1
|
Santos VR, Tilelli CQ, Fernandes A, de Castro OW, Del-Vecchio F, Garcia-Cairasco N. Different types of Status Epilepticus may lead to similar hippocampal epileptogenesis processes. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:68-76. [PMID: 37457787 PMCID: PMC10338355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
About 1-2% of people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, which is characterized by unpredictable and intermittent seizure occurrence. Despite the fact that the exact origin of temporal lobe epilepsy is frequently unknown, it is frequently linked to an early triggering insult like brain damage, tumors, or Status Epilepticus (SE). We used an experimental approach consisting of electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex to induce two behaviorally and structurally distinct SE states: Type I (fully convulsive), with more severe seizure behaviors and more extensive brain damage, and Type II (partial convulsive), with less severe seizure behaviors and brain damage. Our goal was to better understand how the various types of SE impact the hippocampus leading to the development of epilepsy. Despite clear variations between the two behaviors in terms of neurodegeneration, study of neurogenesis revealed a comparable rise in the number of Ki-67 + cells and an increase in Doublecortin (DCX) in both kinds of SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. Santos
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Q. Tilelli
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Federal University of São João Del Rey, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Artur Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Flávio Del-Vecchio
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han QT, Yang WQ, Zang C, Zhou L, Zhang CJ, Bao X, Cai J, Li F, Shi Q, Wang XL, Qu J, Zhang D, Yu SS. The toxic natural product tutin causes epileptic seizures in mice by activating calcineurin. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:101. [PMID: 36894540 PMCID: PMC9998865 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tutin, an established toxic natural product that causes epilepsy in rodents, is often used as a tool to develop animal model of acute epileptic seizures. However, the molecular target and toxic mechanism of tutin were unclear. In this study, for the first time, we conducted experiments to clarify the targets in tutin-induced epilepsy using thermal proteome profiling. Our studies showed that calcineurin (CN) was a target of tutin, and that tutin activated CN, leading to seizures. Binding site studies further established that tutin bound within the active site of CN catalytic subunit. CN inhibitor and calcineurin A (CNA) knockdown experiments in vivo proved that tutin induced epilepsy by activating CN, and produced obvious nerve damage. Together, these findings revealed that tutin caused epileptic seizures by activating CN. Moreover, further mechanism studies found that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and voltage- and Ca2+- activated K+ (BK) channels might be involved in related signaling pathways. Our study fully explains the convulsive mechanism of tutin, which provides new ideas for epilepsy treatment and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Tong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wan-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chong-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fangfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qinyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou X, Chen Z, Xiao L, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Wu J, Tao H. Intracellular calcium homeostasis and its dysregulation underlying epileptic seizures. Seizure 2022; 103:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
4
|
Mateus JM, Ribeiro FF, Alonso-Gomes M, Rodrigues RS, Marques JM, Sebastião AM, Rodrigues RJ, Xapelli S. Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis: Relevance of Adenosine for Neuroregeneration in Brain Disorders. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Mateus
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Alonso-Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui S. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M. Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Rodrigues
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Depression and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Expression Pattern of Calbindin Immunoreactivity in Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of Patients Who Underwent Epilepsy Surgery with and without Comorbid Depression. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:7396793. [PMID: 31191739 PMCID: PMC6525951 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7396793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Changes in calbindin (CB) expression have been reported in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with controversial implications on hippocampal functions. The aim of this study was to determine the CB immunoreactivity in hippocampal dentate gyrus of patients who underwent epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant TLE with and without comorbid depression and/or memory deficits. Methods Selected hippocampal samples from patients with TLE who underwent epilepsy surgery were included. Clinical and complementary assessment: EEG, video-EEG, MRI, psychiatric assessment (structured clinical interview, DSM-IV), and memory assessment (Rey auditory verbal learning test, RAVLT; Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test, RCFT), were determined before surgery. Hippocampal sections were processed using immunoperoxidase with the anti-calbindin antibody. The semiquantitative analysis of CB immunoreactivity was determined in dentate gyrus by computerized image analysis (ImageJ). Results Hippocampal sections of patients with TLE and HS (n = 24) and postmortem controls (n = 5) were included. A significant reduction of CB+ cells was found in patients with TLE (p < 0.05, Student's t-test). Among TLE cases (n = 24), depression (n = 12) and memory deficit (n = 17) were determined. Depression was associated with a higher % of cells with the CB dendritic expression (CB-sprouted cells) (F(1, 20) = 11.81, p = 0.003, hp2 = 0.37), a higher CB+ area (μm2) (F(1, 20) = 5.33, p = 0.032, hp2 = 0.21), and a higher optical density (F(1, 20) = 15.09, p = 0.001, hp2 = 0.43) (two-way ANOVA). The GAF scale (general assessment of functioning) of DSM-IV inversely correlated with the % of CB-sprouted cells (r = −0.52, p = 0.008) and with the CB+ area (r = −0.46, p = 0.022). Conclusions In this exploratory study, comorbid depression was associated with a differential pattern of CB cell loss in dentate gyrus combined with a higher CB sprouting. These changes may indicate granular cell dysmaturation associated to the epileptic hyperexcitability phenomena. Further investigations should be carried out to confirm these preliminary findings.