1
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Volfart A, Rossion B. The neuropsychological evaluation of face identity recognition. Neuropsychologia 2024; 198:108865. [PMID: 38522782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Facial identity recognition (FIR) is arguably the ultimate form of recognition for the adult human brain. Even if the term prosopagnosia is reserved for exceptionally rare brain-damaged cases with a category-specific abrupt loss of FIR at adulthood, subjective and objective impairments or difficulties of FIR are common in the neuropsychological population. Here we provide a critical overview of the evaluation of FIR both for clinicians and researchers in neuropsychology. FIR impairments occur following many causes that should be identified objectively by both general and specific, behavioral and neural examinations. We refute the commonly used dissociation between perceptual and memory deficits/tests for FIR, since even a task involving the discrimination of unfamiliar face images presented side-by-side relies on cortical memories of faces in the right-lateralized ventral occipito-temporal cortex. Another frequently encountered confusion is between specific deficits of the FIR function and a more general impairment of semantic memory (of people), the latter being most often encountered following anterior temporal lobe damage. Many computerized tests aimed at evaluating FIR have appeared over the last two decades, as reviewed here. However, despite undeniable strengths, they often suffer from ecological limitations, difficulties of instruction, as well as a lack of consideration for processing speed and qualitative information. Taking into account these issues, a recently developed behavioral test with natural images manipulating face familiarity, stimulus inversion, and correct response times as a key variable appears promising. The measurement of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in the frequency domain from fast periodic visual stimulation also appears as a particularly promising tool to complete and enhance the neuropsychological assessment of FIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Volfart
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000, Nancy, France.
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2
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Basile BM, Waters SJ, Murray EA. What does preferential viewing tell us about the neurobiology of recognition memory? Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:326-337. [PMID: 38582659 PMCID: PMC11096050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The two tests most widely used in nonhuman primates to assess the neurobiology of recognition memory produce conflicting results. Preferential viewing tests (e.g., visual paired comparison) produce robust impairments following hippocampal lesions, whereas matching tests (e.g., delayed nonmatching-to-sample) often show complete sparing. Here, we review the data, the proposed explanations for this discrepancy, and then critically evaluate those explanations. The most likely explanation is that preferential viewing tests are not a process-pure assessment of recognition memory, but also test elements of novelty-seeking, habituation, and motivation. These confounds likely explain the conflicting results. Thus, we propose that memory researchers should prefer explicit matching tests and readers interested in the neural substrates of recognition memory should give explicit matching tests greater interpretive weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer J Waters
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Murray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Miller TD, Kennard C, Gowland PA, Antoniades CA, Rosenthal CR. Differential effects of bilateral hippocampal CA3 damage on the implicit learning and recognition of complex event sequences. Cogn Neurosci 2024; 15:27-55. [PMID: 38384107 PMCID: PMC11147457 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2315818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Learning regularities in the environment is a fundament of human cognition, which is supported by a network of brain regions that include the hippocampus. In two experiments, we assessed the effects of selective bilateral damage to human hippocampal subregion CA3, which was associated with autobiographical episodic amnesia extending ~50 years prior to the damage, on the ability to recognize complex, deterministic event sequences presented either in a spatial or a non-spatial configuration. In contrast to findings from related paradigms, modalities, and homologue species, hippocampal damage did not preclude recognition memory for an event sequence studied and tested at four spatial locations, whereas recognition memory for an event sequence presented at a single location was at chance. In two additional experiments, recognition memory for novel single-items was intact, whereas the ability to recognize novel single-items in a different location from that presented at study was at chance. The results are at variance with a general role of the hippocampus in the learning and recognition of complex event sequences based on non-adjacent spatial and temporal dependencies. We discuss the impact of the results on established theoretical accounts of the hippocampal contributions to implicit sequence learning and episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Miller
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Christopher Kennard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Penny A. Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Clive R. Rosenthal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Yonelinas A, Hawkins C, Abovian A, Aly M. The role of recollection, familiarity, and the hippocampus in episodic and working memory. Neuropsychologia 2024; 193:108777. [PMID: 38141964 PMCID: PMC10872349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an essential role in long-term episodic memory by supporting the recollection of contextual details, whereas surrounding regions such as the perirhinal cortex support familiarity-based recognition discriminations. Working memory - the ability to maintain information over very brief periods of time - is traditionally thought to rely heavily on frontoparietal attention networks, but recent work has shown that it can also rely on the hippocampus. However, the conditions in which the hippocampus becomes involved in working memory tasks are unclear and whether it contributes to recollection or familiarity-based responses in working memory is only beginning to be explored. In the current paper, we first review and contrast the existing amnesia literature examining recollection and familiarity in episodic and working memory. The results indicate that recollection and familiarity contribute to both episodic and working memory. However, in contrast to episodic memory, in working memory the hippocampus is particularly critical for familiarity-based rather than recollection-based discrimination. Moreover, the results indicate that the role of the hippocampus in working memory can be obscured due to 'criterion-induced process-masking' because it primarily supports intermediate-confidence recognition decisions. We then report results from a new working memory study examining the ability of amnesics to detect global and local changes in novel complex objects (i.e., fribbles), which indicates that the hippocampus plays an especially critical role in working memory when the task requires the detection of global rather than discrete changes. We conclude by considering the results in light of neurocomputational models and proposing a general framework for understanding the relationship between episodic and working memory.
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5
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Levi A, Pugsley A, Fernandes MA, Turner GR, Gilboa A. Drawing improves memory in patients with hippocampal damage. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-023-01505-4. [PMID: 38180603 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a critical role in the formation of declarative memories, and hippocampal damage leads to significant impairments in new memory formation. Drawing can serve as a form of multi-modal encoding that improves declarative memory performance relative to other multimodal encoding strategies such as writing. We examined whether, and to what extent, patients with hippocampal damage could benefit from the mnemonic strategy of drawing. Three patients with focal hippocampal damage, and one patient with both hippocampal and cortical lesions, in addition to 22 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls, were shown a list of words one at a time during encoding and instructed to either draw a picture or repeatedly write each word for 40 s. Following a brief filled delay, free recall and recognition memory for words from both encoding trial types were assessed. Controls showed enhanced recall and recognition memory for words drawn versus those that were written, an effect that was even more pronounced in patients with focal hippocampal damage. By contrast, the patient with both hippocampal and cortical lesions showed no drawing-mediated boost in either recall or recognition memory. These findings demonstrate that drawing is an effective encoding strategy, likely accruing from the engagement of extra-hippocampal processes including the integration of cortical-based motor, visual, and semantic processing, enabling more elaborative encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levi
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, 3560 Bathurst St., North York, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - A Pugsley
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, 3560 Bathurst St., North York, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M A Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - G R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, 3560 Bathurst St., North York, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Aggleton JP, Vann SD, O'Mara SM. Converging diencephalic and hippocampal supports for episodic memory. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108728. [PMID: 37939875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the neural basis of episodic memory it is necessary to appreciate the significance of the fornix. This pathway creates a direct link between those temporal lobe and medial diencephalic sites responsible for anterograde amnesia. A collaboration with Andrew Mayes made it possible to recruit and scan 38 patients with colloid cysts in the third ventricle, a condition associated with variable fornix damage. Complete fornix loss was seen in three patients, who suffered chronic long-term memory problems. Volumetric analyses involving all 38 patients then revealed a highly consistent relationship between mammillary body volume and the recall of episodic memory. That relationship was not seen for working memory or tests of recognition memory. Three different methods all supported a dissociation between recollective-based recognition (impaired) and familiarity-based recognition (spared). This dissociation helped to show how the mammillary body-anterior thalamic nuclei axis, as well as the hippocampus, is vital for episodic memory yet is not required for familiarity-based recognition. These findings set the scene for a reformulation of temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia. In this revised model, these two regions converge on overlapping cortical areas, including retrosplenial cortex. The united actions of the hippocampal formation and the anterior thalamic nuclei on these cortical areas enable episodic memory encoding and consolidation, impacting on subsequent recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Shane M O'Mara
- School of Psychology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin - the University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland.
