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Differences in Dihydrotetrabenazine Isomer Concentrations Following Administration of Tetrabenazine and Valbenazine. Drugs R D 2018; 17:449-459. [PMID: 28776237 PMCID: PMC5629142 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-017-0202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tetrabenazine (TBZ) activity is thought to result from four isomeric dihydrotetrabenazine (HTBZ) metabolites ([+]-α-HTBZ, [−]-α-HTBZ, [+]-β-HTBZ, [−]-β-HTBZ). Each isomer has a unique profile of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibition and off-target binding. Previously published data only report total isomer (α) and (β) concentrations. We developed a method to quantify the individual HTBZ isomers in samples from patients with Huntington’s disease receiving TBZ. For comparison, concentrations of [+]-α-HTBZ, the single active metabolite shared by valbenazine (VBZ) and TBZ, were determined in samples from patients with tardive dyskinesia receiving VBZ. Methods A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantitation of the four individual HTBZ isomers. Concentrations were determined in serum from patients with Huntington’s disease administered TBZ and plasma from patients with tardive dyskinesia administered VBZ once daily. Results In patients administered TBZ, [−]-α-HTBZ and [+]-β-HTBZ were the most abundant HTBZ isomers while [−]-β-HTBZ and [+]-α-HTBZ were present as minor metabolites. Only [+]-α-HTBZ was observed in patients administered VBZ. Conclusions Based on relative abundance and potency, [+]-β-HTBZ appears to be the primary contributor to VMAT2 inhibition by TBZ, a finding in contrast with the generally held assertion that [+]-α-HTBZ is the major contributor. [−]-α-HTBZ, the other abundant TBZ metabolite, has much lower VMAT2 inhibitory potency than [+]-β-HTBZ, but increased affinity for other CNS targets, which may contribute to off-target effects of TBZ. In contrast, pharmacological activity for VBZ is derived primarily from [+]-α-HTBZ. Individual HTBZ isomer concentrations provide a more clinically relevant endpoint for assessing on- and off-target effects of TBZ than total isomer concentrations.
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Orgren LR, Maverick EE, Marvin CC. Synthesis of (±)-Tetrabenazine by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12635-40. [PMID: 26544155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
(±)-Tetrabenazine was synthesized in six steps from commercially available compounds. The key cyclization substrate was assembled rapidly via Baylis-Hillman and aza-Michael reactions. Annulation of the final ring was achieved through visible light photocatalysis, wherein carbon-carbon bond formation was driven by the oxidation of a tertiary amine. Solvent played a critical role in the photoredox cyclization outcome, whereas methanol led to a mixed ketal, acetonitrile/water (10:1) gave direct cyclization to (±)-tetrabenazine and occurred more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Orgren
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College , 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Emily E Maverick
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College , 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Christopher C Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College , 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V. Oxazolidinones as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric aldol reactions applied to total synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Siva Senkar Reddy N, Srinivas Reddy A, Yadav J, Subba Reddy B. The stereoselective total synthesis of (−)-dihydrotetrabenazine. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Boldt KG, Biggers MS, Phifer SS, Brine GA, Rehder KS. Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Tetrabenazine from the Resolution of α-Dihydrotetrabenazine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902788125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rishel MJ, Amarasinghe KKD, Dinn SR, Johnson BF. Asymmetric synthesis of tetrabenazine and dihydrotetrabenazine. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4001-4. [PMID: 19374381 DOI: 10.1021/jo900480n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of (+)-tetrabenazine (TBZ) and (+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), agents of significant interest for therapeutic and molecular imaging applications, has been completed in 21% (TBZ) and 16% (DTBZ) overall yield and in >97% ee from the starting dihydroisoquinoline. The synthesis utilizes Sodeoka's palladium-catalyzed asymmetric malonate addition to set the initial stereocenter followed by a number of diastereoselective transformations to incorporate the remaining asymmetric centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rishel
- GE Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA.