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu K, Liu F, Xu W, Liu J, Chen S, Wu G. Transplanting GABAergic Neurons Differentiated from Neural Stem Cells into Hippocampus Inhibits Seizures and Epileptiform Discharges in Pilocarpine-Induced Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Model. World Neurosurg 2019; 128:e1-e11. [PMID: 30790741 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore whether intrahippocampal transplantation of GABAergic neurons generated in vitro ameliorated seizures and epileptiform discharges via increasing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-associated inhibition mediated by the addition of new GABAergic neurons. METHODS Neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from newborn rats were induced and differentiated into GABAergic neurons. A total of 36 Pilocarpine-induced pharmacoresistant epileptic rats were divided into 3 groups: PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) group, NSCs group, and GABAergic neurons group (GABA group), with an additional 10 normal rats used (normal rat control group). The effects of grafting on spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) were examined and hippocampal GABA content was measured after grafting. RESULTS In the GABA group, the frequency of electroencephalography decreased significantly compared with the PBS group (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the GABA group and NSCs group. Compared with the PBS group, the overall frequency and duration of SRS significantly decreased in the transplantation group, especially in the GABA group (P < 0.01). The number of GABAergic neurons was highest in the GABA group compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, hippocampal GABA concentrations significantly increased in the GABA group. CONCLUSIONS We show that GABAergic neurons generated in vitro from NSCs and grafted into the hippocampi of chronically epileptic rats can significantly reduce the frequency of electroencephalography and frequency and duration of SRS via increasing GABA-associated inhibition mediated by the addition of new GABAergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang City, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang City, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Public Health School, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang City, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang City, China
| | - Shuxuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang City, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang City, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cognition in Epilepsy: ΔFosB Takes Center Stage (and May Star in the Prologue). Epilepsy Curr 2018; 18:323-325. [PMID: 30464735 DOI: 10.5698/1535-7597.18.5.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
8
|
Navidhamidi M, Ghasemi M, Mehranfard N. Epilepsy-associated alterations in hippocampal excitability. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:307-334. [PMID: 28099137 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus exhibits a wide range of epilepsy-related abnormalities and is situated in the mesial temporal lobe, where limbic seizures begin. These abnormalities could affect membrane excitability and lead to overstimulation of neurons. Multiple overlapping processes refer to neural homeostatic responses develop in neurons that work together to restore neuronal firing rates to control levels. Nevertheless, homeostatic mechanisms are unable to restore normal neuronal excitability, and the epileptic hippocampus becomes hyperexcitable or hypoexcitable. Studies show that there is hyperexcitability even before starting recurrent spontaneous seizures, suggesting although hippocampal hyperexcitability may contribute to epileptogenesis, it alone is insufficient to produce epileptic seizures. This supports the concept that the hippocampus is not the only substrate for limbic seizure onset, and a broader hyperexcitable limbic structure may contribute to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) seizures. Nevertheless, seizures also occur in conditions where the hippocampus shows a hypoexcitable phenotype. Since TLE seizures most often originate in the hippocampus, it could therefore be assumed that both hippocampal hypoexcitability and hyperexcitability are undesirable states that make the epileptic hippocampal network less stable and may, under certain conditions, trigger seizures.
Collapse
|
9
|
Estiri H, Fallah A, Soleimani M, Aliaghaei A, Karimzadeh F, Babaei Abraki S, Ghahremani MH. Stable Knockdown of Adenosine Kinase by Lentiviral Anti-ADK miR-shRNAs in Wharton's Jelly Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 20:1-9. [PMID: 29308612 PMCID: PMC5759670 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this study, we describe an efficient approach for stable knockdown of adenosine kinase (ADK) using lentiviral
system, in an astrocytoma cell line and in human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs). These sources of stem
cells besides having multilineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory activities, are easily available in unlimited
numbers, do not raise ethical concerns and are attractive for gene manipulation and cell-based gene therapy.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we targeted adenosine kinase mRNA at 3' and performed coding
sequences using eight miR-based expressing cassettes of anti-ADK short hairpin RNA (shRNAs). First, these cassettes with
scrambled control sequences were cloned into expressing lentiviral pGIPZ vector. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain
reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to screen multi-cassettes anti-ADK miR-shRNAs in stably transduced U-251 MG cell line and
measuring ADK gene expression at mRNA level. Extracted WJMSCs were characterized using flow cytometry for expressing
mesenchymal specific marker (CD44+) and lack of expression of hematopoietic lineage marker (CD45-). Then, the lentiviral
vector that expressed the most efficient anti-ADK miR-shRNA, was employed to stably transduce WJMSCs.
Results Transfection of anti-ADK miR-shRNAs in HEK293T cells using CaPO4 method showed high efficiency. We
successfully transduced U-251 cell line by recombinant lentiviruses and screened eight cassettes of anti-ADK miR-
shRNAs in stably transduced U-251 MG cell line by qRT-PCR. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of ADK by lentiviral
system indicated up to 95% down-regulation of ADK. Following lentiviral transduction of WJMSCs with anti-ADK miR-
shRNA expression cassette, we also implicated, down-regulation of ADK up to 95% by qRT-PCR and confirmed it by
western blot analysis at the protein level.