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7
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Kim S, Adams JN, Chappel-Farley MG, Keator D, Janecek J, Taylor L, Mikhail A, Hollearn M, McMillan L, Rapp P, Yassa MA. Examining the diagnostic value of the mnemonic discrimination task for classification of cognitive status and amyloid-beta burden. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108727. [PMID: 37939874 PMCID: PMC10764118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, characterized by early memory impairments and gradual worsening of daily functions. AD-related pathology, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, begins to accumulate many years before the onset of clinical symptoms. Predicting risk for AD via related pathology is critical as the preclinical stage could serve as a therapeutic time window, allowing for early management of the disease and reducing health and economic costs. Current methods for detecting AD pathology, however, are often expensive and invasive, limiting wide and easy access to a clinical setting. A non-invasive, cost-efficient platform, such as computerized cognitive tests, could be potentially useful to identify at-risk individuals as early as possible. In this study, we examined the diagnostic value of an episodic memory task, the mnemonic discrimination task (MDT), for predicting risk of cognitive impairment or Aβ burden. We constructed a random forest classification algorithm, utilizing MDT performance metrics and various neuropsychological test scores as input features, and assessed model performance using area under the curve (AUC). Models based on MDT performance metrics achieved classification results with an AUC of 0.83 for cognitive status and an AUC of 0.64 for Aβ status. Our findings suggest that mnemonic discrimination function may be a useful predictor of progression to prodromal AD or increased risk of Aβ load, which could be a cost-efficient, noninvasive cognitive testing solution for potentially wide-scale assessment of AD pathological and cognitive risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyun Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Jenna N Adams
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Miranda G Chappel-Farley
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Keator
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - John Janecek
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Taylor
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Abanoub Mikhail
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Martina Hollearn
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Liv McMillan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rapp
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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Basile BM, Costa VD, Schafroth JL, Karaskiewicz CL, Lucas DR, Murray EA. The amygdala is not necessary for the familiarity aspect of recognition memory. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8109. [PMID: 38062014 PMCID: PMC10703781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-process accounts of item recognition posit two memory processes: slow but detailed recollection, and quick but vague familiarity. It has been proposed, based on prior rodent work, that the amygdala is critical for the familiarity aspect of item recognition. Here, we evaluated this proposal in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with selective bilateral excitotoxic amygdala damage. We used four established visual memory tests designed to assess different aspects of familiarity, all administered on touchscreen computers. Specifically, we assessed monkeys' tendencies to make low-latency false alarms, to make false alarms to recently seen lures, to produce curvilinear ROC curves, and to discriminate stimuli based on repetition across days. Three of the four tests showed no familiarity impairment and the fourth was explained by a deficit in reward processing. Consistent with this, amygdala damage did produce an anticipated deficit in reward processing in a three-arm-bandit gambling task, verifying the effectiveness of the lesions. Together, these results contradict prior rodent work and suggest that the amygdala is not critical for the familiarity aspect of item recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Basile
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA.
| | - Vincent D Costa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jamie L Schafroth
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chloe L Karaskiewicz
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Lucas
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Murray
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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9
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Waters SJ, Basile BM, Murray EA. Reevaluating the role of the hippocampus in memory: A meta-analysis of neurotoxic lesion studies in nonhuman primates. Hippocampus 2023; 33:787-807. [PMID: 36649170 PMCID: PMC10213107 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and perirhinal cortex are both broadly implicated in memory; nevertheless, their relative contributions to visual item recognition and location memory remain disputed. Neuropsychological studies in nonhuman primates that examine memory function after selective damage to medial temporal lobe structures report various levels of memory impairment-ranging from minor deficits to profound amnesia. The discrepancies in published findings have complicated efforts to determine the exact magnitude of visual item recognition and location memory impairments following damage to the hippocampus and/or perirhinal cortex. To provide the most accurate estimate to date of the overall effect size, we use meta-analytic techniques on data aggregated from 26 publications that assessed visual item recognition and/or location memory in nonhuman primates with and without selective neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus or perirhinal cortex. We estimated the overall effect size, evaluated the relation between lesion extent and effect size, and investigated factors that may account for between-study variation. Grouping studies by lesion target and testing method, separate meta-analyses were conducted. One meta-analysis indicated that impairments on tests of visual item recognition were larger after lesions of perirhinal cortex than after lesions of the hippocampus. A separate meta-analysis showed that performance on tests of location memory was severely impaired by lesions of the hippocampus. For the most part, meta-regressions indicated that greater impairment corresponds with greater lesion extent; paradoxically, however, more extensive hippocampal lesions predicted smaller impairments on tests of visual item recognition. We conclude the perirhinal cortex makes a larger contribution than the hippocampus to visual item recognition, and the hippocampus predominately contributes to spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J. Waters
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Basile
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
- Department of Psychology, Dickinson College, Carlisle PA, USA
| | - Elisabeth A. Murray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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10
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Hakobyan O, Cheng S. Recognition Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: The Complex Influence of Input Statistics, Memory, and Decision-making. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1032-1055. [PMID: 33656399 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is the standard tool for studying recognition memory. In particular, the curvilinearity and the y-offset of recognition ROC curves have been interpreted as indicative of either memory strength (single-process models) or different memory processes (dual-process model). The distinction between familiarity and recollection has been widely studied in cognitive neuroscience in a variety of conditions, including lesions of different brain regions. We develop a computational model that explicitly shows how performance in recognition memory is affected by a complex and, as yet, underappreciated interplay of various factors, such as stimulus statistics, memory processing, and decision-making. We demonstrate that (1) the factors in the model affect recognition ROC curves in unexpected ways, (2) fitting R and F parameters according to the dual-process model is not particularly useful for understanding the underlying processes, and (3) the variability of recognition ROC curves and the controversies they have caused might be due to the uncontrolled variability in the contributing factors. Although our model is abstract, its functional components can be mapped onto brain regions, which are involved in corresponding functions. This enables us to reproduce and interpret in a coherent framework the diverse effects on recognition memory that have been reported in patients with frontal and hippocampal lesions. To conclude, our work highlights the importance of the rich interplay of a variety of factors in driving recognition memory performance, which has to be taken into account when interpreting recognition ROC curves.
