have been implicated in the regulation of hepatic autophagy, which implies a role of autophagy also for cholestatic liver diseases. This review summarizes the current evidence of bile acid mediated effects on autophagy and how this affects cholestatic liver diseases. Although detailed studies are lacking, we suggest a concept that the activity of autophagy in cholestasis depends on the disease stage, where autophagy may be induced at early stages ("cholestophagy") but may be impaired in prolonged cholestatic states ("cholestopagy").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yan S, Khambu B, Chen X, Dong Z, Guo G, Yin XM. Hepatic Autophagy Deficiency Remodels Gut Microbiota for Adaptive Protection via FGF15-FGFR4 Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:973-997. [PMID: 33127558 PMCID: PMC7898036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The functions of the liver and the intestine are closely tied in both physiological and pathologic conditions. The gut microbiota (GM) often cause deleterious effects during hepatic pathogenesis. Autophagy is essential for liver homeostasis, but the impact of hepatic autophagy function on liver-gut interaction remains unknown. Here we investigated the effect of hepatic autophagy deficiency (Atg5Δhep) on GM and in turn the effect of GM on the liver pathology. METHODS Fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16S sequencing. Antibiotics were used to modulate GM. Cholestyramine was used to reduce the enterohepatic bile acid (BA) level. The functional role of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was examined in mice overexpressing FGF15 gene or in mice given a fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR4) inhibitor. RESULTS Atg5Δhep causes liver injury and alterations of intestinal BA composition, with a lower proportion of tauro-conjugated BAs and a higher proportion of unconjugated BAs. The composition of GM is significantly changed with an increase in BA-metabolizing bacteria, leading to an increased expression of ileal FGF15 driven by FXR that has a higher affinity to unconjugated BAs. Notably, antibiotics or cholestyramine treatment decreased FGF15 expression and exacerbated liver injury. Consistently, inhibition of FGF15 signaling in the liver enhances liver injury. CONCLUSIONS Deficiency of autophagy function in the liver can affect intestinal environment, leading to gut dysbiosis. Surprisingly, such changes provide an adaptive protection against the liver injury through the FGF15-FGFR4 signaling. Antibiotics use in the condition of liver injury may thus have unexpected adverse consequences via the gut-liver axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bilon Khambu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091979. [PMID: 32867365 PMCID: PMC7563212 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is tightly controlled at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of gene sets involved in, for example, metabolic and immune homeostasis. Several NRs show promise as host-directed anti-infectives through the modulation of autophagy activities by their natural ligands or small molecules (agonists/antagonists). Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of NRs (vitamin D receptors, estrogen receptors, estrogen-related receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) in linking immunity and autophagy during infection. We also discuss the potential of emerging NRs (REV-ERBs, retinoic acid receptors, retinoic acid-related orphan receptors, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptors, and thyroid hormone receptors) as candidate antimicrobials. The identification of novel roles and mechanisms for NRs will enable the development of autophagy-adjunctive therapeutics for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Y, Lickteig AJ, Liu J, Csanaky IL, Klaassen CD. Effects of ablation and activation of Nrf2 on bile acid homeostasis in male mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 403:115170. [PMID: 32738332 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in bile acid (BA) homeostasis remains controversial. In this study, activation of Nrf2 was achieved either pharmacologically by CDDO-imidazolide (CDDO-Im) or genetically through a "gene dose-response" model consisting of Nrf2-null, wild-type (WT), Keap1-knockdown (Keap1-KD), and Keap1-hepatocyte knockout (Keap1-HKO) mice. In WT mice, CDDO-Im increased bile flow and decreased hepatic BAs, which was associated with a down-regulation of the canalicular BA efflux transporter Bsep and an increase in biliary BA excretion. In contrast, hepatic Bsep and biliary BA excretion were not altered in Keap1-KD or Keap1-HKO mice, suggesting that Nrf2 is not important for regulating Bsep or BA-dependent bile flow. In contrast, hepatic Mrp2 and Mrp3 were up-regulated by both pharmacological and genetic activations of Nrf2. Furthermore, ileal BA transporters (Asbt and Ostβ) and cholesterol transporters (Abcg5 and Abcg8) were down-regulated by both pharmacological and genetic activations of Nrf2, suggesting a role of Nrf2 in intestinal absorption of BAs and cholesterol. In Nrf2-null mice, CDDO-Im down-regulated hepatic BA uptake transporters (Ntcp, Oatp1a1, and Oatp1b2), leading to a 39-fold increase of serum BAs. To conclude, the present study demonstrates that activation of Nrf2 in mice up-regulates Mrp2 and Mrp3 in the liver and down-regulates BA and cholesterol transporters in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Andrew J Lickteig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Iván L Csanaky
