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Tan J, Virtue S, Norris DM, Conway OJ, Yang M, Bidault G, Gribben C, Lugtu F, Kamzolas I, Krycer JR, Mills RJ, Liang L, Pereira C, Dale M, Shun-Shion AS, Baird HJ, Horscroft JA, Sowton AP, Ma M, Carobbio S, Petsalaki E, Murray AJ, Gershlick DC, Nathan JA, Hudson JE, Vallier L, Fisher-Wellman KH, Frezza C, Vidal-Puig A, Fazakerley DJ. Limited oxygen in standard cell culture alters metabolism and function of differentiated cells. EMBO J 2024; 43:2127-2165. [PMID: 38580776 PMCID: PMC11148168 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The in vitro oxygen microenvironment profoundly affects the capacity of cell cultures to model physiological and pathophysiological states. Cell culture is often considered to be hyperoxic, but pericellular oxygen levels, which are affected by oxygen diffusivity and consumption, are rarely reported. Here, we provide evidence that several cell types in culture actually experience local hypoxia, with important implications for cell metabolism and function. We focused initially on adipocytes, as adipose tissue hypoxia is frequently observed in obesity and precedes diminished adipocyte function. Under standard conditions, cultured adipocytes are highly glycolytic and exhibit a transcriptional profile indicative of physiological hypoxia. Increasing pericellular oxygen diverted glucose flux toward mitochondria, lowered HIF1α activity, and resulted in widespread transcriptional rewiring. Functionally, adipocytes increased adipokine secretion and sensitivity to insulin and lipolytic stimuli, recapitulating a healthier adipocyte model. The functional benefits of increasing pericellular oxygen were also observed in macrophages, hPSC-derived hepatocytes and cardiac organoids. Our findings demonstrate that oxygen is limiting in many terminally-differentiated cell types, and that considering pericellular oxygen improves the quality, reproducibility and translatability of culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joycelyn Tan
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sam Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Olivia J Conway
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ming Yang
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christopher Gribben
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Fatima Lugtu
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Ioannis Kamzolas
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - James R Krycer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Lu Liang
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Conceição Pereira
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Martin Dale
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Harry Jm Baird
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James A Horscroft
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Alice P Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Marcella Ma
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - James E Hudson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, 46012, Spain.
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Ribeiro M, Andreis FR, Jabban L, Nielsen TGNDS, Smirnov SV, Lutteroth C, Proulx MJ, Rocha PRF, Metcalfe B. Ex-vivo systems for neuromodulation: A comparison of ex-vivo and in-vivo large animal nerve electrophysiology. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110116. [PMID: 38548122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research exists on extending ex-vivo systems to large animal nerves, and to the best of our knowledge, there has yet to be a study comparing these against in-vivo data. This paper details the first ex-vivo system for large animal peripheral nerves to be compared with in-vivo results. NEW METHOD Detailed ex-vivo and in-vivo closed-loop neuromodulation experiments were conducted on pig ulnar nerves. Temperatures from 20 °C to 37 °C were evaluated for the ex-vivo system. The data were analysed in the time and velocity domains, and a regression analysis established how evoked compound action potential amplitude and modal conduction velocity (CV) varied with temperature and time after explantation. MAIN RESULTS Pig ulnar nerves were sustained ex-vivo up to 5 h post-explantation. CV distributions of ex-vivo and in-vivo data were compared, showing closer correspondence at 37 °C. Regression analysis results also demonstrated that modal CV and time since explantation were negatively correlated, whereas modal CV and temperature were positively correlated. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous ex-vivo systems were primarily aimed at small animal nerves, and we are not aware of an ex-vivo system to be directly compared with in-vivo data. This new approach provides a route to understand how ex-vivo systems for large animal nerves can be developed and compared with in-vivo data. CONCLUSION The proposed ex-vivo system results were compared with those seen in-vivo, providing new insights into large animal nerve activity post-explantation. Such a system is crucial for complementing in-vivo experiments, maximising collected experimental data, and accelerating neural interface development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Ribeiro
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Felipe R Andreis
- Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260, Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Leen Jabban
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G N dS Nielsen
- Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260, Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Sergey V Smirnov
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Christof Lutteroth
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Proulx
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo R F Rocha
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Metcalfe