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11
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Perosa V, Priester A, Ziegler G, Cardenas-Blanco A, Dobisch L, Spallazzi M, Assmann A, Maass A, Speck O, Oltmer J, Heinze HJ, Schreiber S, Düzel E. Hippocampal vascular reserve associated with cognitive performance and hippocampal volume. Brain 2020; 143:622-634. [PMID: 31994699 PMCID: PMC7009470 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe dependent cognitive functions are highly vulnerable to hypoxia in the hippocampal region, yet little is known about the relationship between the richness of hippocampal vascular supply and cognition. Hippocampal vascularization patterns have been categorized into a mixed supply from both the posterior cerebral artery and the anterior choroidal artery or a single supply by the posterior cerebral artery only. Hippocampal arteries are small and affected by pathological changes when cerebral small vessel disease is present. We hypothesized, that hippocampal vascularization patterns may be important trait markers for vascular reserve and modulate (i) cognitive performance; (ii) structural hippocampal integrity; and (iii) the effect of cerebral small vessel disease on cognition. Using high-resolution 7 T time-of-flight angiography we manually classified hippocampal vascularization patterns in older adults with and without cerebral small vessel disease in vivo. The presence of a mixed supplied hippocampus was an advantage in several cognitive domains, including verbal list learning and global cognition. A mixed supplied hippocampus also was an advantage for verbal memory performance in cerebral small vessel disease. Voxel-based morphometry showed higher anterior hippocampal grey matter volume in mixed, compared to single supply. We discuss that a mixed hippocampal supply, as opposed to a single one, may increase the reliability of hippocampal blood supply and thereby provide a hippocampal vascular reserve that protects against cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perosa
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Priester
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arturo Cardenas-Blanco
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura Dobisch
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco Spallazzi
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy
| | - Anne Assmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Maass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Speck
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan Oltmer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Miller TD, Chong TTJ, Aimola Davies AM, Johnson MR, Irani SR, Husain M, Ng TWC, Jacob S, Maddison P, Kennard C, Gowland PA, Rosenthal CR. Human hippocampal CA3 damage disrupts both recent and remote episodic memories. eLife 2020; 9:e41836. [PMID: 31976861 PMCID: PMC6980860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical-hippocampal interactions support new episodic (event) memories, but there is conflicting evidence about the dependence of remote episodic memories on the hippocampus. In line with systems consolidation and computational theories of episodic memory, evidence from model organisms suggests that the cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) hippocampal subfield supports recent, but not remote, episodic retrieval. In this study, we demonstrated that recent and remote memories were susceptible to a loss of episodic detail in human participants with focal bilateral damage to CA3. Graph theoretic analyses of 7.0-Tesla resting-state fMRI data revealed that CA3 damage disrupted functional integration across the medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem of the default network. The loss of functional integration in MTL subsystem regions was predictive of autobiographical episodic retrieval performance. We conclude that human CA3 is necessary for the retrieval of episodic memories long after their initial acquisition and functional integration of the default network is important for autobiographical episodic memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Miller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyRoyal Free HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Trevor T-J Chong
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical NeurosciencesMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Anne M Aimola Davies
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Research School of PsychologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Michael R Johnson
- Division of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tammy WC Ng
- Department of AnaesthesticsRoyal Free HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Saiju Jacob
- Neurology Department, Queen Elizabeth Neuroscience CentreUniversity Hospitals of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Maddison
- Neurology DepartmentQueen’s Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher Kennard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Clive R Rosenthal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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13
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Familiarity impairments after anterior temporal-lobe resection with hippocampal sparing: Lessons learned from case NB. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107339. [PMID: 31930957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We review evidence from an extensive single case study in an individual (NB) who underwent a rare left-sided anterior temporal-lobe resection with sparing of the hippocampus. Our study aimed to determine whether memory functions of perirhinal cortex, which was largely removed in the resection, can be impaired against a background of preserved hippocampus-dependent memory processing. This research was guided by the proposal that item-based familiarity assessment relies on contributions of perirhinal cortex, and that the hippocampus plays a unique role in the relational binding of items to episodic contexts, which is critical for recollection. Seven sets of findings have emerged from our research on NB (synthesized from five primary research articles), and from follow-up work in other patients: (i) Familiarity impairments can be selective and be revealed with multiple methods; (ii) selective familiarity and selective recollection impairments can be double dissociated; (iii) selective familiarity impairments show material specificity; (iv) selective familiarity impairments extend to assessment of cumulative lifetime experience; (v) selective familiarity impairments are sensitive to degree of feature overlap between object concepts; (vi) selective familiarity impairments are associated with preserved task-related fMRI signals in the hippocampus; (vii) selective familiarity impairments can be observed in other lesion cases. Despite our main focus on the dual-process framework, we also discuss implications for the functional organization of the medial temporal lobes in broader terms. We argue that our findings shed light on this organization even if the functional specialization of different medial temporal structures is ultimately not fully captured with reference to the cognitive distinction between familiarity and recollection.
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14
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Despouy E, Curot J, Deudon M, Gardy L, Denuelle M, Sol JC, Lotterie JA, Valton L, Barbeau EJ. A Fast Visual Recognition Memory System in Humans Identified Using Intracerebral ERP. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2961-2971. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
One key item of information retrieved when surveying our visual world is whether or not objects are familiar. However, there is no consensus on the respective roles of medial temporal lobe structures, particularly the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and hippocampus. We considered whether the PRC could support a fast recognition memory system independently from the hippocampus. We recorded the intracerebral electroencephalograph activity of epileptic patients while they were performing a fast visual recognition memory task, constraining them to use their quickest strategy. We performed event-related potential (ERP) and classification analyses. The PRC was, by far, the earliest region involved in recognition memory. This activity occurred before the first behavioral responses and was found to be related to reaction times, unlike the hippocampus. Single-trial analyses showed that decoding power was equivalent in the PRC and hippocampus but occurred much earlier in the PRC. A critical finding was that recognition memory-related activity occurred in different frontal and parietal regions, including the supplementary motor area, before the hippocampus. These results, based on ERP analyses, suggest that the human brain is equipped with a fast recognition memory system, which may bypass the hippocampus and in which the PRC plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Despouy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
- Dixi medical, Chaudefontaine 25640, France
| | - Jonathan Curot
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
- Explorations neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Martin Deudon
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
| | - Ludovic Gardy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
| | - Marie Denuelle
- Explorations neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sol
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse 31024, France
- Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Jean-Albert Lotterie
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse 31024, France
- Radiochirurgie stéréotaxique, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Luc Valton
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
- Explorations neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
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15
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Curot J, Pariente J, Hupé JM, Lotterie JA, Mirabel H, Barbeau EJ. Déjà vu and prescience in a case of severe episodic amnesia following bilateral hippocampal lesions. Memory 2019; 29:843-858. [PMID: 31587614 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1673426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several studies pertaining to déjà vu have consistently made a connection with the perirhinal region, a region located below the hippocampus. This idea is strengthened by the fact that déjà vu is an erroneous sense of familiarity and that familiarity appears to largely depend on the perirhinal region in healthy subjects. In this context, the role of the hippocampus is particularly unclear as it is unknown whether or not it plays a role in the genesis of déjà vu. We report on the case of OHVR, an epileptic patient who suffers from severe episodic amnesia related to massive isolated bilateral damage to the hippocampus. In contrast, the perirhinal region is intact structurally and functionally. This patient reports frequent déjà vu but also another experiential phenomenon with a prominent feeling of prescience, which shows some of the characteristics of déjà vécu. She clearly distinguishes both. She also developed a form of synaesthesia by attributing affective valence to numbers. This study shows that déjà vu can occur in cases of amnesia with massively damaged hippocampi and confirms that the perirhinal region is a core region for déjà vu, using a different approach from previous reports. It also provides clues about a potential influence of hippocampal alterations in déjà vécu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Curot
- Neurologie, Hôpital Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,CerCo, UMR 5549, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Neurologie, Hôpital Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Michel Hupé
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,CerCo, UMR 5549, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Albert Lotterie
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France.,Radiochirurgie stéréotaxique, Hôpital Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Mirabel
- Neurologie, Hôpital Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,CerCo, UMR 5549, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France
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16
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Cowell RA, Barense MD, Sadil PS. A Roadmap for Understanding Memory: Decomposing Cognitive Processes into Operations and Representations. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0122-19.2019. [PMID: 31189554 PMCID: PMC6620388 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0122-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to patients Phineas Gage and Henry Molaison, we have long known that behavioral control depends on the frontal lobes, whereas declarative memory depends on the medial temporal lobes (MTL). For decades, cognitive functions-behavioral control, declarative memory-have served as labels for characterizing the division of labor in cortex. This approach has made enormous contributions to understanding how the brain enables the mind, providing a systems-level explanation of brain function that constrains lower-level investigations of neural mechanism. Today, the approach has evolved such that functional labels are often applied to brain networks rather than focal brain regions. Furthermore, the labels have diversified to include both broadly-defined cognitive functions (declarative memory, visual perception) and more circumscribed mental processes (recollection, familiarity, priming). We ask whether a process-a high-level mental phenomenon corresponding to an introspectively-identifiable cognitive event-is the most productive label for dissecting memory. For example, recollection conflates a neurocomputational operation (pattern completion-based retrieval) with a class of representational content (associative, high-dimensional memories). Because a full theory of memory must identify operations and representations separately, and specify how they interact, we argue that processes like recollection constitute inadequate labels for characterizing neural mechanisms. Instead, we advocate considering the component operations and representations of processes like recollection in isolation. For the organization of memory, the evidence suggests that pattern completion is recapitulated widely across the ventral visual stream and MTL, but the division of labor between sites within this pathway can be explained by representational content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Cowell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Patrick S Sadil
