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Pang S, Ding S, Peng C, Chen Y. Temporal context modulates cross-modality time discrimination: Electrophysiological evidence for supramodal temporal representation. Cortex 2024; 179:143-156. [PMID: 39173580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Although the peripheral nervous system lacks a dedicated receptor, the brain processes temporal information through different sensory channels. A critical question is whether temporal information from different sensory modalities at different times forms modality-specific representations or is integrated into a common representation in a supramodal manner. Behavioral studies on temporal memory mixing and the central tendency effect have provided evidence for supramodal temporal representations. We aimed to provide electrophysiological evidence for this proposal by employing a cross-modality time discrimination task combined with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. The task maintained a fixed auditory standard duration, whereas the visual comparison duration was randomly selected from the short and long ranges, creating two different audio-visual temporal contexts. The behavioral results showed that the point of subjective equality (PSE) in the short context was significantly lower than that in the long context. The EEG results revealed that the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in the short context was significantly higher (more negative) than in the long context in the early stage, while it was lower (more positive) in the later stage. These results suggest that the audiovisual temporal context is integrated with the auditory standard duration to generate a subjective time criterion. Compared with the long context, the subjective time criterion in the short context was shorter, resulting in earlier decision-making and a preceding decrease in CNV. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence that temporal information from different modalities inputted into the brain at different times can form a supramodal temporal representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaofan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunhua Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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2
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Kira S, Safaai H, Morcos AS, Panzeri S, Harvey CD. A distributed and efficient population code of mixed selectivity neurons for flexible navigation decisions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2121. [PMID: 37055431 PMCID: PMC10102117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision-making requires flexibility to rapidly switch one's actions in response to sensory stimuli depending on information stored in memory. We identified cortical areas and neural activity patterns underlying this flexibility during virtual navigation, where mice switched navigation toward or away from a visual cue depending on its match to a remembered cue. Optogenetics screening identified V1, posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) as necessary for accurate decisions. Calcium imaging revealed neurons that can mediate rapid navigation switches by encoding a mixture of a current and remembered visual cue. These mixed selectivity neurons emerged through task learning and predicted the mouse's choices by forming efficient population codes before correct, but not incorrect, choices. They were distributed across posterior cortex, even V1, and were densest in RSC and sparsest in PPC. We propose flexibility in navigation decisions arises from neurons that mix visual and memory information within a visual-parietal-retrosplenial network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Kira
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Houman Safaai
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ari S Morcos
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Excellence for Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Alexander AS, Place R, Starrett MJ, Chrastil ER, Nitz DA. Rethinking retrosplenial cortex: Perspectives and predictions. Neuron 2023; 111:150-175. [PMID: 36460006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has produced exciting new ideas about retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and its role in integrating diverse inputs. Here, we review the diversity in forms of spatial and directional tuning of RSC activity, temporal organization of RSC activity, and features of RSC interconnectivity with other brain structures. We find that RSC anatomy and dynamics are more consistent with roles in multiple sensorimotor and cognitive processes than with any isolated function. However, two more generalized categories of function may best characterize roles for RSC in complex cognitive processes: (1) shifting and relating perspectives for spatial cognition and (2) prediction and error correction for current sensory states with internal representations of the environment. Both functions likely take advantage of RSC's capacity to encode conjunctions among sensory, motor, and spatial mapping information streams. Together, these functions provide the scaffold for intelligent actions, such as navigation, perspective taking, interaction with others, and error detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Alexander
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ryan Place
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Starrett
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Chrastil
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Douglas A Nitz
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Arlt C, Barroso-Luque R, Kira S, Bruno CA, Xia N, Chettih SN, Soares S, Pettit NL, Harvey CD. Cognitive experience alters cortical involvement in goal-directed navigation. eLife 2022; 11:76051. [PMID: 35735909 PMCID: PMC9259027 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity in the mammalian cortex has been studied extensively during decision tasks, and recent work aims to identify under what conditions cortex is actually necessary for these tasks. We discovered that mice with distinct cognitive experiences, beyond sensory and motor learning, use different cortical areas and neural activity patterns to solve the same navigation decision task, revealing past learning as a critical determinant of whether cortex is necessary for goal-directed navigation. We used optogenetics and calcium imaging to study the necessity and neural activity of multiple cortical areas in mice with different training histories. Posterior parietal cortex and retrosplenial cortex were mostly dispensable for accurate performance of a simple navigation task. In contrast, these areas were essential for the same simple task when mice were previously trained on complex tasks with delay periods or association switches. Multiarea calcium imaging showed that, in mice with complex-task experience, single-neuron activity had higher selectivity and neuron–neuron correlations were weaker, leading to codes with higher task information. Therefore, past experience is a key factor in determining whether cortical areas have a causal role in goal-directed navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Arlt