Conclusion Our findings indicate efficient usage of shRNA cassette for ADK knockdown. Engineered WJMSCs with
genome editing methods like CRISPR/cas9 or more safe viral systems such as adeno-associated vectors (AAV) might
be an attractive source in cell-based gene therapy and may have therapeutic potential for epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Estiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Institute of Cell and Gene therapy, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fallah
- Bioviva Science USA, Seattle, USA.,Iranian Institute of Cell and Gene therapy, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Neuroscience Lab, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castro OW, Upadhya D, Kodali M, Shetty AK. Resveratrol for Easing Status Epilepticus Induced Brain Injury, Inflammation, Epileptogenesis, and Cognitive and Memory Dysfunction-Are We There Yet? Front Neurol 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 29180982 PMCID: PMC5694141 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency exemplified by self-sustaining, unceasing seizures or swiftly recurring seizure events with no recovery between seizures. The early phase after SE event is associated with neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and abnormal neurogenesis in the hippocampus though the extent of these changes depends on the severity and duration of seizures. In many instances, over a period, the initial precipitating injury caused by SE leads to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, cognitive, memory and mood impairments associated with chronic inflammation, reduced neurogenesis, abnormal synaptic reorganization, and multiple molecular changes in the hippocampus. While antiepileptic drugs are efficacious for terminating or greatly reducing seizures in most cases of SE, they have proved ineffective for easing SE-induced epileptogenesis and TLE. Despite considerable advances in elucidating SE-induced multiple cellular, electrophysiological, and molecular changes in the brain, efficient strategies that prevent SE-induced TLE development are yet to be discovered. This review critically confers the efficacy and promise of resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in the skin of red grapes, for easing SE-induced neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, aberrant neurogenesis, and for restraining the evolution of SE-induced brain injury into a chronic epileptic state typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, and learning, memory, and mood impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olagide W Castro
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States.,Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
GABA-ergic cell therapy for epilepsy: Advances, limitations and challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 62:35-47. [PMID: 26748379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diminution in the number of gamma-amino butyric acid positive (GABA-ergic) interneurons and their axon terminals, and/or alterations in functional inhibition are conspicuous brain alterations believed to contribute to the persistence of seizures in acquired epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy. This has steered a perception that replacement of lost GABA-ergic interneurons would improve inhibitory synaptic neurotransmission in the epileptic brain region and thereby reduce the occurrence of seizures. Indeed, studies using animal prototypes have reported that grafting of GABA-ergic progenitors derived from multiple sources into epileptic regions can reduce seizures. This review deliberates recent advances, limitations and challenges concerning the development of GABA-ergic cell therapy for epilepsy. The efficacy and limitations of grafts of primary GABA-ergic progenitors from the embryonic lateral ganglionic eminence and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), neural stem/progenitor cells expanded from MGE, and MGE-like progenitors generated from human pluripotent stem cells for alleviating seizures and co-morbidities of epilepsy are conferred. Additional studies required for possible clinical application of GABA-ergic cell therapy for epilepsy are also summarized.
Collapse
|
12
|
Khamse S, Sadr SS, Roghani M, Hasanzadeh G, Mohammadian M. Rosmarinic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect in the kainate rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy: Underlying mechanisms. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1818-25. [PMID: 25874386 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is an intractable neurological disorder. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates beneficial effect of RA in intrahippocampal kainate-induced model of TLE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into sham, RA-pretreated sham, kainate, and sodium valproate (VA) or RA-pretreated kainate groups. Rats received RA or VA p.o. at doses of 10 or 300 mg/kg/d, respectively, starting 1 week before the surgery. After 6 weeks, seizure intensity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in addition to determination of Timm index as an indicator of mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) and the number of Nissl-stained neurons. RESULTS All rats in the kainate group had seizure and 24.3% of rats in the kainate + VA group and 36.7% of rats in the kainate + RA group showed seizure. The kainate group had a significant elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05) and nitrite (p < 0.01) and reduction of glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity (p < 0.05) and pretreatment of kainate-lesioned rats with RA or VA significantly lowered MDA and nitrite content (p < 0.05) and raised activity of catalase (p < 0.05). The kainate group also had a significant reduction of neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions and an elevation of Timm index (p < 0.05-0.001) and RA or VA significantly (p < 0.05-0.01) prevented these changes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION RA could attenuate seizure, mitigates oxidative stress, augments the activity of defensive systems, and prevent hippocampal neuronal loss and MFS in the kainate model of TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Khamse
