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Doyen M, Lambert C, Roeder E, Boutley H, Chen B, Pierson J, Verger A, Raffo E, Karcher G, Marie PY, Maskali F. Assessment of a one-week ketogenic diet on brain glycolytic metabolism and on the status epilepticus stage of a lithium-pilocarpine rat model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5063. [PMID: 38424459 PMCID: PMC10904769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to be effective in refractory epilepsy after long-term administration. However, its interference with short-term brain metabolism and its involvement in the early process leading to epilepsy remain poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the effect of a short-term ketogenic diet on cerebral glucose metabolic changes, before and after status epilepticus (SE) in rats, by using [18F]-FDG PET. Thirty-nine rats were subjected to a one-week KD (KD-rats, n = 24) or to a standard diet (SD-rats, n = 15) before the induction of a status epilepticus (SE) by lithium-pilocarpine administrations. Brain [18F]-FDG PET scans were performed before and 4 h after this induction. Morphological MRIs were acquired and used to spatially normalize the PET images which were then analyzed voxel-wisely using a statistical parametric-based method. Twenty-six rats were analyzed (KD-rats, n = 15; SD-rats, n = 11). The 7 days of the KD were associated with significant increases in the plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level, but with an unchanged glycemia. The PET images, recorded after the KD and before SE induction, showed an increased metabolism within sites involved in the appetitive behaviors: hypothalamic areas and periaqueductal gray, whereas no area of decreased metabolism was observed. At the 4th hour following the SE induction, large metabolism increases were observed in the KD- and SD-rats in areas known to be involved in the epileptogenesis process late-i.e., the hippocampus, parahippocampic, thalamic and hypothalamic areas, the periaqueductal gray, and the limbic structures (and in the motor cortex for the KD-rats only). However, no statistically significant difference was observed when comparing SD and KD groups at the 4th hour following the SE induction. A one-week ketogenic diet does not prevent the status epilepticus (SE) and associated metabolic brain abnormalities in the lithium-pilocarpine rat model. Further explorations are needed to determine whether a significant prevention could be achieved by more prolonged ketogenic diets and by testing this diet in less severe experimental models, and moreover, to analyze the diet effects on the later and chronic stages leading to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Doyen
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France.
- Lorraine University, IADI, INSERM UMR 1254, 54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Clémentine Lambert
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital CHRU Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Emilie Roeder
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Henri Boutley
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Bailiang Chen
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM UMR 1433, CIC, Innovation Technologique, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Julien Pierson
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Antoine Verger
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, IADI, INSERM UMR 1254, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel Raffo
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital CHRU Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Gilles Karcher
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Marie
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, IADI, INSERM UMR 1254, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Fatiha Maskali
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, INSERM DCAC1116, 54000, Nancy, France
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Sexual Dimorphism in the Expression of Cardiac and Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin and Kallikrein–Kinin Systems in Offspring from Mice Exposed to Alcohol during Gestation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030541. [PMID: 36978790 PMCID: PMC10045732 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impairs fetal development. Alcohol consumption was shown to modulate the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This study aimed to analyze the effects of PAE on the expression of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) peptide systems in the hippocampus and heart of mice of both sexes. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to alcohol during pregnancy at a concentration of 10% (v/v). On postnatal day 45 (PN45), mouse hippocampi and left ventricles (LV) were collected and processed for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of components of the RAS and KKS. In PAE animals, more pronounced expression of AT1 and ACE mRNAs in males and a restored AT2 mRNA expression in females were observed in both tissues. In LV, increased AT2, ACE2, and B2 mRNA expressions were also observed in PAE females. Furthermore, high levels of H2O2 were observed in males from the PAE group in both tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of the expression of these peptidergic systems in PAE females may make them less susceptible to the effects of alcohol.
