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Cheng Z, Yang L, Chu H. The role of gut microbiota, exosomes, and their interaction in the pathogenesis of ALD. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00268-6. [PMID: 38969094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver disorders caused by alcohol abuse are termed alcoholic-related liver disease (ALD), including alcoholic steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis, posing a significant threat to human health. Currently, ALD pathogenesis has not been completely clarified, which is likely to be related to the direct damage caused by alcohol and its metabolic products, oxidative stress, gut dysbiosis, and exosomes. AIMS The existing studies suggest that both the gut microbiota and exosomes contribute to the development of ALD. Moreover, there exists an interaction between the gut microbiota and exosomes. We discuss whether this interaction plays a role in the pathogenesis of ALD and whether it can be a potential therapeutic target for ALD treatment. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Chronic alcohol intake alters the diversity and composition of gut microbiota, which greatly contributes to ALD's progression. Some approaches targeting the gut microbiota, including probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and phage therapy, have been confirmed to effectively ameliorate ALD in many animal experiments and/or several clinical trials. In ALD, the levels of exosomes and the expression profile of microRNA have also changed, which affects the pathogenesis of ALD. Moreover, there is an interplay between exosomes and the gut microbiota, which also putatively acts as a pathogenic factor of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Feng D, Hwang S, Guillot A, Wang Y, Guan Y, Chen C, Maccioni L, Gao B. Inflammation in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101352. [PMID: 38697358 PMCID: PMC11234022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is an acute-on-chronic liver injury that occurs in patients with chronic alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Patients with severe AH have high short-term mortality and lack effective pharmacologic therapies. Inflammation is believed to be one of the key factors promoting AH progression and has been actively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last several decades, but no effective inflammatory targets have been identified so far. In this review, we discuss how inflammatory cells and the inflammatory mediators produced by these cells contribute to the development and progression of AH, with focus on neutrophils and macrophages. The crosstalk between inflammatory cells and liver nonparenchymal cells in the pathogenesis of AH is elaborated. We also deliberate the application of recent cutting-edge technologies in characterizing liver inflammation in AH. Finally, the potential therapeutic targets of inflammatory mediators for AH are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yukun Guan
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luca Maccioni
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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3
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Ji R. Mucormycosis mimicking portal hypertensive haemorrhage as a complication of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:136. [PMID: 38287258 PMCID: PMC10823596 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucor is a rare cause of gastrointestinal ulcers. This case describes a case of mucormycosis that occurred in a patient with liver cirrhosis who was hospitalized to accept a splenectomy for traumatic splenic rupture. During the perioperative period, the patient developed upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB), which was diagnosed as mucormycosis-related gastric ulcer according to gastroscopy. Patients with liver cirrhosis often get UGIB for Portal hypertension, but they also can develop UGIB for multiple other reasons, including infectious ulcers for immunosuppression. The case emphasizes the importance of excluding fungal-induced ulcer haemorrhage before diagnosing Portal hypertensive-induced variceal haemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ji
- Department of the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, NO. 88 Jiefang Road,Shangcheng District Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Liu X, Liu ZX, Morgan TR, Norden-Krichmar TM. Single-cell transcriptomics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicates impaired immune and inflammatory responses in alcohol-associated hepatitis. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110735. [PMID: 38040543 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and severe AH usually carries poor prognosis and high short-term mortality. In addition, it is challenging to understand the molecular mechanisms of immune dysregulation and inflammation in AH due to the cellular complexity and heterogeneity. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, previous studies found that AH causes dysfunctional innate immune response in monocytes, involving activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokine signaling pathways. To better understand the coordinated systemic immune response in AH patients, we performed combined single-cell transcriptome, cell-surface protein, and lymphocyte antigen receptor analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples. Our results showed inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were highly expressed in AH, including IL-2, IL-32, CXC3R1 and CXCL16 in monocytes and NK cells, whereas HLA-DR genes were reduced in monocytes. In addition, we also found altered differentiation of T-helper cells (TH1 and TH17), which could further lead to neutrophil recruitment and macrophage activation. Lastly, our results also suggest impaired NK-cell activation and differentiation in AH with reduced gene expression of KLRC2 and increased gene expression of KLRG1. Our findings indicate different mechanisms may be involved in impaired immune and inflammatory responses for the cellular subtypes of the PBMCs in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhang-Xu Liu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Medicine and Research Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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5