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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17
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Goldfarb EV. Enhancing memory with stress: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. Brain Cogn 2019; 133:94-105. [PMID: 30553573 PMCID: PMC9972486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress can strongly influence what we learn and remember, including by making memories stronger. Experiments probing stress effects on hippocampus-dependent memory in rodents have revealed modulatory factors and physiological mechanisms by which acute stress can enhance long-term memory. However, extending these findings and mechanisms to understand when stress will enhance declarative memory in humans faces important challenges. This review synthesizes human and rodent studies of stress and memory, examining translational gaps related to measurements of declarative memory and stress responses in humans. Human studies diverge from rodent research by assessing declarative memories that may not depend on the hippocampus and by measuring peripheral rather than central stress responses. This highlights opportunities for future research across species, including assessing stress effects on hippocampal-dependent memory processes in humans and relating peripheral stress responses to stress effects on the function of memory-related brain regions in rodents. Together, these investigations will facilitate the translation of stress effects on memory function from rodents to humans and inform interventions that can harness the positive effects of stress on long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Goldfarb
- Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
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18
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Guez J, Saar-Ashkenazy R, Tiferet-Dweck C. Dissociative associative-memory deficit as a function of primacy and recency effects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1545-1554. [PMID: 30877376 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies designed to explore memory for single items versus paired items (i.e., associative memory) in young adults show inconsistent results. Some studies report a decrease in associative recognition and others report mild-to-moderate or even a null effect. The studies often do not take into account stimuli serial position (SSP) when analyzing the locus of associative accuracy. Studies testing SSP often target memory for items, while studies targeting associative memory decline as a function of SSP are lacking. The objective of the current study is to test the separate and joint effect of SSP (experiments 1 + 2) and presentation duration (experiment 2) on memory recognition for items versus associations. We hypothesized that greater associative decline (compared to the expected decline in memory for items with similar serial location) will be observed for the material located at the end of a learning list than the material located at the beginning of a learning list. The results of the two experiments converged and confirmed our hypotheses; the greatest associative deficit was observed for associative material located at the end of the learning list (experiments 1 + 2) and for material presented for short durations (experiment 2). The interaction between SSP and presentation duration did not reach significance; however, a direct estimation of the cumulative deficit of SSP and presentation duration confirmed our hypothesis regarding greater associative deficit for recently presented items for short durations. These results highlight the importance of the joint and separate, effect of SSP and presentation duration to the study of associative memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Guez
- Department of Psychology, Achva Academic College, M.P.O Shikmim, 79800, Beer-Tuvia, Israel. .,Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology and the Faculty of Social-Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Chen Tiferet-Dweck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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19
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L'Ecuyer-Giguère F, Greffou S, Tabet S, Frenette LC, Tinawi S, Feyz M, de Guise E. Visual memory performance following mild traumatic brain injury and its relationship with intellectual functioning. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 27:219-231. [PMID: 30646771 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2018.1528263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To compare the visual memory performance of uncomplicated and complicated mild TBI (mTBI) groups with that of a control group on the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT). We also aimed to explore the influence of factors such as age, gender, education, occupation, and intellectual functioning on visual memory in individuals with mTBI. The RCFT and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II) were administered to 138 participants (90 uncomplicated mTBI patients, 19 complicated mTBI patients, and 29 controls). The mTBI patients demonstrated significantly lower scores than control participants on both immediate and delayed RCFT recall conditions, with performance in the low average and borderline range. However, there was no difference in performance between the two mTBI groups on the recall conditions. In addition, no significant differences were observed across the three groups on the recognition condition. The WASI-II Performance and Verbal IQ scales explained most of the variance in the immediate and delayed RCFT recall conditions but were not associated with performance on the recognition condition. In contrast with the recognition processes involved in visual memory, recall processes seem to be more vulnerable following mTBI and both verbal and performance IQ seem to be related to visual memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny L'Ecuyer-Giguère
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en readaptation du Montreal metropolitain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Selma Greffou
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Tabet
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en readaptation du Montreal metropolitain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucie C Frenette
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en readaptation du Montreal metropolitain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Tinawi
- McGill University Health Center-Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Feyz
- McGill University Health Center-Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elaine de Guise
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en readaptation du Montreal metropolitain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute-McGill, University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Reagh ZM, Ranganath C. What does the functional organization of cortico-hippocampal networks tell us about the functional organization of memory? Neurosci Lett 2018; 680:69-76. [PMID: 29704572 PMCID: PMC6467646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, research on the cognitive processes that support human memory proceeded, to a large extent, independently of research on the neural basis of memory. Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging, however, has enabled the field to develop a broader and more integrative perspective. Here, we briefly outline how advances in cognitive neuroscience can potentially shed light on concepts and controversies in human memory research. We argue that research on the functional properties of cortico-hippocampal networks informs us about how memories might be organized in the brain, which, in turn, helps to reconcile seemingly disparate perspectives in cognitive psychology. Finally, we discuss several open questions and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M Reagh
- Center for Neuroscience, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, United States; Memory and Plasticity (MAP) Program, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States.
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21
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Covington NV, Brown-Schmidt S, Duff MC. The Necessity of the Hippocampus for Statistical Learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:680-697. [PMID: 29308986 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence points to a role for the hippocampus in statistical learning, but open questions about its necessity remain. Evidence for necessity comes from Schapiro and colleagues who report that a single patient with damage to hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe cortex was unable to discriminate new from old sequences in several statistical learning tasks. The aim of the current study was to replicate these methods in a larger group of patients who have either damage localized to hippocampus or broader medial temporal lobe damage, to ascertain the necessity of the hippocampus in statistical learning. Patients with hippocampal damage consistently showed less learning overall compared with healthy comparison participants, consistent with an emerging consensus for hippocampal contributions to statistical learning. Interestingly, lesion size did not reliably predict performance. However, patients with hippocampal damage were not uniformly at chance and demonstrated above-chance performance in some task variants. These results suggest that hippocampus is necessary for statistical learning levels achieved by most healthy comparison participants but significant hippocampal pathology alone does not abolish such learning.
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22
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Lee ACH, Barense MD, Graham KS. The Contribution of the Human Medial Temporal Lobe to Perception: Bridging the Gap between Animal and Human Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:300-25. [PMID: 16194971 DOI: 10.1080/02724990444000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been considered traditionally to subserve declarative memory processes only. Recent studies in nonhuman primates suggest, however, that the MTL may also be critical to higher order perceptual processes, with the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex being involved in scene and object perception, respectively. The current article reviews the human neuropsychological literature to determine whether there is any evidence to suggest that these same views may apply to the human MTL. Although the majority of existing studies report intact perception following MTL damage in human amnesics, there have been recent studies that suggest that when scene and object perception are assessed systematically, signifi-cant impairments in perception become apparent. These findings have important implications for current mnemonic theories of human MTL function and our understanding of human amnesia as a result of MTL lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C H Lee
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Graham KS, Gaffan D. The Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Memory and Perception: Evidence from Rats, Nonhuman Primates and Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:193-201. [PMID: 16194964 DOI: 10.1080/02724990544000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Graham
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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How landmark suitability shapes recognition memory signals for objects in the medial temporal lobes. Neuroimage 2017; 166:425-436. [PMID: 29108942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A role of perirhinal cortex (PrC) in recognition memory for objects has been well established. Contributions of parahippocampal cortex (PhC) to this function, while documented, remain less well understood. Here, we used fMRI to examine whether the organization of item-based recognition memory signals across these two structures is shaped by object category, independent of any difference in representing episodic context. Guided by research suggesting that PhC plays a critical role in processing landmarks, we focused on three categories of objects that differ from each other in their landmark suitability as confirmed with behavioral ratings (buildings > trees > aircraft). Participants made item-based recognition-memory decisions for novel and previously studied objects from these categories, which were matched in accuracy. Multi-voxel pattern classification revealed category-specific item-recognition memory signals along the long axis of PrC and PhC, with no sharp functional boundaries between these structures. Memory signals for buildings were observed in the mid to posterior extent of PhC, signals for trees in anterior to posterior segments of PhC, and signals for aircraft in mid to posterior aspects of PrC and the anterior extent of PhC. Notably, item-based memory signals for the category with highest landmark suitability ratings were observed only in those posterior segments of PhC that also allowed for classification of landmark suitability of objects when memory status was held constant. These findings provide new evidence in support of the notion that item-based memory signals for objects are not limited to PrC, and that the organization of these signals along the longitudinal axis that crosses PrC and PhC can be captured with reference to landmark suitability.
