1
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Flow platform for the synthesis of benzodiazepines. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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2
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O’Brien EA, Sharma KK, Byerly-Duke J, Camacho LA, VanVeller B. A General Strategy to Install Amidine Functional Groups Along the Peptide Backbone. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22397-22402. [PMID: 36469014 PMCID: PMC9886086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amidines are a structural surrogate for peptide bonds, yet have received considerably little attention in peptides due to limitations in existing methods to access them. The synthetic strategy developed in this study represents the first robust and general procedure for the introduction of amidines into the peptide backbone. We exploit and further develop the utility and efficiency of thioimidate protecting groups as a means to side-step reactivity that ultimately renders existing methods unsuitable for the installation of amidines along the main-chain of peptides. This work is significant because it describes a generally applicable path to access unexplored peptide designs and architectures for new therapeutics made possible by the unique properties of amidines.
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3
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Venkat Rao S. A Cu (I) catalyzed large scale synthesis of an antipsychotic drug substance Clozapine with new precursor 2-chloro benzoic acid. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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4
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Merangmenla, Puzari A. Microwave-induced synthesis of a new benzodiazepinone based chemosensor in chloroform under thermal agitation: a potential fluorescent sensor for multi-signaling detection of metal ions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Tryniszewski M, Bujok R, Cmoch P, Gańczarczyk R, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Wróbel Z. Direct Reductive Cyclocondensation of the Nitro Group with the Amido Group: Key Role of the Iminophosphorane Intermediate in the Synthesis of 1,4-Dibenzodiazepine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2277-2286. [PMID: 30707024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A class of dialkylamino-substituted dibenzodiazepines and their hetero analogues was synthesized by the intramolecular aza-Wittig condensation of the amido group with iminophosphoranes. The one-pot, two-step procedure includes reductive synthesis of the intermediate iminophosphoranes from the corresponding nitroamides and tributylphosphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tryniszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 00-266 Warsaw , Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , ul. Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Robert Bujok
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 00-266 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Piotr Cmoch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 00-266 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Roman Gańczarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , ul. Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Irena Kulszewicz-Bajer
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , ul. Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wróbel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 00-266 Warsaw , Poland
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6
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van der Peet PL, Gunawan C, Abdul-Ridha A, Ma S, Scott DJ, Gundlach AL, Bathgate RAD, White JM, Williams SJ. Gram scale preparation of clozapine N-oxide (CNO), a synthetic small molecule actuator for muscarinic acetylcholine DREADDs. MethodsX 2018; 5:257-267. [PMID: 30038895 PMCID: PMC6053635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemogenetics uses engineered proteins that are controlled by small molecule actuators, allowing in vivo functional studies of proteins with temporal and dose control, and include Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs). One major class of DREADDs are mutated muscarinic receptors that are unresponsive to acetylcholine, and are activated by administration of clozapine N-oxide (CNO). However, CNO is available in only small amounts and large scale studies involving animals and multiple cohorts are prohibitively expensive for many investigators. The precursor, clozapine, is also expensive when purchased from specialist suppliers. Here we report: A simple extraction method of clozapine from commercial tablets; A simple preparation of CNO from clozapine, and for the first time its single-crystal X-ray structure; and That the CNO prepared by this method specifically activates the DREADD receptor hM3Dq in vivo.