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital & Clinics, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Peng H, Qin X, Chen S, Ceylan AF, Dong M, Lin Z, Ren J. Parkin deficiency accentuates chronic alcohol intake-induced tissue injury and autophagy defects in brain, liver and skeletal muscle. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:665-674. [PMID: 32427312 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism leads to organ injury including mitochondrial defect and apoptosis with evidence favoring a role for autophagy dysregulation in alcoholic damage. Parkin represents an autosomal recessive inherited gene for Parkinson's disease and an important member of selective autophagy for mitochondria. The association between Parkinson's disease and alcoholic injury remains elusive. This study aimed to examine the effect of parkin deficiency on chronic alcohol intake-induced organ injury in brain, liver and skeletal muscle (rectus femoris muscle). Adult parkin-knockout (PRK-/-) and wild-type mice were placed on Liber-De Carli alcohol liquid diet (4%) for 12 weeks prior to assessment of liver enzymes, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, protein carbonyl content, apoptosis, hematoxylin and eosin morphological staining, and mitochondrial respiration (cytochrome c oxidase, NADH:cytochrome c reductase and succinate:cytochrome c reductase). Autophagy protein markers were monitored by western blot analysis. Our data revealed that chronic alcohol intake imposed liver injury as evidenced by elevated aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase, glucose intolerance, elevated protein carbonyl formation, apoptosis, focal inflammation, necrosis, microvesiculation, autophagy/mitophagy failure and dampened mitochondrial respiration (complex IV, complexes I and III, and complexes II and III) in the brain, liver and rectus femoris skeletal muscle. Although parkin ablation itself did not generate any notable effects on liver enzymes, insulin sensitivity, tissue carbonyl damage, apoptosis, tissue morphology, autophagy or mitochondrial respiration, it accentuated alcohol intake-induced tissue damage, apoptosis, morphological change, autophagy/mitophagy failure and mitochondrial injury without affecting insulin sensitivity. These data suggest that parkin plays an integral role in the preservation against alcohol-induced organ injury, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Peng
- Department of Emergency and ICU, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Sainan Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Asli F Ceylan
- Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06010, Turkey
| | - Maolong Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhaofen Lin
- Department of Emergency and ICU, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
He F, Antonucci L, Yamachika S, Zhang Z, Taniguchi K, Umemura A, Hatzivassiliou G, Roose-Girma M, Reina-Campos M, Duran A, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Sun B, Karin M. NRF2 activates growth factor genes and downstream AKT signaling to induce mouse and human hepatomegaly. J Hepatol 2020; 72:1182-1195. [PMID: 32105670 PMCID: PMC8054878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatomegaly can be triggered by insulin and insulin-unrelated etiologies. Insulin acts via AKT, but how other challenges cause hepatomegaly is unknown. METHODS Since many hepatomegaly-inducing toxicants and stressors activate NRF2, we examined the effect of NRF2 activation on liver size and metabolism using a conditional allele encoding a constitutively active NRF2 variant to generate Nrf2Act-hep mice in which NRF2 is selectively activated in hepatocytes. We also used adenoviruses encoding variants of the autophagy adaptor p62/SQSTM1, which activates liver NRF2, as well as liver-specific ATG7-deficient mice (Atg7Δhep) and liver specimens from patients with hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). RNA sequencing and cell signaling analyses were used to determine cellular consequences of NRF2 activation and diverse histological analyses were used to study effects of the different manipulations on liver and systemic pathophysiology. RESULTS Hepatocyte-specific NRF2 activation, due to p62 accumulation or inhibition of KEAP1 binding, led to hepatomegaly associated with enhanced glycogenosis, steatosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest, fostering hyperplasia without cell division. Surprisingly, all manipulations that led to NRF2 activation also activated AKT, whose inhibition blocked NRF2-induced hepatomegaly and glycogenosis, but not NRF2-dependent antioxidant gene induction. AKT activation was linked to NRF2-mediated transcriptional induction of PDGF and EGF receptor ligands that signaled through their cognate receptors in an autocrine manner. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors were not involved. The NRF2-AKT signaling axis was also activated in human HSOS- and AIH-related hepatomegaly. CONCLUSIONS NRF2, a transcription factor readily activated by xenobiotics, oxidative stress and autophagy disruptors, may be a common mediator of hepatomegaly; its effects on hepatic metabolism can be reversed by AKT/tyrosine kinase inhibitors. LAY SUMMARY Hepatomegaly can be triggered by numerous etiological factors, including infections, liver cancer, metabolic disturbances, toxicant exposure, as well as alcohol abuse or drug-induced hepatitis. This study identified the oxidative stress response transcription factor NRF2 as a common mediator of hepatomegaly. NRF2 activation results in elevated expression of several growth factors. These growth factors are made by hepatocytes and activate their receptors in an autocrine fashion to stimulate the accumulation of glycogen and lipids that lead to hepatocyte and liver enlargement. The protein kinase AKT plays a key role in this process and its inhibition leads to reversal of hepatomegaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shinichiro Yamachika
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zechuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel Reina-Campos
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angeles Duran
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