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Shinichiro Kira
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Carissa A Bruno
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ningjing Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Selmaan N Chettih
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sofia Soares
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Noah L Pettit
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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Castiello S, Zhang W, Delamater AR. The retrosplenial cortex as a possible "sensory integration" area: A neural network modeling approach of the differential outcomes effect in negative patterning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107527. [PMID: 34592469 PMCID: PMC8595819 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We explored the hypothesis that learning a Pavlovian negative patterning task would be facilitated when training with differential, as opposed to non-differential, reinforcing outcomes. Two groups of rats received pairings of one visual and one auditory stimulus with food reward when these stimuli were presented on separate training trials, but without reward when both stimuli were presented on simultaneous stimulus compound trials (V+, A+, AV-; similar to an XOR problem). For Group Differential, each stimulus was separately paired with distinctively tasting food rewards, whereas for Group Non-Differential each stimulus was randomly paired with both food reward types across different stimulus element trials. We observed that rats learned the negative patterning task more rapidly and effectively when trained with differential outcomes. These data support a multi-layered connectionist model introduced by Delamater (2012) in which a multi-modal processing structure plays the role of a "sensory integration" area like that hypothesized for the retrosplenial cortex by Dave Bucci and his colleagues (e.g., Todd, Fournier, & Bucci, 2019). We discuss how such a region may develop different "negative occasion setting" and "configural inhibition" mechanisms in solving negative patterning and related tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Castiello
- University of Oxford, UK; Brooklyn College - City University of New York, United States
| | - Wenya Zhang
- Brooklyn College - City University of New York, United States
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Trask S, Ferrara NC, Grisales K, Helmstetter FJ. Optogenetic inhibition of either the anterior or posterior retrosplenial cortex disrupts retrieval of a trace, but not delay, fear memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107530. [PMID: 34592468 PMCID: PMC8595712 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous work investigating the role of the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in memory formation has demonstrated that its contributions are not uniform throughout the rostro-caudal axis. While the anterior region was necessary for encoding CS information in a trace conditioning procedure, the posterior retrosplenial cortex was needed to encode contextual information. Using the same behavioral procedure, we tested if there was a similar dissociation during memory retrieval. First, we found that memory retrieval following trace conditioning results in increased neural activity in both the anterior and posterior retrosplenial cortex, measured using the immediate early gene zif268. Similar increases were not found in either RSC subregion using a delay conditioning task. We then found that optogenetic inhibition of neural activity in either subregion impairs retrieval of a trace, but not delay, memory. Together these results add to a growing literature showing a role for the retrosplenial cortex in memory formation and retention. Further, they suggest that following formation, memory storage becomes distributed to a wider network than is needed for its initial consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Trask
- The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Nicole C Ferrara
- The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Kevin Grisales
- The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Fred J Helmstetter
- The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, United States.
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Delays to Reward Delivery Enhance the Preference for an Initially Less Desirable Option: Role for the Basolateral Amygdala and Retrosplenial Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7461-7478. [PMID: 34315810 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0438-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal costs influence reward-based decisions. This is commonly studied in temporal discounting tasks that involve choosing between cues signaling an imminent reward option or a delayed reward option. However, it is unclear whether the temporal delay before a reward can alter the value of that option. To address this, we identified the relative preference between different flavored rewards during a free-feeding test using male and female rats. Animals underwent training where either the initial preferred or the initial less preferred reward was delivered noncontingently. By manipulating the intertrial interval during training sessions, we could determine whether temporal delays impact reward preference in a subsequent free-feeding test. Rats maintained their initial preference if the same delays were used across all training sessions. When the initial less preferred option was delivered after short delays (high reward rate) and the initial preferred option was delivered after long delays (low reward rate), rats expectedly increased their preference for the initial less desirable option. However, rats also increased their preference for the initial less desirable option under the opposite training contingencies: delivering the initial less preferred reward after long delays and the initial preferred reward after short delays. These data suggest that sunk temporal costs enhance the preference for a less desirable reward option. Pharmacological and lesion experiments were performed to identify the neural systems responsible for this behavioral phenomenon. Our findings demonstrate the basolateral amygdala and retrosplenial cortex are required for temporal delays to enhance the preference for an initially less desirable reward.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The goal of this study was to determine how temporal delays influence reward preference. We demonstrate that delivering an initially less desirable reward after long delays subsequently increases the consumption and preference for that reward. Furthermore, we identified the basolateral amygdala and the retrosplenial cortex as essential nuclei for mediating the change in reward preference elicited by sunk temporal costs.