This method provides large quantities of CNO suitable for large-scale DREADD applications that is identical to commercial material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L van der Peet
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christian Gunawan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alaa Abdul-Ridha
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sherie Ma
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J Scott
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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7
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Abstract
The development of batch–flow hybrid processes is becoming an attractive prospect through which chemists can make use of the best aspects of both technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Neyt
- Department of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria
- Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - D. L. Riley
- Department of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria
- Pretoria
- South Africa
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8
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Praveen Kumar C, Reddy TS, Mainkar PS, Bansal V, Shukla R, Chandrasekhar S, Hügel HM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5,10-dihydro-11 H -dibenzo[ b,e ][1,4]diazepin-11-one structural derivatives as anti-cancer and apoptosis inducing agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:674-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ove Ögren S. Learning from the past and looking to the future: Emerging perspectives for improving the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:599-656. [PMID: 25836356 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern neuropsychopharmacology commenced in the 1950s with the serendipitous discovery of first-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants which were therapeutically effective yet had marked adverse effects. Today, a broader palette of safer and better-tolerated agents is available for helping people that suffer from schizophrenia, depression and other psychiatric disorders, while complementary approaches like psychotherapy also have important roles to play in their treatment, both alone and in association with medication. Nonetheless, despite considerable efforts, current management is still only partially effective, and highly-prevalent psychiatric disorders of the brain continue to represent a huge personal and socio-economic burden. The lack of success in discovering more effective pharmacotherapy has contributed, together with many other factors, to a relative disengagement by pharmaceutical firms from neuropsychiatry. Nonetheless, interest remains high, and partnerships are proliferating with academic centres which are increasingly integrating drug discovery and translational research into their traditional activities. This is, then, a time of transition and an opportune moment to thoroughly survey the field. Accordingly, the present paper, first, chronicles the discovery and development of psychotropic agents, focusing in particular on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic utility, and how problems faced were eventually overcome. Second, it discusses the lessons learned from past successes and failures, and how they are being applied to promote future progress. Third, it comprehensively surveys emerging strategies that are (1), improving our understanding of the diagnosis and classification of psychiatric disorders; (2), deepening knowledge of their underlying risk factors and pathophysiological substrates; (3), refining cellular and animal models for discovery and validation of novel therapeutic agents; (4), improving the design and outcome of clinical trials; (5), moving towards reliable biomarkers of patient subpopulations and medication efficacy and (6), promoting collaborative approaches to innovation by uniting key partners from the regulators, industry and academia to patients. Notwithstanding the challenges ahead, the many changes and ideas articulated herein provide new hope and something of a framework for progress towards the improved prevention and relief of psychiatric and other CNS disorders, an urgent mission for our Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England, UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Chen X, Choo H, Huang XP, Yang X, Stone O, Roth BL, Jin J. The first structure-activity relationship studies for designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:476-84. [PMID: 25587888 PMCID: PMC4368042 DOI: 10.1021/cn500325v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Over
the past decade, two independent technologies have emerged
and been widely adopted by the neuroscience community for remotely
controlling neuronal activity: optogenetics which utilize engineered
channelrhodopsin and other opsins, and chemogenetics which utilize
engineered G protein-coupled receptors (Designer Receptors Exclusively
Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs)) and other orthologous ligand–receptor
pairs. Using directed molecular evolution, two types of DREADDs derived
from human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have been developed:
hM3Dq which activates neuronal firing, and hM4Di which inhibits neuronal
firing. Importantly, these DREADDs were not activated by the native
ligand acetylcholine (ACh), but selectively activated by clozapine N-oxide (CNO), a pharmacologically inert ligand. CNO has
been used extensively in rodent models to activate DREADDs, and although
CNO is not subject to significant metabolic transformation in mice,
a small fraction of CNO is apparently metabolized to clozapine in
humans and guinea pigs, lessening the translational potential of DREADDs.
To effectively translate the DREADD technology, the next generation
of DREADD agonists are needed and a thorough understanding of structure–activity
relationships (SARs) of DREADDs is required for developing such ligands.
We therefore conducted the first SAR studies of hM3Dq. We explored
multiple regions of the scaffold represented by CNO, identified interesting
SAR trends, and discovered several compounds that are very potent
hM3Dq agonists but do not activate the native human M3 receptor (hM3).
We also discovered that the approved drug perlapine is a novel hM3Dq
agonist with >10 000-fold selectivity for hM3Dq over hM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Departments
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology
and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Hyunah Choo
- National Institute
of Mental Health - Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- National Institute
of Mental Health - Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Departments
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology
and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Orrin Stone
- National Institute
of Mental Health - Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- National Institute
of Mental Health - Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology
and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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11
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Siddiqui IR, Srivastava A, Singh A, Shamim S, Rai P. MoO2Cl2(DMF)2 catalyzed microwave assisted reductive cyclisation of nitroaromatics into dibenzodiazepines. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave induced, MoO2Cl2(DMF)2 catalyzed synthesis of novel dibenzodiazepine scaffolds with potential biocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. R. Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
| | - Anushree Srivastava
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
| | - Archana Singh
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
| | - Shayna Shamim
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad-211002
- India
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12
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Chernyak D, Ponomaryov Y, Varacheva LL, Lebedev А, Chernobroviy А. Employment of the TiCl4–Anisole–Pyridine System in the Condensation of Amides with Aromatic Amines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Fang S, Niu X, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Si X, Shan C, Wei L, Xu A, Feng L, Ma C. A one-pot synthetic strategy for construction of the dibenzodiazepine skeleton via a transition metal-free process. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6895-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00871e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of riboflavines, quinoxalinones and benzodiazepines through chemoselective flow based hydrogenations. Molecules 2014; 19:9736-59. [PMID: 25006783 PMCID: PMC6271593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust chemical routes towards valuable bioactive entities such as riboflavines, quinoxalinones and benzodiazepines are described. These make use of modern flow hydrogenation protocols enabling the chemoselective reduction of nitro group containing building blocks in order to rapidly generate the desired amine intermediates in situ. In order to exploit the benefits of continuous processing the individual steps were transformed into a telescoped flow process delivering selected benzodiazepine products on scales of 50 mmol and 120 mmol respectively.
