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Gene Networks and Pathways Involved in LPS-Induced Proliferative Response of Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122342. [PMID: 36553609 PMCID: PMC9778113 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria involved in the pathogenic processes leading to mastitis and metritis in animals such as dairy cattle. LPS causes cell proliferation associated with endometrium inflammation. Former in vitro studies have demonstrated that LPS induces an intense stimulation of the proliferation of a pure population of bovine endometrial epithelial cells. In a follow-up transcriptomic study based on RNA-sequencing data obtained after 24 h exposure of primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells to 0, 2, and 8 μg/mL LPS, 752 and 727 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the controls and LPS-treated samples that encode proteins known to be associated with either proliferation or apoptosis, respectively. The present bioinformatic analysis was performed to decipher the gene networks involved to obtain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the proliferative and apoptosis processes. Our findings have revealed 116 putative transcription factors (TFs) and the most significant number of interactions between these TFs and DEGs belong to NFKβ1, TP53, STAT1, and HIF1A. Moreover, our results provide novel insights into the early signaling and metabolic pathways in bovine endometrial epithelial cells associated with the innate immune response and cell proliferation to Escherichia coli-LPS infection. The results further indicated that LPS challenge elicited a strong transcriptomic response, leading to potent activation of pro-inflammatory pathways that are associated with a marked endometrial cancer, Toll-like receptor, NFKβ, AKT, apoptosis, and MAPK signaling pathways. This effect may provide a mechanistic explanation for the relationship between LPS and cell proliferation.
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Navarro-Corcuera A, Sehrawat TS, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Gibbons HR, Pirius NE, Khanal S, Hamdan FH, Aseem SO, Cao S, Banales JM, Kang N, Faubion WA, LaRusso NF, Shah VH, Huebert RC. Long non-coding RNA ACTA2-AS1 promotes ductular reaction by interacting with the p300/ELK1 complex. J Hepatol 2022; 76:921-933. [PMID: 34953958 PMCID: PMC8934273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary disease is associated with a proliferative/fibrogenic ductular reaction (DR). p300 is an epigenetic regulator that acetylates lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27ac) and is activated during fibrosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in cholangiopathies, but little is known about how they recruit epigenetic complexes and regulate DR. We investigated epigenetic complexes, including transcription factors (TFs) and lncRNAs, contributing to p300-mediated transcription during fibrosis. METHODS We evaluated p300 in vivo using tamoxifen-inducible, cholangiocyte-selective, p300 knockout (KO) coupled with bile duct ligation (BDL) and Mdr KO mice treated with SGC-CBP30. Primary cholangiocytes and liver tissue were analyzed for expression of Acta2-as1 lncRNA by qPCR and RNA in situ hybridization. In vitro, we performed RNA-sequencing in human cholangiocytes with a p300 inhibitor. Cholangiocytes were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an injury model. We confirmed formation of a p300/ELK1 complex by immunoprecipitation (IP). RNA IP was used to examine interactions between ACTA2-AS1 and p300. Chromatin IP assays were used to evaluate p300/ELK1 occupancy and p300-mediated H3K27ac. Organoids were generated from ACTA2-AS1-depleted cholangiocytes. RESULTS BDL-induced DR and fibrosis were reduced in Krt19-CreERT/p300fl/fl mice. Similarly, Mdr KO mice were protected from DR and fibrosis after SGC-CBP30 treatment. In vitro, depletion of ACTA2-AS1 reduced expression of proliferative/fibrogenic markers, reduced LPS-induced cholangiocyte proliferation, and impaired organoid formation. ACTA2-AS1 regulated transcription by facilitating p300/ELK1 binding to the PDGFB promoter after LPS exposure. Correspondingly, LPS-induced H3K27ac was mediated by p300/ELK1 and was reduced in ACTA2-AS1-depleted cholangiocytes. CONCLUSION Cholangiocyte-selective p300 KO or p300 inhibition attenuate DR/fibrosis in mice. ACTA2-AS1 influences recruitment of p300/ELK1 to specific promoters to drive H3K27ac and epigenetic activation of proliferative/fibrogenic genes. This suggests that cooperation between epigenetic co-activators and lncRNAs facilitates DR/fibrosis in biliary diseases. LAY SUMMARY We identified a three-part complex containing an RNA molecule, a transcription factor, and an epigenetic enzyme. The complex is active in injured bile duct cells and contributes to activation of genes involved in proliferation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Navarro-Corcuera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Tejasav S Sehrawat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hunter R Gibbons
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas E Pirius
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shalil Khanal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Feda H Hamdan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sayed Obaidullah Aseem
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sheng Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ningling Kang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
| | - William A Faubion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Robert C Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States; Gastroenterology Research Unit; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States.
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3
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Song Y, Tran M, Wang L, Shin DJ, Wu J. MiR-200c-3p targets SESN1 and represses the IL-6/AKT loop to prevent cholangiocyte activation and cholestatic liver fibrosis. J Transl Med 2022; 102:485-493. [PMID: 34880414 PMCID: PMC9042705 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis causes ductular reaction in the liver where the reactive cholangiocytes not only proliferate but also gain a neuroendocrine-like phenotype, leading to inflammatory cell infiltration and extracellular matrix deposition and contributing to the development and progression of cholestatic liver fibrosis. This study aims to elucidate the role of miR-200c in cholestasis-induced biliary liver fibrosis and cholangiocyte activation. We found that miR-200c was extremely abundant in cholangiocytes but was reduced by cholestasis in a bile duct ligation (BDL) mouse model; miR-200c was also decreased by bile acids in vitro. Phenotypically, loss of miR-200c exacerbated cholestatic liver injury, including periductular fibrosis, intrahepatic inflammation, and biliary hyperplasia in both the BDL model and the 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) model. We identified sestrin 1 (SESN1) as a target of miR-200c. Sesn1-/--BDL mice showed mitigation of cholestatic liver injury. On a molecular level, the pro-proliferative IL-6/AKT feedback loop was activated in Mir200c-/- livers but was inhibited in Sesn1-/- livers upon cholestasis in mice. Furthermore, rescuing expression of miR-200c by the adeno-associated virus serotype 8 ameliorated BDL-induced liver injury in Mir200c-/- mice. Taken together, this study demonstrates that miR-200c restrains the proliferative and neuroendocrine-like activation of cholangiocytes by targeting SESN1 and inhibiting the IL-6/AKT feedback loop to protect against cholestatic liver fibrosis. Our findings provide mechanistic insights regarding biliary liver fibrosis, which may help to reveal novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cholestatic liver injury and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Song
- grid.63054.340000 0001 0860 4915Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA ,grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shandong, China
| | - Melanie Tran
- grid.63054.340000 0001 0860 4915Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | - Li Wang
- Independent Researcher, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Dong-Ju Shin
- grid.63054.340000 0001 0860 4915Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Ogawa M, Jiang JX, Xia S, Yang D, Ding A, Laselva O, Hernandez M, Cui C, Higuchi Y, Suemizu H, Dorrell C, Grompe M, Bear CE, Ogawa S. Generation of functional ciliated cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6504. [PMID: 34764255 PMCID: PMC8586142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of mature functional cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides a model for studying the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies and for developing therapies to treat them. Current differentiation protocols are not efficient and give rise to cholangiocytes that are not fully mature, limiting their therapeutic applications. Here, we generate functional hPSC-derived cholangiocytes that display many characteristics of mature bile duct cells including high levels of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the presence of primary cilia capable of sensing flow. With this level of maturation, these cholangiocytes are amenable for testing the efficacy of cystic fibrosis drugs and for studying the role of cilia in cholangiocyte development and function. Transplantation studies show that the mature cholangiocytes generate ductal structures in the liver of immunocompromised mice indicating that it may be possible to develop cell-based therapies to restore bile duct function in patients with biliary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ogawa
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jia-Xin Jiang
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Donghe Yang
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Avrilynn Ding
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marcela Hernandez
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Changyi Cui
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- grid.452212.20000 0004 0376 978XCentral Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- grid.452212.20000 0004 0376 978XCentral Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Craig Dorrell
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Christine E. Bear
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Fu M, Tan L, Lin Z, Lui V, Tam P, Lamb J, Zhang Y, Xia H, Zhang R, Chen Y. Down-regulation of STAT3 enhanced chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment in biliary atresia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:865-884. [PMID: 33769466 PMCID: PMC8035628 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is an immune-related disorder and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key signalling molecule in inflammation. The present study was designed to clarify the function of STAT3 in BA. STAT3 expression was examined in patients and a mouse BA model in which STAT3 levels were further altered with a specific inhibitor or activator. Neutrophil accumulation and the levels of the neutrophil chemoattractants (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and IL-8 were determined. The effects of STAT3 inhibition on IL-8 expression were examined in human biliary epithelial cell (BEC) cultures. Functional changes in liver STAT3+ neutrophils in the mouse model were analysed with 10× single cell RNA-seq methods. Results showed STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression was reduced in BA liver tissue compared with control samples. Administration of a STAT3 inhibitor increased jaundice and mortality and reduced body weight in BA mice. In contrast, the STAT3 activator ameliorated BA symptoms. Extensive neutrophil accumulation together with CXCL1 up-regulation, both of which were suppressed by an anti-CXCL1 antibody, were observed in the STAT3 inhibitor-treated group. Recombinant IL-8 administration increased disease severity in BA mice, and the STAT3 activator had the reverse effect. Inhibiting STAT3 increased apoptosis of human BECs together with up-regulated IL-8 expression. RNA-seq analysis revealed reduced the numbers of STAT3 expressing neutrophil in BA which was accompanied by marked enhanced interferon-related antiviral activities. In conclusion, STAT3 reduction, enhanced IL-8 and CXCL1 expression and promoted the accumulation of interferon-responsive neutrophils resulting in BEC damage in BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ledong Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zefeng Lin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Vincent C.H. Lui
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K.H. Tam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan R. Lamb
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Yan Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Thanaphongdecha P, Karinshak SE, Ittiprasert W, Mann VH, Chamgramol Y, Pairojkul C, Fox JG, Suttiprapa S, Sripa B, Brindley PJ. Infection with Helicobacter pylori Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Cholangiocytes. Pathogens 2020; 9:E971. [PMID: 33233485 PMCID: PMC7700263 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that the East Asian liver fluke infection, caused by Opisthorchis viverrini, which is implicated in opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma, serves as a reservoir of Helicobacter pylori. The opisthorchiasis-affected cholangiocytes that line the intrahepatic biliary tract are considered to be the cell of origin of this malignancy. Here, we investigated interactions in vitro among human cholangiocytes, Helicobacter pylori strain NCTC 11637, and the congeneric bacillus, Helicobacter bilis. Exposure to increasing numbers of H. pylori at 0, 1, 10, 100 bacilli per cholangiocyte of the H69 cell line induced phenotypic changes including the profusion of thread-like filopodia and a loss of cell-cell contact, in a dose-dependent fashion. In parallel, following exposure to H. pylori, changes were evident in levels of mRNA expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-encoding factors including snail, slug, vimentin, matrix metalloprotease, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox, and the cancer stem cell marker CD44. Analysis to quantify cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion in real-time by both H69 cholangiocytes and CC-LP-1 line of cholangiocarcinoma cells using the xCELLigence approach and Matrigel matrix revealed that exposure to 10 H. pylori bacilli per cell stimulated migration and invasion by the cholangiocytes. In addition, 10 bacilli of H. pylori stimulated contact-independent colony establishment in soft agar. These findings support the hypothesis that infection by H. pylori contributes to the malignant transformation of the biliary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prissadee Thanaphongdecha
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Shannon E. Karinshak
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Yaovalux Chamgramol
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.P.)