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Zakaria Z, Othman ZA, Nna VU, Mohamed M. The promising roles of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds on hepatic lipid metabolism in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in animal models: molecular targets. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:1262-1278. [PMID: 34153200 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1939387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in hepatic lipid metabolism can lead to an abnormal triglycerides deposition in the hepatocytes which can cause non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Four main mechanisms responsible for regulating hepatic lipid metabolism are fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Controlling the expression of transcription factors at molecular level plays a crucial role in NAFLD management. This paper reviews various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds emphasising mechanisms involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, other important NAFLD pathological features, and their promising roles in managing NAFLD through regulating key transcription factors. Although there are many medicinal plants popularly investigated for NAFLD treatment, there is still little information and scientific evidence available and there has been no research on clinical trials scrutinised on this matter. This review also aims to provide molecular information of medicinal plants in NALFD treatment that might have potentials for future scientifically controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaidatul Akmal Othman
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Unit of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Victor Udo Nna
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Mahaneem Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Unit of Integrative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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6
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Zheng J, Li Z, Xu H. Intestinal Microbiotas and Alcoholic Hepatitis: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Value. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14809. [PMID: 37834256 PMCID: PMC10573193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a rapidly progressing and severe stage of alcoholic liver disease, presenting a grim prognosis. Extensive research has elucidated several underlying mechanisms that contribute to the development of AH, including metabolic alterations, immune stimulation, and intestinal dysbiosis. These pathological changes intricately intertwine during the progression of AH. Notably, recent studies have increasingly highlighted the pivotal role of alterations in the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of AH. Consequently, future investigations should place significant emphasis on exploring the dynamics of intestinal microbiota. In this comprehensive review, we consolidate the primary causes of AH while underscoring the influence of gut microbes. Furthermore, by examining AH treatment strategies, we delineate the potential therapeutic value of interventions targeting the gut microbiota. Given the existing limitations in AH treatment options, we anticipate that this review will contribute to forthcoming research endeavors aimed at advancing AH treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Zheng
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ziyi Li
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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7
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Qiu X, Zhou J, Xu H, Li Y, Ma S, Qiao H, Zeng K, Wang Q, Ouyang J, Liu Y, Ding J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Shi M, Liao Y, Liao W, Lin L. Alcohol reshapes a liver premetastatic niche for cancer by extra- and intrahepatic crosstalk-mediated immune evasion. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2662-2680. [PMID: 37469143 PMCID: PMC10492032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastatic organotropism is still a mystery. The liver is known to be susceptible to cancer metastasis and alcoholic injury. However, it is unclear whether and how alcohol facilitates liver metastasis and how to intervene. Here, we show that alcohol preferentially promotes liver metastasis in colon-cancer-bearing mice and post-surgery pancreatic cancer patients. The mechanism is that alcohol triggers an extra- and intrahepatic crosstalk to reshape an immunosuppressive liver microenvironment. In detail, alcohol upregulates extrahepatic IL-6 and hepatocellular IL-6 receptor expression, resulting in hepatocyte STAT3 signaling activation and downstream lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) upregulation. Furthermore, LCN2 promotes T cell-exhaustion neutrophil recruitment and cancer cell epithelial plasticity. In contrast, knocking out hepatocellular Stat3 or systemic Il6 in alcohol-treated mice preserves the liver microenvironment and suppresses liver metastasis. This mechanism is reflected in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, in that alcohol-associated signaling elevation in noncancerous liver tissue indicates adverse prognosis. Accordingly, we discover a novel application for BBI608, a small molecular STAT3 inhibitor that can prevent liver metastasis. BBI608 pretreatment protects the liver and suppresses alcohol-triggered premetastatic niche formation. In conclusion, under extra- and intrahepatic crosstalk, the alcoholic injured liver forms a favorable niche for cancer cell metastasis, while BBI608 is a promising anti-metastatic agent targeting such microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shudong Ma
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hang Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kangxin Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiahe Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanhan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yantan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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8
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Liu Y, Liu T, Zhang F, Gao Y. Unraveling the Complex Interplay between Epigenetics and Immunity in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4811-4830. [PMID: 37781509 PMCID: PMC10539712 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of immune dysfunction in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) have garnered growing research interest in recent times. Alcohol-mediated immune dysfunction has been implicated as a potential cause of ALD-associated microbial infection and inflammatory response. The immune microenvironment of an organism is essentially a complex network of interactions between immune cells, cytokines, extracellular matrix, and other immune-related molecules. This microenvironment is highly adaptive and responsive to environmental cues. Epigenetic reprogramming of the immune microenvironment has recently emerged as a key driver of ALD progression, particularly in the context of endotoxin tolerance and immune disorders. Although epigenetic modifications are known to play an important role in the regulation of the immune microenvironment in ALD, the specific mechanisms and molecular processes by which this regulation is achieved are yet to be fully understood. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the effects of alcohol consumption on epigenetics, with special focus on summarizing the data on the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved in the effects of alcohol consumption on the immune microenvironment. In addition, this paper aims to present a review of the epigenetic modifications involved in different forms of ALD. This review is expected to offer new perspectives for the diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and prognostic assessment of ALD from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
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9