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu YQ, Yu F, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW. Dysfunction of hippocampal interneurons in epilepsy. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:985-998. [PMID: 25370443 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)-containing interneurons are crucial to both development and function of the brain. Down-regulation of GABAergic inhibition may result in the generation of epileptiform activity. Loss, axonal sprouting, and dysfunction of interneurons are regarded as mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that network connectivity and the properties of interneurons are responsible for excitatory-inhibitory neuronal circuits. The balance between excitation and inhibition in CA1 neuronal circuitry is considerably altered during epileptic changes. This review discusses interneuron diversity, the causes of interneuron dysfunction in epilepsy, and the possibility of using GABAergic neuronal progenitors for the treatment of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kiasalari Z, Khalili M, Roghani M. Neuroprotective Effect of Vitamin E in a KainateInduced Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-014-9418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Tyson JA, Anderson SA. GABAergic interneuron transplants to study development and treat disease. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:169-77. [PMID: 24508416 PMCID: PMC4396846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell technology have engendered keen interest in cell-based therapies for neurological disorders. Postnatal engraftments of most neuronal precursors result in little cellular migration, a crucial prerequisite for transplants to integrate within the host circuitry. This may occur because most neurons migrate along substrates, such as radial glial processes, that are not abundant in adults. However, cortical GABAergic interneurons migrate tangentially from the subcortical forebrain into the cerebral cortex. Accordingly, transplants of cortical interneuron precursors migrate extensively after engraftment into a variety of CNS tissues, where they can become synaptically connected with host circuitry. We review how this remarkable ability to integrate post-transplant is being applied to the development of cell-based therapies for a variety of CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Tyson
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hong Z, Yang TH, Tang MH, Zhang H, Li HX, Chen L, Chen Q, Zhou D. A novel kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rhesus monkeys induced by Coriaria lactone. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 29:457-65. [PMID: 24100251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in developing novel therapeutics for human epileptic disorders derives from the limitation of knowledge of the processes by which epilepsy is generated (epileptogenesis). Furthermore, the inability to obtain human samples at the early stage of epilepsy hinders studies designed to further understand epileptogenesis. Thus, an effective animal model is critical for studies investigating this process. The purpose of this study was to establish a new primate kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) as an animal model of epileptogenesis. Here, repeated injections of Coriaria lactone (CL) at a subthreshold dose elicited partial seizures that culminated in secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The sequence of events and features of the behaviors observed in this model simulated those observed in human TLE. Electroencephalogram monitoring revealed the temporal lobe origins of the epileptiform potentials, which were consistent with the behavioral changes observed. A total of 7 rhesus monkeys (78%) were kindled with a median of 48 (41 to 60) CL injections. Both the seizure-induction and mortality rates were dose-dependent. A CL injection at 1.50mg/kg showed the lowest animal mortality rate (0%) and the highest seizure-induction rate (100%). Extensive kindling by CL injections with a median of 97 injections (overkindling) subsequently resulted in the recurrence of spontaneous seizures in rhesus monkeys with frequency patterns that were similar to those observed in human TLE. In addition, rhesus monkeys subjected to large numbers of kindling stimuli displayed mitochondrial damage and astrocyte activation in a pattern that was similar to the neuropathological changes characteristic of human TLE. Thus, a kindling TLE model in rhesus monkeys representing a primate animal model of epileptogenesis was established for the first time using repeated intramuscular injections of Coriaria lactone. This model was easily and efficiently performed and resulted in behavioral, electrographical, and anatomical characteristics of human TLE. Thus, this model might be used in future investigations of the mechanisms involved in the epileptogenesis of TLE and in the development of new antiepileptic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kiasalari Z, Roghani M, Khalili M, Rahmati B, Baluchnejadmojarad T. Antiepileptogenic effect of curcumin on kainate-induced model of temporal lobe epilepsy. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1572-1578. [PMID: 24004105 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.803128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is an intractable neurological disorder. Curcumin is the bioactive component of turmeric with anti-epileptic and neuroprotective potential. OBJECTIVE The beneficial effect of curcumin on the intrahippocampal kainate-induced model of TLE was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into sham, curcumin-pretreated sham, kainate and curcumin-pretreated kainate groups. The rat model of TLE was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of 4 μg of kainate. Rats received curcumin p.o. at a dose of 100 mg/kg/d starting 1 week before the surgery. Seizure activity (SE) and oxidative stress-related markers were measured. Furthermore, the Timm index for evaluation of mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) and number of Nissl-stained neurons were quantified. RESULTS All rats in the kainate group had SE, while 28.5% of rats showed seizures in the curcumin-pretreated kainate group. Malondialdehyde and nitrite and nitrate levels significantly increased in the kainate group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), and curcumin significantly lowered these parameters (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity significantly decreased in the kainate group (p < 0.05) and curcumin did not improve it. Rats in the kainate group showed a significant reduction of neurons in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) (p < 0.05), CA3 (p < 0.005) and hilar (p < 0.01) regions, and curcumin significantly prevented these changes (p < 0.05-0.005). The Timm index significantly increased in the kainate group (p < 0.005), and curcumin significantly lowered this index (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Curcumin pretreatment can attenuate seizures, lower some oxidative stress markers, and prevent hippocampal neuronal loss and MFS in the kainate-induced model of TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University , Tehran , Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dariani S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Thymoquinone attenuates astrogliosis, neurodegeneration, mossy fiber sprouting, and oxidative stress in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:679-86. [PMID: 23794216 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a rather common and difficult-to-treat variant of epilepsy. Nearly one third of people with epilepsy do not respond effectively to currently available anticonvulsants. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ), the main constituent of black seed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, in the intrahippocampal kainate model of TLE in rat. Following kainate injection, seizure activity was observed that was significantly diminished by TQ pretreatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg, p.o. Intrahippocampal kainate also increased malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, and nitrate levels and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase and TQ only significantly attenuated MDA. In addition, intrahippocampal kainate caused a significant reduction of neurons in CA1, CA3 and the hilar regions, and TQ significantly attenuated these changes. Timm histochemistry showed a marked mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) in the dentate gyrus of kainate-lesioned rats, and TQ significantly lowered MFS intensity. Meanwhile, a number of reactive astrocytes (astrogliosis) increased significantly in the kainate group, and TQ pretreatment significantly decreased it. These data suggest that TQ pretreatment could attenuate seizure activity and lipid peroxidation, lower hippocampal neuronal loss and MFS, and mitigate astrogliosis in kainate model of TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Dariani