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Allen TA, Furtak SC. Introduction to the special issue on extrahippocampal contributions to hippocampal-dependent memory. Hippocampus 2021; 31:634-639. [PMID: 34117810 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Allen
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sharon C Furtak
- Department of Psychology, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
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Brennan EKW, Sudhakar SK, Jedrasiak-Cape I, John TT, Ahmed OJ. Hyperexcitable Neurons Enable Precise and Persistent Information Encoding in the Superficial Retrosplenial Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1598-1612.e8. [PMID: 32023472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is essential for memory and navigation, but the neural codes underlying these functions remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the most prominent cell type in layers 2/3 (L2/3) of the mouse granular RSC is a hyperexcitable, small pyramidal cell. These cells have a low rheobase (LR), high input resistance, lack of spike frequency adaptation, and spike widths intermediate to those of neighboring fast-spiking (FS) inhibitory neurons and regular-spiking (RS) excitatory neurons. LR cells are excitatory but rarely synapse onto neighboring neurons. Instead, L2/3 is a feedforward, not feedback, inhibition-dominated network with dense connectivity between FS cells and from FS to LR neurons. Biophysical models of LR but not RS cells precisely and continuously encode sustained input from afferent postsubicular head-direction cells. Thus, the distinct intrinsic properties of LR neurons can support both the precision and persistence necessary to encode information over multiple timescales in the RSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K W Brennan
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Tibin T John
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omar J Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Kim DH, Kim HA, Han YS, Jeon WK, Han JS. Recognition memory impairments and amyloid-beta deposition of the retrosplenial cortex at the early stage of 5XFAD mice. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112891. [PMID: 32442584 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of AD are critical for delaying its progression. The present study, therefore, examined the cognitive status and neuropathological characteristics of 4-month-old 5X familial AD (5XFAD) transgenic (Tg) mice, as an early stage of AD animal model. The novel object recognition task was performed with retention tests at varying intervals (i.e., 10 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h) to measure the retention capacity of recognition memory of 5XFAD mice. At the 4h retention interval, 5XFAD mice exhibited worse performances than non-Tg control mice. Therefore, using amyloid-beta (Aβ) 42- and 4G8-immunoreactive plaques, the accumulation of Aβ was examined in the gray and white matter of the system that was necessary for the retention of recognition memory, with a focus on the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex. The expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) was also examined to measure microglial activation. The immunohistological analysis of Aβ and Iba-1 revealed that the retrosplenial cortex was the most affected region in the brains of 4-month-old 5XFAD mice. These findings indicate that the cognitive and neuropathological characteristics of 4-month-old 5XFAD mice would provide a research platform for studying early diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-A Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Sun Han
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyung Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, The Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang L, Song NN, Zhang Q, Mei WY, He CH, Ma P, Huang Y, Chen JY, Mao B, Lang B, Ding YQ. Satb2 is required for the regionalization of retrosplenial cortex. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1604-1617. [PMID: 31666685 PMCID: PMC7206047 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (Rsp) is a transitional cortex located between the neocortex and archicortex, but the molecular mechanism specifying Rsp from the archicortex remains elusive. We here report that the transcription factor Satb2 is required for specifying Rsp identity during its morphogenesis. In Satb2 CKO mice, the boundary between the Rsp and archicortex [i.e., subiculum (SubC)] disappears as early as E17.5, and Rsp efferent projection is aberrant. Rsp-specific genes are lost, whereas SubC-specific genes are ectopically expressed in Rsp of Satb2 CKO mice. Furthermore, cell-autonomous role of Satb2 in maintaining Rsp neuron identity is revealed by inactivation of Satb2 in Rsp neurons. Finally, Satb2 represses the transcription of Nr4a2. The misexpression of Nr4a2 together with Ctip2 induces expression of SubC-specific genes in wild-type Rsp, and simultaneous knockdown of these two genes in Rsp Satb2-mutant cells prevents their fate transition to SubC identity. Thus, Satb2 serves as a determinant gene in the Rsp regionalization by repressing Nr4a2 and Ctip2 during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wan-Ying Mei
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chun-Hui He
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Bing Lang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Anterior retrosplenial cortex is required for long-term object recognition memory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4002. [PMID: 32152383 PMCID: PMC7062718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is implicated on navigation and contextual memory. Lesions studies showed that the RSC shares functional similarities with the hippocampus (HP). Here we evaluated the role of the anterior RSC (aRSC) in the “what” and “where” components of recognition memory and contrasted it with that of the dorsal HP (dHP). Our behavioral and molecular findings show functional differences between the aRSC and the dHP in recognition memory. The inactivation of the aRSC, but not the dHP, impairs the consolidation and expression of the “what” memory component. In addition, object recognition task is accompanied by c-Fos levels increase in the aRSC. Interestingly, we found that the aRSC is recruited to process the “what” memory component only if it is active during acquisition. In contrast, both the aRSC and dHP are required for encoding the “where” component, which correlates with c-Fos levels increase. Our findings introduce a novel role of the aRSC in recognition memory, processing not only the “where”, but also the “what” memory component.
