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Li S, Sheng Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wu C, Jiang X. Biallelic variants in SLC26A2 cause multiple epiphyseal dysplasia-4 by disturbing chondrocyte homeostasis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:245. [PMID: 38956600 PMCID: PMC11220988 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia-4 (MED-4, MIM 226900) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by disproportionate height and early onset osteoarthritis of the lower limbs. MED-4 is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the SLC26A2 gene. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in chondrocytes remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the pathogenic variants within a MED-4 family and explore the molecular etiology of this condition in human primary chondrocyte cells. METHODS Clinical data were recorded and peripheral blood samples were collected for analysis. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and bioinformatic analyses were performed to determine causative variants. Wild-type SLC26A2 and corresponding mutant expression plasmids were constructed and transfected into human primary chondrocytes. The expression and subcellular distribution of SLC26A2 protein in chondrocytes were detected by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Effects of these variants on chondrocytes viability and apoptosis were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Expression of genes related to cartilage homeostasis was subsequently analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS We identified two compound heterozygous variants c.1020_1022delTGT(p.Val341del) and c.1262 T > C(p.Ile421Thr) in the SLC26A2 gene in the patients. Mutant SLC26A2Val341del and SLC26A2Ile421Thr proteins were distributed in relatively few cells and were observed only within the nucleus. The viability of chondrocytes with the SLC26A2 variant group was similar to the wild-type (WT) group. However, the protein expressions of SLC26A2Val341del and SLC26A2Ile421Thr were decreased compared with SLC26A2WT. Expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13), α-1 chain of type X collagen (COL10A1), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were significantly decreased in the variant group. However, aggrecan (ACAN) expression was higher in the variant group than the WT group. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that the variants p.Val341del and p.Ile421Thr in SLC26A2 cause MED-4 and that these two variants promote chondrocyte proliferation while inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyang Sheng
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhuo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengai Wu
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Chen F, Li DZ. Achondrogenesis type 1B: The need for clinical vigilance in the first trimester fetus with cystic hygroma and micromelic limbs. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 63:584-585. [PMID: 39004496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Prenatal Diagnosis Unit, Panyu Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Guangzhou, He Xian Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Charng WL, Nikolov M, Shrestha I, Seeley MA, Josyula NS, Justice AE, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. Exome sequencing of 1190 non-syndromic clubfoot cases reveals HOXD12 as a novel disease gene. J Med Genet 2024; 61:699-706. [PMID: 38663984 PMCID: PMC11228210 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2024-109846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clubfoot, presenting as a rigid inward and downward turning of the foot, is one of the most common congenital musculoskeletal anomalies. The aetiology of clubfoot is poorly understood and variants in known clubfoot disease genes account for only a small portion of the heritability. METHODS Exome sequence data were generated from 1190 non-syndromic clubfoot cases and their family members from multiple ethnicities. Ultra-rare variant burden analysis was performed comparing 857 unrelated clubfoot cases with European ancestry with two independent ethnicity-matched control groups (1043 in-house and 56 885 gnomAD controls). Additional variants in prioritised genes were identified in a larger cohort, including probands with non-European ancestry. Segregation analysis was performed in multiplex families when available. RESULTS Rare variants in 29 genes were enriched in clubfoot cases, including PITX1 (a known clubfoot disease gene), HOXD12, COL12A1, COL9A3 and LMX1B. In addition, rare variants in posterior HOX genes (HOX9-13) were enriched overall in clubfoot cases. In total, variants in these genes were present in 8.4% (100/1190) of clubfoot cases with both European and non-European ancestry. Among these, 3 are de novo and 22 show variable penetrance, including 4 HOXD12 variants that segregate with clubfoot. CONCLUSION We report HOXD12 as a novel clubfoot disease gene and demonstrate a phenotypic expansion of known disease genes (myopathy gene COL12A1, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome gene COL9A3 and nail-patella syndrome gene LMX1B) to include isolated clubfoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Lin Charng
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Momchil Nikolov
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Isabel Shrestha
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark A Seeley
- Department of Orthopaedics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Matthew B Dobbs
- Paley Orthopedic & Spine Institute, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Geertsma ER, Oliver D. SLC26 Anion Transporters. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 283:319-360. [PMID: 37947907 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier family 26 (SLC26) is a family of functionally diverse anion transporters found in all kingdoms of life. Anions transported by SLC26 proteins include chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate, but also small organic dicarboxylates such as fumarate and oxalate. The human genome encodes ten functional homologs, several of which are causally associated with severe human diseases, highlighting their physiological importance. Here, we review novel insights into the structure and function of SLC26 proteins and summarize the physiological relevance of human members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Geertsma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dominik Oliver
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg, Giessen, Germany.