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Zhang C, Xia S, Yan M, Luo F, Zhang B, Zou W, Gong H. Bioinformatics and network pharmacology analysis of DWYG capsule for improving liver regeneration: identification of active compounds and mechanisms. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37574795 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2246630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Aimed to explore the mechanisms and targets of Diwu Yanggan Capsule (DWYG), a traditional Chinese medicine in liver regeneration, we used the TCMSP to obtain the active ingredients and targets of DWYG and the GEO database to obtain the DEGs related to liver regeneration. We also searched for liver regeneration-related genes in disease databases and integrated them with the herbal and GEO data to screen for potential targets of DWYG in liver regeneration. Enrichment analysis using R language and molecular docking of the key targets and active ingredients were constructed. We found 73 potential targets of DWYG in liver regeneration and revealed that DWYG may act through pathways such as MAPK, TNF, and IL-17. We also found that quercetin was a major component of DWYG with low binding energy to three key targets. Our results suggest that DWYG can facilitate liver regeneration and quercetin may be its core ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Fen Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
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10
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Cooper SA, Kostallari E, Shah VH. Angiocrine Signaling in Sinusoidal Health and Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:245-257. [PMID: 37442155 PMCID: PMC10798369 DOI: 10.1055/a-2128-5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are key players in maintaining hepatic homeostasis. They also play crucial roles during liver injury by communicating with liver cell types as well as immune cells and promoting portal hypertension, fibrosis, and inflammation. Cutting-edge technology, such as single cell and spatial transcriptomics, have revealed the existence of distinct LSEC subpopulations with a clear zonation in the liver. The signals released by LSECs are commonly called "angiocrine signaling." In this review, we summarize the role of angiocrine signaling in health and disease, including zonation in healthy liver, regeneration, fibrosis, portal hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, aging, drug-induced liver injury, and ischemia/reperfusion, as well as potential therapeutic advances. In conclusion, sinusoidal endotheliopathy is recognized in liver disease and promising preclinical studies are paving the path toward LSEC-specific pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A. Cooper
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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11
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Kim A, Ortega-Ribera M, McMullen MR, Bellar A, Taiwo M, Pathak V, Streem D, Dasarathy J, Welch N, Dasarathy S, Vachharajani V, Nagy LE. Altered Anti-Viral Immune Responses in Monocytes in Overweight Heavy Drinkers. iScience 2023; 26:107133. [PMID: 37361874 PMCID: PMC10268809 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse causes increased susceptibility to respiratory syndromes like bacterial pneumonia and viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. Heavy drinkers (HD) are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 if they are also overweight, yet the molecular mechanisms are unexplored. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lean or overweight HD and healthy controls (HC) after challenge with a dsRNA homopolymer (PolyI:C) to mimic a viral infection and/or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All monocyte populations responded to both PolyI:C and LPS with pro-inflammatory gene expression. However, expression of interferon stimulated genes, essential for inhibiting viral pathogenesis, was greatly reduced in overweight patients. Interestingly, the number of upregulated genes in response to PolyI:C challenge was far greater in monocytes from HD compared to HC, including much stronger pro-inflammatory cytokine and interferon-γ signaling responses. These results suggest increased body weight reduced anti-viral responses while heavy drinking increased pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kim
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Martí Ortega-Ribera
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Megan R McMullen
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Annette Bellar
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Moyinoluwa Taiwo
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Vai Pathak
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - David Streem
- - Lutheran Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Nicole Welch
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Critical Care Medicine Cleveland Clinic Respiratory Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Laura E Nagy
- - Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- - Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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12
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Wu J, Kim A, Wu X, Ray S, Allende DS, Welch N, Bellar A, Dasarathy J, Dasarathy S, Nagy LE. 5S rRNA pseudogene transcripts are associated with interferon production and inflammatory responses in alcohol-associated hepatitis. Hepatology 2023; 77:1983-1997. [PMID: 36645226 PMCID: PMC10192046 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interferon (IFN) signaling is critical to the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), yet the mechanisms for activation of this system are elusive. We hypothesize that host-derived 5S rRNA pseudogene (RNA5SP) transcripts regulate IFN production and modify immunity in AH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Mining of transcriptomic datasets revealed that in patients with severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (sAH), hepatic expression of genes regulated by IFNs was perturbed and gene sets involved in IFN production were enriched. RNA5SP transcripts were also increased and correlated with expression of type I IFNs. Interestingly, inflammatory mediators upregulated in sAH, but not in other liver diseases, were positively correlated with certain RNA5SP transcripts. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that RNA5SP transcripts were upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with sAH. In sAH livers, increased 5S rRNA and reduced nuclear MAF1 (MAF1 homolog, negative regulator of RNA polymerase III) protein suggested a higher activity of RNA polymerase III (Pol III); inhibition of Pol III reduced RNA5SP expression in monocytic THP-1 cells. Expression of several RNA5SP transcript-interacting proteins was downregulated in sAH, potentially unmasking transcripts to immunosensors. Indeed, siRNA knockdown of interacting proteins potentiated the immunostimulatory activity of RNA5SP transcripts. Molecular interaction and cell viability assays demonstrated that RNA5SP transcripts adopted Z-conformation and contributed to ZBP1-mediated caspase-independent cell death. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression and binding availability of RNA5SP transcripts was associated with hepatic IFN production and inflammation in sAH. These data identify RNA5SP transcripts as a potential target to mitigate inflammation and hepatocellular injury in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Kim