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Inhoff MC, Libby LA, Noguchi T, Love BC, Ranganath C. Dynamic integration of conceptual information during learning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207357. [PMID: 30427917 PMCID: PMC6235360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and application of concepts is a critical component of cognition. Although concepts can be formed on the basis of simple perceptual or semantic features, conceptual representations can also capitalize on similarities across feature relationships. By representing these types of higher-order relationships, concepts can simplify the learning problem and facilitate decisions. Despite this, little is known about the neural mechanisms that support the construction and deployment of these kinds of higher-order concepts during learning. To address this question, we combined a carefully designed associative learning task with computational model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were scanned as they learned and made decisions about sixteen pairs of cues and associated outcomes. Associations were structured such that individual cues shared feature relationships, operationalized as shared patterns of cue pair-outcome associations. In order to capture the large number of possible conceptual representational structures that participants might employ and to evaluate how conceptual representations are used during learning, we leveraged a well-specified Bayesian computational model of category learning [1]. Behavioral and model-based results revealed that participants who displayed a tendency to link experiences in memory benefitted from faster learning rates, suggesting that the use of the conceptual structure in the task facilitated decisions about cue pair-outcome associations. Model-based fMRI analyses revealed that trial-by-trial integration of cue information into higher-order conceptual representations was supported by an anterior temporal (AT) network of regions previously implicated in representing complex conjunctions of features and meaning-based information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika C. Inhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Libby
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Takao Noguchi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley C. Love
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Alan Turing Institute, Kings Cross, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mitchell AS, Czajkowski R, Zhang N, Jeffery K, Nelson AJD. Retrosplenial cortex and its role in spatial cognition. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818757098. [PMID: 30221204 PMCID: PMC6095108 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818757098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrosplenial cortex is a region within the posterior neocortical system, heavily interconnected with an array of brain networks, both cortical and subcortical, that is, engaged by a myriad of cognitive tasks. Although there is no consensus as to its precise function, evidence from both human and animal studies clearly points to a role in spatial cognition. However, the spatial processing impairments that follow retrosplenial cortex damage are not straightforward to characterise, leading to difficulties in defining the exact nature of its role. In this article, we review this literature and classify the types of ideas that have been put forward into three broad, somewhat overlapping classes: (1) learning of landmark location, stability and permanence; (2) integration between spatial reference frames; and (3) consolidation and retrieval of spatial knowledge (schemas). We evaluate these models and suggest ways to test them, before briefly discussing whether the spatial function may be a subset of a more general function in episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rafal Czajkowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ningyu Zhang
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kate Jeffery
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Distinct retrosplenial cortex cell populations and their spike dynamics during ketamine-induced unconscious state. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187198. [PMID: 29073221 PMCID: PMC5658186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is known to induce psychotic-like symptoms, including delirium and visual hallucinations. It also causes neuronal damage and cell death in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), an area that is thought to be a part of high visual cortical pathways and at least partially responsible for ketamine's psychotomimetic activities. However, the basic physiological properties of RSC cells as well as their response to ketamine in vivo remained largely unexplored. Here, we combine a computational method, the Inter-Spike Interval Classification Analysis (ISICA), and in vivo recordings to uncover and profile excitatory cell subtypes within layers 2&3 and 5&6 of the RSC in mice within both conscious, sleep, and ketamine-induced unconscious states. We demonstrate two distinct excitatory principal cell sub-populations, namely, high-bursting excitatory principal cells and low-bursting excitatory principal cells, within layers 2&3, and show that this classification is robust over the conscious states, namely quiet awake, and natural unconscious sleep periods. Similarly, we provide evidence of high-bursting and low-bursting excitatory principal cell sub-populations within layers 5&6 that remained distinct during quiet awake and sleep states. We further examined how these subtypes are dynamically altered by ketamine. During ketamine-induced unconscious state, these distinct excitatory principal cell subtypes in both layer 2&3 and layer 5&6 exhibited distinct dynamics. We also uncovered different dynamics of local field potential under various brain states in layer 2&3 and layer 5&6. Interestingly, ketamine administration induced high gamma oscillations in layer 2&3 of the RSC, but not layer 5&6. Our results show that excitatory principal cells within RSC layers 2&3 and 5&6 contain multiple physiologically distinct sub-populations, and they are differentially affected by ketamine.