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; The Bath Institute for the Augmented Human, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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Bizerra PFV, Gilglioni EH, Li HL, Go S, Oude Elferink RPJ, Verhoeven AJ, Chang JC. Opposite regulation of glycogen metabolism by cAMP produced in the cytosol and at the plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119585. [PMID: 37714306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP is produced in cells by two different types of adenylyl cyclases: at the plasma membrane by the transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs, ADCY1~ADCY9) and in the cytosol by the evolutionarily more conserved soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, ADCY10). By employing high-resolution extracellular flux analysis in HepG2 cells to study glycogen breakdown in real time, we showed that cAMP regulates glycogen metabolism in opposite directions depending on its location of synthesis within cells and the downstream cAMP effectors. While the canonical tmAC-cAMP-PKA signaling promotes glycogenolysis, we demonstrate here that the non-canonical sAC-cAMP-Epac1 signaling suppresses glycogenolysis. Mechanistically, suppression of sAC-cAMP-Epac1 leads to Ser-15 phosphorylation and thereby activation of the liver-form glycogen phosphorylase to promote glycogenolysis. Our findings highlight the importance of cAMP microdomain organization for distinct metabolic regulation and establish sAC as a novel regulator of glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F V Bizerra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Gilglioni
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hang Lam Li
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simei Go
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Takemura A, Ishii S, Ikeyama Y, Esashika K, Takahashi J, Ito K. New in vitro screening system to detect drug-induced liver injury using a culture plate with low drug sorption and high oxygen permeability. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 52:100511. [PMID: 37531708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major factor underlying drug withdrawal from the market. Therefore, it is important to predict DILI during the early phase of drug discovery. Metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity are good indicators of the potential for DILI. However, hepatocyte function, including drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and mitochondrial function, reportedly decreases under conventional culture conditions; therefore, these conditions fail to precisely detect metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity-induced cell death. To resolve this issue, we employed a newly developed cell culture plate with high oxygen permeability and low drug sorption (4-polymethyl-1-pentene [PMP] plate). Under PMP plate conditions, cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and mitochondrial function were increased in primary rat hepatocytes. Following l-buthionine-sulfoximine-induced glutathione depletion, acetaminophen-induced cell death significantly increased under PMP plate conditions. Additionally, 1-aminobenzotriazole reduced cell death. Moreover, mitochondrial toxicity due to mitochondrial complex inhibitors (ketoconazole, metformin, and phenformin) increased under PMP plate conditions. In summary, PMP plate conditions could improve CYP activity and mitochondrial function in primary rat hepatocytes and potentially detect metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takemura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sanae Ishii
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yugo Ikeyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Esashika
- New Business Solutions Department, Innovative Solutions Center for Information & Communication Technology, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Bio Technology & Medical Materials Department, Synthetic Chemicals Laboratory, R&D Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Hendrix S, Kingma J, Ottenhoff R, Valiloo M, Svecla M, Zijlstra LF, Sachdev V, Kovac K, Levels JHM, Jongejan A, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Rimbert A, Norata GD, Loregger A, Zelcer N. Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5181. [PMID: 37626055 PMCID: PMC10457316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that govern cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. We recently identified SPRING as a post-transcriptional regulator of SREBP activation. Constitutive or inducible global ablation of Spring in mice is not tolerated, and we therefore develop liver-specific Spring knockout mice (LKO). Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveal attenuated SREBP signaling in livers and hepatocytes of LKO mice. Total plasma cholesterol is reduced in male and female LKO mice in both the low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein fractions, while triglycerides are unaffected. Loss of Spring decreases hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride content due to diminished biosynthesis, which coincides with reduced very-low-density lipoprotein secretion. Accordingly, LKO mice are protected from fructose diet-induced hepatosteatosis. In humans, we find common genetic SPRING variants that associate with circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ApoA1 levels. This study positions SPRING as a core component of hepatic SREBP signaling and systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hendrix
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenina Kingma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masoud Valiloo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Svecla
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lobke F Zijlstra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Kovac
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Levels
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Bioinformatics Laboratory, of Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- l'institut du thorax, Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Anke Loregger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Myllia Biotechnology GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110, Vienna, Austria