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Suchkova IO, Borisova EV, Patkin EL. Length Polymorphism and Methylation Status of UPS29 Minisatellite of the ACAP3 Gene as Molecular Biomarker of Epilepsy. Sex Differences in Seizure Types and Symptoms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9206. [PMID: 33276684 PMCID: PMC7730309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease with different clinical forms and inter-individuals heterogeneity, which may be associated with genetic and/or epigenetic polymorphisms of tandem-repeated noncoding DNA. These polymorphisms may serve as predictive biomarkers of various forms of epilepsy. ACAP3 is the protein regulating morphogenesis of neurons and neuronal migration and is an integral component of important signaling pathways. This study aimed to carry out an association analysis of the length polymorphism and DNA methylation of the UPS29 minisatellite of the ACAP3 gene in patients with epilepsy. We revealed an association of short UPS29 alleles with increased risk of development of symptomatic and cryptogenic epilepsy in women, and also with cerebrovascular pathologies, structural changes in the brain, neurological status, and the clinical pattern of seizures in both women and men. The increase of frequency of hypomethylated UPS29 alleles in men with symptomatic epilepsy, and in women with both symptomatic and cryptogenic epilepsy was observed. For patients with hypomethylated UPS29 alleles, we also observed structural changes in the brain, neurological status, and the clinical pattern of seizures. These associations had sex-specific nature similar to a genetic association. In contrast with length polymorphism epigenetic changes affected predominantly the long UPS29 allele. We suppose that genetic and epigenetic alterations UPS29 can modify ACAP3 expression and thereby affect the development and clinical course of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina O. Suchkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Mammalian Development, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia;
| | - Elena V. Borisova
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia;
| | - Eugene L. Patkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Mammalian Development, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia;
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Vohora D, Jain S, Tripathi M, Potschka H. COVID-19 and seizures: Is there a link? Epilepsia 2020; 61:1840-1853. [PMID: 32944929 PMCID: PMC7537056 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic poses particular challenges to the management of persons with chronic disease. Reports of a possible neuroinvasiveness of SARS‐CoV‐2 as well as pathophysiological mechanisms and indirect consequences in severe COVID‐19 cases raise the question of whether the infection can be associated with an increased risk of seizure recurrence or the development of new onset and acute symptomatic seizures. Although the literature does not provide relevant evidence for seizure worsening in persons with epilepsy during the course of a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, there are theoretical risks, for example, seizures triggered by fever. Moreover, a severe disease course and advanced disease stages can, for instance, result in hypoxic encephalopathy, cerebrovascular events, and cytokine storm, which may trigger the development of acute seizures. This is further confirmed by reports of occasional seizures in COVID‐19 patients. Although the low number of reports so far suggests that the risk may be relatively low, the reports indicate that an early neurological manifestation with seizures should not be ruled out. In the context of these cases, we discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms that may trigger ictogenesis in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreshta Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
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Zou J, Wang X, Huang L, Liu J, Kong Y, Li S, Lu Q. Kininogen Level in the Cerebrospinal Fluid May Be a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30804871 PMCID: PMC6371036 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Epilepsy is a highly disabling neurological disorder. Brain insult is the most critical cause of epilepsy in adults. This study aimed to find reliable and efficient biomarkers for predicting secondary epilepsy. Materials and methods: The LiCl-pilocarpine (LiCl-Pilo) chronic epilepsy rat model was used, and rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected 5 days after status epilepticus (SE). The CSF was analyzed using the label-free LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Differential expression of proteins was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The corresponding protein level in the CSF of patients with encephalitis in the postacute phase was determined using ELISA and compared between patients with and without symptomatic epilepsy after encephalitis during a 2-year follow-up. Results: The proteomics and ELISA results showed that the protein level of kininogen (KNG) was obviously elevated in both CSF and hippocampus, but not in serum, 5 days after the onset of SE in LiCl-Pilo chronic epilepsy model rats. In patients with encephalitis, the protein level of KNG in the CSF in the postacute phase was significantly elevated in patients with a recurrent epileptic seizure during a 2-year follow-up than in patients without a recurrent seizure. Conclusion: KNG in the CSF may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting epileptogenesis in patients with encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ligang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Kong
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengtian Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinchi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bradykinin B2 receptor is essential to running-induced cell proliferation in the adult mouse hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3901-3907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Nokkari A, Abou-El-Hassan H, Mechref Y, Mondello S, Kindy MS, Jaffa AA, Kobeissy F. Implication of the Kallikrein-Kinin system in neurological disorders: Quest for potential biomarkers and mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:26-50. [PMID: 29355711 PMCID: PMC6026079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent major health concerns in terms of comorbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite a tremendous increase in our understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved in disease progression and prevention, the accumulated knowledge so far resulted in relatively moderate translational benefits in terms of therapeutic interventions and enhanced clinical outcomes. Aiming at specific neural molecular pathways, different strategies have been geared to target the development and progression of such disorders. The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is among the most delineated candidate systems due to its ubiquitous roles mediating several of the pathophysiological features of these neurological disorders as well as being implicated in regulating various brain functions. Several experimental KKS models revealed that the inhibition or stimulation of the two receptors of the KKS system (B1R and B2R) can exhibit neuroprotective and/or adverse pathological outcomes. This updated review provides background details of the KKS components and their functions in different neurological disorders including temporal lobe epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and glioma. Finally, this work will highlight the putative roles of the KKS components as potential neurotherapeutic targets and provide future perspectives on the possibility of translating these findings into potential clinical biomarkers in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaly Nokkari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ayad A Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Bezhentsev V, Ivanov S, Kumar S, Goel R, Poroikov V. Identification of potential drug targets for treatment of refractory epilepsy using network pharmacology. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2018; 16:1840002. [PMID: 29361895 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720018400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disease after migraine, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Approximately one-third of all epilepsy cases are refractory to the existing anticonvulsants. Thus, there is an unmet need for newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to manage refractory epilepsy (RE). Discovery of novel AEDs for the treatment of RE further retards for want of potential pharmacological targets, unavailable due to unclear etiology of this disease. In this regard, network pharmacology as an area of bioinformatics is gaining popularity. It combines the methods of network biology and polypharmacology, which makes it a promising approach for finding new molecular targets. This work is aimed at discovering new pharmacological targets for the treatment of RE using network pharmacology methods. In the framework of our study, the genes associated with the development of RE were selected based on analysis of available data. The methods of network pharmacology were used to select 83 potential pharmacological targets linked to the selected genes. Then, 10 most promising targets were chosen based on analysis of published data. All selected target proteins participate in biological processes, which are considered to play a key role in the development of RE. For 9 of 10 selected targets, the potential associations with different kinds of epilepsy have been recently mentioned in the literature published, which gives additional evidence that the approach applied is rather promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Bezhentsev