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Semanti Ray
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nicole Welch
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Annette Bellar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaividhya Dasarathy
- Department of Family Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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13
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Siggins RW, McTernan PM, Simon L, Souza-Smith FM, Molina PE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: At the Nexus between Alcohol-Associated Immunometabolic Dysregulation and Tissue Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8650. [PMID: 37239997 PMCID: PMC10218577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol misuse, directly or indirectly as a result of its metabolism, negatively impacts most tissues, including four with critical roles in energy metabolism regulation: the liver, pancreas, adipose, and skeletal muscle. Mitochondria have long been studied for their biosynthetic roles, such as ATP synthesis and initiation of apoptosis. However, current research has provided evidence that mitochondria participate in myriad cellular processes, including immune activation, nutrient sensing in pancreatic β-cells, and skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cell differentiation. The literature indicates that alcohol impairs mitochondrial respiratory capacity, promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and disrupting mitochondrial dynamics, leading to dysfunctional mitochondria accumulation. As discussed in this review, mitochondrial dyshomeostasis emerges at a nexus between alcohol-disrupted cellular energy metabolism and tissue injury. Here, we highlight this link and focus on alcohol-mediated disruption of immunometabolism, which refers to two distinct, yet interrelated processes. Extrinsic immunometabolism involves processes whereby immune cells and their products influence cellular and/or tissue metabolism. Intrinsic immunometabolism describes immune cell fuel utilization and bioenergetics that affect intracellular processes. Alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysregulation negatively impacts immunometabolism in immune cells, contributing to tissue injury. This review will present the current state of literature, describing alcohol-mediated metabolic and immunometabolic dysregulation from a mitochondrial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Siggins
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patrick M. McTernan
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Flavia M. Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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14
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Kharbanda KK, Chokshi S, Tikhanovich I, Weinman SA, New-Aaron M, Ganesan M, Osna NA. A Pathogenic Role of Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease of Infectious and Non-Infectious Origin. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:255. [PMID: 36829532 PMCID: PMC9953685 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Now, much is known regarding the impact of chronic and heavy alcohol consumption on the disruption of physiological liver functions and the induction of structural distortions in the hepatic tissues in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). This review deliberates the effects of alcohol on the activity and properties of liver non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), which are either residential or infiltrated into the liver from the general circulation. NPCs play a pivotal role in the regulation of organ inflammation and fibrosis, both in the context of hepatotropic infections and in non-infectious settings. Here, we overview how NPC functions in ALD are regulated by second hits, such as gender and the exposure to bacterial or viral infections. As an example of the virus-mediated trigger of liver injury, we focused on HIV infections potentiated by alcohol exposure, since this combination was only limitedly studied in relation to the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the development of liver fibrosis. The review specifically focusses on liver macrophages, HSC, and T-lymphocytes and their regulation of ALD pathogenesis and outcomes. It also illustrates the activation of NPCs by the engulfment of apoptotic bodies, a frequent event observed when hepatocytes are exposed to ethanol metabolites and infections. As an example of such a double-hit-induced apoptotic hepatocyte death, we deliberate on the hepatotoxic accumulation of HIV proteins, which in combination with ethanol metabolites, causes intensive hepatic cell death and pro-fibrotic activation of HSCs engulfing these HIV- and malondialdehyde-expressing apoptotic hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
- Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Moses New-Aaron
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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15
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Berasain C, Arechederra M, Argemí J, Fernández-Barrena MG, Avila MA. Loss of liver function in chronic liver disease: An identity crisis. J Hepatol 2023; 78:401-414. [PMID: 36115636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adult hepatocyte identity is constructed throughout embryonic development and fine-tuned after birth. A multinodular network of transcription factors, along with pre-mRNA splicing regulators, define the transcriptome, which encodes the proteins needed to perform the complex metabolic and secretory functions of the mature liver. Transient hepatocellular dedifferentiation can occur as part of the regenerative mechanisms triggered in response to acute liver injury. However, persistent downregulation of key identity genes is now accepted as a strong determinant of organ dysfunction in chronic liver disease, a major global health burden. Therefore, the identification of core transcription factors and splicing regulators that preserve hepatocellular phenotype, and a thorough understanding of how these networks become disrupted in diseased hepatocytes, is of high clinical relevance. In this context, we review the key players in liver differentiation and discuss in detail critical factors, such as HNF4α, whose impairment mediates the breakdown of liver function. Moreover, we present compelling experimental evidence demonstrating that restoration of core transcription factor expression in a chronically injured liver can reset hepatocellular identity, improve function and ameliorate structural abnormalities. The possibility of correcting the phenotype of severely damaged and malfunctional livers may reveal new therapeutic opportunities for individuals with cirrhosis and advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Program of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Maria Arechederra