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.T.); (S.E.K.); (W.I.); (V.H.M.)
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7
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Kinoshita M, Kobayashi S, Gotoh K, Kubo M, Hayashi K, Iwagami Y, Yamada D, Akita H, Noda T, Asaoka T, Takeda Y, Tanemura M, Eguchi H, Urakawa S, Goto K, Maekawa K, Wada H, Mori M, Doki Y. Heterogeneity of Treg/Th17 According to Cancer Progression and Modification in Biliary Tract Cancers via Self-Producing Cytokines. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2937-2948. [PMID: 31853779 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-06011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We previously demonstrated that inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was produced during cancer progression, worked together with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with chemo-resistance against gemcitabine (GR) at the invasion front of biliary tract cancers (BTCs). However, the significance of cytokine-induced T cell accumulation at the tumor microenvironment in biliary tract cancer (BTC) is not well understood. Because these cytokines (IL-6 and TGF-β1) are able to differentiate naïve T cells into Foxp3-expressing T cells (Tregs) and/or IL-17-producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells, we investigated the relationship between heterogeneous, cancer-producing cytokines and T cell differentiation. METHODS In total, 127 curative resected specimens from patients with BTCs at Osaka University Hospital between 2000 and 2012 were evaluated for IL-6, TGF-β1, Tregs, and Th17 cells by immunohistochemistry. The ability of BTC-GR cells to undergo T cell differentiation was investigated in vitro. RESULTS Tregs accumulated at the tumor center and Th17 cells accumulated at the invasion front during cancer progression and/or metastasis; each signaled poor prognosis. Treg accumulation was related to TGF-β1 expression by cancer cells, and Th17 cell accumulation was related to IL-6 expression by cancer cells, in resected specimens; this was confirmed in vitro. Compared with parent cells, GR cells produced IL-6 but not TGF-β1 in a time-dependent manner, had EMT features, and induced T cell differentiation to Th17 cells but not Tregs. CONCLUSION Cytokines produced by cancer cells (IL-6 and TGF-β1) induced heterogeneity of Tregs and Th17 cells in the tumor microenvironment, supporting progression of BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kubo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan.
| | - Shinya Urakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goto
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kayoko Maekawa
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
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8
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Junking M, Rattanaburee T, Panya A, Budunova I, Haegeman G, Yenchitsomanus PT. Anti-Proliferative Effects of Compound A and Its Effect in Combination with Cisplatin in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2673-2681. [PMID: 32986368 PMCID: PMC7779449 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.9.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal cancer with high resistance to anticancer drugs. The development of new drugs or compounds to be used alone or in combination with currently available chemotherapeutic agents to improve the treatment of CCA is needed. Compound A (CpdA), which is a small plant-derived glucocorticoid receptor modulator, strongly inhibited the growth and survival of several cancers. However, the effect of CpdA on cholangiocarcinoma has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CpdA on CCA. METHODS Cytotoxicity of CpdA was tested in primary cells including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as on CCA cell lines (KKU-100, KKU-055, and KKU-213) was examined. Cell cycle distribution and IL-6 expression was assessed by flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The effect of combination CpdA and cisplatin was evaluated by cell viability assay. RESULTS CpdA significantly inhibited cell cycle at G1 phase in CCA cell lines, and reduced IL-6 mRNA expression. However, combination CpdA and cisplatin did not enhance the inhibitory effect. TGFβR-II expression was increased in CCA cells after the combination treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the potential of CpdA for CCA treatment. However, combination treatment with CpdA and cisplatin increased CCA cell survival. The molecular mechanism is likely attributable to promotes cell survival via the TGFβR-II signaling pathway. The combination of CpdA with other anticancer drugs for CCA treatment should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutita Junking
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidarath Rattanaburee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guy Haegeman
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Bhattacharya A, Ghosh P, Prasad R, Ghosh A, Das K, Roy A, Mallik S, Sinha DK, Sen P. MAP Kinase driven actomyosin rearrangement is a crucial regulator of monocyte to macrophage differentiation. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109691. [PMID: 32531262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton correlates significantly with the immune responses as the perturbation of cytoskeletal dynamics leads to many immune deficiencies. Mechanistic insights into this correlation remain unknown. Cellular spreading, the most characteristic phenotype associated with monocyte to macrophage differentiation, led us to investigate the contribution of actomyosin dynamics in monocyte differentiation. Our observation revealed that actomyosin reorganization intrinsically governs the process of monocyte to macrophage differentiation. Further, we established that the MAPK-driven signaling pathways regulate the cellular actomyosin dynamics that direct monocyte to macrophage differentiation. We also identified P42/44 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (P42/44 MAPK), P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (P38 MAPK), MAP Kinase Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MK-2), Heat Shock Protein 27 (Hsp-27), Lim Kinase (Lim K), non-muscle cofilin (n-cofilin), Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK) and Myosin Light Chain (MLC) as critical components of the signaling network. Moreover, we have shown the involvement of the same signaling cascade in 3D gel-like microenvironment induced spontaneous monocyte to macrophage differentiation and in human blood-derived PBMC differentiation. Our study reveals new mechanistic insights into the process of monocyte to macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Purnam Ghosh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Kaushik Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suman Mallik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sinha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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10
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Biliary antibiotics irrigation for E. coli-induced chronic proliferative cholangitis and hepatolithiasis: A pathophysiological study in rabbits. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020; 44:356-367. [PMID: 31420296 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gram-negative bacteria secreted endotoxin, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), plays important roles in the formation and recurrence of hepatolithiasis and chronic biliary inflammation in patients of Southeast Asia. We aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of local antibiotics irrigation on chronic proliferative cholangitis (CPC) and hepatolithiasis. METHODS Escherichia coli was injected into rabbit bile ducts to induce CPC. Rabbits were divided into sham operation (SO), povidone-iodine, Metronidazole plus chlorhexidine, ofloxacin, furacillin, Neosporin® G.U., and CPC groups. Local irrigation was performed for 28 days after CPC was established. Residual E. coli and LPS, and the expression of MCP-1, CD14, COX-2, VEGF, IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-α, Fas, TGF-β1, α-SMA, Collagen-I, β-glucuronidase, PKC, C-myc, and Mucin 5AC were assessed in bile duct tissues. RESULTS The residual E. coli and LPS, and expression of MCP-1, CD14, COX-2, IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-α, Fas, TGF-β1, α-SMA, β-glucuronidase, PKC, C-myc, and Mucin 5AC in the SO, povidone-iodine, Metronidazole plus chlorhexidine, ofloxacin, and Neosporin® G.U. groups were significantly lower than those in the furacillin and CPC groups (P<0.05). VEGF and Collagen-I levels in the SO, povidone-iodine, metronidazole plus chlorhexidine, and ofloxacin groups were significantly lower than those in the furacillin, Neosporin® G.U., and CPC groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS LPS affects the pathophysiology of E. coli caused chronic proliferative cholangitis and hepatolithiasis recurrence. Local antibiotics irrigation could prevent chronic proliferative cholangitis and stones formation by decreasing LPS-induced proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines release. Povidone iodine, metronidazole plus chlorhexidine, and ofloxacin were more effective than Neosporin® G.U. and furacillin.