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- † Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Goel
- † Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Vladimir Poroikov
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
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Amorim RP, Araújo MGL, Valero J, Lopes-Cendes I, Pascoal VDB, Malva JO, da Silva Fernandes MJ. Silencing of P2X7R by RNA interference in the hippocampus can attenuate morphological and behavioral impact of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:467-478. [PMID: 28707031 PMCID: PMC5714836 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling mediated by P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) has been suggested to be involved in epileptogenesis, via modulation of intracellular calcium levels, excitotoxicity, activation of inflammatory cascades, and cell death, among other mechanisms. These processes have been described to be involved in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) and contribute to hyperexcitability, resulting in spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of P2X7R in epileptogenesis in vivo using RNA interference (RNAi) to inhibit the expression of this receptor. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting P2X7R mRNA was injected into the lateral ventricles (icv) 6 h after SE. Four groups were studied: Saline-Vehicle, Saline-siRNA, Pilo-Vehicle, and Pilo-siRNA. P2X7R was quantified by western blotting and neuronal death assessed by Fluoro-Jade B histochemistry. The hippocampal volume (edema) was determined 48 h following RNAi. Behavioral parameters as latency to the appearance of spontaneous seizures and the number of seizures were determined until 60 days after the SE onset. The Saline-siRNA and Pilo-siRNA groups showed a 43 and 37% reduction, respectively, in P2X7R protein levels compared to respective vehicle groups. Neuroprotection was observed in CA1 and CA3 of the Pilo-siRNA group compared to Pilo-Vehicle. P2X7R silencing in pilocarpine group reversed the increase in the edema detected in the hilus, suprapyramidal dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3; reduced mortality rate following SE; increased the time to onset of spontaneous seizure; and reduced the number of seizures, when compared to the Pilo-Vehicle group. Therefore, our data highlights the potential of P2X7R as a therapeutic target for the adjunct treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Padrão Amorim
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina de Neurociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 2° andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Michelle Gasparetti Leão Araújo
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina de Neurociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 2° andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Jorge Valero
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João Oliveira Malva
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria José da Silva Fernandes
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina de Neurociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 2° andar, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04039-032, Brazil.
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Huang Y. Up-regulated cytoplasmic FMRP-interacting protein 1 in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy patients and a rat model. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:542-551. [PMID: 26000921 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1038711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic FMRP-interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1) is a multifunctional protein which expresses highly at excitatory synapses and can locally regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics, spine morphology and synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor lateral diffusion. Altered synaptic actin plays a role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of CYFIP1 in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Protein and mRNA expression levels were compared in temporal lobe tissue from patients with TLE versus trauma patients without TLE using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), double-label immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. We have further determined the expression pattern of Cyfip1 mRNA and protein in the hippocampus and adjacent cortex of a common rat model of TLE, lithium-pilocarpine treatment, compared to control rats. CYFIP1 expression was significantly up-regulated in the temporal neocortex of patients with intractable TLE and pilocarpine-treated rats compared to control groups. CYFIP1 localizes to the cytoplasm of neurons, and is not expressed in the astrocytes. Furthermore, CYFIP1 expression levels increased significantly in the two months after pilocarpine treatment, which corresponds to the period of epileptogenesis. Thus, our results indicate that CYFIP1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Huang
- a Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
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11
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Gouveia TLF, Scorza FA, Iha HA, Frangiotti MIB, Perosa SR, Cavalheiro EA, Silva JA, Feliciano RS, de Almeida AC, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MG. Lovastatin decreases the synthesis of inflammatory mediators during epileptogenesis in the hippocampus of rats submitted to pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 36:68-73. [PMID: 24857811 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Statins may act on inflammatory responses, decreasing oxidative stress and also reducing brain inflammation in several brain disorders. Epileptogenesis is a process in which a healthy brain becomes abnormal and predisposed to generating spontaneous seizures. We previously reported that lovastatin could prevent neuroinflammation in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). In this context, this study investigated the long-lasting effects of lovastatin on mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6) and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the hippocampus during epileptogenesis by immunohistochemistry and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during the latent and chronic phases in the epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine in rats. For these purposes, four groups of rats were employed: saline (CONTROL), lovastatin (LOVA), pilocarpine (PILO), and pilocarpine plus lovastatin (PILO+LOVA). After pilocarpine injection (350mg/kg, i.p.), the rats were treated with 20mg/kg of lovastatin via an esophagic probe 2h after SE onset. All surviving rats were continuously treated during 15days, twice/day. The pilocarpine plus lovastatin group showed a significant decrease in the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 during the latent phase and a decreased expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in the chronic phase when compared with the PILO group. Moreover, lovastatin treatment also induced an increased expression of the antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in the PILO+LOVA group when compared with the PILO group in the chronic phase. Thus, our data suggest that lovastin may reduce excitotoxicity during epileptogenesis induced by pilocarpine by increasing the synthesis of IL-10 and decreasing proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L F Gouveia
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F A Scorza
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H A Iha
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M I B Frangiotti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S R Perosa
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E A Cavalheiro
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Silva
- Rehabilitation Department, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R S Feliciano
- Rehabilitation Department, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C de Almeida
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - M G Naffah-Mazzacoratti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Gouveia TLF, Simões PSR, Perosa SR. What have we learned about the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems in neurological disorders? World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:130-140. [PMID: 24921004 PMCID: PMC4050108 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is an intricate endogenous pathway involved in several physiological and pathological cascades in the brain. Due to the pathological effects of kinins in blood vessels and tissues, their formation and degradation are tightly controlled. Their components have been related to several central nervous system diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and others. Bradykinin and its receptors (B1R and B2R) may have a role in the pathophysiology of certain central nervous system diseases. It has been suggested that kinin B1R is up-regulated in pathological conditions and has a neurodegenerative pattern, while kinin B2R is constitutive and can act as a neuroprotective factor in many neurological conditions. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is an important blood pressure regulator and controls both sodium and water intake. AngII is a potent vasoconstrictor molecule and angiotensin converting enzyme is the major enzyme responsible for its release. AngII acts mainly on the AT1 receptor, with involvement in several systemic and neurological disorders. Brain RAS has been associated with physiological pathways, but is also associated with brain disorders. This review describes topics relating to the involvement of both systems in several forms of brain dysfunction and indicates components of the KKS and RAS that have been used as targets in several pharmacological approaches.