- Program of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josepmaria Argemí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Program of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matías A Avila
- Program of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
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16
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Wu X, Fan X, Miyata T, Kim A, Cajigas-Du Ross CK, Ray S, Huang E, Taiwo M, Arya R, Wu J, Nagy LE. Recent Advances in Understanding of Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:411-438. [PMID: 36270295 PMCID: PMC10060166 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is one of the major diseases arising from chronic alcohol consumption and is one of the most common causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality. ALD includes asymptomatic liver steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alcohol-associated hepatitis and its complications. The progression of ALD involves complex cell-cell and organ-organ interactions. We focus on the impact of alcohol on dysregulation of homeostatic mechanisms and regulation of injury and repair in the liver. In particular, we discuss recent advances in understanding the disruption of balance between programmed cell death and prosurvival pathways, such as autophagy and membrane trafficking, in the pathogenesis of ALD. We also summarize current understanding of innate immune responses, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction and hepatic stellate cell activation, and gut-liver and adipose-liver cross talk in response to ethanol. In addition,we describe the current potential therapeutic targets and clinical trials aimed at alleviating hepatocyte injury, reducing inflammatory responses, and targeting gut microbiota, for the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Xiude Fan
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Adam Kim
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Christina K Cajigas-Du Ross
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Semanti Ray
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Emily Huang
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Moyinoluwa Taiwo
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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17
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Mackowiak B, Xu M, Lin Y, Guan Y, Seo W, Ren R, Feng D, Jones JW, Wang H, Gao B. Hepatic CYP2B10 is highly induced by binge ethanol and contributes to acute-on-chronic alcohol-induced liver injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:2163-2176. [PMID: 36224745 PMCID: PMC9771974 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic-plus-binge model of ethanol consumption, where chronically (8-week) ethanol-fed mice are gavaged a single dose of ethanol (E8G1), is known to induce steatohepatitis in mice. However, how chronically ethanol-fed mice respond to multiple binges of ethanol remains unknown. METHODS We extended the E8G1 model to three gavages of ethanol (E8G3) spaced 24 h apart, sacrificed each group 9 h after the final gavage, analyzed liver injury, and examined gene expression changes using microarray analyses in each group to identify mechanisms contributing to liver responses to binge ethanol. RESULTS Surprisingly, E8G3 treatment induced lower levels of liver injury, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis as compared to mice after E8G1 treatment. Microarray analyses identified several pathways that may contribute to the reduced liver injury after E8G3 treatment compared to E8G1 treatment. The gene encoding cytochrome P450 2B10 (Cyp2b10) was one of the top upregulated genes in the E8G1 group and was further upregulated in the E8G3 group, but only moderately induced after chronic ethanol consumption, as confirmed by RT-qPCR and western blot analyses. Genetic disruption of Cyp2b10 worsened liver injury in E8G1 and E8G3 mice with higher blood ethanol levels compared to wild-type control mice, while in vitro experiments revealed that CYP2b10 did not directly promote ethanol metabolism. Metabolomic analyses revealed significant differences in hepatic metabolites from E8G1-treated Cyp2b10 knockout and WT mice, and these metabolic alterations may contribute to the reduced liver injury in Cyp2b10 knockout mice. CONCLUSION Hepatic Cyp2b10 expression is highly induced after ethanol binge, and such upregulation reduces acute-on-chronic ethanol-induced liver injury via the indirect modification of ethanol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuhong Lin
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yukun Guan
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruixue Ren
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Cao W, Lu J, Li S, Song F, Xu J. Transcriptomic analysis of graft liver provides insight into the immune response of rat liver transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947437. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAs an “immune-privileged organ”, the liver has higher rates of both spontaneous tolerance and operational tolerance after being transplanted compared with other solid organs. Also, a large number of patients still need to take long-term immunosuppression regimens. Liver transplantation (LT) rejection involves varieties of pathophysiological processes and cell types, and a deeper understanding of LT immune response is urgently needed.MethodsHomogenic and allogeneic rat LT models were established, and recipient tissue was collected on postoperative day 7. The degree of LT rejection was evaluated by liver pathological changes and liver function. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by transcriptome sequencing and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The functional properties of DEGs were characterized by the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome pathway analyses. The cells infiltrating the graft and recipient spleen and peripheral blood were evaluated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.ResultA total of 1,465 DEGs were screened, including 1,177 up-regulated genes and 288 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that DEGs were involved in several immunobiological processes, including T cell activation, Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and other immune processes. Reactome results showed that PD-1 signaling was enriched. Further research confirmed that mRNA expression of multiple immune cell markers increased and markers of T cell exhaustion significantly changed. Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of Treg decreased, and that of PD-1+CD4+ T cells and PD-1+CD8+ T cells increased in the allogeneic group.ConclusionUsing an omic approach, we revealed that the development of LT rejection involved multiple immune cells, activation of various immune pathways, and specific alterations of immune checkpoints, which would benefit risk assessment in the clinic and understanding of pathogenesis regarding LT tolerance. Further clinical validations are warranted for our findings.