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25
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Familiarity and recollection vs representational models of medial temporal lobe structures: A single-case study. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:76-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory. Cortex 2017; 93:155-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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El Haj M, Janssen SMJ, Antoine P. Memory and time: Backward and forward telescoping in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cogn 2017. [PMID: 28629646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Backward and forward telescoping are opposite timing biases. The former refers to misattributing events to earlier dates, whereas the latter refers to misattributing events to later dates. The present study investigated both biases in participants with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and healthy older adults, matched on age, sex, and education level. Participants were asked to recall the years when five remote and five recent public events had occurred. They were also assessed with a cognitive and clinical battery that included a context memory task on which they had to associate letters and locations. Results showed backward telescoping for recent events and forward telescoping for remote events in AD participants and older adults. Furthermore, poorer context recall was observed in AD participants and older adults displaying backward telescoping than in those displaying forward telescoping. These findings suggest an association between the amount of contextual information recalled and the direction of the timing bias. Backward telescoping can be associated with deficiencies in retrieving context characteristics of events, which have been associated with retrograde amnesia and pathological changes to the hippocampus in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Haj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Unité de Psychogériatrie, Pôle de gérontologie, 59037 Lille, France.
| | | | - Pascal Antoine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
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The effect of focal cortical frontal and posterior lesions on recollection and familiarity in recognition memory. Cortex 2017; 91:316-326. [PMID: 28499557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory can be subdivided into two processes: recollection (a contextually rich memory) and familiarity (a sense that an item is old). The brain network supporting recognition encompasses frontal, parietal and medial temporal regions. Which specific regions within the frontal lobe are critical for recollection vs. familiarity, however, are unknown; past studies of focal lesion patients have yielded conflicting results. We examined patients with focal lesions confined to medial polar (MP), right dorsal frontal (RDF), right frontotemporal (RFT), left dorsal frontal (LDF), temporal, and parietal regions and matched controls. A series of words and their humorous definitions were presented either auditorily or visually to all participants. Recall, recognition, and source memory were tested at 30 min and 24 h delay, along with "remember/know" judgments for recognized items. The MP, RDF, temporal and parietal groups were impaired on subjectively reported recollection; their intact recognition performance was supported by familiarity. None of the groups were impaired on cued recall, recognition familiarity or source memory. These findings suggest that the MP and RDF regions, along with parietal and temporal regions, are necessary for subjectively-reported recollection, while the LDF and right frontal ventral regions, as those affected in the RTF group, are not.
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Nordin K, Herlitz A, Larsson EM, Söderlund H. Overlapping effects of age on associative memory and the anterior hippocampus from middle to older age. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:350-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kafkas A, Migo EM, Morris RG, Kopelman MD, Montaldi D, Mayes AR. Material Specificity Drives Medial Temporal Lobe Familiarity But Not Hippocampal Recollection. Hippocampus 2016; 27:194-209. [PMID: 27859925 PMCID: PMC5299537 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The specific role of the perirhinal (PRC), entorhinal (ERC) and parahippocampal cortices (PHC) in supporting familiarity‐based recognition remains unknown. An fMRI study explored whether these medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures responded in the same way or differentially to familiarity as a function of stimulus type at recognition. A secondary aim was to explore whether the hippocampus responds in the same way to equally strong familiarity and recollection and whether this is influenced by the kind of stimulus involved. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that familiarity responses in the PRC, ERC, PHC and the amygdala are material‐specific. Specifically, the PRC and ERC selectively responded to object familiarity, while the PHC responded to both object and scene familiarity. The amygdala only responded to familiarity memory for faces. The hippocampus did not respond to stimulus familiarity for any of the three types of stimuli, but it did respond to recollection for all three types of stimuli. This was true even when recollection was contrasted to equally accurate familiarity. Overall, the findings suggest that the role of the MTL neocortices and the amygdala in familiarity‐based recognition depends on the kind of stimulus in memory, whereas the role of the hippocampus in recollection is independent of the type of cuing stimulus. © 2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen M Migo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin G Morris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Kopelman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Mayes
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wang Y, Mao X, Li B, Wang W, Guo C. Dissociating the Electrophysiological Correlates between Item Retrieval and Associative Retrieval in Associative Recognition: From the Perspective of Directed Forgetting. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1754. [PMID: 27872605 PMCID: PMC5098155 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many behavioral studies have reported associative memory was different from item memory, evidence coming from ERP researches has been in debate. In addition, directed forgetting effect for items has been fully discussed, but whether association between items can be directed-forgotten was unclear. The directed forgetting effect was important for dissociating the item retrieval and associative retrieval because of the one-to-one mapping relationship both between item retrieval and familiarity and between associative retrieval and recollection. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the dissociation between item retrieval and associative retrieval and test directed forgetting effect for associative information. Associative recognition paradigm combined with directed forgetting paradigm by ERP recording was employed. Old/rearranged effect in to-be-remembered condition, which was associated with associative memory, was significant at 500–800 ms (LPC) but not at 300–500 ms interval (FN400), indicating that item information was retrieved prior to associative information. The ERP wave calculated by subtracting the to-be-forgotten old pairs with “old” response from those with “rearranged” response, which reflected associative retrieval in the to-be-forgotten condition, was negative from 500 to 800 ms (reversed old/new effect), indicating that association between items can be directed-forgotten. Similar evidence was obtained by contrasting “rearranged” responses aimed to the to-be-forgotten old pairs with those aimed to the to-be-remembered rearranged pairs, which actually represented the complete failure of associative retrieval. Therefore, item retrieval and associative retrieval were indexed by FN400 and LPC respectively, with associative retrieval more inhibited than item retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Xinrui Mao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
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Bowles B, Duke D, Rosenbaum RS, McRae K, Köhler S. Impaired assessment of cumulative lifetime familiarity for object concepts after left anterior temporal-lobe resection that includes perirhinal cortex but spares the hippocampus. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Philippi N, Noblet V, Duron E, Cretin B, Boully C, Wisniewski I, Seux ML, Martin-Hunyadi C, Chaussade E, Demuynck C, Kremer S, Lehéricy S, Gounot D, Armspach JP, Hanon O, Blanc F. Exploring anterograde memory: a volumetric MRI study in patients with mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:26. [PMID: 27473839 PMCID: PMC4967326 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this volumetric study was to explore the neuroanatomical correlates of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) and the Delayed Matching-to-Sample-48 items (DMS-48), two tests widely used in France to assess verbal and visual anterograde memory. We wanted to determine to what extent the two tests rely on the medial temporal lobe, and could therefore be predictive of Alzheimer's disease, in which pathological changes typically start in this region. METHODS We analysed data from a cohort of 138 patients with mild cognitive impairment participating in a longitudinal multicentre clinical research study. Verbal memory was assessed using the FCSRT and visual recognition memory was evaluated using the DMS-48. Performances on these two tests were correlated to local grey matter atrophy via structural MRI using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS Our results confirm the existence of a positive correlation between the volume of the medial temporal lobe and the performance on the FCSRT, prominently on the left, and the performance on the DMS-48, on the right, for the whole group of patients (family-wise error, P < 0.05). Interestingly, this region remained implicated only in the subgroup of patients who had deficient scores on the cued recall of the FCSRT, whereas the free recall was associated with prefrontal aspects. For the DMS-48, it was only implicated for the group of patients whose performances declined between the immediate and delayed trial. Conversely, temporo-parietal cortices were implicated when no decline was observed. Within the medial temporal lobe, the parahippocampal gyrus was prominently involved for the FCSRT and the immediate trial of the DMS-48, whereas the hippocampus was solely involved for the delayed trial of the DMS-48. CONCLUSIONS The two tests are able to detect an amnestic profile of the medial temporal type, under the condition that the scores remain deficient after the cued recall of the FCSRT or decline on the delayed recognition trial of the DMS-48. Strategic retrieval as well as perceptual/attentional processes, supported by prefrontal and temporo-parietal cortices, were also found to have an impact on the performances. Finally, the implication of the hippocampus appears time dependent, triggered by a longer delay than the parahippocampus, rather than determined by the sense of recollection or the encoding strength associated with the memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Philippi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Neuropsychology Unit, Strasbourg, France. .,University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France. .,University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France. .,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - V Noblet