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Simões PSR, Visniauskas B, Perosa SR, Yacubian EMT, Centeno R, Canzian M, Lopes-Cendes I, Maurer Morelli CV, Carrete H, Cavalheiro EA, Tufik S, Chagas JR, Naffah Mazzacoratti MDG. Expression and activity of thimet oligopeptidase (TOP) are modified in the hippocampus of subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Epilepsia 2014; 55:754-762. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Visniauskas
- Psychobiology Department; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Perosa
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Department; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Centeno
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Department; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mauro Canzian
- Pathology Department, Heart Institute-Medicine School University of São Paulo; (INCOR-FMUSP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Carrete
- Image and Diagnostic Department; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Department; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Psychobiology Department; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jair Ribeiro Chagas
- Psychobiology Department; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
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Bradykinin B₂ receptors increase hippocampal excitability and susceptibility to seizures in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 248:392-402. [PMID: 23811399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) and its receptors (B1 and B2) may exert a role in the pathophysiology of certain CNS diseases, including epilepsy. In healthy tissues, B2 receptors are constitutively and widely expressed and B1 receptors are absent or expressed at very low levels, but both receptors, particularly B1, are up-regulated under many pathological conditions. Available data support the notion that up-regulation of B1 receptors in brain areas like the amygdala, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex favors the development and maintenance of an epileptic condition. The role of B2 receptors, instead, is still unclear. In this study, we used two different models to investigate the susceptibility to seizures of B1 knockout (KO) and B2 KO mice. We found that B1 KO are more susceptible to seizures compared with wild-type (WT) mice, and that this may depend on B2 receptors, in that (i) B2 receptors are overexpressed in limbic areas of B1 KO mice, including the hippocampus and the piriform cortex; (ii) hippocampal slices prepared from B1 KO mice are more excitable than those prepared from WT controls, and this phenomenon is B2 receptor-dependent, being abolished by B2 antagonists; (iii) kainate seizure severity is attenuated by pretreatment with a non-peptide B2 antagonist in WT and (more effectively) in B1 KO mice. These data highlight the possibility that B2 receptors may have a role in the responsiveness to epileptogenic insults and/or in the early period of epileptogenesis, that is, in the onset of the molecular and cellular events that lead to the transformation of a normal brain into an epileptic one.
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Lacoste B, Tong XK, Lahjouji K, Couture R, Hamel E. Cognitive and cerebrovascular improvements following kinin B1 receptor blockade in Alzheimer's disease mice. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:57. [PMID: 23642031 PMCID: PMC3710240 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence suggests that the inducible kinin B1 receptor (B1R) contributes to pathogenic neuroinflammation induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. The present study aims at identifying the cellular distribution and potentially detrimental role of B1R on cognitive and cerebrovascular functions in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Transgenic mice overexpressing a mutated form of the human amyloid precursor protein (APPSwe,Ind, line J20) were treated with a selective and brain penetrant B1R antagonist (SSR240612, 10 mg/kg/day for 5 or 10 weeks) or vehicle. The impact of B1R blockade was measured on i) spatial learning and memory performance in the Morris water maze, ii) cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to sensory stimulation using laser Doppler flowmetry, and iii) reactivity of isolated cerebral arteries using online videomicroscopy. Aβ burden was quantified by ELISA and immunostaining, while other AD landmarks were measured by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results B1R protein levels were increased in APP mouse hippocampus and, prominently, in reactive astrocytes surrounding Aβ plaques. In APP mice, B1R antagonism with SSR240612 improved spatial learning, memory and normalized protein levels of the memory-related early gene Egr-1 in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. B1R antagonism restored sensory-evoked CBF responses, endothelium-dependent dilations, and normalized cerebrovascular protein levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and B2R. In addition, SSR240612 reduced (approximately 50%) microglial, but not astroglial, activation, brain levels of soluble Aβ1-42, diffuse and dense-core Aβ plaques, and it increased protein levels of the Aβ brain efflux transporter lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 in cerebral microvessels. Conclusion These findings show a selective upregulation of astroglial B1R in the APP mouse brain, and the capacity of the B1R antagonist to abrogate amyloidosis, cerebrovascular and memory deficits. Collectively, these findings provide convincing evidence for a role of B1R in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Lacoste