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhao L, Tang X, Huang R, Liu Q, Liao L, Hu Y, He K, Zhang X, Guo J, Chen S, Yang S. Acute hypoxia promotes the liver angiogenesis of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by HIF - Dependent pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:264-273. [PMID: 35940542 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A 24-h hypoxia exposure experiment was conducted to determine how hypoxia exposure induce liver angiogenesis in largemouth bass. Nitrogen (N2) was pumped into water to exclude dissolved oxygen into 1.2 ± 0.2 mg/L, and liver tissues were sampled during hypoxia exposure of 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h and re-oxygenation for 12 h. Firstly, the results showed that hypoxia exposure promoted the angiogenesis occurrence by immunohistochemical analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Secondly, the concentration of vasodilation factor increased and it's activity was elevated during 8 h exposure, such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (p < 0.05). Thirdly, hypoxia exposure promoted angiogenesis through up-regulation the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), jagged, protein kinase B (AKT), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at 4 h; contrarily, the expression of inhibiting angiogenesis genes presented up-regulated at 8 h (p < 0.05), such as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-2 (TIMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-3 (TIMP-3). Finally, the genes and proteins that regulate angiogenesis presented obvious chronological order. Parts of them promoted the budding and extension of blood vessels were up-regulated during 4 h-8 h (p < 0.05), such as vascular endothelial growth factor a (VEGFA), VEGFR2, monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1), CD147, prolyl hydroxylase (PHD), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB); other part of them promoted blood vessel maturation were highly expressed during 12 h-24 h (p < 0.05), such as angiogenin-1 (Ang-1) and angiogenin-2 (Ang-2). In short, acute hypoxia can promote the liver angiogenesis of largemouth bass by HIF - dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liulan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaohong Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Fish Resources and Environment in the Lpper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610011, China.
| | - Rui Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Qiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Lei Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Yifan Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Kuo He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Shiyi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Yoon JS, Lee CW. Protein phosphatases regulate the liver microenvironment in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1799-1813. [PMID: 36380016 PMCID: PMC9722691 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a complicated heterogeneous organ composed of different cells. Parenchymal cells called hepatocytes and various nonparenchymal cells, including immune cells and stromal cells, are distributed in liver lobules with hepatic architecture. They interact with each other to compose the liver microenvironment and determine its characteristics. Although the liver microenvironment maintains liver homeostasis and function under healthy conditions, it also shows proinflammatory and profibrogenic characteristics that can induce the progression of hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, eventually changing to a protumoral microenvironment that contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to recent studies, phosphatases are involved in liver diseases and HCC development by regulating protein phosphorylation in intracellular signaling pathways and changing the activities and characteristics of liver cells. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the importance of protein phosphatases in HCC development and in the regulation of the cellular components in the liver microenvironment and to show their significance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Sup Yoon
- grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea ,grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDepartment of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
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8
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Wang M, Tsuda M, Deguchi S, Higuchi Y, So K, Torisawa YS, Takayama K, Yamashita F. Application of perfluoropolyether elastomers in microfluidic drug metabolism assays. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moss SM, Schilp J, Yaakov M, Cook M, Schuschke E, Hanke B, Strobel HA, Hoying JB. Point-of-use, automated fabrication of a 3D human liver model supplemented with human adipose microvessels. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:358-368. [PMID: 35772696 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro tissue models better reflect healthy and disease tissue conditions in the body. However, complex tissue models are often manufactured using custom solutions and can be challenging to manufacture to scale. Here, we describe the automated fabrication of a cell-dense, thick (≤ 1 cm), human vascularized liver tissue model using a robotic biomanufacturing platform and off-the-shelf components to build, culture, and sample liver tissues hands-free without compromising tissue health or function. Fabrication of the tissue involved 3D bioprinting and incorporation of primary human hepatocytes, primary human non-parenchymal cells, and isolated fragments of intact human microvessels as vascular precursors. No differences were observed in select assessments of the liver tissues fabricated by hand or via automation. Furthermore, constant media exchange, via perfusion, improved urea output and elevated tissue metabolism. Interestingly, inclusion of adipose-derived human microvessels enhanced functional gene expression, including an enhanced response to a drug challenge. Our results describe the fabrication of a thick liver tissue environment useful for a variety of applications including liver disease modeling, infectious agent studies, and cancer investigations. We expect the automated fabrication of the vascularized liver tissue, at the point of use and using off-the-shelf platforms, eases fabrication of the complex model and increases its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Moss
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH 03101, United States
| | - Jillian Schilp
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH 03101, United States
| | - Maya Yaakov
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH 03101, United States
| | - Madison Cook
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH 03101, United States
| | - Erik Schuschke
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Louisville, KY 40223, United States
| | - Brandon Hanke
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Louisville, KY 40223, United States
| | - Hannah A Strobel
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH 03101, United States
| | - James B Hoying
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH 03101, United States.