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Duron
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - B Cretin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Neuropsychology Unit, Strasbourg, France.,University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Boully
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - I Wisniewski
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - M L Seux
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Martin-Hunyadi
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Chaussade
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Demuynck
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Kremer
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Lehéricy
- Department of Neuroradiology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UPMC Paris 6-Inserm U1127, CNRS 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France
| | - D Gounot
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - J P Armspach
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - O Hanon
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA4468, Paris, France
| | - F Blanc
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Neuropsychology Unit, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Ennis GE, Moffat SD, Hertzog C. The cortisol awakening response and cognition across the adult lifespan. Brain Cogn 2016; 105:66-77. [PMID: 27105036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the hippocampus is thought to play a central role in the regulation of the cortisol awakening response (CAR), results from past studies examining the relationship between the CAR and hippocampal-mediated memory and cognition have been mixed. Inconsistent findings may be due to the use of cortisol samples collected on only 1-2days since reduced sampling can permit unstable situational factors to bias results. We used cortisol assessments from 10 consecutive days to test the relationship of the CAR to episodic memory, working memory, and processing speed in a sample of healthy young, middle-aged, and older adults (age range: 23-79years; N=56). We tested if the relationship between the CAR and cognition would depend upon age and also tested if other cortisol measures, specifically waking cortisol, diurnal cortisol output (i.e., area under the curve) and diurnal cortisol slope (linear and quadratic), would be related to cognition. We found that a more positive CAR slope was related to better episodic memory and that this relationship did not depend upon age. The CAR was not significantly related to working memory. The relationship of the CAR to processing speed was not significant when using a CAR measure that corrected for non-compliant cortisol sampling. We also found that higher waking cortisol was significantly related to better working memory, but not episodic memory or processing speed. Neither diurnal cortisol output nor diurnal linear cortisol slope was significantly related to cognitive functioning. Future work should investigate the mechanisms underpinning the relationship of the cortisol awakening process to cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda E Ennis
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Psychology, 654 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
| | - Scott D Moffat
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Psychology, 654 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
| | - Christopher Hertzog
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Psychology, 654 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
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35
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MacPherson SE, Turner MS, Bozzali M, Cipolotti L, Shallice T. The Doors and People Test: The effect of frontal lobe lesions on recall and recognition memory performance. Neuropsychology 2016; 30:332-7. [PMID: 26752123 PMCID: PMC4768598 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory deficits in patients with frontal lobe lesions are most apparent on free recall tasks that require the selection, initiation, and implementation of retrieval strategies. The effect of frontal lesions on recognition memory performance is less clear with some studies reporting recognition memory impairments but others not. The majority of these studies do not directly compare recall and recognition within the same group of frontal patients, assessing only recall or recognition memory performance. Other studies that do compare recall and recognition in the same frontal group do not consider recall or recognition tests that are comparable for difficulty. Recognition memory impairments may not be reported because recognition memory tasks are less demanding. METHOD This study aimed to investigate recall and recognition impairments in the same group of 47 frontal patients and 78 healthy controls. The Doors and People Test was administered as a neuropsychological test of memory as it assesses both verbal and visual recall and recognition using subtests that are matched for difficulty. RESULTS Significant verbal and visual recall and recognition impairments were found in the frontal patients. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that when frontal patients are assessed on recall and recognition memory tests of comparable difficulty, memory impairments are found on both types of episodic memory test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha S Turner
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London
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Tromp D, Dufour A, Lithfous S, Pebayle T, Després O. Episodic memory in normal aging and Alzheimer disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:232-62. [PMID: 26318058 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive changes often include difficulties in retrieving memories, particularly those that rely on personal experiences within their temporal and spatial contexts (i.e., episodic memories). This decline may vary depending on the studied phase (i.e., encoding, storage or retrieval), according to inter-individual differences, and whether we are talking about normal or pathological (e.g., Alzheimer disease; AD) aging. Such cognitive changes are associated with different structural and functional alterations in the human neural network that underpins episodic memory. The prefrontal cortex is the first structure to be affected by age, followed by the medial temporal lobe (MTL), the parietal cortex and the cerebellum. In AD, however, the modifications occur mainly in the MTL (hippocampus and adjacent structures) before spreading to the neocortex. In this review, we will present results that attempt to characterize normal and pathological cognitive aging at multiple levels by integrating structural, behavioral, inter-individual and neuroimaging measures of episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tromp
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA - UMR 7364 - CNRS/UDS) - 21 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - A Dufour
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA - UMR 7364 - CNRS/UDS) - 21 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Centre d'Investigations Neurocognitives et Neurophysiologiques (CI2N - UMS 3489 - CNRS/UDS) - 21 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - S Lithfous
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA - UMR 7364 - CNRS/UDS) - 21 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - T Pebayle
- Centre d'Investigations Neurocognitives et Neurophysiologiques (CI2N - UMS 3489 - CNRS/UDS) - 21 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - O Després
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA - UMR 7364 - CNRS/UDS) - 21 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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Jin SH, Chung CK. Functional substrate for memory function differences between patients with left and right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 51:251-8. [PMID: 26300534 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the functional substrate for memory function differences in patients with left or right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) from an electrophysiological perspective. To characterize these differences, we hypothesized that hippocampal theta connectivity in the resting-state might be different between patients with left and right mTLE with HS and be correlated with memory performance. METHODS Resting-state hippocampal theta connectivity, identified via whole-brain magnetoencephalography, was evaluated. Connectivity and memory function in 41 patients with mTLE with HS (left mTLE=22; right mTLE=19) were compared with those in 46 age-matched healthy controls and 28 patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) but without HS. RESULTS Connectivity between the right hippocampus and the left middle frontal gyrus was significantly stronger in patients with right mTLE than in patients with left mTLE. Moreover, this connectivity was positively correlated with delayed verbal recall and recognition scores in patients with mTLE. Patients with left mTLE had greater delayed recall impairment than patients with right mTLE and FCD. Similarly, delayed recognition performance was worse in patients with left mTLE than in patients with right mTLE and FCD. No significant differences in memory function between patients with right mTLE and FCD were detected. Patients with right mTLE showed significantly stronger hippocampal theta connectivity between the right hippocampus and left middle frontal gyrus than patients with FCD and left mTLE. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that right hippocampal-left middle frontal theta connectivity could be a functional substrate that can account for differences in memory function between patients with left and right mTLE. This functional substrate might be related to different compensatory mechanisms against the structural hippocampal lesions in left and right mTLE groups. Given the positive correlation between connectivity and delayed verbal memory function, hemispheric-specific hippocampal-frontal theta connectivity assessment could be useful as an electrophysiological indicator of delayed verbal memory function in patients with mTLE with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jin
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Which specific memory functions are dependent on the hippocampus is still debated. The availability of a large cohort of patients who had sustained relatively selective hippocampal damage early in life enabled us to determine which type of mnemonic deficit showed a correlation with extent of hippocampal injury. We assessed our patient cohort on a test that provides measures of recognition and recall that are equated for difficulty and found that the patients' performance on the recall tests correlated significantly with their hippocampal volumes, whereas their performance on the equally difficult recognition tests did not and, indeed, was largely unaffected regardless of extent of hippocampal atrophy. The results provide new evidence in favor of the view that the hippocampus is essential for recall but not for recognition.