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11
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Intrahepatic biliary strictures after liver transplantation are morphologically similar to primary sclerosing cholangitis but immunologically distinct. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:276-284. [PMID: 31895887 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biliary strictures are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in primary hepatic disease and after liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to characterize inflammatory cytokines in biliary fluids in biliary strictures to investigate their immunological origin. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study on 72 patients with strictures after LT, eight patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and 15 patients with secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC). We measured cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6, -10, -17, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ as well as biochemical components such as protein and phospholipids in biliary fluid obtained from endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). Cell viability assays were performed on human cholangiocytes (H69) after being treated with IL-6, IL-4 and IFN-γ. RESULTS Bile of patients with diffuse strictures after LT or due to SSC showed low values of all measured cytokines except for IL-6 levels, which were largely elevated in patients with diffuse strictures after LT. Patients high in biliary IL-6 showed an increase in profibrotic markers FGF-2 and MCP-1. In contrast, PSC bile was dominated by a Th1/Th17 profile with elevated IL-2, IL-17 and IFN-γ. In LT patients with biliary strictures, biliary IL-6 negatively predicted retransplantation-free survival after ERC. CONCLUSION PSC patients showed a biliary Th1/Th17 cytokine profile, while SSC and diffuse strictures showed low values of cytokines except IL-6. In diffuse intrahepatic strictures after LT, biliary IL-6 is strongly associated with retransplantation-free survival after ERC.
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12
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Li WK, Wang GF, Wang TM, Li YY, Li YF, Lu XY, Wang YH, Zhang H, Liu P, Wu JS, Ma YM. Protective effect of herbal medicine Huangqi decoction against chronic cholestatic liver injury by inhibiting bile acid-stimulated inflammation in DDC-induced mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152948. [PMID: 31129431 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huangqi decoction (HQD), a classic traditional herbal medicine, has been used for liver fibrosis, but its effect on intrahepatic chronic cholestatic liver injury remains unknown. PURPOSE In the present study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effect of HQD and the underlying molecular mechanisms in 3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydroxychollidine (DDC)-induced chronic cholestatic mice. METHODS The DDC-induced cholestatic mice were administrated HQD for 4 or 8 weeks. Serum biochemistry and morphology were investigated. The serum and liver bile acid (BA) levels were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The liver expression of BA metabolizing enzymes and transporters, and inflammatory and fibrotic markers was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS HQD treatment for 4 or 8 weeks ameliorated DDC-induced liver injury by improving impaired hepatic function and tissue damage. HQD treatment for 8 weeks further decreased the liver expression of cytokeratin 19, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, collagen I, and α-smooth muscle actin, and ameliorated ductular reaction and liver fibrosis. HQD markedly decreased the accumulation of serum and liver BA. The expression of BA-metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450 2b10 and UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 A1, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, Mrp3, and Mrp4 involved in BA homeostasis was increased by 4 weeks of HQD treatment. The expression of BA uptake transporter Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide was decreased and that of Mrp4 was increased after 8 weeks of HQD treatment. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) was remarkably induced by HQD treatment. Additionally, HQD treatment for 8 weeks decreased the liver expression of inflammatory factors, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. HQD suppressed the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. CONCLUSION HQD protected mice against chronic cholestatic liver injury and biliary fibrosis, which may be associated with the induction of the Nrf2 pathway and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, ameliorating BA-stimulated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tian-Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Yi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya-Hang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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13
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Zhu X, Shen H, Yin X, Long L, Chen X, Feng F, Liu Y, Zhao P, Xu Y, Li M, Xu W, Li Y. IL-6R/STAT3/miR-204 feedback loop contributes to cisplatin resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39154-39166. [PMID: 28388577 PMCID: PMC5503602 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced chemoresistance is, among other factors, believed to be responsible for treatment failure and tumor relapse in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here, we exposed EOC cells to interleukin-6 (IL-6) to activate oncogenic STAT3, which directly repressed miR-204 via a conserved STAT3-binding site near the TRPM3 promoter region upstream of miR-204. Repression of miR-204 was required for IL-6-induced cisplatin (cDDP) resistance. Furthermore, we identified the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which mediates IL-6-dependent STAT3 activation, as a direct miR-204 target. Importantly, the resulting IL-6R/STAT3/miR-204 feedback loop was identified in patients with EOC, and its activity correlated with chemosensitivity. Moreover, exogenous miR-204 blocked this circuit and enhanced cDDP sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo by inactivating IL-6R/STAT3 signaling and subsequently decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Our findings illustrate the function of this feedback loop in cDDP-based therapy and may offer a broadly useful approach to improve EOC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.,Jiangsu University, Medical School, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Huiling Shen
- Jiangsu University, Medical School, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated People Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Lulu Long
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated People Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- Jiangsu University, Medical School, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Wenlin Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
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14
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Sato K, Meng F, Giang T, Glaser S, Alpini G. Mechanisms of cholangiocyte responses to injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1262-1269. [PMID: 28648950 PMCID: PMC5742086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, epithelial cells that line the biliary epithelium, are the primary target cells for cholangiopathies including primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. Quiescent cholangiocytes respond to biliary damage and acquire an activated neuroendocrine phenotype to maintain the homeostasis of the liver. The typical response of cholangiocytes is proliferation leading to bile duct hyperplasia, which is a characteristic of cholestatic liver diseases. Current studies have identified various signaling pathways that are associated with cholangiocyte proliferation/loss and liver fibrosis in cholangiopathies using human samples and rodent models. Although recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles and microRNAs could be mediators that regulate these messenger/receptor axes, further studies are required to confirm their roles. This review summarizes current studies of biliary response and cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestatic liver injury with particular emphasis on the secretin/secretin receptor axis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Thao Giang
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States.
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15
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Role of inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1270-1278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Luo Z, Jegga AG, Bezerra JA. Gene-disease associations identify a connectome with shared molecular pathways in human cholangiopathies. Hepatology 2018; 67:676-689. [PMID: 28865156 PMCID: PMC5834359 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are a diverse group of progressive diseases whose primary cell targets are cholangiocytes. To identify shared pathogenesis and molecular connectivity among the three main human cholangiopathies (biliary atresia [BA], primary biliary cholangitis [PBC], and primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC]), we built a comprehensive platform of published data on gene variants, gene expression, and functional studies and applied network-based analytics in the search for shared molecular circuits. Mining the data platform with largest connected component and interactome analyses, we validated previously reported associations and identified essential and hub genes. In addition to disease-specific modules, we found a substantial overlap of disease neighborhoods and uncovered a group of 34 core genes that are enriched for immune processes and abnormal intestine/hepatobiliary mouse phenotypes. Within this core, we identified a gene subcore containing signal transduction and activator of transcription 3, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and forkhead box P3 prominently placed in a regulatory connectome of genes related to cellular immunity and fibrosis. We also found substantial gene enrichment in the advanced glycation endproduct/receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) pathway and showed that RAGE activation induced cholangiocyte proliferation. Conclusion: Human cholangiopathies share pathways enriched by immunity genes and a molecular connectome that links different pathogenic features of BA, PBC, and PSC. (Hepatology 2018;67:676-689).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Luo
- The Liver Care Center and Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Biomedical Informatics of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics of the University Of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jorge A Bezerra
- The Liver Care Center and Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
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17
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Lavoie EG, Fausther M, Goree JR, Dranoff JA. The Cholangiocyte Adenosine-IL-6 Axis Regulates Survival During Biliary Cirrhosis. Gene Expr 2017; 17:327-340. [PMID: 28893353 PMCID: PMC5885153 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15042723767876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial response to injury is critical to the pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis, and IL-6 has been suggested as a mediator of this phenomenon. Several liver cell types can secrete IL-6 following activation by various signaling molecules including circulating adenosine. The aims of this study were to assess whether adenosine can induce IL-6 secretion by cholangiocytes via the A2b adenosine receptor (A2bAR) and to determine the effect of A2bAR-sensitive IL-6 release on injury response in biliary cirrhosis. Human normal cholangiocyte H69 cells were used for in vitro studies to determine the mechanism by which adenosine and the A2bAR induce release of IL-6. In vivo, control and A2bAR-deficient mice were used to determine the roles of A2bAR-sensitive IL-6 release in biliary cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL). Additionally, the response to exogenous IL-6 was assessed in C57BL/6 and A2bAR-deficient mice. Adenosine induced IL-6 mRNA expression and protein secretion via A2bAR activation. Although activation of A2bAR induced cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ signals, only the Ca2+ signals were linked to IL-6 upregulation. After BDL, A2bAR-deficient mice have impaired survival, which is further impaired by exogenous IL-6; however, decreased survival is not due to changes in fibrosis and no changes in inflammatory cells. Exogenous IL-6 is associated with the increased presence of bile infarcts. Extracellular adenosine induces cholangiocyte IL-6 release via the A2bAR. This signaling pathway is important in the pathogenesis of injury response in biliary cirrhosis but does not alter fibrosis. Adenosine upregulates IL-6 release by cholangiocytes via the A2bAR in a calcium-sensitive fashion. Mice deficient in A2bAR experience impaired survival after biliary cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation independent of changes in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise G. Lavoie