- Department Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Coenzyme q10 ameliorates neurodegeneration, mossy fiber sprouting, and oxidative stress in intrahippocampal kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rat. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:194-201. [PMID: 23008120 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of epilepsy in adults and the most resistant type to treatment. Novel treatment approaches are strongly required to prevent or even reverse the cellular and molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis. In this study, we investigated the possible neuroprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in an intrahippocampal kainate model of TLE in rat. Kainate injection caused a higher seizure severity during status epilepticus and spontaneous seizure phases, and CoQ10 pretreatment significantly attenuated its severity and incidence rate. Intrahippocampal kainate also led to elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite, and CoQ10 significantly attenuated the increased MDA and nitrite content. In addition, intrahippocampal kainate induced a significant degeneration of neurons in CA1, CA3, and hilar regions of the hippocampus, and CoQ10 significantly attenuated these changes in CA1 and CA3 regions. Timm's staining data showed a robust mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) in dentate gyrus of kainate-lesioned rats and CoQ10 significantly lowered MFS intensity. These data suggest that CoQ10 pretreatment could attenuate spontaneous recurrent seizures and inhibit hippocampal neuronal loss and aberrant MFS in kainate-induced model of TLE in rat, and part of its beneficial effect is due to its potential to mitigate oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
20
|
Martinian L, Catarino C, Thompson P, Sisodiya S, Thom M. Calbindin D28K expression in relation to granule cell dispersion, mossy fibre sprouting and memory impairment in hippocampal sclerosis: A surgical and post mortem series. Epilepsy Res 2012; 98:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
21
|
Sebe JY, Baraban SC. The promise of an interneuron-based cell therapy for epilepsy. Dev Neurobiol 2011; 71:107-17. [PMID: 21154914 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Of the nearly 3 million Americans diagnosed with epilepsy, approximately 30% are unresponsive to current medications. Recent data has shown that early postnatal transplantation of interneuronal precursor cells increases GABAergic inhibition in the host brain and dramatically suppresses seizure activity in epileptic mice. In this review, we will highlight findings from seizure-prone mice and humans that demonstrate the link between dysfunctional GABAergic inhibition and hyperexcitability. In particular, we will focus on rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common and difficult to treat form of the disease, and interneuronopathies, an emerging classification. A wealth of literature showing a causal link between reduced GABA-mediated inhibition and seizures has directed our efforts to recover the loss of inhibition via transplantation of interneuronal precursors. Numerous related studies have explored the anticonvulsant potential of cell grafts derived from a variety of brain regions, yet the mechanism underlying the effect of such heterogeneous cell transplants is unknown. In discussing our recent findings and placing them in context with what is known about epilepsy, and how related transplant approaches have progressed, we hope to initiate a frank discussion of the best path toward the translation of this approach to patients with intractable forms of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Y Sebe
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
GABAergic neuronal precursor grafting: implications in brain regeneration and plasticity. Neural Plast 2011; 2011:384216. [PMID: 21766042 PMCID: PMC3135013 DOI: 10.1155/2011/384216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neurological disorders are caused by a dysfunction of the GABAergic system that impairs or either stimulates its inhibitory action over its neuronal targets. Pharmacological drugs have generally been proved very effective in restoring its normal function, but their lack of any sort of spatial or cell type specificity has created some limitations in their use. In the last decades, cell-based therapies using GABAergic neuronal grafts have emerged as a promising treatment, since they may restore the lost equilibrium by cellular replacement of the missing/altered inhibitory neurons or modulating the hyperactive excitatory system. In particular, the discovery that embryonic ganglionic eminence-derived GABAergic precursors are able to disperse and integrate in large areas of the host tissue after grafting has provided a strong rationale for exploiting their use for the treatment of diseased brains. GABAergic neuronal transplantation not only is efficacious to restore normal GABAergic activities but can also trigger or sustain high neuronal plasticity by promoting the general reorganization of local neuronal circuits adding new synaptic connections. These results cast new light on dynamics and plasticity of adult neuronal assemblies and their associated functions disclosing new therapeutic opportunities for the near future.
Collapse
|
23
|
A novel animal model of hippocampal cognitive deficits, slow neurodegeneration, and neuroregeneration. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:527201. [PMID: 21541187 PMCID: PMC3085481 DOI: 10.1155/2011/527201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term adrenalectomy (ADX) results in an extensive and specific loss of dentate gyrus granule cells in the hippocampus of adult rats. This loss of granule cells extends over a period of weeks to months and ultimately results in cognitive deficits revealed in a number of tasks that depend on intact hippocampal function. The gradual nature of ADX-induced cell death and the ensuing deficits in cognition resemble in some important respects a variety of pathological conditions in humans. Here, we characterize behavioural and cellular processes, including adult neurogenesis, in the rat ADX model. We also provide experimental evidence for a neurogenic treatment strategy by which the lost hippocampal cells may be replaced, with the goal of functional recovery in mind.