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The role of relational binding in item memory: evidence from face recognition in a case of developmental amnesia. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5342-50. [PMID: 25834058 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3987-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theories state that the hippocampus is responsible for the formation of memory representations regarding relations, whereas extrahippocampal cortical regions support representations for single items. However, findings of impaired item memory in hippocampal amnesics suggest a more nuanced role for the hippocampus in item memory. The hippocampus may be necessary when the item elements need to be bound within and across episodes to form a lasting representation that can be used flexibly. The current investigation was designed to test this hypothesis in face recognition. H.C., an individual who developed with a compromised hippocampal system, and control participants incidentally studied individual faces that either varied in presentation viewpoint across study repetitions or remained in a fixed viewpoint across the study repetitions. Eye movements were recorded during encoding and participants then completed a surprise recognition memory test. H.C. demonstrated altered face viewing during encoding. Although the overall number of fixations made by H.C. was not significantly different from that of controls, the distribution of her viewing was primarily directed to the eye region. Critically, H.C. was significantly impaired in her ability to subsequently recognize faces studied from variable viewpoints, but demonstrated spared performance in recognizing faces she encoded from a fixed viewpoint, implicating a relationship between eye movement behavior in the service of a hippocampal binding function. These findings suggest that a compromised hippocampal system disrupts the ability to bind item features within and across study repetitions, ultimately disrupting recognition when it requires access to flexible relational representations.
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40
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Huijgen J, Samson S. The hippocampus: A central node in a large-scale brain network for memory. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:204-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.01.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Parra MA, Fabi K, Luzzi S, Cubelli R, Hernandez Valdez M, Della Sala S. Relational and conjunctive binding functions dissociate in short-term memory. Neurocase 2015; 21:56-66. [PMID: 24313316 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2013.860177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Remembering complex events requires binding features within unified objects (conjunctions) and holding associations between objects (relations). Recent studies suggest that the two functions dissociate in long-term memory (LTM). Less is known about their functional organization in short-term memory (STM). The present study investigated this issue in patient AE affected by a stroke which caused damage to brain regions known to be relevant for relational functions both in LTM and in STM (i.e., the hippocampus). The assessment involved a battery of standard neuropsychological tasks and STM binding tasks. One STM binding task (Experiment 1) presented common objects and common colors forming either pairs (relations) or integrated objects (conjunctions). Free recall of relations or conjunctions was assessed. A second STM binding task used random polygons and non-primary colors instead (Experiment 2). Memory was assessed by selecting the features that made up the relations or the conjunctions from a set of single polygons and a set of single colors. The neuropsychological assessment revealed impaired delayed memory in AE. AE's pronounced relational STM binding deficits contrasted with his completely preserved conjunctive binding functions in both Experiments 1 and 2. Only 2.35% and 1.14% of the population were expected to have a discrepancy more extreme than that presented by AE in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Processing relations and conjunctions of very elementary nonspatial features in STM led to dissociating performances in AE. These findings may inform current theories of memory decline such as those linked to cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Parra
- a Human Cognitive Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology , University of Edinburgh , 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ UK
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Aggleton JP. Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0565. [PMID: 24850926 PMCID: PMC4046414 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anterograde amnesia can occur after damage in various brain sites, hippocampal dysfunction is usually seen as the ultimate cause of the failure to learn new episodic information. This assumption is supported by anatomical evidence showing direct hippocampal connections with all other sites implicated in causing anterograde amnesia. Likewise, behavioural and clinical evidence would seem to strengthen the established notion of an episodic memory system emanating from the hippocampus. There is, however, growing evidence that key, interconnected sites may also regulate the hippocampus, reflecting a more balanced, integrated network that enables learning. Recent behavioural evidence strongly suggests that medial diencephalic structures have some mnemonic functions independent of the hippocampus, which can then act upon the hippocampus. Anatomical findings now reveal that nucleus reuniens and the retrosplenial cortex provide parallel, disynaptic routes for prefrontal control of hippocampal activity. There is also growing clinical evidence that retrosplenial cortex dysfunctions contribute to both anterograde amnesia and the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease, revealing the potential significance of this area for clinical studies. This array of findings underlines the importance of redressing the balance and the value of looking beyond the hippocampus when seeking to explain failures in learning new episodic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, UK
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Dewar M, Hoefeijzers S, Zeman A, Butler C, Della Sala S. Impaired picture recognition in transient epileptic amnesia. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 42:107-16. [PMID: 25506793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is an epileptic syndrome characterized by recurrent, brief episodes of amnesia. Transient epileptic amnesia is often associated with the rapid decline in recall of new information over hours to days (accelerated long-term forgetting - 'ALF'). It remains unknown how recognition memory is affected in TEA over time. Here, we report a systematic study of picture recognition in patients with TEA over the course of one week. Sixteen patients with TEA and 16 matched controls were presented with 300 photos of everyday life scenes. Yes/no picture recognition was tested 5min, 2.5h, 7.5h, 24h, and 1week after picture presentation using a subset of target pictures as well as similar and different foils. Picture recognition was impaired in the patient group at all test times, including the 5-minute test, but it declined normally over the course of 1week. This impairment was associated predominantly with an increased false alarm rate, especially for similar foils. High performance on a control test indicates that this impairment was not associated with perceptual or discrimination deficits. Our findings suggest that, at least in some TEA patients with ALF in verbal recall, picture recognition does not decline more rapidly than in controls over 1week. However, our findings of an early picture recognition deficit suggest that new visual memories are impoverished after minutes in TEA. This could be the result of deficient encoding or impaired early consolidation. The early picture recognition deficit observed could reflect either the early stages of the process that leads to ALF or a separable deficit of anterograde memory in TEA. Lastly, our study suggests that at least some patients with TEA are prone to falsely recognizing new everyday visual information that they have not in fact seen previously. This deficit, alongside their ALF in free recall, likely affects everyday memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dewar
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Serge Hoefeijzers
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adam Zeman
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Duss SB, Reber TP, Hänggi J, Schwab S, Wiest R, Müri RM, Brugger P, Gutbrod K, Henke K. Unconscious relational encoding depends on hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:3355-70. [PMID: 25273998 PMCID: PMC4240286 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
See Mayes (doi:10.1093/brain/awu284) for a scientific commentary on this article. The hippocampus is thought to support only conscious memory, while neocortex supports both conscious and unconscious memory. Duss et al. show that amnesic patients with damage to the hippocampal–anterior thalamic axis exhibit a diminished form of unconscious encoding and retrieval, suggesting that certain forms of unconscious memory are hippocampus-dependent. Textbooks divide between human memory systems based on consciousness. Hippocampus is thought to support only conscious encoding, while neocortex supports both conscious and unconscious encoding. We tested whether processing modes, not consciousness, divide between memory systems in three neuroimaging experiments with 11 amnesic patients (mean age = 45.55 years, standard deviation = 8.74, range = 23–60) and 11 matched healthy control subjects. Examined processing modes were single item versus relational encoding with only relational encoding hypothesized to depend on hippocampus. Participants encoded and later retrieved either single words or new relations between words. Consciousness of encoding was excluded by subliminal (invisible) word presentation. Amnesic patients and controls performed equally well on the single item task activating prefrontal cortex. But only the controls succeeded on the relational task activating the hippocampus, while amnesic patients failed as a group. Hence, unconscious relational encoding, but not unconscious single item encoding, depended on hippocampus. Yet, three patients performed normally on unconscious relational encoding in spite of amnesia capitalizing on spared hippocampal tissue and connections to language cortex. This pattern of results suggests that processing modes divide between memory systems, while consciousness divides between levels of function within a memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone B Duss
- 1 Division of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 2 Centre for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P Reber
- 1 Division of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 2 Centre for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hänggi