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19
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The Mechanisms of Systemic Inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and Application Prospect of Single-Cell Sequencing. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5091275. [PMID: 36387424 PMCID: PMC9646330 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a complex clinical syndrome, and patients often have high short-term mortality. It occurs with intense systemic inflammation, often accompanied by a proinflammatory event (such as infection or alcoholic hepatitis), and is closely related to single or multiple organ failure. Liver inflammation begins when innate immune cells (such as Kupffer cells (KCs)) are activated by binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from pathogenic microorganisms or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of host origin to their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activated KCs can secrete inflammatory factors as well as chemokines and recruit bone marrow-derived cells such as neutrophils and monocytes to the liver to enhance the inflammatory process. Bacterial translocation may contribute to ACLF when there are no obvious precipitating events. Immunometabolism plays an important role in the process (including mitochondrial dysfunction, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism). The late stage of ACLF is mainly characterized by immunosuppression. In this process, the dysfunction of monocyte and macrophage is reflected in the downregulation of HLA-DR and upregulation of MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK), which weakens the antigen presentation function and reduces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. We also describe the specific function of bacterial translocation and the gut-liver axis in the process of ACLF. Finally, we also describe the transcriptomics in HBV-ACLF and the recent progress of single-cell RNA sequencing as well as its potential application in the study of ACLF in the future, in order to gain a deeper understanding of ACLF in terms of single-cell gene expression.
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20
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Xu W, Wu M, Chen B, Wang H. Myeloid cells in alcoholic liver diseases: Mechanism and prospect. Front Immunol 2022; 13:971346. [PMID: 36032154 PMCID: PMC9399804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading chronic liver disease in which immune cells play a vital role. Myeloid cells have been extensively studied in ALD, including granulocytes, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells, which are involved in the occurrence and progression of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and eventual cirrhosis. These cells can be popularly targeted and regulated by factors from different sources, including cytokines secreted by other cells, extracellular vesicles, and substances in serum—for example, infiltration of monocytes or neutrophils, activation of Kupffer cells, and polarization of macrophages. These processes can affect and change the function and phenotype of myeloid cells. Here we mainly review the key mediators that affect the infiltration and function of mainly myeloid cells in ALD as well as their regulatory mechanisms on target cells, which may provide novel immunotherapeutic approaches. The single-cell multimodal omics of myeloid cells is also discussed to help transform them into basic research or therapeutic strategy of ALD clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Bangjie Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Wang,
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21
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Rattan P, Shah VH. Review article: current and emerging therapies for acute alcohol-associated hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:28-40. [PMID: 35567372 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated hepatitis is an acute manifestation of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and is associated with 30%-40% mortality at 28 days. Abstinence and corticosteroids are the mainstays of treatment, but the latter only improves short-term mortality, so new and improved therapies remain an unmet need. AIMS The aim was to review the pathophysiology of alcohol-associated hepatitis and how various targets can be used by current and emerging therapies as treatment. METHODS A thorough literature review was conducted on acute alcohol-associated hepatitis, current therapies and therapies under investigation. RESULTS With the increasing prevalence of alcohol use disorder and ALD, the burden of alcohol-associated hepatitis is also expected to rise. The current understanding of alcohol-associated hepatitis pathophysiology has led to clinical trials of several therapies involving IL-1 antagonism, modification of the gut microbiome and liver regeneration. CONCLUSIONS Corticosteroid therapy for alcohol-associated hepatitis is restricted in its applicability and has limited efficacy. Developing multidisciplinary, patient-centred care models based on digital health technologies, in combination with continued discovery of novel therapies using multiomics data and computational biology techniques will be necessary to tackle the increasing burden of alcohol-associated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puru Rattan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Chung BK, Øgaard J, Reims HM, Karlsen TH, Melum E. Spatial transcriptomics identifies enriched gene expression and cell types in human liver fibrosis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2538-2550. [PMID: 35726350 PMCID: PMC9426406 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis have limited therapeutic options and represent a serious unmet patient need. Recent use of single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has identified enriched cell types infiltrating cirrhotic livers but without defining the microanatomical location of these lineages thoroughly. To assess whether fibrotic liver regions specifically harbor enriched cell types, we explored whether whole‐tissue spatial transcriptomics combined with scRNAseq and gene deconvolution analysis could be used to localize cell types in cirrhotic explants of patients with end‐stage liver disease (total n = 8; primary sclerosing cholangitis, n = 4; primary biliary cholangitis, n = 2, alcohol‐related liver disease, n = 2). Spatial transcriptomics clearly identified tissue areas of distinct gene expression that strongly correlated with the total area (Spearman r = 0.97, p = 0.0004) and precise location (parenchyma, 87.9% mean congruency; range, 73.1%–97.1%; fibrosis, 68.5% mean congruency; range, 41.0%–91.7%) of liver regions classified as parenchymal or fibrotic by conventional histology. Deconvolution and enumeration of parenchymal and fibrotic gene content as measured by spatial transcriptomics into distinct cell states revealed significantly higher frequencies of ACTA2+ FABP4+ and COL3A1+ mesenchymal cells, IL17RA+ S100A8+ and FCER1G+ tissue monocytes, VCAM1+ SDC3+ Kupffer cells, CCL4+ CCL5+ KLRB1+ and GZMA+ IL17RA+ T cells and HLA‐DR+, CD37+ CXCR4+ and IGHM+ IGHG+ B cells in fibrotic liver regions compared with parenchymal areas of cirrhotic explants. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that spatial transcriptomes of parenchymal and fibrotic liver regions express unique gene content within cirrhotic liver and demonstrate proof of concept that spatial transcriptomes combined with additional RNA sequencing methodologies can refine the localization of gene content and cell lineages in the search for antifibrotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Chung
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Øgaard
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Mikael Reims
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Habash NW, Sehrawat TS, Shah VH, Cao S. Epigenetics of alcohol-related liver diseases. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2022; 4:100466. [PMID: 35462859 PMCID: PMC9018389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is a primary cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. Despite advances in the diagnosis and management of ARLD, it remains a major public health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality, emphasising the need to adopt novel approaches to the study of ARLD and its complications. Epigenetic changes are increasingly being recognised as contributing to the pathogenesis of multiple disease states. Harnessing the power of innovative technologies for the study of epigenetics (e.g., next-generation sequencing, DNA methylation assays, histone modification profiling and computational techniques like machine learning) has resulted in a seismic shift in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ARLD. Knowledge of these techniques and advances is of paramount importance for the practicing hepatologist and researchers alike. Accordingly, in this review article we will summarise the current knowledge about alcohol-induced epigenetic alterations in the context of ARLD, including but not limited to, DNA hyper/hypo methylation, histone modifications, changes in non-coding RNA, 3D chromatin architecture and enhancer-promoter interactions. Additionally, we will discuss the state-of-the-art techniques used in the study of ARLD (e.g. single-cell sequencing). We will also highlight the epigenetic regulation of chemokines and their proinflammatory role in the context of ARLD. Lastly, we will examine the clinical applications of epigenetics in the diagnosis and management of ARLD.
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Key Words
- 3C, chromosome conformation capture
- 4C, chromosome conformation capture-on-chip
- AH, alcohol-related hepatitis
- ARLD, alcohol-related liver disease
- ASH, alcohol-related steatohepatitis
- ATAC, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin
- Acetylation
- Alcohol liver disease
- BET, bromodomain and extraterminal motif
- BETi, BET inhibitor
- BRD, bromodomain
- CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
- Chromatin architecture
- Computational biology
- DNA methylation
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- E-P, enhancer-promoter
- Epidrugs
- Epigenetics
- FKBP5, FK506-binding protein 5
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HIF1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box protein 1
- HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hi-C, chromosome capture followed by high-throughput sequencing
- Histones
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MALAT1, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
- MECP2, methyl-CpG binding protein 2
- NAFLD, non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease
- PPARG, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ
- SAA, salvianolic acid A
- SIRT, sirtuin
- SREBPs, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins
- Single cell epigenome
- TAD, topologically associating domain
- TEAD, TEA domain transcription factor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- YAP, Yes-associated protein
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay H. Shah
- Corresponding authors. Address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Tel. 507-255-6028, fax: 507-255-6318.
| | - Sheng Cao
- Corresponding authors. Address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Tel. 507-255-6028, fax: 507-255-6318.