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10
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Zeng N, Bao J, Shu T, Shi C, Zhai G, Jin X, He J, Lou Q, Yin Z. Sexual dimorphic effects of igf1 deficiency on metabolism in zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:879962. [PMID: 35966057 PMCID: PMC9372914 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.879962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is an essential effector of the growth hormone (GH)/IGF1 axis for somatic growth regulation in mammals. However, its functions have not been thoroughly investigated in zebrafish in vivo. In this study, the igf1-deficient zebrafish model was developed using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. In this study all the results were performed on both male and female animals. The growth of both male and female igf1-deficient zebrafish were reduced. The igf1 deficiency leads to significant complementary up-regulation of transcriptional expression levels of insulin, igf2 and igf3. This suggested that igf2 and igf3 may act with redundant functions. While the upregulation of gh1 expression can only be detected in igf1-deficient females. At the same time, significant growth retardation, fatty liver, reduced activated levels of ribosomal S6 (S6) are seen only in igf1-deficient males. On the other hand, significant hyperglycemia, elevated transcriptional expression levels of phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), with additional reduced hepatic lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratios can only observed in igf1-deficient females. Impaired glucose uptake has been recorded in the primary cultured hepatocytes from igf1-deficient females, but not males. Intriguingly, exposure to 17beta-estroadiol (E2) can partially ameliorated the defects of fatty liver and activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in igf1-deficient males. Our studies demonstrate the significant functions of IGF1 on somatic regulation in zebrafish, with asymmetric gender-related consequences. Our data thus suggest that the zebrafish IGF1 is preferentially required for the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in male zebrafish, but glucose uptake in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiankang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - TingTing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Chuang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiyong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qiyong Lou,
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Utoh R, Enomoto S, Yamada M, Yamanaka K, Yajima Y, Furusawa K, Seki M. Polyanion-induced, microfluidic engineering of fragmented collagen microfibers for reconstituting extracellular environments of 3D hepatocyte culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112417. [PMID: 34579926 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artificial biological scaffolds made of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as type I collagen, provide ideal physicochemical cues to various cell culture platforms. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate micrometer-sized ECM materials with precisely controlled morphologies that could reconstitute the 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironments surrounding cells. In the present study, we proposed a unique process to fabricate fragmented collagen microfibers using a microfluidic laminar-flow system. The continuous flow of an acidic collagen solution was neutralized to generate solid fibers, which were subsequently fragmented by applying a gentle shear stress in a polyanion-containing phosphate buffer. The morphology of the fiber fragment was controllable in a wide range by changing the type and/or concentration of the polyanion and by tuning the applied shear stress. The biological benefits of the fragmented fibers were investigated through the formation of multicellular spheroids composed of primary rat hepatocytes and microfibers on non-cell-adhesive micro-vessels. The microfibers enhanced the survival and functions of the hepatocytes and reproduced proper cell polarity, because the fibers facilitated the formation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions while modulating the close packing of cells. These results clearly indicated that the microengineered fragmented collagen fibers have great potential to reconstitute extracellular microenvironments for hepatocytes in 3D culture, which will be of significant benefit for cell-based drug testing and bottom-up tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sakiko Enomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Keigo Yamanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuya Yajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuya Furusawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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12