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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Zhu Q, Wang L, Xiao Z, Xiao F, Luo J, Zhang X, Peng X, Wang X, Sun H. Decreased expression of Ras-GRF1 in the brain tissue of the intractable epilepsy patients and experimental rats. Brain Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Albert-Weißenberger C, Sirén AL, Kleinschnitz C. Ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury: the role of the kallikrein-kinin system. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 101-102:65-82. [PMID: 23274649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Due to the paucity of therapies, there is a pressing clinical demand for new treatment options. Successful therapeutic strategies for these conditions must target multiple pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at different stages of brain injury. In this respect, the kallikrein-kinin system is an ideal target linking key pathological hallmarks of ischemic and traumatic brain damage such as edema formation, inflammation, and thrombosis. In particular, the kinin receptors, plasma kallikrein, and coagulation factor XIIa are highly attractive candidates for pharmacological development, as kinin receptor antagonists or inhibitors of plasma kallikrein and coagulation factor XIIa are neuroprotective in animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Nevertheless, conflicting preclinical evaluation as well as limited and inconclusive data from clinical trials suggest caution when transferring observations made in animals into the human situation. This review summarizes current evidence on the pathological significance of the kallikrein-kinin system during ischemic and traumatic brain damage, with a particular focus on experimental data derived from animal models. Experimental findings are also compared with human data if available, and potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
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Auvin S, Bellavoine V, Merdariu D, Delanoë C, Elmaleh-Bergés M, Gressens P, Boespflug-Tanguy O. Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome: current understandings. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012; 16:413-21. [PMID: 22341151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemiconvulsion-Hemiplegia (HH) syndrome is an uncommon consequence of prolonged focal febrile convulsive seizures in infancy and early childhood. It is characterized by the occurrence of prolonged clonic seizures with unilateral predominance occurring in a child and followed by the development of hemiplegia. Neuroradiological studies showed unilateral edematous swelling of the epileptic hemisphere at the time of initial status epilepticus (SE). This acute phase is followed by characteristic cerebral hemiatrophy with subsequent appearance of epilepsy, so called Hemiconvulsion-Hemiplegia-Epilepsy (HHE) syndrome. The etiologies and the underlying mechanisms remain to be understood. Using a review of the literature, we summarized the data of the last 20 years. It appears that idiopathic HH/HHE syndrome is the most common reported form. The basic science data suggest that immature brain is relatively resistant to SE-induced cell injury. Several factors might contribute to the pathogenesis of HH/HHE syndrome: 1. prolonged febrile seizure in which inflammation may worsen the level of cell injury; 2. inflammation and prolonged ictal activity that act on blood-brain-barrier permeability; 3. predisposing factors facilitating prolonged seizure such as genetic factors or focal epileptogenic lesion. However, these factors cannot explain the elective involvement of an entire hemisphere. We draw new hypothesis that may explain the involvement of one hemisphere such as maturation of brain structure such as corpus callosum or genetic factors (CACNA1A gene) that are specifically discussed. An early diagnosis and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HHE are needed to improve the outcome of this condition.
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Hwang SK, Hirose S. Genetics of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Dev 2012; 34:609-16. [PMID: 22105092 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The most common partial epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) consists of a heterogeneous group of seizure disorders originating in the temporal lobe. TLE had been thought to develop as a result of acquired structural problems in the temporal lobe. During the past two decades, there has been growing evidence of the important influence of genetic factors, and familial and non-lesional TLE have been increasingly described. Here, we focus on the genetics of TLE and review related genes which have been studied recently. Although its molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood, TLE genetics is a fertile field, awaiting more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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The levels of renin-angiotensin related components are modified in the hippocampus of rats submitted to pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:54-62. [PMID: 22542773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) present an increased expression of angiotensin II (AngII) AT1 and AT2 receptors in the hippocampus, supporting the idea of an upregulation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in this disease. This study aimed to verify the relationship between the RAS and TLE during epileptogenesis. Levels of the peptides angiotensin I (AngI), angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), were detected by HPLC assay. Angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors, Mas mRNA receptors and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), tonin and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) mRNA were also quantified at the hippocampus of Wistar rats by real time PCR, during acute (n=10), silent (n=10) and chronic (n=10) phases of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. We observed an increased peptide level of Ang1-7 into acute and silent phases, decreasing importantly (p≤0.05) in the chronic phase, suggesting that AngI may be converted into Ang 1-7 by NEP, which is present in high levels in these periods. Our results also showed increased peptide level of AngII in the chronic phase of this model. In contraposition, the ACE expression is reduced in all periods. These data suggest that angiotensinogen or AngI may be cleaved to AngII by tonin, which showed increased expression in all phases. We found changes in AT1, AT2 and Mas mRNA receptors levels suggesting that Ang1-7 could act at Mas receptor during the silent period. Herein, we demonstrated for the first time, changes in angiotensin-related peptides, their receptors as well as the releasing enzymes in the hippocampus of rats during pilocarpine-induced epilepsy.