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michel Fausther
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jessica R. Goree
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- †Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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18
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Sako R, Kobayashi F, Aida N, Furusawa M, Muramatsu T. Response of porcine epithelial rests of Malassez to stimulation by interleukin-6. Int Endod J 2017; 51:431-437. [PMID: 28898425 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the proliferation and migration of epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) after stimulation with IL-6. METHODOLOGY Porcine-derived ERM were seeded on Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium, and IL-6 (100 pg mL-1 ) was incorporated into the culture medium. The WST-1 assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation, and absorption was measured at 450 nm. A wound-healing assay and immunofluorescence assay for integrin α3 were conducted to investigate migration. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction were used to analyse data of WST-1 and wound-healing assays. RESULTS Cell proliferation following the stimulation by IL-6 increased over time, with a significant increase being observed at 6 h (P < 0.05), but not in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell proliferation was significantly greater in IL-6-treated ERM than in nontreated ERM (P < 0.05). The results of the wound-healing assay revealed earlier closure in IL-6-treated ERM (P < 0.05). In the immunofluorescence assay, integrin α3 was detected at the edge of cell processes adjacent to the wound area. A neutralized antibody abrogated the effects of the IL-6 stimulation in cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION IL-6 promoted the proliferation and migration of porcine ERM in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sako
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Kobayashi
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Aida
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Furusawa
- Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Muramatsu
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Sato K, Meng F, Venter J, Giang T, Glaser S, Alpini G. The role of the secretin/secretin receptor axis in inflammatory cholangiocyte communication via extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11183. [PMID: 28894209 PMCID: PMC5593902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small and large intrahepatic bile ducts consist of small and large cholangiocytes, respectively, and these cholangiocytes have different morphology and functions. The gastrointestinal peptide hormone, secretin (SCT) that binds to secretin receptor (SR), is a key mediator in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles and cell-cell EV communication is recognized as an important factor in liver pathology, although EV communication between cholangiocytes is not identified to date. Cholangiocytes secrete proinflammatory cytokines during bacterial infection leading to biliary inflammation and hyperplasia. We demonstrate that cholangiocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a membrane component of gram-negative bacteria, secrete more EVs than cholangiocytes incubated with vehicle. These LPS-derived EVs induce inflammatory responses in other cholangiocytes including elevated cytokine production and cell proliferation. Large but not small cholangiocytes show inflammatory responses against large but not small cholangiocyte-derived EVs. Large cholangiocytes with knocked down either SCT or SR by short hairpin RNAs show reduced EV secretion during LPS stimulation, and EVs isolated from SCT or SR knocked down cholangiocytes fail to induce inflammatory reactions in control large cholangiocytes. This study identifies cholangiocyte EV communication during LPS stimulation, and demonstrates that the SCT/SR axis may be important for this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Julie Venter
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Thao Giang
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
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20
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Yoo KS, Lim WT, Choi HS. Biology of Cholangiocytes: From Bench to Bedside. Gut Liver 2017; 10:687-98. [PMID: 27563020 PMCID: PMC5003190 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the lining epithelial cells in bile ducts, are an important subset of liver cells. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous stimuli and are involved in the modification of bile volume and composition. They are also involved in damaging and repairing the liver. Cholangiocytes have many functions including bile production. They are also involved in transport processes that regulate the volume and composition of bile. Cholangiocytes undergo proliferation and cell death under a variety of conditions. Cholangiocytes have functional and morphological heterogenecity. The immunobiology of cholangiocytes is important, particularly for understanding biliary disease. Secretion of different proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines suggests the major role that cholangiocytes play in inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, paracrine secretion of growth factors and peptides mediates extensive cross-talk with other liver cells, including hepatocytes, stellate cells, stem cells, subepithelial myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Cholangiopathy refers to a category of chronic liver diseases whose primary disease target is the cholangiocyte. Cholangiopathy usually results in end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplant. We summarize the biology of cholangiocytes and redefine the concept of cholangiopathy. We also discuss the recent progress that has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of cholangiopathy and how such progress has influenced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo-Sang Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Lim
- Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Soon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Fan W, Yang H, Liu T, Wang J, Li TWH, Mavila N, Tang Y, Yang J, Peng H, Tu J, Annamalai A, Noureddin M, Krishnan A, Gores GJ, Martínez-Chantar ML, Mato JM, Lu SC. Prohibitin 1 suppresses liver cancer tumorigenesis in mice and human hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma cells. Hepatology 2017; 65:1249-1266. [PMID: 27981602 PMCID: PMC5360526 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) is best known as a mitochondrial chaperone, and its role in cancer is conflicting. Mice lacking methionine adenosyltransferase α1 (MATα1) have lower PHB1 expression, and we reported that c-MYC interacts directly with both proteins. Furthermore, c-MYC and MATα1 exert opposing effects on liver cancer growth, prompting us to examine the interplay between PHB1, MATα1, and c-MYC and PHB1's role in liver tumorigenesis. We found that PHB1 is highly expressed in normal hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells and down-regulated in most human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In HCC and CCA cells, PHB1 expression correlates inversely with growth. PHB1 and MAT1A positively regulate each other's expression, whereas PHB1 negatively regulates the expression of c-MYC, MAFG, and c-MAF. Both PHB1 and MATα1 heterodimerize with MAX, bind to the E-box element, and repress E-box promoter activity. PHB1 promoter contains a repressive E-box element and is occupied mainly by MAX, MNT, and MATα1 in nonmalignant cholangiocytes and noncancerous tissues that switched to c-MYC, c-MAF, and MAFG in cancer cells and human HCC/CCA. All 8-month-old liver-specific Phb1 knockout mice developed HCC, and one developed CCA. Five-month-old Phb1 heterozygotes, but not Phb1 flox mice, developed aberrant bile duct proliferation; and one developed CCA 3.5 months after left and median bile duct ligation. Phb1 heterozygotes had a more profound fall in the expression of glutathione synthetic enzymes and higher hepatic oxidative stress following left and median bile duct ligation. CONCLUSION We have identified that PHB1, down-regulated in most human HCC and CCA, heterodimerizes with MAX to repress the E-box and positively regulates MAT1A while suppressing c-MYC, MAFG, and c-MAF expression; in mice, reduced PHB1 expression predisposes to the development of cholestasis-induced CCA. (Hepatology 2017;65:1249-1266).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaohong Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tony W H Li
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nirmala Mavila
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Oncology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - JinWon Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jian Tu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Alagappan Annamalai
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Maria L Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology, Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology, Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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22
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Bendell JC, Javle M, Bekaii-Saab TS, Finn RS, Wainberg ZA, Laheru DA, Weekes CD, Tan BR, Khan GN, Zalupski MM, Infante JR, Jones S, Papadopoulos KP, Tolcher AW, Chavira RE, Christy-Bittel JL, Barrett E, Patnaik A. A phase 1 dose-escalation and expansion study of binimetinib (MEK162), a potent and selective oral MEK1/2 inhibitor. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:575-583. [PMID: 28152546 PMCID: PMC5344293 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binimetinib (MEK162; ARRY-438162) is a potent and selective oral MEK 1/2 inhibitor. This phase 1 study determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and preliminary anti-tumour activity of binimetinib in patients with advanced solid tumours, with expansion cohorts of patients with biliary cancer or KRAS- or BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. METHODS Binimetinib was administered twice daily. Expansion cohorts were enroled after MTD determination following a 3+3 dose-escalation design. Pharmacokinetic properties were determined from plasma samples. Tumour samples were assessed for mutations in RAS, RAF, and other relevant genes. Pharmacodynamic properties were evaluated in serum and skin punch biopsy samples. RESULTS Ninety-three patients received binimetinib (dose-escalation phase, 19; expansion, 74). The MTD was 60 mg twice daily, with dose-limiting adverse events (AEs) of dermatitis acneiform and chorioretinopathy. The dose for expansion patients was subsequently decreased to 45 mg twice daily because of the frequency of treatment-related ocular toxicity at the MTD. Common AEs across all dose levels included rash (81%), nausea (56%), vomiting (52%), diarrhoea (51%), peripheral oedema (46%), and fatigue (43%); most were grade 1/2. Dose-proportional increases in binimetinib exposure were observed and target inhibition was demonstrated in serum and skin punch biopsy samples. Three patients with biliary cancer had objective responses (one complete and two partial). CONCLUSIONS Binimetinib demonstrated a manageable safety profile, target inhibition, and dose-proportional exposure. The 45 mg twice daily dose was identified as the recommended phase 2 dose. The three objective responses in biliary cancer patients are encouraging and support further evaluation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Bendell