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu X, Wen F, Yang J, Chen L, Wei YQ. A review of current applications of mass spectrometry for neuroproteomics in epilepsy. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:197-246. [PMID: 19598206 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain is unquestionably the most fascinating organ, and the hippocampus is crucial in memory storage and retrieval and plays an important role in stress response. In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the seizure origin typically involves the hippocampal formation. Despite tremendous progress, current knowledge falls short of being able to explain its function. An emerging approach toward an improved understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms that underlie functions of the brain and hippocampus is neuroproteomics. Mass spectrometry has been widely used to analyze biological samples, and has evolved into an indispensable tool for proteomics research. In this review, we present a general overview of the application of mass spectrometry in proteomics, summarize neuroproteomics and systems biology-based discovery of protein biomarkers for epilepsy, discuss the methodology needed to explore the epileptic hippocampus proteome, and also focus on applications of ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) in disease research. This neuroproteomics survey presents a framework for large-scale protein research in epilepsy that can be applied for immediate epileptic biomarker discovery and the far-reaching systems biology understanding of the protein regulatory networks. Ultimately, knowledge attained through neuroproteomics could lead to clinical diagnostics and therapeutics to lessen the burden of epilepsy on society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Farin A, Liu CY, Langmoen IA, Apuzzo ML. BIOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION. Neurosurgery 2009; 65:831-59; discussion 859. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000351721.81175.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
26
|
Reduction of seizures by transplantation of cortical GABAergic interneuron precursors into Kv1.1 mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15472-7. [PMID: 19706400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900141106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a disease characterized by abnormal brain activity, is a disabling and potentially life-threatening condition for nearly 1% of the world population. Unfortunately, modulation of brain excitability using available antiepileptic drugs can have serious side effects, especially in the developing brain, and some patients can only be improved by surgical removal of brain regions containing the seizure focus. Here, we show that bilateral transplantation of precursor cells from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) into early postnatal neocortex generates mature GABAergic interneurons in the host brain. In mice receiving MGE cell grafts, GABA-mediated synaptic and extrasynaptic inhibition onto host brain pyramidal neurons is significantly increased. Bilateral MGE cell grafts in epileptic mice lacking a Shaker-like potassium channel (a gene mutated in one form of human epilepsy) resulted in significant reductions in the duration and frequency of spontaneous electrographic seizures. Our findings suggest that MGE-derived interneurons could be used to ameliorate abnormal excitability and possibly act as an effective strategy in the treatment of epilepsy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Boison D. Engineered adenosine-releasing cells for epilepsy therapy: human mesenchymal stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:278-83. [PMID: 19332320 PMCID: PMC2682344 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a modulator of neuronal activity with anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties. Conversely, focal deficiency in adenosine contributes to ictogenesis. Thus, focal reconstitution of adenosine within an epileptogenic brain region constitutes a rational therapeutic approach, whereas systemic augmentation of adenosine is precluded by side effects. To meet the therapeutic goal of focal adenosine augmentation, genetic disruption of the adenosine metabolizing enzyme, adenosine kinase (ADK) in rodent cells was used as a molecular strategy to induce adenosine release from cellular brain implants, which demonstrated antiepileptic and neuroprotective properties. Currently, the second generation of adenosine-releasing cells is under development based on the rationale to use human stem cell-derived brain implants to avoid xenotransplantation. To effectively engineer human stem cells to release adenosine, a lentiviral vector was constructed to express inhibitory micro-RNA directed against ADK. Lentiviral knockdown of ADK induced therapeutic adenosine release in human mesenchymal stem cells, which reduced acute injury and seizures, as well as chronic seizures, when grafted into the mouse hippocampus. The therapeutic potential of this approach suggests the feasibility to engineer autologous adenosine-releasing stem cells derived from a patient. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have a high proliferative capacity and can be subjected to specific cellular differentiation pathways. hESCs, differentiated in vitro into neuroepithelial cells and grafted into the mouse brain, displayed intrahippocampal location and neuronal morphology. Using the same lentiviral micro-RNA vector, we demonstrated knockdown of ADK in hESCs. New developments and therapeutic challenges in using human mesenchymal stem cells and hESCs for epilepsy therapy will be critically evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- R. S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, Portland, Oregon 97232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Maisano X, Carpentino J, Becker S, Lanza R, Aaron G, Grabel L, Naegele JR. Embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor grafts for treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:263-77. [PMID: 19332319 PMCID: PMC2830617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex partial seizures arising from mesial temporal lobe structures are a defining feature of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). For many TLE patients, there is an initial traumatic head injury that is the precipitating cause of epilepsy. Severe TLE can be associated with neuropathological changes, including hippocampal sclerosis, neurodegeneration in the dentate gyrus, and extensive reorganization of hippocampal circuits. Learning disabilities and psychiatric conditions may also occur in patients with severe TLE for whom conventional anti-epileptic drugs are ineffective. Novel treatments are needed to limit or repair neuronal damage, particularly to hippocampus and related limbic regions in severe TLE and to suppress temporal lobe seizures. A promising therapeutic strategy may be to restore inhibition of dentate gyrus granule neurons by means of cell grafts of embryonic stem cell-derived GABAergic neuron precursors. "Proof-of-concept" studies show that human and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursors can survive, migrate, and integrate into the brains of rodents in different experimental models of TLE. In addition, studies have shown that hippocampal grafts of cell lines engineered to release GABA or other anticonvulsant molecules can suppress seizures. Furthermore, transplants of fetal GABAergic progenitors from the mouse or human brain have also been shown to suppress the development of seizures. Here, we review these relevant studies and highlight areas of future research directed toward producing embryonic stem cell-derived GABAergic interneurons for cell-based therapies for treating TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Maisano
- grid.268117.b0000000122937601Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 06459 Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Joseph Carpentino
- grid.15276.370000000419368091Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 32610 Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sandy Becker
- grid.421980.6Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., 01605 Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Lanza