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16
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Nixima K, Okanoya K, Ichinohe N, Kurotani T. Fast voltage-sensitive dye imaging of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rat granular retrosplenial cortex. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1784-1799. [PMID: 28701546 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00734.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent granular retrosplenial cortex (GRS) has dense connections between the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) and hippocampal formation. GRS superficial pyramidal neurons exhibit distinctive late spiking (LS) firing property and form patchy clusters with prominent apical dendritic bundles. The aim of this study was to investigate spatiotemporal dynamics of signal transduction in the GRS induced by ATN afferent stimulation by using fast voltage-sensitive dye imaging in rat brain slices. In coronal slices, layer 1a stimulation, which presumably activated thalamic fibers, evoked propagation of excitatory synaptic signals from layers 2-4 to layers 5-6 in a direction perpendicular to the layer axis, followed by transverse signal propagation within each layer. In the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, inhibitory responses were observed in superficial layers, induced by direct activation of inhibitory interneurons in layer 1. In horizontal slices, excitatory signals in deep layers propagated transversely mainly from posterior to anterior via superficial layers. Cortical inhibitory responses upon layer 1a stimulation in horizontal slices were weaker than those in the coronal slices. Observed differences between coronal and horizontal planes suggest anisotropy of the intracortical circuitry. In conclusion, ATN inputs are processed differently in coronal and horizontal planes of the GRS and then conveyed to other cortical areas. In both planes, GRS superficial layers play an important role in signal propagation, which suggests that superficial neuronal cascade is crucial in the integration of multiple information sources.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Superficial neurons in the rat granular retrosplenial cortex (GRS) show distinctive late-spiking (LS) firing property. However, little is known about spatiotemporal dynamics of signal transduction in the GRS. We demonstrated LS neuron network relaying thalamic inputs to deep layers and anisotropic distribution of inhibition between coronal and horizontal planes. Since deep layers of the GRS receive inputs from the subiculum, GRS circuits may work as an integrator of multiple sources such as sensory and memory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken'ichi Nixima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function (Ichinohe group), RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tohru Kurotani
- ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan; .,Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan; and.,Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function (Ichinohe group), RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Powell AL, Vann SD, Olarte-Sánchez CM, Kinnavane L, Davies M, Amin E, Aggleton JP, Nelson AJD. The retrosplenial cortex and object recency memory in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1451-1464. [PMID: 28394458 PMCID: PMC5488228 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the retrosplenial cortex forms part of a ‘where/when’ information network. The present study focussed on the related issue of whether retrosplenial cortex also contributes to ‘what/when’ information, by examining object recency memory. In Experiment 1, rats with retrosplenial lesions were found to be impaired at distinguishing the temporal order of objects presented in a continuous series (‘Within‐Block’ condition). The same lesioned rats could, however, distinguish between objects that had been previously presented in one of two discrete blocks (‘Between‐Block’ condition). Experiment 2 used intact rats to map the expression of the immediate‐early gene c‐fos in retrosplenial cortex following performance of a between‐block, recency discrimination. Recency performance correlated positively with levels of c‐fos expression in both granular and dysgranular retrosplenial cortex (areas 29 and 30). Expression of c‐fos in the granular retrosplenial cortex also correlated with prelimbic cortex and ventral subiculum c‐fos activity, the latter also correlating with recency memory performance. The combined findings from both experiments reveal an involvement of the retrosplenial cortex in temporal order memory, which includes both between‐block and within‐block problems. The current findings also suggest that the rat retrosplenial cortex comprises one of a group of closely interlinked regions that enable recency memory, including the hippocampal formation, medial diencephalon and medial frontal cortex. In view of the well‐established importance of the retrosplenial cortex for spatial learning, the findings support the notion that, with its frontal and hippocampal connections, retrosplenial cortex has a key role for both what/when and where/when information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Powell
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Lisa Kinnavane
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Moira Davies
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Eman Amin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew J D Nelson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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18