FXR-dependent Rubicon induction impairs autophagy in models of human cholestasis. J Hepatol 2020; 72:1122-1131. [PMID: 32001325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestasis comprises a spectrum of liver diseases characterized by the accumulation of bile acids. Bile acids and activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) can inhibit autophagy, a cellular self-digestion process necessary for cellular homeostasis and regeneration. In mice, autophagy appears to be impaired in cholestasis and induction of autophagy may reduce liver injury. METHODS Herein, we explored autophagy in human cholestasis in vivo and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms in vitro. FXR chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and qPCR were performed in combination with luciferase promoter studies to identify functional FXR binding targets in a human cholestatic liver sample. RESULTS Autophagic processing appeared to be impaired in patients with cholestasis and in individuals treated with the FXR ligand obeticholic acid (OCA). In vitro, chenodeoxycholic acid and OCA inhibited autophagy at the level of autophagosome to lysosome fusion in an FXR-dependent manner. Rubicon, which inhibits autophago-lysosomal maturation, was identified as a direct FXR target that is induced in cholestasis and by FXR-agonistic bile acids. Genetic inhibition of Rubicon reversed the bile acid-induced impairment of autophagic flux. In contrast to OCA, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is a non-FXR-agonistic bile acid, induced autophagolysosome formation independently of FXR, enhanced autophagic flux and was associated with reduced Rubicon levels. CONCLUSION In models of human cholestasis, autophagic processing is impaired in an FXR-dependent manner, partly resulting from the induction of Rubicon. UDCA is a potent inducer of hepatic autophagy. Manipulating autophagy and Rubicon may represent a novel treatment concept for cholestatic liver diseases. LAY SUMMARY Autophagy, a cellular self-cleansing process, is impaired in various forms of human cholestasis. Bile acids, which accumulate in cholestatic liver disease, induce Rubicon, a protein that inhibits proper execution of autophagy. Ursodeoxycholic acid, which is the first-line treatment option for many cholestatic liver diseases, induces hepatic autophagy along with reducing Rubicon.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ishihara Y, Bochimoto H, Kondoh D, Obara H, Matsuno N. The ultrastructural characteristics of bile canaliculus in porcine liver donated after cardiac death and machine perfusion preservation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233917. [PMID: 32470051 PMCID: PMC7259665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of each type of machine perfusion preservation (MP) of liver grafts donated after cardiac death on the bile canaliculi of hepatocytes remain unclear. We analyzed the intracellular three-dimensional ultrastructure of the bile canaliculi and hepatocyte endomembrane systems in porcine liver grafts after warm ischemia followed by successive MP with modified University of Wisconsin gluconate solution. Transmission and osmium-maceration scanning electron microscopy revealed that lumen volume of the bile canaliculi decreased after warm ischemia. In liver grafts preserved by hypothermic MP condition, bile canaliculi tended to recover in terms of lumen volume, while their microvilli regressed. In contrast, midthermic MP condition preserved the functional form of the microvilli of the bile canaliculi. Machine perfusion preservation potentially restored the bile canaliculus lumen and alleviated the cessation of cellular endocrine processes due to warm ischemia. In addition, midthermic MP condition prevented the retraction of the microvilli of bile canaliculi, suggesting further mitigation of the damage of the bile canaliculi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yo Ishihara
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Division of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Obara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsuno
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lan W, Chen Z, Chen Y, Tan M, Chen Y, Chen J, Chi X, Chen Y. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid impairs transcription factor E3 -dependent autophagy-lysosome machinery by disrupting reactive oxygen species homeostasis in L02 cells. Toxicol Lett 2020; 331:11-21. [PMID: 32439580 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis represents pathophysiologic syndromes defined as impaired bile flow from the liver. As an outcome, bile acids accumulate and promote hepatocyte injury, followed by liver cirrhosis and liver failure. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) is relatively toxic and highly concentrated in bile and serum after cholestasis. However, the mechanism underlying GCDCA-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, we found that GCDCA inhibits autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH, contributing to defects in autophagic clearance and subsequently leading to the death of L02 human hepatocyte cells. Notably, through tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis and database searches, 313 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 71 were increased and 242 were decreased in the GCDCA group compared with those in the control group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that GCDCA suppressed the signaling pathway of transcription factor E3 (TFE3), which was the most closely associated with autophagic flux impairment. In contrast, GCDCA-inhibited lysosomal function and autophagic flux were efficiently attenuated by TFE3 overexpression. Specifically, the decreased expression of TFE3 was closely related to the disruption of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, which could be prevented by inhibiting intracellular ROS with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). In summary, our study is the first to demonstrate that manipulation of ROS/TFE3 signaling may be a therapeutic approach for antagonizing GCDCA-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lan
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Yongtai Chen
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Miduo Tan
- Surgery Department of Galactophore, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Xiaobin Chi
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China.