- 3 Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Schwab
- 2 Centre for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 4 Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- 5 Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M Müri
- 2 Centre for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 6 Division of Cognitive and Restorative Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brugger
- 7 Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klemens Gutbrod
- 2 Centre for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 6 Division of Cognitive and Restorative Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Henke
- 1 Division of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 2 Centre for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Huffman DJ, Stark CEL. Multivariate pattern analysis of the human medial temporal lobe revealed representationally categorical cortex and representationally agnostic hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1394-403. [PMID: 24976498 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary theories of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) suggest that there are functional differences between the MTL cortex and the hippocampus. High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate pattern analysis were utilized to study whether MTL subregions could classify categories of images, with the hypothesis that the hippocampus would be less representationally categorical than the MTL cortex. Results revealed significant classification accuracy for faces versus objects and faces versus scenes in MTL cortical regions-parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and perirhinal cortex (PRC)-with little evidence for category discrimination in the hippocampus. MTL cortical regions showed significantly greater classification accuracy than the hippocampus. The hippocampus showed significant classification accuracy for images compared to a nonmnemonic baseline task, suggesting that it responded to the images. Classification accuracy in a region of interest encompassing retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) posterior to RSC, showed a similar pattern of results to PHC, supporting the hypothesis that these regions are functionally related. The results suggest that PHC, PRC, and RSC/PCC are representationally categorical and the hippocampus is more representationally agnostic, which is concordant with the hypothesis of the role of the hippocampus in pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Huffman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California
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Abstract
Hippocampal damage has been thought to result in broad memory impairment. Recent studies in humans, however, have raised the possibility that recognition memory for faces might be spared. In five experiments we investigated face recognition in patients with hippocampal lesions (H) or large medial temporal lobe (MTL) lesions, including patients where neurohistological information was available. Recognition of novel faces was unequivocally intact in H patients but only at a short retention interval. Recognition memory for words, buildings, inverted faces, and famous faces was impaired. For MTL patients, recognition memory was impaired for all materials and across all retention intervals. These results indicate that structures other than the hippocampus, perhaps the perirhinal cortex, can support face recognition memory in H patients under some conditions. The fact that the faces were novel when recognition memory was intact does not fully account for our findings. We propose that the role of the hippocampus in recognition memory is related to how recognition decisions are accomplished. In typical recognition tasks, participants proceed by forming an association between a study item and the study list, and the recognition decision is later made based on whether participants believe the item was on the study list. We suggest that face recognition is an exception to this principle and that, at short retention intervals, participants can make their recognition decisions without making explicit reference to the study list. Important features of faces that might make face recognition exceptional are that they are processed holistically and are difficult to verbally label.
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Schapiro AC, Gregory E, Landau B, McCloskey M, Turk-Browne NB. The necessity of the medial temporal lobe for statistical learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:1736-47. [PMID: 24456393 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The sensory input that we experience is highly patterned, and we are experts at detecting these regularities. Although the extraction of such regularities, or statistical learning (SL), is typically viewed as a cortical process, recent studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus. These studies have employed fMRI, leaving open the possibility that the MTL is involved but not necessary for SL. Here, we examined this issue in a case study of LSJ, a patient with complete bilateral hippocampal loss and broader MTL damage. In Experiments 1 and 2, LSJ and matched control participants were passively exposed to a continuous sequence of shapes, syllables, scenes, or tones containing temporal regularities in the co-occurrence of items. In a subsequent test phase, the control groups exhibited reliable SL in all conditions, successfully discriminating regularities from recombinations of the same items into novel foil sequences. LSJ, however, exhibited no SL, failing to discriminate regularities from foils. Experiment 3 ruled out more general explanations for this failure, such as inattention during exposure or difficulty following test instructions, by showing that LSJ could discriminate which individual items had been exposed. These findings provide converging support for the importance of the MTL in extracting temporal regularities.
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Sadeh T, Ozubko JD, Winocur G, Moscovitch M. How we forget may depend on how we remember. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pergola G, Suchan B. Associative learning beyond the medial temporal lobe: many actors on the memory stage. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:162. [PMID: 24312029 PMCID: PMC3832901 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have established a model that includes the medial temporal lobe, and particularly the hippocampus, as a critical node for episodic memory. Neuroimaging and clinical studies have shown the involvement of additional cortical and subcortical regions. Among these areas, the thalamus, the retrosplenial cortex, and the prefrontal cortices have been consistently related to episodic memory performance. This article provides evidences that these areas are in different forms and degrees critical for human memory function rather than playing only an ancillary role. First we briefly summarize the functional architecture of the medial temporal lobe with respect to recognition memory and recall. We then focus on the clinical and neuroimaging evidence available on thalamo-prefrontal and thalamo-retrosplenial networks. The role of these networks in episodic memory has been considered secondary, partly because disruption of these areas does not always lead to severe impairments; to account for this evidence, we discuss methodological issues related to the investigation of these regions. We propose that these networks contribute differently to recognition memory and recall, and also that the memory stage of their contribution shows specificity to encoding or retrieval in recall tasks. We note that the same mechanisms may be in force when humans perform non-episodic tasks, e.g., semantic retrieval and mental time travel. Functional disturbance of these networks is related to cognitive impairments not only in neurological disorders, but also in psychiatric medical conditions, such as schizophrenia. Finally we discuss possible mechanisms for the contribution of these areas to memory, including regulation of oscillatory rhythms and long-term potentiation. We conclude that integrity of the thalamo-frontal and the thalamo-retrosplenial networks is necessary for the manifold features of episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Boris Suchan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Westerberg C, Mayes A, Florczak SM, Chen Y, Creery J, Parrish T, Weintraub S, Mesulam MM, Reber PJ, Paller KA. Distinct medial temporal contributions to different forms of recognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2450-61. [PMID: 23831717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The simplest expression of episodic memory is the experience of familiarity, the isolated recognition that something has been encountered previously. Brain structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) make essential contributions to episodic memory, but the distinct contributions from each MTL structure to familiarity are debatable. Here we used specialized tests to assess recognition impairments and their relationship to MTL integrity in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n=19), people with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD; n=10), and age-matched individuals without any neurological disorder (n=20). Recognition of previously presented silhouette objects was tested in two formats-forced-choice recognition with four concurrent choices (one target and three foils) and yes/no recognition with individually presented targets and foils. Every foil was extremely similar to a corresponding target, such that forced-choice recognition could be based on differential familiarity among the choices, whereas yes/no recognition necessitated additional memory and decision factors. Only yes/no recognition was impaired in the aMCI group, whereas both forced-choice and yes/no recognition were impaired in the AD group. Magnetic resonance imaging showed differential brain atrophy, as MTL volume was reduced in the AD group but not in the aMCI group. Pulsed arterial spin-labeled scans demonstrated that MTL blood flow was abnormally increased in aMCI, which could indicate physiological dysfunction prior to the emergence of significant atrophy. Regression analyses with data from all patients revealed that regional patterns of MTL integrity were differentially related to forced-choice and yes/no recognition. Smaller perirhinal cortex volume was associated with lower forced-choice recognition accuracy, but not with lower yes/no recognition accuracy. Instead, smaller hippocampal volumes were associated with lower yes/no recognition accuracy. In sum, familiarity memory can be specifically assessed using the forced-choice recognition test, it declines later than other MTL-dependent memory functions as AD progresses, and it has distinct anatomical substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Westerberg
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, United States.
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