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Todd TP, Mehlman ML, Keene CS, DeAngeli NE, Bucci DJ. Retrosplenial cortex is required for the retrieval of remote memory for auditory cues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:278-88. [PMID: 27194795 PMCID: PMC4880149 DOI: 10.1101/lm.041822.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The restrosplenial cortex (RSC) has a well-established role in contextual and spatial learning and memory, consistent with its known connectivity with visuo-spatial association areas. In contrast, RSC appears to have little involvement with delay fear conditioning to an auditory cue. However, all previous studies have examined the contribution of the RSC to recently acquired auditory fear memories. Since neocortical regions have been implicated in the permanent storage of remote memories, we examined the contribution of the RSC to remotely acquired auditory fear memories. In Experiment 1, retrieval of a remotely acquired auditory fear memory was impaired when permanent lesions (either electrolytic or neurotoxic) were made several weeks after initial conditioning. In Experiment 2, using a chemogenetic approach, we observed impairments in the retrieval of remote memory for an auditory cue when the RSC was temporarily inactivated during testing. In Experiment 3, after injection of a retrograde tracer into the RSC, we observed labeled cells in primary and secondary auditory cortices, as well as the claustrum, indicating that the RSC receives direct projections from auditory regions. Overall our results indicate the RSC has a critical role in the retrieval of remotely acquired auditory fear memories, and we suggest this is related to the quality of the memory, with less precise memories being RSC dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Max L Mehlman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Christopher S Keene
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Nicole E DeAngeli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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19
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Whissell PD, Cajanding JD, Fogel N, Kim JC. Comparative density of CCK- and PV-GABA cells within the cortex and hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:124. [PMID: 26441554 PMCID: PMC4585045 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK)- and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons constitute the two major populations of perisomatic GABAergic neurons in the cortex and the hippocampus. As CCK- and PV-GABA neurons differ in an array of morphological, biochemical and electrophysiological features, it has been proposed that they form distinct inhibitory ensembles which differentially contribute to network oscillations and behavior. However, the relationship and balance between CCK- and PV-GABA neurons in the inhibitory networks of the brain is currently unclear as the distribution of these cells has never been compared on a large scale. Here, we systemically investigated the distribution of CCK- and PV-GABA cells across a wide number of discrete forebrain regions using an intersectional genetic approach. Our analysis revealed several novel trends in the distribution of these cells. While PV-GABA cells were more abundant overall, CCK-GABA cells outnumbered PV-GABA cells in several subregions of the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral temporal cortex. Interestingly, CCK-GABA cells were relatively more abundant in secondary/association areas of the cortex (V2, S2, M2, and AudD/AudV) than they were in corresponding primary areas (V1, S1, M1, and Aud1). The reverse trend was observed for PV-GABA cells. Our findings suggest that the balance between CCK- and PV-GABA cells in a given cortical region is related to the type of processing that area performs; inhibitory networks in the secondary cortex tend to favor the inclusion of CCK-GABA cells more than networks in the primary cortex. The intersectional genetic labeling approach employed in the current study expands upon the ability to study molecularly defined subsets of GABAergic neurons. This technique can be applied to the investigation of neuropathologies which involve disruptions to the GABAergic system, including schizophrenia, stress, maternal immune activation and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Whissell
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Fogel
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Jun Chul Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada ; Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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Todd TP, Bucci DJ. Retrosplenial Cortex and Long-Term Memory: Molecules to Behavior. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:414173. [PMID: 26380115 PMCID: PMC4562169 DOI: 10.1155/2015/414173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is reciprocally connected with the hippocampus and various parahippocampal cortical regions, suggesting that RSC is well-positioned to contribute to hippocampal-dependent memory. Consistent with this, substantial behavioral evidence indicates that RSC is essential for consolidating and/or retrieving contextual and spatial memories. In addition, there is growing evidence that RSC neurons undergo activity-dependent plastic changes during memory formation and retrieval. In this paper we review both the behavioral and cellular/molecular data and posit that the RSC has a particularly important role in the storage and retrieval of spatial and contextual memories perhaps due its involvement in binding together multiple cues in the environment. We identify remaining questions and avenues for future research that take advantage of emerging methods to selectively manipulate RSC neurons both spatially and temporally and to image the RSC in awake, behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P. Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover 03755, NH, USA
| | - David J. Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover 03755, NH, USA
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