| | - Yongbiao Chen
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The HMGB1-RAGE axis modulates the growth of autophagy-deficient hepatic tumors. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:333. [PMID: 32382012 PMCID: PMC7206028 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradative pathway important for tumor surveillance. Autophagy deficiency can lead to tumorigenesis. Autophagy is also known to be important for the aggressive growth of tumors, yet the mechanism that sustains the growth of autophagy-deficient tumors is not unclear. We previously reported that progression of hepatic tumors developed in autophagy-deficient livers required high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which was released from autophagy-deficient hepatocytes. In this study we examined the pathological features of the hepatic tumors and the mechanism of HMGB1-mediated tumorigenesis. We found that in liver-specific autophagy-deficient (Atg7ΔHep) mice the tumors cells were still deficient in autophagy and could also release HMGB1. Histological analysis using cell-specific markers suggested that fibroblast and ductular cells were present only outside the tumor whereas macrophages were present both inside and outside the tumor. Genetic deletion of Hmgb1 or one of its receptors, receptor for advanced glycated end product (Rage), retarded liver tumor development. HMGB1 and RAGE enhanced the proliferation capability of the autophagy-deficient hepatocytes and tumors. However, RAGE expression was only found on ductual cells and Kupffer’s cells but not on hepatoctyes, suggesting that HMGB1 might promote hepatic tumor growth through a paracrine mode, which altered the tumor microenvironment. Finally, RNAseq analysis of the tumors indicated that HMGB1 induced a much broad changes in tumors. In particular, genes related to mitochondrial structures or functions were enriched among those differentially expressed in tumors in the presence or absence of HMGB1, revealing a potentially important role of mitochondria in sustaining the growth of autophagy-deficient liver tumors via HMGB1 stimulation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hernandez GV, Smith VA, Melnyk M, Burd MA, Sprayberry KA, Edwards MS, Peterson DG, Bennet DC, Fanter RK, Columbus DA, Steibel JP, Glanz H, Immoos C, Rice MS, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Blank J, VanderKelen JJ, Kitts CL, Piccolo BD, La Frano MR, Burrin DG, Maj M, Manjarin R. Dysregulated FXR-FGF19 signaling and choline metabolism are associated with gut dysbiosis and hyperplasia in a novel pig model of pediatric NASH. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G582-G609. [PMID: 32003601 PMCID: PMC7099491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of bile acids (BAs) in the pathogenesis of diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we fed a "Western-style diet" [high fructose, high fat (HFF)] enriched with fructose, cholesterol, and saturated fat for 10 wk to juvenile Iberian pigs. We also supplemented probiotics with in vitro BA deconjugating activity to evaluate their potential therapeutic effect in NASH. Liver lipid and function, cytokines, and hormones were analyzed using commercially available kits. Metabolites, BAs, and fatty acids were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Histology and gene and protein expression analyses were performed using standard protocols. HFF-fed pigs developed NASH, cholestasis, and impaired enterohepatic Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling in the absence of obesity and insulin resistance. Choline depletion in HFF livers was associated with decreased lipoprotein and cholesterol in serum and an increase of choline-containing phospholipids in colon contents and trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver. Additionally, gut dysbiosis and hyperplasia increased with the severity of NASH, and were correlated with increased colonic levels of choline metabolites and secondary BAs. Supplementation of probiotics in the HFF diet enhanced NASH, inhibited hepatic autophagy, increased excretion of taurine and choline, and decreased gut microbial diversity. In conclusion, dysregulation of BA homeostasis was associated with injury and choline depletion in the liver, as well as increased biliary secretion, gut metabolism and excretion of choline-based phospholipids. Choline depletion limited lipoprotein synthesis, resulting in hepatic steatosis, whereas secondary BAs and choline-containing phospholipids in colon may have promoted dysbiosis, hyperplasia, and trimethylamine synthesis, causing further damage to the liver.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Impaired Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling and cholestasis has been described in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. However, therapeutic interventions with FXR agonists have produced contradictory results. In a swine model of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we show that the uncoupling of intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and a decrease in FGF19 levels are associated with a choline-deficient phenotype of NASH and increased choline excretion in the gut, with the subsequent dysbiosis, colonic hyperplasia, and accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella V Hernandez
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Victoria A Smith
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Megan Melnyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Matthew A Burd
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Kimberly A Sprayberry
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Mark S Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Darin C Bennet