- Drug Development Program, Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, 250 25th Avenue North, Suite 200, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit Number: 426, Room Number: FC10.3062, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tanios S Bekaii-Saab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Richard S Finn
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 2825 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Zev A Wainberg
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 2825 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2825 Santa Monica Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 90404, USA
| | - Colin D Weekes
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, RC1 South, Room 8123, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin R Tan
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, School of Medicine, 14th Floor Northwest Tower, Division of Oncology, Campus Box 8056, 660 South Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gazala N Khan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mark M Zalupski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5912, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Infante
- Drug Development Program, Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, 250 25th Avenue North, Suite 200, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Suzanne Jones
- Drug Development Program, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 3322 West End Avenue, Suite 900, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Kyriakos P Papadopoulos
- Clinical Research, South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics (START), 4383 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Anthony W Tolcher
- Clinical Research, South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics (START), 4383 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Renae E Chavira
- Clinical Development, Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | | | - Emma Barrett
- Clinical Development, Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Amita Patnaik
- Clinical Research, South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics (START), 4383 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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23
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Hubel E, Saroha A, Park WJ, Pewzner-Jung Y, Lavoie EG, Futerman AH, Bruck R, Fishman S, Dranoff JA, Shibolet O, Zvibel I. Sortilin Deficiency Reduces Ductular Reaction, Hepatocyte Apoptosis, and Liver Fibrosis in Cholestatic-Induced Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Yang H, Liu T, Wang J, Li TW, Fan W, Peng H, Krishnan A, Gores GJ, Mato JM, Lu SC. Deregulated methionine adenosyltransferase α1, c-Myc, and Maf proteins together promote cholangiocarcinoma growth in mice and humans(‡). Hepatology 2016; 64:439-55. [PMID: 26969892 PMCID: PMC4956551 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED c-Myc induction drives cholestatic liver injury and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in mice, and induction of Maf proteins (MafG and c-Maf) contributes to cholestatic liver injury, whereas S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) administration is protective. Here, we determined whether there is interplay between c-Myc, Maf proteins, and methionine adenosyltransferase α1 (MATα1), which is responsible for SAMe biosynthesis in the liver. We used bile duct ligation (BDL) and lithocholic acid (LCA) treatment in mice as chronic cholestasis models, a murine CCA model, human CCA cell lines KMCH and Huh-28, human liver cancer HepG2, and human CCA specimens to study gene and protein expression, protein-protein interactions, molecular mechanisms, and functional outcomes. We found that c-Myc, MATα1 (encoded by MAT1A), MafG, and c-Maf interact with one another directly. MAT1A expression fell in hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells during chronic cholestasis and in murine and human CCA. The opposite occurred with c-Myc, MafG, and c-Maf expression. MATα1 interacts mainly with Mnt in normal liver, but this switches to c-Maf, MafG, and c-Myc in cholestatic livers and CCA. Promoter regions of these genes have E-boxes that are bound by MATα1 and Mnt in normal liver and benign bile duct epithelial cells that switched to c-Myc, c-Maf, and MafG in cholestasis and CCA cells. E-box positively regulates c-Myc, MafG, and c-Maf, but it negatively regulates MAT1A. MATα1 represses, whereas c-Myc, MafG, and c-Maf enhance, E-box-driven promoter activity. Knocking down MAT1A or overexpressing MafG or c-Maf enhanced CCA growth and invasion in vivo. CONCLUSION There is a novel interplay between MATα1, c-Myc, and Maf proteins, and their deregulation during chronic cholestasis may facilitate CCA oncogenesis. (Hepatology 2016;64:439-455).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiaohong Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tony W.H. Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jose M. Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology, Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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25
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Kim Y, Lee EJ, Jang HK, Kim CH, Kim DG, Han JH, Park SM. Statin pretreatment inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the downregulation of toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-κB in human biliary epithelial cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1220-8. [PMID: 26574150 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) plays an important role in biliary fibrosis. This study investigated the effects of simvastatin on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced EMT and related signal pathways in BECs. METHODS Biliary epithelial cells were exposed to LPS (2 µg/mL) or transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) (5 ng/mL) for 5 days. The EMT was assessed by a gain of mesenchymal cell markers (vimentin, N-cadherin, slug, and Twist-1) and a loss of epithelial cell markers (E-cadherin). The effects of simvastatin on the EMT induced by LPS or TGF-β1 were determined by the changes in the levels of EMT markers and TLR4 and in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. RESULTS Compared with the BECs treated with LPS alone, co-treatment with simvastatin and LPS induced an increase in the expression of E-cadherin and decreases in the expression levels of mesenchymal cell markers. The LPS-induced TLR4 expression level was slightly decreased by co-treatment with simvastatin. LPS-induced BEC growth was markedly inhibited by co-treatment with simvastatin. Furthermore, pretreatment with simvastatin inhibited the LPS-induced EMT in BECs by downregulating NF-κB and JNK phosphorylation. The suppressive effects of simvastatin pretreatment on the induction of the EMT by TGF-β1 were also demonstrated in H69 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that LPS or TGF-β1 promote the EMT in BECs that that pretreatment with simvastatin inhibited the induced EMT by downregulating toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB phosphorylation. This finding suggests that simvastatin can be considered a new agent for preventing biliary fibrosis associated with the EMT of BECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmi Kim
- Departments of Physiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Eun Jeoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Jang
- Departments of Physiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Chan Hyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Dae-Ghon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Seon Mee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk, Korea
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26
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Ameliorative effects of pomegranate on carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in rats: A molecular and histopathological study. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3653-60. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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27
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Ji ML, Lu J, Shi PL, Zhang XJ, Wang SZ, Chang Q, Chen H, Wang C. Dysregulated miR-98 Contributes to Extracellular Matrix Degradation by Targeting IL-6/STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:900-9. [PMID: 26587789 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is associated with dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that miRNAs modulate IDD through effects on the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, a potential regulator of IDD. The miRNA expression profile was determined in nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues from patients with IDD and controls, employing miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Biological functions of differential expression miRNAs were further investigated using immunofluorescent staining. Luciferase reporter assays and Western blotting were performed to determine miRNA targets. We identified 41 miRNAs that were differentially expressed in patients compared with controls. Following RT-qPCR confirmation, miR-98 was significantly downregulated in degenerative NP tissues. Moreover, its level was inversely correlated with grade of disc degeneration. Through gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies, miR-98 was shown to significantly promote type II collagen expression in NP cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was identified as a target of miR-98. Knockdown of IL-6 induced effects on NP cells similar to those induced by miR-98. In contrast, IL-6 treatment abrogated the effects induced by miR-98 upregulation. Moreover, miR-98 dramatically suppressed expression of STAT3 target gene, MMP2. IL-6 treatment antagonized this effect, whereas knockdown of IL-6 by IL-6 short hairpin RNA (shIL-6) induced inhibitory effects on the expression of p-STAT3 and its main target genes, similar to miR-98. The mRNA level of IL-6 was inversely correlated with that of miR-98 in degenerative NP tissues. These results suggest the downregulation of miR-98 could promote IDD through the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Our findings also highlight miR-98 as a novel hopeful therapeutic target for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-liang Ji
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-jun Zhang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan-zheng Wang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Rodrigues CMP, Moshage H. Targeting TGR5 in cholangiocyte proliferation: default topic. Gut 2016; 65:369-70. [PMID: 26511793 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Genome-wide screen identified let-7c/miR-99a/miR-125b regulating tumor progression and stem-like properties in cholangiocarcinoma. Oncogene 2015; 35:3376-86. [PMID: 26455324 PMCID: PMC4932558 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which is a poor prognosis malignancy that arises from the malignant transformation of cholangiocytes, is associated with chronic inflammation of the biliary epithelium. Thus far, the molecular mechanisms of the origin and neoplastic processes of CCA that are promoted by inflammation are still unclear and need to be fully elucidated. Here using small RNA sequencing to determine the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in CCA, we found that let-7c, miR-99a and miR-125b, which are three miRNAs of the same cluster, were downregulated in CCA and targeted interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-6R and type 1 insulin-like growth factor, which are important cytokines and receptors of the IL-6/signal transducer and activator 3 (STAT3) pathway and have key roles in inflammation and CCA initiation. We also found that enforced expression of let-7c, miR-99a or miR-125b could reduce the activity of STAT3 and further suppress CCA tumorigenicity in vivo and inhibit the migration and invasion of CCA cells in vitro. Surprisingly, let-7c/miR-99a/miR-125b cluster also significantly decreased the ability of CCA cells for cancer stem cell-like mammosphere generation by downregulating CD133 and CD44, which suggests the pivotal roles of let-7c, miR-99a and miR-125b in CCA by regulating both inflammation and stem-like properties. Our findings showed potential links between miRNAs and inflammation, and provide a potential treatment strategy for developing an miRNA-based therapy via IL-6/STAT3 targeting for CCA.