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Rizki-Safitri A, Tokito F, Nishikawa M, Tanaka M, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Sakai Y. Prospect of in vitro Bile Fluids Collection in Improving Cell-Based Assay of Liver Function. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:657432. [PMID: 35295147 PMCID: PMC8915818 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.657432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in the clearance of drugs. Reliable assays for liver function are crucial for various metabolism investigation, including toxicity, disease, and pre-clinical testing for drug development. Bile is an aqueous secretion of a functioning liver. Analyses of bile are used to explain drug clearance and related effects and are thus important for toxicology and pharmacokinetic research. Bile fluids collection is extensively performed in vivo, whereas this process is rarely reproduced as in the in vitro studies. The key to success is the technology involved, which needs to satisfy multiple criteria. To ensure the accuracy of subsequent chemical analyses, certain amounts of bile are needed. Additionally, non-invasive and continuous collections are preferable in view of cell culture. In this review, we summarize recent progress and limitations in the field. We highlight attempts to develop advanced liver cultures for bile fluids collection, including methods to stimulate the secretion of bile in vitro. With these strategies, researchers have used a variety of cell sources, extracellular matrix proteins, and growth factors to investigate different cell-culture environments, including three-dimensional spheroids, cocultures, and microfluidic devices. Effective combinations of expertise and technology have the potential to overcome these obstacles to achieve reliable in vitro bile assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tokito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (IQB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Duivenvoorde LPM, Louisse J, Pinckaers NET, Nguyen T, van der Zande M. Comparison of gene expression and biotransformation activity of HepaRG cells under static and dynamic culture conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10327. [PMID: 33990636 PMCID: PMC8121841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow conditions have been shown to be important in improving longevity and functionality of primary hepatocytes, but the impact of flow on HepaRG cells is largely unknown. We studied the expression of genes encoding CYP enzymes and transporter proteins and CYP1 and CYP3A4 activity during 8 weeks of culture in HepaRG cells cultured under static conditions (conventional 24-/96-well plate culture with common bicarbonate/CO2 buffering) and under flow conditions in an organ-on-chip (OOC) device. Since the OOC-device is a closed system, bicarbonate/CO2 buffering was not possible, requiring application of another buffering agent, such as HEPES. In order to disentangle the effects of HEPES from the effects of flow, we also applied HEPES-supplemented medium in static cultures and studied gene expression and CYP activity. We found that cells cultured under flow conditions in the OOC-device, as well as cells cultured under static conditions with HEPES-supplemented medium, showed more stable gene expression levels. Furthermore, only cells cultured in the OOC-device showed relatively high baseline CYP1 activity, and their gene expression levels of selected CYPs and transporters were most similar to gene expression levels in human primary hepatocytes. However, there was a decrease in baseline CYP3A4 activity under flow conditions compared to HepaRG cells cultured under static conditions. Altogether, the present study shows that HepaRG cells cultured in the OOC-device were more stable than in static cultures, being a promising in vitro model to study hepatoxicity of chemicals upon chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes P M Duivenvoorde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole E T Pinckaers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tien Nguyen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Soluble adenylyl cyclase regulates the cytosolic NADH/NAD + redox state and the bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148367. [PMID: 33412125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, ADCY10) mediates cAMP signaling exclusively in intracellular compartments. Because sAC activity is sensitive to local concentrations of ATP, bicarbonate, and free Ca2+, sAC is potentially an important metabolic sensor. Nonetheless, little is known about how sAC regulates energy metabolism in intact cells. In this study, we demonstrated that both pharmacological and genetic suppression of sAC resulted in increased lactate secretion and decreased pyruvate secretion in multiple cell lines and primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The increased extracellular lactate-to-pyruvate ratio upon sAC suppression reflected an increased cytosolic free [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio, which was corroborated by using the NADH/NAD+ redox biosensor Peredox-mCherry. Mechanistic studies in permeabilized HepG2 cells showed that sAC inhibition specifically suppressed complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. A survey of cAMP effectors revealed that only selective inhibition of exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1), but not protein kinase A (PKA) or Epac2, suppressed complex I-dependent respiration and significantly increased the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ redox state. Analysis of the ATP production rate and the adenylate energy charge showed that inhibiting sAC reciprocally affects ATP production by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation while maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. In conclusion, our study shows that, via the regulation of complex I-dependent mitochondrial respiration, sAC-Epac1 signaling regulates the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ redox state, and coordinates oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis to maintain cellular energy homeostasis. As such, sAC is effectively a bioenergetic switch between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation at the post-translational level.