- grid.421980.6Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., 01605 Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gloster Aaron
- grid.268117.b0000000122937601Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 06459 Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Laura Grabel
- grid.268117.b0000000122937601Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 06459 Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Janice R. Naegele
- grid.268117.b0000000122937601Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 06459 Middletown, Connecticut
- grid.268117.b0000000122937601Department of Biology, Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, 06459-0170 Middletown, CT
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu Z, Xu Q, Zhang L, Kong D, Ma R, Wang L. Protective effect of resveratrol against kainate-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1393-400. [PMID: 19219549 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res) is a phytoalexin produced naturally by several plants, which has multi functional effects such as neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. The present study was to evaluate a possible anti-epileptic effect of Res against kainate-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rat. We performed behavior monitoring, intracranial electroencepholography (IEEG) recording, histological analysis, and Western blotting to evaluate the anti-epilepsy effect of Res in kainate-induced epileptic rats. Res decreased the frequency of spontaneous seizures and inhibited the epileptiform discharges. Moreover, Res could protect neurons against kainate-induced neuronal cell death in CA1 and CA3a regions and depressed mossy fiber sprouting, which are general histological characteristics both in TLE patients and animal models. Western blot revealed that the expression level of kainate receptors (KARs) in hippocampus was reduced in Res-administrated rats compared to that in epileptic ones. These results suggest that Res is a potent anti-epilepsy agent, which protects against epileptogenesis and progression of the kainate-induced TLE animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Koshimizu H, Senatorov V, Loh YP, Gozes I. Neuroprotective protein and carboxypeptidase E. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 39:1-8. [PMID: 19165633 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the neuroprotective activities and structural specificities of two distinct proteins, activity-dependent neuroprotective protein, a protein assigned transcription factor/chromatin remodeling activity, and carboxypeptidase E, a classic exopeptidase. Future studies will elucidate how these two versatile proteins converge onto a similar endpoint: neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Koshimizu
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Implications of decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2008; 49 Suppl 5:26-41. [PMID: 18522598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), characterized by spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS), learning and memory impairments, and depression, is associated with neurodegeneration, abnormal reorganization of the circuitry, and loss of functional inhibition in the hippocampal and extrahippocampal regions. Over the last decade, abnormal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) has emerged as another hallmark of TLE. Increased DG neurogenesis and recruitment of newly born neurons into the epileptogenic hippocampal circuitry is a characteristic phenomenon occurring during the early phase after the initial precipitating injury such as status epilepticus. However, the chronic phase of the disease displays substantially declined DG neurogenesis, which is associated with SRMS, learning and memory impairments, and depression. This review focuses on DG neurogenesis in the chronic phase of TLE and first confers the extent and mechanisms of declined DG neurogenesis in chronic TLE. The available data on production, survival and neuronal fate choice decision of newly born cells, stability of hippocampal stem cell numbers, and changes in the hippocampal microenvironment in chronic TLE are considered. The next section discusses the possible contribution of declined DG neurogenesis to the pathophysiology of chronic TLE, which includes its potential effects on spontaneous recurrent seizures, cognitive dysfunction, and depression. The subsequent section considers strategies that may be useful for augmenting DG neurogenesis in chronic TLE, which encompass stem cell grafting, administration of distinct neurotrophic factors, physical exercise, exposure to enriched environment, and antidepressant therapy. The final section suggests possible ramifications of increasing the DG neurogenesis in chronic epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Hattiangady
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hattiangady B, Rao MS, Shetty AK. Grafting of striatal precursor cells into hippocampus shortly after status epilepticus restrains chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:468-81. [PMID: 18579133 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) typically progresses into temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) typified by complex partial seizures. Because sizable fraction of patients with TLE exhibit chronic seizures that are resistant to antiepileptic drugs, alternative therapies that are efficient for diminishing SE-induced chronic epilepsy have great significance. We hypothesize that bilateral grafting of appropriately treated striatal precursor cells into hippocampi shortly after SE is efficacious for diminishing SE-induced chronic epilepsy through long-term survival and differentiation into GABA-ergic neurons. We induced SE in adult rats via graded intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid, bilaterally placed grafts of striatal precursors (pre-treated with fibroblast growth factor-2 and caspase inhibitor) into hippocampi at 4 days post-SE, and examined long-term effects of grafting on spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS). Analyses at 9-12 months post-grafting revealed that, the overall frequency of SRMS was 67-89% less than that observed in SE-rats that underwent sham-grafting surgery and epilepsy-only controls. Graft cell survival was approximately 33% of injected cells and approximately 69% of surviving cells differentiated into GABA-ergic neurons, which comprised subclasses expressing calbindin, parvalbumin, calretinin and neuropeptide Y. Grafting considerably preserved hippocampal calbindin but had no effects on aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. The results provide novel evidence that bilateral grafting of appropriately treated striatal precursor cells into hippocampi shortly after SE is proficient for greatly reducing the frequency of SRMS on a long-term basis in the chronic epilepsy period. Presence of a large number of GABA-ergic neurons in grafts further suggests that strengthening of the inhibitory control in host hippocampi likely underlies the beneficial effects mediated by grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Acharya MM, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Progress in neuroprotective strategies for preventing epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 84:363-404. [PMID: 18207302 PMCID: PMC2441599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is increasingly considered as a promising therapy for preventing and treating temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The development of chronic TLE, also termed as epileptogenesis, is a dynamic process. An initial precipitating injury (IPI) such as the status epilepticus (SE) leads to neurodegeneration, abnormal reorganization of the brain circuitry and a significant loss of functional inhibition. All of these changes likely contribute to the development of chronic epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) and learning and memory deficits. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge pertaining to neuroprotection in epileptic conditions, and to highlight the efficacy of distinct neuroprotective strategies for preventing or treating chronic TLE. Although the administration of certain conventional and new generation anti-epileptic drugs is effective for primary neuroprotection such as reduced neurodegeneration after acute seizures or the SE, their competence for preventing the development of chronic epilepsy after an IPI is either unknown or not promising. On the other hand, alternative strategies such as the ketogenic diet therapy, administration of distinct neurotrophic factors, hormones or antioxidants seem useful for preventing and treating chronic TLE. However, long-term studies on the efficacy of these approaches introduced at different time-points after the SE or an IPI are lacking. Additionally, grafting of fetal hippocampal cells at early time-points after an IPI holds considerable promise for preventing TLE, though issues regarding availability of donor cells, ethical concerns, timing of grafting after SE, and durability of graft-mediated seizure suppression need to be resolved for further advances with this approach. Overall, from the studies performed so far, there is consensus that neuroprotective strategies need to be employed as quickly as possible after the onset of the SE or an IPI for considerable beneficial effects. Nevertheless, ideal strategies that are capable of facilitating repair and functional recovery of the brain after an IPI and preventing the evolution of IPI into chronic epilepsy are still hard to pin down.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cell and gene therapies in epilepsy – promising avenues or blind alleys? Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
35
|
Dhanushkodi A, Shetty AK. Is exposure to enriched environment beneficial for functional post-lesional recovery in temporal lobe epilepsy? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 32:657-74. [PMID: 18178250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to enriched environment has been shown to induce robust neuronal plasticity in both intact and injured adult central nervous system, including up-regulation of multiple neurotrophic factors, enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and improved spatial learning and memory function. Neuronal plasticity, though mostly adaptive and abnormal, also occurs during certain neurodegenerative conditions such as the temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The TLE is characterized by hippocampal neurodegeneration, aberrant mossy fiber sprouting, spontaneous recurrent motor seizures, cognitive deficits, and abnormally enhanced neurogenesis during the early phase and dramatically declined neurogenesis during the chronic phase of the disease. As environmental enrichment has been found to be beneficial for treating animal models of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, there is considerable interest in determining the efficacy of this strategy for preventing or treating chronic TLE after the initial precipitating brain injury. This review first discusses the proof of principle behind the potential application of the environmental enrichment strategy for preventing or treating TLE after brain injury. The subsequent chapters confer the portrayed beneficial effects of enrichment for functional post-lesional recovery in TLE and the possible complications which may arise from housing epilepsy-prone or epileptic rats in enriched environmental conditions. The final segment discusses studies that are essential for further understanding the efficacy of this approach for preventing or treating TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anandh Dhanushkodi
- Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rai KS, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Enhanced production and dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle-aged hippocampus following intracerebroventricular FGF-2 infusions. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1765-79. [PMID: 17883411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Declined production and diminished dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle-aged and aged hippocampus are correlated with diminished concentration of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). This study examined whether increased FGF-2 concentration in the milieu boosts both production and dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle-aged hippocampus. The FGF-2 or vehicle was infused into the posterior lateral ventricle of middle-aged Fischer (F)344 rats for 2 weeks using osmotic minipumps. New cells born during the first 12 days of infusions were labeled via daily intraperitoneal injections of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and analysed at 10 days after the last BrdU injection. Measurement of BrdU(+) cells revealed a considerably enhanced number of new cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and granule cell layer (GCL) of the dentate gyrus (DG) ipsilateral to FGF-2 infusions. Characterization of beta-III tubulin(+) neurons among newly born cells suggested an increased addition of new neurons to the SGZ/GCL ipsilateral to FGF-2 infusions. Quantification of DG neurogenesis at 8 days post-infusions via doublecortin (DCX) immunostaining also revealed the presence of an enhanced DG neurogenesis ipsilateral to FGF-2 infusions. Furthermore, DCX(+) neurons in FGF-2-infused rats exhibited enhanced dendritic growth compared with their counterparts in vehicle-infused rats. Thus, subchronic infusion of FGF-2 is efficacious for stimulating an enhanced DG neurogenesis from neural stem/progenitor cells in the middle-aged hippocampus. As dentate neurogenesis is important for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and DG long-term potentiation, strategies that maintain increased FGF-2 concentration during ageing may be beneficial for thwarting some of the age-related cognitive impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiranmai S Rai
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rao MS, Hattiangady B, Rai KS, Shetty AK. Strategies for promoting anti-seizure effects of hippocampal fetal cells grafted into the hippocampus of rats exhibiting chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 27:117-32. [PMID: 17618126 PMCID: PMC3612502 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of hippocampal fetal cell (HFC) grafting for restraining spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is unknown. We investigated both survival and anti-seizure effects of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled embryonic day 19 (E19) HFC grafts pretreated with different neurotrophic factors and a caspase inhibitor. Grafts were placed bilaterally into the hippocampi of F344 rats exhibiting kainate (KA) induced chronic TLE, where the frequency of SRMS varied from 3.0 to 3.5 seizures/8-h duration. The first group received standard (untreated) HFC grafts, the second group received HFC grafts pretreated and transplanted with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and caspase inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk (BNC-treated HFC grafts), the third group received HFC grafts pretreated and transplanted with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and caspase inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk (FC-treated HFC grafts), and the fourth group served as epilepsy-only controls. Epileptic rats receiving standard HFC grafts exhibited 119% increase in the frequency of SRMS at 2 months post-grafting consistent with 125% increase in seizure frequency observed in epilepsy-only controls during the same period. However, in epileptic rats receiving HFC grafts treated with BNC or FC, the frequency of SRMS was 33-39% less than their pre-transplant scores and 73-76% less than rats receiving standard HFC grafts or epilepsy-only rats. The yield of surviving neurons was equivalent to 30% of injected cells in standard HFC grafts, 57% in HFC grafts treated with BNC and 98% in HFC grafts treated with FC. Thus, standard HFC grafts survive poorly in the chronically epileptic hippocampus and fail to restrain the progression of chronic TLE. In contrast, HFCs treated and grafted with BNC or FC survive robustly in the chronically epileptic hippocampus, considerably reduce the frequency of SRMS and blunt the progression of chronic TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Corresponding author. Division of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA. (A.K. Shetty)
| |
Collapse
|