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Carbamazepine inhibits angiotensin I-converting enzyme, linking it to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e93. [PMID: 22832858 PMCID: PMC3309532 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We find that a common mutation that increases angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity occurs with higher frequency in male patients suffering from refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. However, in their brains, the activity of the enzyme is downregulated. As an explanation, we surprisingly find that carbamazepine, commonly used to treat epilepsy, is an inhibitor of the enzyme, thus providing a direct link between epilepsy and the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems.
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Vignoli T, Nehlig A, Massironi SG, Coimbra RDCS, Mazzacoratti MDGN, Silva IR, Neto EFDC, Persike DS, Fernandes MJDS. Consequences of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in immunodeficient mice. Brain Res 2012; 1450:125-37. [PMID: 22405727 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic injection of pilocarpine in rodents induces status epilepticus (SE) and reproduces the main characteristics of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Different mechanisms are activated by SE contributing to cell death and immune system activation. We used BALB/c nude mice, a mutant that is severely immunocompromised, to characterize seizure pattern, neurochemical changes, cell death and c-Fos activation secondarily to pilocarpine-induced SE. The behavioral seizures were less severe in BALB/c nude than in BALB/c wild type mice. However, nude mice presented more tonic-clonic episodes and higher mortality rate during SE. The c-Fos expression was most prominent in the caudate-putamen, CA3 (p<0.05), dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex (p<0.001), basolateral nucleus of amygdala (p<0.01) and piriform cortex (p<0.05) of BALB/c nude mice than of BALB/c. Besides, nude mice subjected to SE presented high number of Fluorojade-B (FJB) stained cells in the piriform cortex, amygdala (p<0.05) and hilus (p<0.001) in comparison with BALB/c mice. A significant increase in the level of glutamate and GABA was found in the hippocampus and cortex of BALB/c mice presenting SE in comparison to controls. However, the level of glutamate was higher in the brains of BALB nude mice than in the brains of BALB/c wild type mice, while the levels of GABA were unchanged. These results indicate that the brains of immunodeficient nude mice are more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of pilocarpine-induced SE as they present intense activation, increased glutamate levels and more cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vignoli
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wu X, Reddy DS. Integrins as receptor targets for neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 134:68-81. [PMID: 22233753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the neurobiology of integrins, pathophysiological roles of integrins in neuroplasticity and nervous system disorders, and therapeutic implications of integrins as potential drug targets and possible delivery pathways. Neuroplasticity is a central phenomenon in many neurological conditions such as seizures, trauma, and traumatic brain injury. During the course of many brain diseases, in addition to intracellular compartment changes, alterations in non-cell compartments such as extracellular matrix (ECM) are recognized as an essential process in forming and reorganizing neural connections. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion events. Although the mechanisms of neuroplasticity remain unclear, it has been suggested that integrins undergo plasticity including clustering through interactions with ECM proteins, modulating ion channels, intracellular Ca(2+) and protein kinase signaling, and reorganization of cytoskeletal filaments. As cell surface receptors, integrins are central to the pathophysiology of many brain diseases, such as epilepsy, and are potential targets for the development of new drugs for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Louboutin JP, Chekmasova A, Marusich E, Agrawal L, Strayer DS. Role of CCR5 and its ligands in the control of vascular inflammation and leukocyte recruitment required for acute excitotoxic seizure induction and neural damage. FASEB J 2010; 25:737-53. [PMID: 20940264 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-161851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines may play a role in leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during neuroinflammation and other neuropathological processes, such as epilepsy. We investigated the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in seizures. We used a rat model based on intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) administration. Four months before KA injection, adult rats were given femoral intramarrow inoculations of SV (RNAiR5-RevM10.AU1), which carries an interfering RNA (RNAi) against CCR5, plus a marker epitope (AU1), or its monofunctional RNAi-carrying homologue, SV(RNAiR5). This treatment lowered expression of CCR5 in circulating cells. In control rats, seizures induced elevated expression of CCR5 ligands MIP-1α and RANTES in the microvasculature, increased BBB leakage and CCR5(+) cells, as well as neuronal loss, inflammation, and gliosis in the hippocampi. Animals given either the bifunctional or the monofunctional vector were largely protected from KA-induced seizures, neuroinflammation, BBB damage, and neuron loss. Brain CCR5 mRNA was reduced. Rats receiving RNAiR5-bearing vectors showed far greater repair responses: increased neuronal proliferation, and decreased production of MIP-1α and RANTES. Controls received unrelated SV(BUGT) vectors. Decrease in CCR5 in circulating cells strongly protected from excitotoxin-induced seizures, BBB leakage, CNS injury, and inflammation, and facilitated neurogenic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust St., Rm. 251, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Goto EM, Silva MDP, Perosa SR, Argañaraz GA, Pesquero JB, Cavalheiro EA, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MG, Teixeira VPC, Silva JA. Akt pathway activation and increased neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus: implications for seizure blockade. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:169-76. [PMID: 20064661 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of survival-related molecules such Akt and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) to evaluate Akt pathway activation in epileptogenesis process. Furthermore, was also investigated the mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y, a considered antiepileptic neuropeptide, in the pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Male Wistar rats were submitted to the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Hippocampi were removed 6h (acute phase), 12h (late acute), 5d (silent) and 60d (chronic) after status epilepticus (SE) onset, and from animals that received pilocarpine but did not develop SE (partial group). Hippocampi collected were used to specify mRNA expression using Real-Time PCR. Immunohistochemistry assay was employed to place ILK distribution in the hippocampus and Western blot technique was used to determine Akt activation level. A decrease in ILK mRNA content was found during acute (0.39+/-0.03) and chronic (0.48+/-0.06) periods when compared to control group (0.87+/-0.10). Protein levels of ILK were also diminished during both periods. Partial group showed increased ILK mRNA expression (0.80+/-0.06) when compared with animals in the acute stage. Silent group had ILK mRNA and immunoreactivity similar to control group. Western blot assay showed an augmentation in Akt activation in silent period (0.52+/-0.03) in comparison with control group (0.44+/-0.01). Neuropeptide Y mRNA expression increased in the partial group (1.67+/-0.22) and in the silent phase (1.45+/-0.29) when compared to control group (0.36+/-0.12). Results suggest that neuropeptide Y (as anticonvulsant) might act in protective mechanisms occurred during epileptic phenomena. Together with ILK expression and Akt activation, these molecules could be involved in hippocampal neuroprotection in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Goto
- Pathology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
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Kouyoumdjian M, Nagaoka MR, Loureiro-Silva MR, Borges DR. Portal hypertensive response to kinin. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:431-42. [PMID: 19722013 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension is the most common complication of chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis. The increased intrahepatic vascular resistance seen in hepatic disease is due to changes in cellular architecture and active contraction of stellate cells. In this article, we review the historical aspects of the kallikrein-kinin system, the role of bradykinin in the development of disease, and our main findings regarding the role of this nonapeptide in normal and experimental models of hepatic injury using the isolated rat liver perfusion model (mono and bivascular) and isolated liver cells. We demonstrated that: 1) the increase in intrahepatic vascular resistance induced by bradykinin is mediated by B2 receptors, involving sinusoidal endothelial and stellate cells, and is preserved in the presence of inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis; 2) the hepatic arterial hypertensive response to bradykinin is calcium-independent and mediated by eicosanoids; 3) bradykinin does not have vasodilating effect on the pre-constricted perfused rat liver; and, 4) after exertion of its hypertensive effect, bradykinin is degraded by angiotensin converting enzyme. In conclusion, the hypertensive response to BK is mediated by the B2 receptor in normal and pathological situations. The B1 receptor is expressed more strongly in regenerating and cirrhotic livers, and its role is currently under investigation.
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Webb JG, Yang X, Crosson CE. Expression of the kallikrein/kinin system in human anterior segment. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:126-32. [PMID: 19268469 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein acts on the substrate, low molecular weight kininogen, to liberate bradykinin in a variety of tissues. Bradykinin stimulation of B(2) kinin receptors has been shown to initiate signaling in trabecular meshwork cells and increase conventional outflow facility. The objective of the present study was to determine if the components for kinin generation and response are expressed in tissues of the human anterior segment. Expression of mRNA encoding tissue kallikrein (KK), low molecular weight kininogen, and B(1) and B(2) kinin receptors was examined in human ciliary smooth muscle (CM), trabecular meshwork (TM) and non-pigmented epithelial (NPE) cells using RT-PCR. Expression of component proteins was also investigated by immunohistochemical analyses performed on parasagittal sections of human anterior segment and TM cells, and by immunoblot. KK mRNA was detected in NPE cells and in cultured CM and TM cells from multiple donors. Each cell type also expressed mRNAs encoding both B(1) and B(2) kinin receptors. Immunohistochemical analysis of KK protein in sectioned anterior segment supported the RT-PCR results. Intense KK immunofluorescence was observed in the epithelial lining of the ciliary body and KK protein was also detected in the ciliary muscle. KK protein expression within the TM was demonstrated by analyses of TM tissue and cultured TM cells. The presence of KK along with B(1) and B(2) receptor proteins was confirmed by immunoblots of cell lysates prepared from CM, NPE or TM cells. Finally, both CM and TM cells were found to possess enzymes for bradykinin inactivation. These data demonstrate that key components for kinin generation and regulation are localized within the human anterior segment. Further, multiple cell types express both B(1) and B(2) kinin receptors and are targets for kinin action. The results support the possibility that kinins produced within the eye may contribute to the regulation of aqueous outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry G Webb
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Gieldon A, Lopez JJ, Glaubitz C, Schwalbe H. Theoretical study of the human bradykinin-bradykinin B2 receptor complex. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2487-97. [PMID: 18803210 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of bradykinin (BK) with the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) was analyzed by using molecular modeling (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A homology model for B2R has been generated and the recently determined receptor-bound solid-state NMR spectroscopic structure of BK (Lopez et al., Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 1692-1695; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1668-1671) has been modeled into the binding pocket of the receptor to probe the putative ligand-receptor interface. The experimental hormone structure fitted well into the binding pocket of the receptor model and remained stable during the MD simulation. We propose a parallel orientation of the side chains for Arg1 and Arg9 in BK that is bound to B2R. The MD simulation study also allows the conformational changes that lead to the activated form of B2R to be analyzed. The hydrogen bond between N140 (3.35) and W283 (6.48) is the key interaction that keeps the receptor in its inactive form. This hydrogen bond is broken during the MD simulation due to rotation of transmembrane helix 3 (TM3) and is replaced by a new hydrogen bond between W283 (6.48) and N324 (7.45). We propose that this interaction is specific for the activated form of the bradykinin B2 receptor. Additionally, we compared and discussed our putative model in the context of the structural model of the partially activated rhodopsin (Rh*) and with the known biochemical and structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Gieldon