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15
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Go S, Kramer TT, Verhoeven AJ, Oude Elferink RPJ, Chang JC. The extracellular lactate-to-pyruvate ratio modulates the sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via the cytosolic NADH/NAD + redox state. Apoptosis 2020; 26:38-51. [PMID: 33230593 PMCID: PMC7902596 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The advantages of the Warburg effect on tumor growth and progression are well recognized. However, the relevance of the Warburg effect for the inherent resistance to apoptosis of cancer cells has received much less attention. Here, we show here that the Warburg effect modulates the extracellular lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, which profoundly regulates the sensitivity towards apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in several cell lines. To induce oxidative stress, we used the rapid apoptosis inducer Raptinal. We observed that medium conditioned by HepG2 cells has a high lactate-to-pyruvate ratio and confers resistance to Raptinal-induced apoptosis. In addition, imposing a high extracellular lactate-to-pyruvate ratio in media reduces the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ redox state and protects against Raptinal-induced apoptosis. Conversely, a low extracellular lactate-to-pyruvate ratio oxidizes the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ redox state and sensitizes HepG2 cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, a high extracellular lactate-to-pyruvate ratio decreases the activation of JNK and Bax under oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Our observations demonstrate that the Warburg effect of cancer cells generates an anti-apoptotic extracellular environment by elevating the extracellular lactate-to-pyruvate ratio which desensitizes cancer cells towards apoptotic insults. Consequently, our study suggests that the Warburg effect can be targeted to reverse the lactate-to-pyruvate ratios in the tumor microenvironment and thereby re-sensitize cancer cells to oxidative stress-inducing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Go
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorquil T Kramer
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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van der Mark VA, Adam AAA, Chang JC, Oude Elferink RP, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor and shaken 3D-culturing increase biotransformation and oxidative phosphorylation and sensitivity to mitochondrial amiodarone toxicity of HepaRG cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115055. [PMID: 32428594 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver cell line HepaRG is one of the preferred sources of human hepatocytes for in vitro applications. However, mitochondrial energy metabolism is relatively low, which affects hepatic functionality and sensitivity to hepatotoxins. Culturing in a bioartificial liver (BAL) system with high oxygen, medium perfusion, low substrate stiffness, and 3D conformation increases HepaRG functionality and mitochondrial activity compared to conventional monolayer culturing. In addition, drug metabolism has been improved by overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a regulator of drug and energy metabolism in the new HepaRG-CAR line. Here, we investigated the effect of BAL culturing on the HepaRG-CAR line by applying a simple and downscaled BAL culture procedure based on shaking 3D cultures, named Bal-in-a-dish (BALIAD). We compared monolayer and BALIAD cultures of HepaRG and HepaRG-CAR cells. CAR overexpression and BALIAD culturing synergistically or additively increased transcript levels of CAR and three of the seven tested CAR target genes in biotransformation. Additionally, Cytochrome P450 3A4 activity was 35-fold increased. The mitochondrial energy metabolism was enhanced; lactate production and glucose consumption switched into lactate elimination and glucose production. BALIAD culturing alone reduced glycogen content and increased oxygen consumption and mitochondrial content. Both CAR overexpression and BALIAD culturing decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels. HepaRG-CAR BALIADs were most sensitive to mitochondrial toxicity induced by the hepatotoxin amiodarone, as indicated by oxygen consumption and mitochondrial superoxide accumulation. These data show that BALIAD culturing of HepaRG-CAR cells induces high mitochondrial energy metabolism and xenobiotic metabolism, increasing its potential for drug toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A van der Mark
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aziza A A Adam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Damm G, Schicht G, Zimmermann A, Rennert C, Fischer N, Kießig M, Wagner T, Kegel V, Seehofer D. Effect of glucose and insulin supplementation on the isolation of primary human hepatocytes. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:1071-1091. [PMID: 31839763 PMCID: PMC6909377 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) remain the gold standard for in vitro investigations of xenobiotic metabolism and hepatotoxicity. However, scarcity of liver tissue and novel developments in liver surgery has limited the availability and quality of tissue samples. In particular, warm ischemia shifts the intracellular metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, which increases glycogenolysis, glucose depletion and energy deficiency. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplementation with glucose and insulin during PHH isolation could reconstitute intracellular glycogen storage and beneficially affect viability and functionality. Furthermore, the study elucidated whether the susceptibility of the tissue's energy status correlates with body mass index (BMI). PHHs from 12 donors were isolated from human liver tissue obtained from partial liver resections using a two-step EDTA/collagenase perfusion technique. For a direct comparison of the influence of glucose/insulin supplementation, we modified the setup, enabling the parallel isolation of two pieces of one tissue sample with varying perfusate. Independent of the BMI of the patient, the glycogen content in liver tissue was notably low in the majority of samples. Furthermore, supplementation with glucose and insulin had no beneficial effect on the glycogen concentration of isolated PHHs. However, an indirect improvement of the availability of energy was shown by increased viability, plating efficiency and partial cellular activity after supplementation. The plating efficiency showed a striking inverse correlation with increasing lipid content of PHHs. However, 60 h of cultivation time revealed no significant impact on the maintenance of albumin and urea synthesis or xenobiotic metabolism after supplementation. In conclusion, surgical procedures and tissue handling may decrease hepatic energy resources and lead to cell stress and death. Consequently, PHHs with low energy resources die during the isolation process without supplementation of glucose/insulin or early cell culture, while their survival rates are improved with glucose/insulin supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerda Schicht
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Zimmermann
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Rennert
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Kießig
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Kegel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Adam AAA, van der Mark VA, Ruiter JPN, Wanders RJA, Oude Elferink RPJ, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Overexpression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 significantly improves ureagenesis of human liver HepaRG cells only when cultured under shaking conditions. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:298-308. [PMID: 30802674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is an important contributing factor to hepatic encephalopathy in end-stage liver failure patients. Therefore reducing hyperammonemia is a requisite of bioartificial liver support (BAL). Ammonia elimination by human liver HepaRG cells occurs predominantly through reversible fixation into amino acids, whereas the irreversible conversion into urea is limited. Compared to human liver, the expression and activity of the three urea cycle (UC) enzymes carbamoyl-phosphate synthase1 (CPS1), ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) and arginase1, are low. To improve HepaRG cells as BAL biocomponent, its rate limiting factor of the UC was determined under two culture conditions: static and dynamic medium flow (DMF) achieved by shaking. HepaRG cells increasingly converted escalating arginine doses into urea, indicating that arginase activity is not limiting ureagenesis. Neither was OTC activity, as a stable HepaRG line overexpressing OTC exhibited a 90- and 15.7-fold upregulation of OTC transcript and activity levels, without improvement in ureagenesis. However, a stable HepaRG line overexpressing CPS1 showed increased mitochondrial stress and reduced hepatic differentiation without promotion of the CPS1 transcript level or ureagenesis under static-culturing conditions, yet, it exhibited a 4.3-fold increased ureagenesis under DMF. This was associated with increased CPS1 transcript and activity levels amounting to >2-fold, increased mitochondrial abundance and hepatic differentiation. Unexpectedly, the transcript levels of several other UC genes increased up to 6.8-fold. We conclude that ureagenesis can be improved in HepaRG cells by CPS1 overexpression, however, only in combination with DMF-culturing, suggesting that both the low CPS1 level and static-culturing, possibly due to insufficient mitochondria, are limiting UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A A Adam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A van der Mark
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Surgical Laboratory, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P N Ruiter
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Surgical Laboratory, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Cafeteria Diet Feeding in Young Rats Leads to Hepatic Steatosis and Increased Gluconeogenesis under Fatty Acids and Glucagon Influence. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111571. [PMID: 30360555 PMCID: PMC6266290 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis overstimulation due to hepatic insulin resistance is the best-known mechanism behind elevated glycemia in obese subjects with hepatic steatosis. This suggests that glucose production in fatty livers may differ from that of healthy livers, also in response to other gluconeogenic determinant factors, such as the type of substrate and modulators. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these factors on hepatic gluconeogenesis in cafeteria diet-induced obese adult rats submitted to a cafeteria diet at a young age. The livers of the cafeteria group exhibited higher gluconeogenesis rates when glycerol was the substrate, but lower rates were found when lactate and pyruvate were the substrates. Stearate or glucagon caused higher stimulations in gluconeogenesis in cafeteria group livers, irrespective of the gluconeogenic substrates. An increased mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio and a reduced rate of 14CO2 production from [14C] fatty acids suggested restriction of the citric acid cycle. The higher glycogen and lipid levels were possibly the cause for the reduced cellular and vascular spaces found in cafeteria group livers, likely contributing to oxygen consumption restriction. In conclusion, specific substrates and gluconeogenic modulators contribute to a higher stimulation of gluconeogenesis in livers from the cafeteria group.
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