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Aoyama M, Osuka K, Usuda N, Watanabe Y, Kawaguchi R, Nakura T, Takayasu M. Expression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Chronic Subdural Hematoma Outer Membranes. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1064-70. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Aoyama
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Osuka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuteru Usuda
- Department of Anatomy II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Watanabe
- High Technology Research Center, Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reo Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakura
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masakazu Takayasu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
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Matchimakul P, Rinaldi G, Suttiprapa S, Mann VH, Popratiloff A, Laha T, Pimenta RN, Cochran CJ, Kaewkes S, Sripa B, Brindley PJ. Apoptosis of cholangiocytes modulated by thioredoxin of carcinogenic liver fluke. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:72-80. [PMID: 26007234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the food-borne liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, frequently induces cancer of the bile ducts, cholangiocarcinoma. Opisthorchiasis is endemic in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam, where eating undercooked freshwater fish carrying the juvenile stage of this pathogen leads to human infection. Because inhibition of apoptosis facilitates carcinogenesis, this study investigated modulation by thioredoxin from O. viverrini of apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells, cholangiocytes. Cells of a cholangiocyte line were incubated with the parasite enzyme after which they were exposed hydrogen peroxide. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis was monitored using flow cytometry, growth in real time and imaging of living cells using laser confocal microscopy. Immunolocalization revealed liver fluke thioredoxin within cholangiocytes. Cells exposed to thioredoxin downregulated apoptotic genes in the mitogen activated protein kinases pathway and upregulated anti-apoptosis-related genes including apoptosis signaling kinase 1, caspase 9, caspase 8, caspase 3, survivin and others. Western blots of immunoprecipitates of cell lysates revealed binding of thioredoxin to apoptosis signaling kinase 1. Together the findings indicated that thioredoxin from O. viverrini inhibited oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells, which supports a role for this liver fluke oxidoreductase in opisthorchiasis-induced cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaya Matchimakul
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Victoria H Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- Center for Microscopy & Image Analysis, and Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rafael N Pimenta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Christina J Cochran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Xiao Y, Wang J, Yan W, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zhou K, Wen J, Wang Y, Cai W. Dysregulated miR-124 and miR-200 expression contribute to cholangiocyte proliferation in the cholestatic liver by targeting IL-6/STAT3 signalling. J Hepatol 2015; 62:889-96. [PMID: 25450715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver disease is associated with dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, it remains unknown whether miRNAs are involved in the cholestasis-induced proliferation of cholangiocytes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that miRNAs modulate cholangiocyte proliferation through effects on the IL-6 pathway, a known regulator of cholangiocyte proliferation. METHODS Expression of IL-6, Foxa2, and phosphorylated signal transducer activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was investigated in patients with biliary atresia (BA) and in rats subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL). miRNA expression was determined in BA patients and BDL rats, with miRNA array and quantitative real-time PCR. Biological functions of miRNAs were studied using immunoblot, immunohistochemical and proliferation assays. Luciferase reporter assays and Western blots were performed to identify miRNA targets. RESULTS Hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was significantly elevated in BA patients and BDL rats, while the expression of miR-124 was dramatically decreased in comparison to controls. Moreover, mRNA levels of STAT3 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) were inversely correlated with those of miR-124. Ectopic expression of miR-124 inhibited IL-6-mediated cholangiocyte proliferation in vitro and cholangiocyte hyperplasia in vivo, through a mechanism involving direct targeting of the 3'-untranslated region of STAT3 and IL-6R. We further demonstrated that miR-200 family members were significantly upregulated in cholestasis and inhibited FOXA2 expression in cholangiocytes, which further enhanced the expression of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that downregulation of miR-124 and upregulation of miR-200 collaboratively promote bile duct proliferation through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejun Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
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Tabibian JH, O'Hara SP, Splinter PL, Trussoni CE, LaRusso NF. Cholangiocyte senescence by way of N-ras activation is a characteristic of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2014; 59:2263-75. [PMID: 24390753 PMCID: PMC4167827 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an incurable cholangiopathy of unknown etiopathogenesis. Here we tested the hypothesis that cholangiocyte senescence is a pathophysiologically important phenotype in PSC. We assessed markers of cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in livers of patients with PSC, primary biliary cirrhosis, hepatitis C, and in normals by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). We tested whether endogenous and exogenous biliary constituents affect senescence and SASP in cultured human cholangiocytes. We determined in coculture whether senescent cholangiocytes induce senescence in bystander cholangiocytes. Finally, we explored signaling mechanisms involved in cholangiocyte senescence and SASP. In vivo, PSC cholangiocytes expressed significantly more senescence-associated p16(INK4a) and γH2A.x compared to the other three conditions; expression of profibroinflammatory SASP components (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, PAI-1) was also highest in PSC cholangiocytes. In vitro, several biologically relevant endogenous (e.g., cholestane 3,5,6 oxysterol) and exogenous (e.g., lipopolysaccharide) molecules normally present in bile induced cholangiocyte senescence and SASP. Furthermore, experimentally induced senescent human cholangiocytes caused senescence in bystander cholangiocytes. N-Ras, a known inducer of senescence, was increased in PSC cholangiocytes and in experimentally induced senescent cultured cholangiocytes; inhibition of Ras abrogated experimentally induced senescence and SASP. CONCLUSION Cholangiocyte senescence induced by biliary constituents by way of N-Ras activation is an important pathogenic mechanism in PSC. Pharmacologic inhibition of N-Ras with a resultant reduction in cholangiocyte senescence and SASP is a new therapeutic approach for PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Oishi N, Kumar MR, Roessler S, Ji J, Forgues M, Budhu A, Zhao X, Andersen JB, Ye QH, Jia HL, Qin LX, Yamashita T, Woo HG, Kim YJ, Kaneko S, Tang ZY, Thorgeirsson SS, Wang XW. Transcriptomic profiling reveals hepatic stem-like gene signatures and interplay of miR-200c and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2012; 56:1792-803. [PMID: 22707408 PMCID: PMC3458130 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC) is the second most common type of primary liver cancer. However, its tumor heterogeneity and molecular characteristics are largely unknown. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic profiling of 23 ICC and combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma tumor specimens from Asian patients using Affymetrix messenger RNA (mRNA) and NanoString microRNA microarrays to search for unique gene signatures linked to tumor subtypes and patient prognosis. We validated the signatures in an additional 68 ICC cases derived from Caucasian patients. We found that both mRNA and microRNA expression profiles could independently classify Asian ICC cases into two main subgroups, one of which shared gene expression signatures with previously identified hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with stem cell gene expression traits. ICC-specific gene signatures could predict survival in Asian HCC cases and independently in Caucasian ICC cases. Integrative analyses of the ICC-specific mRNA and microRNA expression profiles revealed that a common signaling pathway linking miR-200c signaling to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was preferentially activated in ICC with stem cell gene expression traits. Inactivation of miR-200c resulted in an induction of EMT, whereas activation of miR-200c led to a reduction of EMT including a reduced cell migration and invasion in ICC cells. We also found that miR-200c and neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) expression were negatively correlated and their expression levels were predictive of survival in ICC samples. NCAM1, a known hepatic stem/progenitor cell marker, was experimentally demonstrated to be a direct target of miR-200c. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ICC and HCC share common stem-like molecular characteristics and poor prognosis. We suggest that the specific components of EMT may be exploited as critical biomarkers and clinically relevant therapeutic targets for an aggressive form of stem cell-like ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oishi
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mia R. Kumar
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Junfang Ji
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marshonna Forgues
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anuradha Budhu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuelian Zhao
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jesper B. Andersen
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qing-Hai Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu-Liang Jia
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Liver Disease Center and Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Liver Disease Center and Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Address reprint request to: Xin Wei Wang, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 3044A, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. Development of the bile ducts: essentials for the clinical hepatologist. J Hepatol 2012; 56:1159-1170. [PMID: 22245898 PMCID: PMC3328609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several cholangiopathies result from a perturbation of developmental processes. Most of these cholangiopathies are characterised by the persistence of biliary structures with foetal configuration. Developmental processes are also relevant in acquired liver diseases, as liver repair mechanisms exploit a range of autocrine and paracrine signals transiently expressed in embryonic life. We briefly review the ontogenesis of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree, highlighting the morphogens, growth factors, and transcription factors that regulate biliary development, and the relationships between developing bile ducts and other branching biliary structures. Then, we discuss the ontogenetic mechanisms involved in liver repair, and how these mechanisms are recapitulated in ductular reaction, a common reparative response to many forms of biliary and hepatocellular damage. Finally, we discuss the pathogenic aspects of the most important primary cholangiopathies related to altered biliary development, i.e. polycystic and fibropolycystic liver diseases, Alagille syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Carotti S, Onetti-Muda A, Perrone G, Ginanni-Corradini S, Latasa MU, Avila MA, Carpino G, Picardi A, Morini S. Toll-like receptor-4 expression by hepatic progenitor cells and biliary epithelial cells in HCV-related chronic liver disease. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:576-89. [PMID: 22173288 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding numerous evidences implicating toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the localization and level of TLR4 expression in the liver of patients with hepatitis C have never been investigated. We aimed to evaluate, by means of immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR (rt-PCR), hepatic TLR4 expression in patients with chronic HCV infection. Fifty patients who had undergone liver biopsy and 11 patients transplanted because of chronic HCV infection, and 12 controls free of liver disease, were included in the study. Each case was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for TLR4, α-smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin-7 (CK-7), and a subgroup of patients and all controls by rt-PCR for TLR4. Immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin was used to derive a score of activation of hepatic stellate cells and portal/septal myofibroblasts, while immunohistochemistry for CK-7 was used to evaluate and count hepatic progenitor cells, interlobular bile ducts and intermediate hepatocytes. In patients, the parenchymal elements responsible for the highest TLR4 level of expression were hepatic progenitor cells and biliary epithelial cells of interlobular bile ducts. Double-labeling experiments between anti-TLR4 and anti-CK7, anti-CD133, anti-CD44, anti-neural cell adhesion molecule, anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule and anti-sex determining region Y-box 9, confirmed these findings. TLR4-positive hepatic progenitor cells and interlobular bile ducts were significantly correlated with the stage of liver disease (P<0.001), the grade of inflammation (P<0.001), and the activity of portal/septal myofibroblasts (P<0.001). rt-PCR study confirmed an increased TLR4 expression in the 26 patients analyzed with respect to controls (P<0.001). TLR4 expression positively correlated with fibrosis (P<0.05) and inflammation (P<0.05). The present results suggest that TLR4 expression by hepatic progenitor cells and biliary epithelial cells contributes to the progression of liver damage in the course of chronic HCV-related infection.