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24
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Liang R, Lin YH, Zhu H. Genetic and Cellular Contributions to Liver Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 14:a040832. [PMID: 34750173 PMCID: PMC9438780 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capabilities of the liver represent a paradigm for understanding tissue repair in solid organs. Regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rodent models is well understood, while regeneration in the context of clinically relevant chronic injuries is less studied. Given the growing incidence of fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, interest in liver regeneration is increasing. Here, we will review the principles, genetics, and cell biology underlying liver regeneration, as well as new approaches being used to study heterogeneity in liver tissue maintenance and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Liang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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25
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Huang Z, Wang S, Zhang HJ, Zhou YL, Shi JH. SMOX expression predicts the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1048. [PMID: 34422960 PMCID: PMC8339854 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is very rapid, and the effect of its treatment is often closely related to the diagnosis time of the disease. Therefore, simple and convenient tumor biomarkers are helpful for the timely diagnosis and prevention of NSCLC. Methods Through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, SMOX was determined as an independent prognostic factor of GSE42127, GSE41271, GSE68465, and TCGA datasets. Furthermore, western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to confirm the predictive efficiency of SMOX expression in NSCLC. Results Patients were divided into high and low expression groups according to the median value of SMOX expression, and Kaplan-Meier curves of multiple datasets indicated that patients with low SMOX expression had a better survival rate. According to the analysis of immune infiltration, the immune microenvironment, and immune checkpoints, SMOX expression of the high and low groups showed differences in immunity in NSCLC. By comparing cancer and adjacent tissues using western blot analysis, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis, we found that SMOX was highly expressed in tumor tissues and had low expression in adjacent tissues. Simultaneously, the Kaplan-Meier curve suggested that among the 155 NSCLC patients, those with low SMOX expression had better survival. Conclusions SMOX can be used as an effective predictive target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghao Huang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hai-Jian Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - You Lang Zhou
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jia-Hai Shi
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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26
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Chen T, Diehl AM. A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood: Application of Single-Cell Transcriptomics to Unravel Liver Cell Heterogeneity in Diseased Human Livers. Hepatology 2021; 74:547-549. [PMID: 33756021 PMCID: PMC8390432 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNC
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNC.,Department of MedicineDuke UniversityDurhamNC
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27
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He X, Tan S, Shao Z, Wang X. Latitudinal and longitudinal regulation of tissue macrophages in inflammatory diseases. Genes Dis 2021; 9:1194-1207. [PMID: 35873033 PMCID: PMC9293718 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dominant innate immune cells. They demonstrate remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity that are essential for homeostasis and host defense. The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages is shaped by the ontogeny, tissue factors, and environmental signals, a pattern in a tissue-associated latitudinal manner. At the same time, macrophages have long been considered as mainly plastic cells. These cells respond to stimulation quickly and in a stimulus-specific way by utilizing a longitudinal cascaded activation, including coordination of signal transducer, epigenetic elements, and transcription factors, conclusively determine the macrophage phenotypes and functions. With the development of cutting-edge technologies, such as fate-mapping, single-cell transcriptomics, ipsc platform, nanotherapeutic materials, etc., our understanding of macrophage biology and the roles in the pathogenesis of diseases is much advanced. This review summarizes recent progress on the latitudinal and longitudinal regulation of tissue macrophages in inflammatory diseases. The latitudinal regulation covers the tissue macrophage origins, tissue factors, and environmental signals, reflecting the macrophage heterogeneity. The longitudinal regulation focuses on how multiple factors shape the phenotypes and functions of macrophage subsets to gain plasticity in inflammatory diseases (i.e., inflammatory bowel disease). In addition, how to target macrophages as a potential therapeutic approach and cutting edge-technologies for tissue macrophage study are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoYi He
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, PR China
| | - Stephanie Tan
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zhong Shao
- The Third Hospital of Fushun, Fushun, Liaoning 113004, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,Corresponding author. Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Fax: +(312) 503 7177.
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28
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Liu SY, Tsai IT, Hsu YC. Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5170. [PMID: 34068269 PMCID: PMC8153142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) refers to the liver damage occurring due to excessive alcohol consumption and involves a broad spectrum of diseases that includes liver steatosis, steatohepatitis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The progression of ALD is mainly associated with the amount and duration of alcohol usage; however, it is also influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The definite diagnosis of ALD is based on a liver biopsy, although several non-invasive diagnostic tools and serum biomarkers have emerging roles in the early detection of ALD. While alcohol abstinence and nutritional support remain the cornerstone of ALD treatment, growing evidence has revealed that the therapeutic agents that target oxidative stress or gut-liver axis, inflammatory response inhibition, and liver regeneration enhancement also play a role in ALD management. Furthermore, microRNAs modulation and mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy have emerging potential as ALD therapeutic options. This review summarizes the updated understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and novel therapeutic approaches for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yi Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (I.-T.T.)
| | - I-Ting Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (I.-T.T.)
- School of Medicine for International Student, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chou Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (I.-T.T.)
- School of Medicine for International Student, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
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