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15
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Abstract
Ever since clozapine was first synthesized and tested, it showed the unique property of having antipsychotic action but no Parkinson-like motor side effects. The antipsychotic basis of clozapine is to transiently occupy dopamine D2 receptors in the human striatum, in contrast to haloperidol and chlorpromazine, which have a prolonged occupation of D2 receptors. The chemical structure of clozapine facilitates a relatively rapid dissociation from D2 receptors. After short-term occupation of D2 receptors, peak neural activity raises synaptic dopamine, which then displaces clozapine. While clozapine also occupies other types of receptors, they may not have a significant role in preventing parkinsonism. Clozapine's transient occupation of D2 receptors permits patients to move easily and comfortably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Seeman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 260 Heath Street West, Unit 605, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5P 3L6
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16
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Wenthur CJ, Lindsley CW. Classics in chemical neuroscience: clozapine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1018-25. [PMID: 24047509 PMCID: PMC3715841 DOI: 10.1021/cn400121z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine was the first true breakthrough in schizophrenia treatment since the discovery of chlorpromazine in 1950, effectively treating positive, negative, and some cognitive symptoms, as well as possessing unprecedented efficacy in treatment-resistant patients. Despite over 30 years of intense study, the precise molecular underpinnings that account for clozapine's unique efficacy remain elusive. In this Viewpoint, we will showcase the history and importance of clozapine to neuroscience in general, as well as for the treatment of schizophrenia, and review the synthesis, pharmacology, drug metabolism, and adverse events of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Wenthur
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, United States.
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17
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Tsvelikhovsky D, Buchwald SL. Concise palladium-catalyzed synthesis of dibenzodiazepines and structural analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14228-31. [PMID: 21838278 DOI: 10.1021/ja206229y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general and highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of dibenzodiazepines and their structural analogues is reported. In the presence of catalytic quantities of palladium, readily accessible precursors are cross-coupled with ammonia and then spontaneously undergo an intramolecular condensation to form the corresponding dibenzodiazepines in one step. This new strategy is applicable to the construction of a wide variety of dibenzooxazepines and other structurally related heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Tsvelikhovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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19
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Wadenberg MLG. Bifeprunox: a novel antipsychotic agent with partial agonist properties at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most second-generation, atypical, dopamine (DA) D2/5-HT2 blocking antipsychotics still induce extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) in higher doses. Weight gain and metabolic disturbances are also a problem, and negative and cognitive symptoms have not been sufficiently addressed. The current brain DA mesolimbic hyperactive/mesocortical hypoactive hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that DA D2/5-HT1A receptor partial agonist properties may be more efficacious with less side effects. DA D2 receptor partial agonists may stabilize a hyperactive/hypoactive DA condition. Additional 5-HT1A stimulation may enhance therapeutic efficacy and also improve EPS liability profile. In clinical trials in schizophrenic patients, the novel DA D2/5-HT1A partial agonist bifeprunox indeed demonstrates therapeutic efficacy, a safe EPS profile and appears beneficial regarding weight gain, prolactin, blood lipid and glucose levels and cardiac rhythm. The data on bifeprunox are promising and suggest that combined DA D2/5-HT1A partial agonism may well be important properties for future-generation antipsychotics.