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J. Verspohl E, Podlogar J. LPS-Induced Proliferation and Chemokine Secretion from BEAS-2B Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2012.32024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ren XS, Sato Y, Harada K, Sasaki M, Yoneda N, Lin ZH, Nakanuma Y. Biliary infection may exacerbate biliary cystogenesis through the induction of VEGF in cholangiocytes of the polycystic kidney (PCK) rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2845-54. [PMID: 22015458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholangitis arising from biliary infection dominates the prognosis in Caroli's disease. To clarify the influences of bacterial infection on the biliary cystogenesis, in vivo and in vitro studies were performed using the polycystic kidney (PCK) rat as an animal model of Caroli's disease. Cholangitis became a frequent histological finding in aged PCK rats, and neovascularization around the bile ducts also increased in aged PCK rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed that expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was increased in PCK rat biliary epithelium. In vitro, PCK cholangiocytes overexpressed VEGF, and the supernatant of cultured PCK cholangiocytes significantly increased the proliferative activity, migration, and tube formation of cultured rat vascular endothelial cells. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) further induced VEGF expression in PCK cholangiocytes, which might be mediated by signaling pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Both LPS and VEGF increased cell proliferative activity in PCK cholangiocytes, and siRNA against VEGF significantly reduced LPS-induced cell proliferation. Thus, LPS-induced overexpression of VEGF in the biliary epithelium may lead to hypervascularity around the bile ducts; concurrently, LPS and VEGF act as cell proliferation factors for cholangiocytes. Biliary infection may thus exacerbate biliary cystogenesis in PCK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shan Ren
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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O'Hara SP, Splinter PL, Trussoni CE, Gajdos GB, Lineswala PN, LaRusso NF. Cholangiocyte N-Ras protein mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 secretion and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30352-30360. [PMID: 21757746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.269464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts in the liver, are periodically exposed to potentially injurious microbes and/or microbial products. As a result, cholangiocytes actively participate in microbe-associated, hepatic proinflammatory responses. We previously showed that infection of cultured human cholangiocytes with the protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, or treatment with gram-negative bacteria-derived LPS, activates NFκB in a myeloid differentiation 88 (MyD88)-dependent manner. Here, we describe a novel signaling pathway initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involving the small GTPase, Ras, that mediates cholangiocyte proinflammatory cytokine production and induction of cholangiocyte proliferation. Using cultured human cholangiocytes and a Ras activation assay, we found that agonists of plasma membrane TLRs (TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) rapidly (<10 min) activated N-Ras, but not other p21 Ras isoforms, resulting in the rapid (<15 min) phosphorylation of the downstream Ras effector, ERK1/2. RNA interference-induced depletion of TRAF6, a downstream effector of MyD88 and known activator of MAPK signaling, had no effect on N-Ras activation. Following N-Ras activation the proinflammatory cytokine, IL6, is rapidly secreted. Using a luciferase reporter, we demonstrated that LPS treatment induced IL6 promoter-driven luciferase which was suppressed using MEK/ERK pharmacologic inhibitors (PD98059 or U0126) and RNAi-induced depletion of N-Ras. Finally, we showed that LPS increased cholangiocyte proliferation (1.5-fold), which was inhibited by depletion of N-Ras; TLR agonist-induced proliferation was also inhibited following pretreatment with an IL6 receptor-blocking antibody. Together, our results support a novel signaling axis involving microbial activation of N-Ras likely involved in the cholangiocyte pathogen-induced proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
| | - Patrick L Splinter
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Christy E Trussoni
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Gabriella B Gajdos
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Pooja N Lineswala
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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O'Hara SP, Bogert PST, Trussoni CE, Chen X, LaRusso NF. TLR4 promotes Cryptosporidium parvum clearance in a mouse model of biliary cryptosporidiosis. J Parasitol 2011; 97:813-21. [PMID: 21506806 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2703.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts, express multiple toll-like receptors (TLRs) and, thus, have the capacity to recognize and respond to microbial pathogens. In previous work, we demonstrated that TLR4, which is activated by gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is upregulated in cholangiocytes in response to infection with Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro and contributes to nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) activation. Here, using an in vivo model of biliary cryptosporidiosis, we addressed the functional role of TLR4 in C. parvum infection dynamics and hepatobiliary pathophysiology. We observed that C57BL mice clear the infection by 3 wk post-infection (PI). In contrast, parasites were detected in bile and stool in TLR4-deficient mice at 4 wk PI. The liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-6 peaked at 1 to 2 wk PI and normalized by 4 wk in infected C57BL mice. C57BL mice also demonstrated increased cholangiocyte proliferation (PCNA staining) at 1 wk PI that was resolved by 2 wk PI. In contrast, TLR4-deficient mice showed persistently elevated serum ALT and AST, elevated hepatic IL-6 levels, and histological evidence of hepatocyte necrosis, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and cholangiocyte proliferation through 4 wk PI. These data suggest that a TLR4-mediated response is required for efficient eradication of biliary C. parvum infection in vivo, and lack of this pattern-recognition receptor contributes to an altered inflammatory response and an increase in hepatobiliary pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Zhang W, Tsuda M, Yang GX, Tsuneyama K, Rong G, Ridgway WM, Ansari AA, Flavell RA, Coppel RL, Lian ZX, Gershwin ME. Deletion of interleukin-6 in mice with the dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor II improves colitis but exacerbates autoimmune cholangitis. Hepatology 2010; 52:215-22. [PMID: 20578264 PMCID: PMC2936774 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in autoimmunity attracts attention because of the clinical usage of monoclonal antibodies to IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), designed to block IL-6 pathways. In autoimmune liver disease, activation of the hepatocyte IL-6/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) pathway is associated with modulating pathology in acute liver failure, in liver regeneration, and in the murine model of concanavalin A-induced liver inflammation. We have reported that mice expressing a dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor II (dnTGFbetaRII) under control of the CD4 promoter develop both colitis and autoimmune cholangitis with elevated serum levels of IL-6. Based on this observation, we generated IL-6-deficient mice on a dnTGF-betaRII background (dnTGFbetaRII IL-6(-/-)) and examined for the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies, levels of cytokines, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry of liver and colon tissues. As expected, based on reports of the use of anti-IL-6R in inflammatory bowel disease, dnTGFbetaRII IL-6(-/-) mice manifest a dramatic improvement in their inflammatory bowel disease, including reduced diarrhea and significant reduction in intestinal lymphocytic infiltrates. Importantly, however, autoimmune cholangitis in dnTGFbetaRII IL-6(-/-) mice was significantly exacerbated, including elevated inflammatory cytokines, increased numbers of activated T cells, and worsening hepatic pathology. CONCLUSION The data from these observations emphasize that there are distinct mechanisms involved in inducing pathology in inflammatory bowel disease compared to autoimmune cholangitis. These data also suggest that patients with inflammatory bowel disease may not be the best candidates for treatment with anti-IL-6R if they have accompanying autoimmune liver disease and emphasize caution for therapeutic use of anti-IL-6R antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Masanobu Tsuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Guanghua Rong
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Jiang GX, Zhong XY, Cui YF, Liu W, Tai S, Wang ZD, Shi YG, Zhao SY, Li CL. IL-6/STAT3/TFF3 signaling regulates human biliary epithelial cell migration and wound healing in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3813-8. [PMID: 20229017 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), through activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3), has been implicated in the promotion of mouse biliary epithelial cell (BEC) proliferation and migration. However, it is still unclear whether the IL-6/STAT3/TFF3 signaling had similar effects on human BECs. Here, we showed that exposure of human BECs to recombinant IL-6 resulted in STAT3 phosphorylation and increased the expression of TFF3 at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, inhibition of STAT3 using RNA interference significantly abrogated IL-6-induced TFF3 expression. In an in-vitro wound healing model, IL-6 facilitated human BEC migration. This promotion of cell migration by IL-6 was blocked when STAT3 was knocked down. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous TFF3 could rescue the cell migration defects caused by STAT3 silencing. In conclusion, our data indicate that STAT3 plays a critical role in IL-6-induced TFF3 expression in human BECs and the IL-6/STAT3/TFF3 signaling is involved in human BEC migration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-xing Jiang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