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Rob K Fanter
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | | | - Juan P Steibel
- Department of Animal Science and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Hunter Glanz
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Chad Immoos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Margaret S Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | | | - Jason Blank
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Jennifer J VanderKelen
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Christopher L Kitts
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Rodrigo Manjarin
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tsai MS, Lee HM, Huang SC, Sun CK, Chiu TC, Chen PH, Lin YC, Hung TM, Lee PH, Kao YH. Nerve growth factor induced farnesoid X receptor upregulation modulates autophagy flux and protects hepatocytes in cholestatic livers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 682:108281. [PMID: 32001246 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) in parenchymal hepatocytes has been shown to exert hepatoprotective function during cholestatic liver injury. However, the modulatory role of NGF in regulation of liver autophagy remains unclear. This study aimed to scrutinize the regulatory role of NGF in hepatic expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, and to determine its cytoprotective effect on BA-induced autophagy and cytotoxicity. Livers of human hepatolithiasis and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced mouse cholestasis were used for histopathological and molecular detection. The regulatory roles of NGF in autophagy flux and FXR expression, as well as its hepatoprotection against BA cytotoxicity were examined in cultured hepatocytes. FXR downregulation in human hepatolithiasis livers showed positive correlation with hepatic NGF levels. NGF administration upregulated hepatic FXR levels, while neutralization of NGF decreased FXR expression in BDL-induced cholestatic mouse livers. In vitro studies demonstrated that NGF upregulated FXR expression, increased cellular LC3 levels, and exerted hepatoprotective effect in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Conversely, autophagy inhibition abrogated NGF-driven cytoprotection under BA exposure, suggesting involvement of NGF-modulated auophagy flux. Although FXR agonistic GW4064 stimulation did not affect auophagic LC3 levels, FXR activity inhibition significantly potentiated BA-induced cytotoxicity and increased cellular p62/SQSTM1 and Rab7 protein in SK-Hep1 hepatocytes. Moreover, FXR gene silencing abolished the protective effect of NGF under BA exposure. These findings support that NGF modulates autophagy flux via FXR upregulation and protects hepatocytes against BA-induced cytotoxicity. NGF/FXR axis is a novel therapeutic target for treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shian Tsai
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Body Health and Beauty Center, Jiann-Ren Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ming Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Huang
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Hung
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Q, Wei S, Zhou S, Qiu J, Shi C, Liu R, Zhou H, Lu L. Hyperglycemia aggravates acute liver injury by promoting liver-resident macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the inhibition of AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy induction. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 98:54-66. [PMID: 31625631 PMCID: PMC7004066 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the detrimental effects of diabetes mellitus/hyperglycemia have been observed in many liver disease models, the function and mechanism of hyperglycemia regulating liver‐resident macrophages, Kupffer cells (KCs), in thioacetamide (TAA)‐induced liver injury remain largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the role of hyperglycemia in regulating NOD‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3 protein (NLRP3) inflammasome activation by inhibiting autophagy induction in KCs in the TAA‐induced liver injury model. Type I diabetes/hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin treatment. Compared with the control group, hyperglycemic mice exhibited a significant increase in intrahepatic inflammation and liver injury. Enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was detected in KCs from hyperglycemic mice, as shown by increased gene induction and protein levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase‐1, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain and interleukin‐1β, compared with control mice. NLRP3 inhibition by its antagonist CY‐09 effectively suppressed inflammasome activation in KCs and attenuated liver injury in hyperglycemic mice. Furthermore, inhibited autophagy activation was revealed by transmission electron microscope detection, decreased LC3B protein expression and p‐62 protein degradation in KCs isolated from TAA‐stressed hyperglycemic mice. Interestingly, inhibited 5′ AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) but enhanced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation was found in KCs from TAA‐stressed hyperglycemic mice. AMPK activation by its agonist 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or mTOR signaling knockdown by small interfering RNA restored autophagy activation, and subsequently, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in KCs, leading to ultimately reduced TAA‐induced liver injury in the hyperglycemic mice. Our findings demonstrated that hyperglycemia aggravated TAA‐induced acute liver injury by promoting liver‐resident macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation via inhibiting AMPK/mTOR‐mediated autophagy. This study provided a novel target for prevention of toxin‐induced acute liver injury under hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Wei