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20
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De Paulis T, Davis DA, Smith HE, Malarek DH, Liebman AA. Synthesis of [3H]clozapine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580250916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Sunay UB, Talbot KC, Galullo V. Synthesis of carbon-14 and tritium labelled analogs of the noval antischizophrenic agent clozapine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580311212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Kapur S, McClelland RA, VanderSpek SC, Wadenberg MLG, Baker G, Nobrega J, Zipursky RB, Seeman P. Increasing D2 affinity results in the loss of clozapine's atypical antipsychotic action. Neuroreport 2002; 13:831-5. [PMID: 11997696 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200205070-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Typical antipsychotics (haloperidol) give rise to severe motor side-effects while atypical antipsychotics like clozapine do not. Action at several neurotransmitter receptors have been implicated. To identify the critical mechanisms involved we synthesized an 8-C1 isomer of clozapine which showed an equivalent affinity to clozapine on multiple receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2, D1, D4, M1) but differed in having a 10-fold higher affinity at the dopamine D2/3 receptor. When tested in a series of animal models indicative of the typical/atypical distinction (catalepsy, striatal gene-induction, prolactin elevation) isoclozapine lost atypical properties and behaved like a typical antipsychotic. Simultaneous in vivo receptor occupancy studies confirmed that alterations in D2 receptor occupancy were most closely related to loss of atypicality by clozapine's isomer isoclozapine. The implications for the design of future antipsychotics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitij Kapur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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23
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Cortes E, Becerra MI, Osornio YM, Díaz E, Jankowski K. 2D NMR analysis of highly restricted internal rotation in 2-methylthio-3H-4-p-bromophenyl)-7-[(ortho- and para-substituted)-phenylthio]-1, 5-benzodiazepines. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2000; 56A:1661-1673. [PMID: 10952128 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The complete assignments of twelve 4-aryl-7-thioaryl-1,5-benzodiazepines 1H and 13C spectra, performed with the use of high resolution variable solvent and temperature 1D and 2D techniques (e.g. HOMOCOSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC), lead to the determination of conformational equilibria between two rotamers having the aromatic ring of the thioaryl oriented in a perpendicular or helical orientation toward the benzodiazepine ring. The restricted rotation was evaluated from the population of these conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cortes
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, UNAM Circuito Exterior, CU Mexico DF
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24
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Wadenberg ML, Hicks PB. The conditioned avoidance response test re-evaluated: is it a sensitive test for the detection of potentially atypical antipsychotics? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1999; 23:851-62. [PMID: 10541060 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review discusses the history and paradigm of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats for the detection of potential antipsychotic activity of drugs. In addition, the role of dopamine (DA) D2, serotonin (5-HT)2A/2C, alpha1, 5-HT1A, DA D4, muscarinic and glutamate receptors in the suppression of CAR induced by various classes of drugs is evaluated. Finally, data investigating brain sites of action for the mediation of CAR behavior is discussed. It is concluded that the CAR test, originally found to be sensitive for the detection of antipsychotic drugs with high affinity as antagonists for brain dopamine receptors, is also sensitive for the detection of potentially antipsychotic compounds acting primarily via neurotransmitter receptors other than the DA D2 receptor. Furthermore, the review confirms the importance of the nucleus accumbens(shell) in the mediation of effects on CAR produced by traditional, as well as atypical antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Wadenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Scott & White Clinic, Temple, TX 75608, USA.