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Gong AY, Zhou R, Hu G, Liu J, Sosnowska D, Drescher KM, Dong H, Chen XM. Cryptosporidium parvum induces B7-H1 expression in cholangiocytes by down-regulating microRNA-513. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:160-9. [PMID: 19916867 DOI: 10.1086/648589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of B7 costimulatory molecules represents an important compartment of immune response of epithelial cells after microbial infection. We report here that the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum induced B7-H1 expression in cultured human cholangiocytes. Induced expression of B7-H1 was identified in cells after exposure to infective C. parvum parasite or parasite lysate. Interestingly, the level of microRNA-513 (miR-513) was reduced in cells after exposure to C. parvum, which resulted in a relief of 3' untranslated region-mediated translational suppression of B7-H1. Overexpression of miR-513 through transfection of miR-513 precursor inhibited C. parvum-induced B7-H1 protein expression. Moreover, enhanced apoptotic cell death was identified in activated human T cells after coculture with C. parvum-infected cholangiocytes. The apoptosis of activated T cells was partially blocked by a neutralizing antibody to B7-H1 or transfection of cholangiocytes with miR-513 precursor. These data suggest a role of miR-513 in regulating B7-H1 expression by cholangiocytes in response to C. parvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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O'Hara SP, Splinter PL, Gajdos GB, Trussoni CE, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Chen XM, LaRusso NF. NFkappaB p50-CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta)-mediated transcriptional repression of microRNA let-7i following microbial infection. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:216-25. [PMID: 19903813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.041640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, central players of numerous cellular processes, regulate mRNA stability or translational efficiency. Although these molecular events are established, the mechanisms regulating microRNA function and expression remain largely unknown. The microRNA let-7i regulates Toll-like receptor 4 expression. Here, we identify a novel transcriptional mechanism induced by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum and Gram(-) bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediating let-7i promoter silencing in human biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes). Using cultured cholangiocytes, we show that microbial stimulus decreased let-7i expression, and promoter activity. Analysis of the mechanism revealed that microbial infection promotes the formation of a NFkappaB p50-C/EBPbeta silencer complex in the regulatory sequence. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP) demonstrated that the repressor complex binds to the let-7i promoter following microbial stimulus and promotes histone-H3 deacetylation. Our results provide a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation of cholangiocyte let-7i expression following microbial insult, a process with potential implications for epithelial innate immune responses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Sharma RR, London MJ, Magenta LL, Posner MC, Roggin KK. Preemptive surgery for premalignant foregut lesions. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:1874-87. [PMID: 19513795 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-0935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preemptive surgery is the prophylactic removal of an organ at high risk for malignant transformation or the resection of a precancerous or "early" malignant neoplasm in an individual with a hereditary predisposition to cancer. Recent advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have improved our understanding of the biologic behavior of these conditions. Predictive testing is an emerging field that attempts to assess the potential risk of cancer development in predisposed individuals. Despite substantial improvement in these forms of testing, all results are imperfect. This information often becomes an important tool that is used by healthcare providers to evaluate the risk-benefit ratio of various risk modifying strategies (i.e., intensive surveillance or preemptive surgery). METHODS A systematic literature review was performed using Medline and the bibliographies of all referenced publications to identify articles relating to preemptive surgery for premalignant foregut lesions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this review, we outline the controversies surrounding predictive risk assessment, surveillance strategies, and preemptive surgery in the management of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in Barrett's esophagus (BE), hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), bile duct cysts, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and pancreatic cystic neoplasms. Resection of BE is supported by the progressive nature of the disease, the risk of occult carcinoma, and the lethality of esophageal cancer. Prophylactic total gastrectomy for HDGC appears reasonable in the absence of accurate screening tests but must be balanced by the impact of surgical complications and altered quality of life. Surgical resection of biliary cysts theoretically eliminates the exposed epithelium to decrease the lifetime risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Liver transplantation for PSC remains controversial given the scarcity of donor organs and inability to accurately identify high-risk individuals. Given the uncertain natural history of pancreatic cystic neoplasms, the merits of selective versus obligatory resection will continue to be debated. CONCLUSIONS Preemptive operations require optimal judgment and surgical precision to maximize function and enhance survival. Ultimately, balancing the risk of surgical intervention with less invasive interventions or observation must be individualized on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit R Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Li Z, White P, Tuteja G, Rubins N, Sackett S, Kaestner KH. Foxa1 and Foxa2 regulate bile duct development in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1537-45. [PMID: 19436110 DOI: 10.1172/jci38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box proteins A1 and A2 (Foxa1 and Foxa2) are transcription factors with critical roles in establishing the developmental competence of the foregut endoderm and in initiating liver specification. Using conditional gene ablation during a later phase of liver development, we show here that deletion of both Foxa1 and Foxa2 (Foxa1/2) in the embryonic liver caused hyperplasia of the biliary tree. Abnormal bile duct formation in Foxa1/2-deficient liver was due, at least in part, to activation of IL-6 expression, a proliferative signal for cholangiocytes. The glucocorticoid receptor is a negative regulator of IL-6 transcription; in the absence of Foxa1/2, the glucocorticoid receptor failed to bind to the IL-6 promoter, causing enhanced IL-6 expression. Thus, after liver specification, Foxa1/2 are required for normal bile duct development through prevention of excess cholangiocyte proliferation. Our data suggest that Foxa1/2 function as terminators of bile duct expansion in the adult liver through inhibition of IL-6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6145, USA
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Activation of interleukin-6/STAT3 in rat cholangiocyte proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:547-54. [PMID: 18649135 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocytes are exposed to endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in a variety of biliary inflammations. It is known that LPS enhances the release of interleukin (IL)-6, a potent cholangiocyte mitogen. However, the role of LPS in cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo is unknown. Aims To investigate whether LPS stimulates cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo via the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. METHODS Rats were randomized into four groups: the LPS group (injected intravenously with LPS 2.5 mg/kg), anti-IL-6 group (injected intravenously with anti-IL-6 0.5 mg/kg 1 h after LPS injection), RPM group (treated with RPM 0.4 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 min before LPS injection), and control group. At 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after LPS injection, LPS in plasma was detected by kinetic turbidimetric limulus test. IL-6 concentrations in liver homogenate and cholangiocyte proliferation were determined by ELISA or immunohistochemistry, respectively. Expression of IL-6 mRNA and phosphorylated-STAT3 (P-STAT3) protein in cholangiocytes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Cholangiocytes responded to LPS by a marked increase in cell proliferation, IL-6 secretion, and P-STAT3 expression. Anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody inhibited LPS-induced proliferation of cholangiocytes and decreased levels of IL-6 and STAT3. Furthermore, after being treated with RPM, STAT3 activation was also depressed, which resulted a decreased proliferation of cholangiocytes. CONCLUSIONS LPS promotes cholangiocyte proliferation through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, while RPM shows a depressive effect in this pathway.
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Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining bile ducts, provide the first line of defense against lumenal microbes in the biliary system. Recent advances in biliary immunity indicate that cholangiocytes express a variety of pathogen-recognition receptors and can activate a set of intracellular signaling cascades to initiate a profound antimicrobial defense, including release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, production of antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of biliary epithelial integrity. Cholangiocytes also interact with other cell types in the liver (for example, lymphocytes and Kupffer cells) through expression and release of adhesion molecules and immune mediators. Subsequently, through an intricate feedback mechanism involving both epithelial and other liver cells, a set of intracellular signaling pathways are activated to regulate the functional state of cholangiocyte responses during microbial infection. Thus, cholangiocytes are actively involved in mucosal immunity of the biliary system and represent a fine-tuned, integral component of liver immunity.
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Yu J, Lavoie ÉG, Sheung N, Tremblay JJ, Sévigny J, Dranoff JA. IL-6 downregulates transcription of NTPDase2 via specific promoter elements. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G748-56. [PMID: 18202114 PMCID: PMC5239663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00208.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile ductular proliferation is markedly upregulated in biliary fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, the mechanisms regulating this upregulation in bile ductular proliferation have not been defined. Recently, we demonstrated that expression of the ectonucleotidase nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-2 (NTPDase2/Entpd2) by portal fibroblasts (PF) is a critical regulator of bile ductular proliferation. Since interleukin 6 (IL-6) is markedly upregulated in biliary cirrhosis, our aims were to determine the role and mechanism of IL-6 in the regulation of NTPDase2 by PF. We found that IL-6 downregulated NTPDase2 protein expression in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent fashion but did not alter PF alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. IL-6 markedly downregulated NTPDase2 mRNA expression. Expression of the IL-6 receptor gp130 but not the IL-6 receptor gp80 was detected in PF. Two transcription start sites were identified in rat Entpd2 by the method of RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends. The minimal promoter construct, but not shorter constructs, was downregulated by IL-6. Three putative IL-6 response elements were identified in silico and mutated. Mutation of all three response elements, but not fewer elements, completely abolished the IL-6 response. Thus IL-6 transcriptionally downregulates NTPDase2 expression by PF via actions at specific promoter elements independently of myofibroblastic differentiation. This effect may represent a novel signaling pathway by which bile ductular proliferation is dysregulated in biliary cirrhosis and thus provides a potential therapeutic approach for the regulation of bile ductular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Yale University School of Medicine and Yale Liver Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Élise G. Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nina Sheung
- Yale University School of Medicine and Yale Liver Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jacques J. Tremblay
- Ontogeny-Reproduction Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- Yale University School of Medicine and Yale Liver Center, New Haven, Connecticut
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