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China.,School of Medical, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiannan Qiu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyu Shi
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China.,School of Medical, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yan S, Khambu B, Hong H, Liu G, Huda N, Yin XM. Autophagy, Metabolism, and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Novel Modulators and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205029. [PMID: 31614437 PMCID: PMC6834312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is caused by over-consumption of alcohol. ALD can develop a spectrum of pathological changes in the liver, including steatosis, inflammation, cirrhosis, and complications. Autophagy is critical to maintain liver homeostasis, but dysfunction of autophagy has been observed in ALD. Generally, autophagy is considered to protect the liver from alcohol-induced injury and steatosis. In this review, we will summarize novel modulators of autophagy in hepatic metabolism and ALD, including autophagy-mediating non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and crosstalk of autophagy machinery and nuclear factors. We will also discuss novel functions of autophagy in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal hepatic cells during the pathogenesis of ALD and other liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Bilon Khambu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Honghai Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huda N, Liu G, Hong H, Yan S, Khambu B, Yin XM. Hepatic senescence, the good and the bad. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5069-5081. [PMID: 31558857 PMCID: PMC6747293 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i34.5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gradual alterations of cell’s physiology and functions due to age or exposure to various stresses lead to the conversion of normal cells to senescent cells. Once becoming senescent, the cell stops dividing permanently but remains metabolically active. Cellular senescence does not have a single marker but is characterized mainly by a combination of multiple markers, such as, morphological changes, expression of cell cycle inhibitors, senescence associated β-galactosidase activity, and changes in nuclear membrane. When cells in an organ become senescent, the entire organism can be affected. This may occur through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP may exert beneficial or harmful effects on the microenvironment of tissues. Research on senescence has become a very exciting field in cell biology since the link between age-related diseases, including cancer, and senescence has been established. The loss of regenerative and homeostatic capacity of the liver over the age is somehow connected to cellular senescence. The major contributors of senescence properties in the liver are hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Senescent cells in the liver have been implicated in the etiology of chronic liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and in the interference of liver regeneration. This review summarizes recently reported findings in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of senescence and its relationship with liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Huda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Honghai Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Bilon Khambu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yan S, Zhou J, Chen X, Dong Z, Yin XM. Diverse Consequences in Liver Injury in Mice with Different Autophagy Functional Status Treated with Alcohol. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1744-1762. [PMID: 31199920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease is often complicated by other pathologic insults, such as viral infection or high-fat diet. Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in the liver but can be compromised by alcohol, high-fat diet, or viral infection, which in turn affects the disease process caused by these etiologies. To understand the full impact of autophagy modulation on alcohol-induced liver injury, several genetic models of autophagy deficiency, which have different levels of functional alterations, were examined after acute binge or chronic-plus-binge treatment. Mice given alcohol with either mode and induced with deficiency in liver-specific Atg7 shortly after the induction of Atg7 deletion had elevated liver injury, indicating the protective role of autophagy. Constitutive hepatic Atg7-deficient mice, in which Atg7 was deleted in embryos, were more susceptible with chronic-plus-binge but not with acute alcohol treatment. Constitutive hepatic Atg5-deficient mice, in which Atg5 was deleted in embryos, were more susceptible with acute alcohol treatment, but liver injury was unexpectedly improved with the chronic-plus-binge regimen. A prolonged autophagy deficiency may complicate the hepatic response to alcohol treatment, likely in part due to endogenous liver injury. The complexity of the relationship between autophagy deficiency and alcohol-induced liver injury can thus be affected by the timing of autophagy dysfunction, the exact autophagy gene being affected, and the alcohol treatment regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Minimal Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|