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Frankfurt Germany
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Lively S, Brown IR. Extracellular matrix protein SC1/hevin in the hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1335-46. [PMID: 18808451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) mimics many features of temporal lobe epilepsy and is a useful model to study neural changes that result from prolonged seizure activity. In this study, distribution of the anti-adhesive extracellular matrix protein SC1 was examined in the rat hippocampus following SE. Western blotting showed decreased levels of SC1 protein in the week following SE. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the decrease in overall SC1 protein levels was reflected by a reduction of SC1 signal in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Interestingly, levels of SC1 protein in neurons of the seizure-resistant CA2 sector of the hippocampus did not change throughout the seizure time course. However, at 1 day post-SE, a subset of neurons of the hippocampal CA1, CA3, and hilar regions, which are noted for extensive neuronal degeneration after SE, exhibited a transient increase in SC1 signal. Neurons exhibiting enhanced SC1 signal were not detected at 7 days post-SE. The cellular stress response was also examined. A prominent induction of heat-shock protein (Hsp70) and Hsp27 was detected following SE, while levels of constitutively expressed Hsp40, Hsp90, Hsp110, and Hsc70 showed little change at the time points examined. The subset of neurons that demonstrated a transient increase in SC1 colocalized with the cellular stress marker Hsp70, the degeneration marker Fluoro-Jade B, and the neuron activity marker activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). Taken together, these findings suggest that SC1 may be a component of the 'matrix response' involved in remodeling events associated with neuronal degeneration following neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Argañaraz GA, Konno AC, Perosa SR, Santiago JFC, Boim MA, Vidotti DB, Varella PPV, Costa LG, Canzian M, Porcionatto MA, Yacubian EM, Sakamoto AC, Carrete H, Centeno RS, Amado D, Cavalheiro EA, Junior JAS, Mazzacoratti MDGN. The renin-angiotensin system is upregulated in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis. Epilepsia 2008; 49:1348-57. [PMID: 18363708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As reported by several authors, angiotensin II (AngII) is a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates the release of inflammatory cytokines and activates nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), being also associated with the increase of cellular oxidative stress. Its production depends on the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that hydrolyzes the inactive precursor angiotensin I (AngI) into AngII. It has been suggested that AngII underlies the physiopathological mechanisms of several brain disorders such as stroke, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and disease. The aim of the present work was to localize and quantify AngII AT1 and AT2 receptors in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy for seizure control. METHOD Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR techniques were employed to analyze the expression of these receptors. RESULTS The results showed an upregulation of AngII AT1 receptor as well as its messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with MTS. In addition, an increased immunoexpression of AngII AT2 receptors was found only in the hippocampus of these patients with no changes in its mRNA levels. DISCUSSION These data show, for the first time, changes in components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that could be implicated in the physiopathology of MTS.
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Lopez JJ, Shukla AK, Reinhart C, Schwalbe H, Michel H, Glaubitz C. The structure of the neuropeptide bradykinin bound to the human G-protein coupled receptor bradykinin B2 as determined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1668-71. [PMID: 18236494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob J Lopez
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Lopez J, Shukla A, Reinhart C, Schwalbe H, Michel H, Glaubitz C. The Structure of the Neuropeptide Bradykinin Bound to the Human G-Protein Coupled Receptor Bradykinin B2 as Determined by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Modulation of B1 and B2 kinin receptors expression levels in the hippocampus of rats after audiogenic kindling and with limbic recruitment, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 8:200-5. [PMID: 18182227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are hypersynchronous, paroxystic and abnormal neuronal discharges. Epilepsies are characterized by diverse mechanisms involving alteration of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission that result in hyperexcitability of the central nervous system (CNS). Enhanced neuronal excitability can also be achieved by inflammatory processes, including the participation of cytokines, prostaglandins or kinins, molecules known to be involved in either triggering or in the establishment of inflammation. Multiple inductions of audiogenic seizures in the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain are a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), due to the recruitment of limbic areas such as hippocampus and amygdala. In this study we investigated the modulation of the B1 and B2 kinin receptors expression levels in neonatal WARs as well as in adult WARs subjected to the TLE model. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1 beta) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were also evaluated, as well as cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Our results showed that the B1 and B2 kinin receptors mRNAs were up-regulated about 7- and 4-fold, respectively, in the hippocampus of kindled WARs. On the other hand, the expressions of the IL-1 beta, IL-10 and COX-2 were not related to the observed increase of expression of kinin receptors. Based on those results we believe that the B1 and B2 kinin receptors have a pivotal role in this model of TLE, although their participation is not related to an inflammatory process. We believe that kinin receptors in the CNS may act in seizure mechanisms by participating in a specific kininergic neurochemical pathway.
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