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25
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8-Chloro-11-[4-(8-chloro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-11-yl)piperazino]-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine. Molecules 1999. [DOI: 10.3390/41100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Cortés EC, Islas PM, García MM, Romero MOZ. Synthesis and spectral properties of isomeric [(12-N-methyl) and (10-N-methyl)]-11-(o, andp-substituted-anilino)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines. J Heterocycl Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570330629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Abstract
The present paper reviews a series of experiments aimed at elucidating the interaction between specific dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in the mediation of extrapyramidal motor functions in the rat. There is strong evidence to suggest that (1) the catalepsy produced by dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists can be completely antagonized by the administration of 5-HT1A receptor agonists acting at 5-HT autoreceptors in the median raphe nucleus; (2) the catalepsy produced by a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist can be completely antagonized by treatment with a 5-HT2A/C receptor agonist; and (3) the catalepsy produced by blockade of either dopamine D1 or D2 receptors is not affected by the administration of a 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist. The emerging picture of DA/5-HT receptor interactions in the mediation of extrapyramidal motor functions is of great interest in relation to present efforts to develop new atypical neuroleptics with affinity for brain 5-HT receptor subtypes, and also for the observations that new serotonin selective re-uptake inhibiting antidepressants can produce parkinson-like symptoms in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Wadenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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El Latif FMA. Pyrazoline derivatives: A convenient synthetic route to new pyrazolo-benzothia-(oxa) or diazepinone derivatives. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.520060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bruhwyler J, Chleide E, Houbeau G, Waegeneer N, Mercier M. Differentiation of haloperidol and clozapine using a complex operant schedule in the dog. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 44:181-9. [PMID: 8430121 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to differentiate chronically administered typical (haloperidol) and atypical (clozapine) neuroleptics in the dog using a complex temporal regulation schedule combining operant, voluntary, and involuntary motor parameters. Although clozapine and haloperidol showed some characteristics of neuroleptics, justifying their adherence to the same class of compounds, differences have also been highlighted and compared to the clinical observations. Haloperidol induced catalepsy, tremor, dystony, hyperkinesia, and stereotypy. Subjects produced anticipated responses before any stimulus. Incomplete and delayed responses were also produced. An interpretation in terms of akathisia and anhedonia has been suggested. Clozapine induced tremor, exploration, dystony, and hypersalivation. Subjects produced disinhibitory responses to the negative stimulus and incomplete responses but these latter were submitted to tolerance. The simultaneous presence of tranquilizing and disinhibitory effects has been reported on the clinical potential of clozapine both in cases of positive and negative schizophrenic symptomatologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruhwyler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Namur, Belgium
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Troschütz R, Grün L. Synthese von basisch substituierten 5H-Pyrimido[4,5-c]-2-benzazepinen. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19933261104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Greenhill JV, Lue P. Amidines and guanidines in medicinal chemistry. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1993; 30:203-326. [PMID: 7905649 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J V Greenhill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-2046
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Rao KR, Bhanumathi N, Sattur PB. Synthesis of novel quino[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepin-12-ones. J Heterocycl Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570280527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Since it was synthesized in 1960, much has been written about clozapine. Although a number of its properties are those of a neuroleptic, it displays marked differences from classical antipsychotics to the extent that it is currently listed as an atypical neuroleptic. A classical neuroleptic has been defined in man according to its antipsychotic properties, accompanied by extrapyramidal effects, and in animals according to its cataleptic properties, its ability to antagonize apomorphine and amphetamine stereotypies and to suppress the conditioned avoidance response. Moreover, the classical neuroleptic exerted depressive and anhedonic effects in most conditioning schedules. With clozapine, most of these properties are no longer strictly in force to the point that they call in question the validity of the tests carried out to detect the potential of neuroleptics. This article attempts to compare the characteristics of clozapine with those of classical neuroleptics from a toxicological, neuropharmacological, psychopharmacological and clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruhwyler
- Department of Psychology, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium
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Arvidsson LE, Hacksell U, Glennon RA. Recent advances in central 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists and antagonists. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1986; 30:365-471. [PMID: 3544048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9311-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Cortés E, Martínez R, Zarza A. Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of 11-(o- andp-R-Anilino)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines. IV. J Heterocycl Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rosenthaler J, Nimmerfall F, Sigrist R, Munzer H. Non-equilibrium method for the radioimmunoassay of clozapine in the presence of metabolites. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 80:603-9. [PMID: 562758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cross-reactions with metabolites are an ever-recurring problem encountered in the use of radioimmunoassay techniques to determine active compounds in biological material. Metabolites may interfere with the assay of the parent drug to a variable extent. Taking 8-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine (clozapine as an example, it was shown that the extent to which the antiserum produced interacts with the parent drug and the metabolites can be estimated by determining the equilibrium constants and the kinetics. In the present case, therefore, it was advantageous to carry out the radioimmunoassay in disequilibrium, i.e. in order to differentiate the metabolites from the parent drug, the sample was incubated with the antiserum for 10 min, after which the labelled antigen was added and the reaction mixture again incubated for a brief, exactly timed interval. It was shown that cross-reactions did not occur in mixtures of clozapine and its N-demethyl and N-oxide metabolites in the propor tions 1:1:2 over a range of concentration of 1.5-48 ng clozapine per 100 microliter human plasma. The equilibrium constants measured with the clozapine goat antiserum were as follows: clozapine 1.2 X 10(8) M-1, the N-demethyl metabolite 4.6 X 10(7) M-1 and the N-oxide metabolite 3.7 X 10(7) M-1 (pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C).
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