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Zheng G, Dwoskin LP, Crooks PA. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2: role as a novel target for drug development. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E682-92. [PMID: 17233532 PMCID: PMC2751365 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is the only transporter that moves cytoplasmic dopamine (DA) into synaptic vesicles for storage and subsequent exocytotic release. Pharmacologically enhancing DA sequestration by VMAT2, and thus preventing the oxidation of DA in the cytoplasm, may be a strategy for treating diseases such as Parkinson's disease. VMAT2 may also be a novel target for the development of treatments for psychostimulant abuse. This review summarizes the possible role of VMAT2 as a therapeutic target, VMAT2 ligands reported in the literature, and the structure-activity relationship of these ligands, including tetrabenazine analogs, ketanserin analogs, lobeline analogs, and 3-amine-2-phenylpropene analogs. The molecular structure of VMAT2 and its relevance to ligand binding are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 907 Rose Street, Room 501B, 40536-0082 Lexington, KY
| | - Linda P. Dwoskin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 907 Rose Street, Room 501B, 40536-0082 Lexington, KY
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 907 Rose Street, Room 501B, 40536-0082 Lexington, KY
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Brossi A, Baumann M, Chopard-dit-Jean LH, Würsch J, Schneider F, Schnider O. Syntheseversuche in der Emetin-Reihe. 4. Mitteilung. Racemisches 2-Dehydro-emetin. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19590420319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
[11C]Dihydrotetrabenazine (2-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-9-[11C]methoxy-10 -methoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7,- hexahydro-11bH-bezo[alpha]-quinolizine) ([11C]DTBZ) was synthesized by reacting the 9-hydroxy precursor in DMSO with gas-phase [11C]methyl iodide on a column of alumina impregnated with KOH. The reaction was instantaneous at room temperature. This column was then connected to the inlet of a short column containing basic alumina. Elution with cyclohexane removed radioactive contaminants. The radioactive product was then eluted with a few milliliters ether containing 1% ethanol. The [11C]DTBZ was obtained in isolated yields of > 200 mCi and specific activities > 1600 Ci/mmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Jewett
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0552, USA
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Kilbourn M, Lee L, Vander Borght T, Jewett D, Frey K. Binding of alpha-dihydrotetrabenazine to the vesicular monoamine transporter is stereospecific. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 278:249-52. [PMID: 7589162 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00162-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The two enantiomers of alpha-dihydrotetrabenazine were separated using chiral high performance liquid chromatography. The (+)-isomer showed high affinity in vitro (Ki = 0.97 +/- 0.48 nM) for the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) in rat brain striatum, whereas the (-)-isomer was inactive (Ki = 2.2 +/- 0.3 microM). Each isomer was then synthesized in carbon-11 labeled form, and regional brain biodistributions in mice determined after intravenous injection. Only (+)-alpha-dihydrotetrabenazine showed selective and specific accumulations in regions of dense monoaminergic innervation (e.g., striatum, hypothalamus), which could be blocked by coinjection of unlabeled tetrabenazine. Binding of alpha-dihydrotetrabenazine to the vesicular monoamine transporter is thus stereospecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kilbourn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Synthesis and biological activity of iodinated and photosensitive derivatives of tetrabenazine. Eur J Med Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(90)90121-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Roberts MS, McLean S, Millingen KS, Galloway HM. The pharmacokinetics of tetrabenazine and its hydroxy metabolite in patients treated for involuntary movement disorders. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 29:703-8. [PMID: 3709613 DOI: 10.1007/bf00615962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of tetrabenazine and a metabolite, hydroxytetrabenazine, have been investigated in seven patients being treated for involuntary movement disorders. Tetrabenazine had a very low oral systemic availability (mean 0.049 +/- 0.032 SD). First-pass metabolism to hydroxytetrabenazine was extensive, and the systemic availability for this metabolite was high (mean 0.81 +/- 0.30 SD). Since hydroxytetrabenazine has been reported to be as active as tetrabenazine in depleting brain amines, and is present at much higher plasma concentrations than the parent drug, it is likely that this metabolite is the more important therapeutic moiety.
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Scherman D, Henry JP. Acido-basic properties of the catecholamine uptake inhibitors tetrabenazine and dihydrotetrabenazine. Biochimie 1982; 64:915-21. [PMID: 6817822 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(82)80354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabenazine (2-oxo-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7 hexahydro-11 bH-benzo (a) quinolizine) and dihydrotetrabenazine (2-hydroxy derivative) are inhibitors of catecholamine uptake by the chromaffin granules of adrenal medulla. In the 6.6 - 8.8 pH range, inhibition by tetrabenazine was pH-independent whereas dihydrotetrabenazine efficiency increased up to pH 8.3. The fluorescence and the buffer-octanol partition coefficient of these drugs was affected by the pH. Analysis of the pH-dependency of these effects indicated the existence of an acido-basic transition characterized by a pKa of 6.0 for tetrabenazine and 7.5 for dihydrotetrabenazine and associated with protonation of the tertiary amine of these molecules. For both compounds, the neutral form was less fluorescent and more soluble in octanol. Comparison of the uptake inhibition constants IC50 and of the neutralization curves showed that this form was the biologically active one. This result implies that the monoamine carrier of chromaffin granule membrane binds either to only deprotonated amines or to the molecules present only in the lipidic phase where the neutral form is largely predominant.
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Popp FD, Watts RF. Synthesis of potential antineoplastic agents XXVI: 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]2-quinolizinone derivatives. J Pharm Sci 1978; 67:871-3. [PMID: 248062 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600670642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of 3-alkyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]2-quinolizinones and 2-substituted 3-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]quinolizines were prepared and submitted for antineoplastic and anticonvulsant screening.
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MESH Headings
- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-/analogs & derivatives
- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-/chemical synthesis
- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-/pharmacology
- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anticonvulsants/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Leukemia L1210/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Quinolizines/chemical synthesis
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Morlacchi F, Losacco V. Preparation of optically active heterocyclic compounds. A facile synthesis of s-(-)-1,2,3,5,6,9-hexahydro-7,8-benzopyrrocoline. J Heterocycl Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570130138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schwartz DE, Bruderer H, Rieder J, Brossi A. Metabolic studies of tetrabenazine, a psychotropic drug in animals and man. Biochem Pharmacol 1966; 15:645-55. [PMID: 5961439 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(66)90031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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