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Li P, Wang D, Lu W, He X, Hu J, Yun H, Zhao C, Yang L, Jie Q, Luo Z. Targeting FGFR3 signaling and drug repurposing for the treatment of SLC26A2-related chondrodysplasia in mouse model. J Orthop Translat 2024; 44:88-101. [PMID: 38282752 PMCID: PMC10818158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in Slc26a2 cause a spectrum of autosomal-recessive chondrodysplasia with a significant and negligible influence on the quality of life. It has been reported that Slc26a2 deficiency triggers the ATF6 branch of the UPR, which may, in turn, activate the negative regulator of the FGFR3 signaling pathway. However, the correlation between the deletion of Slc26a2 and the augmentation of downstream phosphorylation of FGFR3 has not been investigated in vivo. Methods First, we constructed Slc26a2 and Fgfr3 double knockout mouse lines and observed gross views of the born mice and histological staining of the tibial growth plates. The second approach was to construct tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ERT2 mouse models to replicate SLC26A2-related non-lethal dysplastic conditions. Pharmacological intervention was performed by administering the FGFR3 inhibitor NVP-BGJ398. The effect of NVP-BGJ398 on chondrocytes was assessed by Alcian blue staining, proliferation, apoptosis, and chondrocyte-specific markers and then verified by western blotting for variations in the downstream markers of FGFR3. The growth process was detected using X-rays, micro-CT examination, histomorphometry staining of growth plates, and immunofluorescence. Results Genetic ablation of Fgfr3 in embryonic Slc26a2-deficient chondrocytes slightly attenuated chondrodysplasia. Subsequently, in the constructed mild dysplasia model, we found that postnatal intervention with Fgfr3 gene in Slc26a2-deficient chondrocytes partially alleviated chondrodysplasia. In chondrocyte assays, NVP-BGJ398 suppressed the defective phenotype of Slc26a2-deficient chondrocytes and restored the phosphorylation downstream of FGFR3 in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, in vivo experiments showed significant alleviation of impaired chondrocyte differentiation, and micro-CT analysis showed a clear improvement in trabecular bone microarchitectural parameters. Conclusion Our results suggested that inhibition of FGFR3 signaling pathway overactivation and NVP-BGJ398 has promising therapeutic implications for the development of SLC26A2-related skeletal diseases in humans. The translational potential of this article Our data provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that targeting FGFR3 signaling via NVP-BGJ398 could be a route for the treatment of SLC26A2-associated skeletal disorders, which promisingly advances translational applications and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Medicine Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiguang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Medicine Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyan Hu
- Department of Biology, Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haitao Yun
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengxiang Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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Xie X, Huang B, Su L, Cai M, Chen Y, Wu X, Xu L. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic etiology analysis of talipes equinovarus by chromosomal microarray analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:298. [PMID: 37986075 PMCID: PMC10658977 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advancement of molecular technology, fetal talipes equinovarus (TE) is believed to be not only associated with chromosome aneuploidy, but also related to chromosomal microdeletion and microduplication. The study aimed to explore the molecular etiology of fetal TE and provide more information for the clinical screening and genetic counseling of TE by Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA). METHODS This retrospectively study included 131 fetuses with TE identified by ultrasonography. Conventional karyotyping and SNP array analysis were performed for all the subjects. They were divided into isolated TE group (n = 55) and complex group (n = 76) according to structural anomalies. RESULTS Among the total of 131 fetuses, karyotype analysis found 12(9.2%) abnormal results, while SNP array found 27 (20.6%) cases. Trisomy 18 was detected most frequently among abnormal karyotypes. The detection rate of SNP array was significantly higher than that of traditional chromosome karyotype analysis (P < 0.05). SNP array detected 15 (11.5%) cases of submicroscopic abnormalities that karyotype analysis did not find. The most common CNV was the 22q11.2 microdeletion. For both analyses, the overall detection rates were significantly higher in the complex TE group than in the isolated TE group (karyotype: P < 0.05; SNP array: P < 0.05). The incremental yield of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with unilateral TE (22.0%) was higher than in fetuses with bilateral TE (19.8%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Abnormal chromosomes were most frequently detected in fetuses with TE plus cardiovascular system abnormalities. CONCLUSION Fetal TE is related to chromosomal microdeletion or microduplication. Prenatal diagnosis is recommended for fetuses with TE, and CMA testing is preferred. CMA can improve the detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities associated with fetal TE, especially in pregnancies with complex TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Xie
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, No. 18 Daoshan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Baojia Huang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Maternity and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Linjuan Su
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, No. 18 Daoshan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Meiying Cai
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, No. 18 Daoshan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, No. 18 Daoshan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, No. 18 Daoshan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, No. 18 Daoshan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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7
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Kimball TN, Rivero‐García P, Pérez González B, Reza‐Albarrán AA. Esophageal stenosis in an adult Mexican patient with diastrophic dysplasia: Case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8028. [PMID: 37881199 PMCID: PMC10593974 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the SLC26A2 gene. We report the case of a 49-year-old female with DTD and esophageal stenosis. This broadens the phenotypic spectrum in adult patients with DTD and raises awareness of extra-skeletal manifestations that could develop in later stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara N. Kimball
- División de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Departamento de GenéticaInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - Pamela Rivero‐García
- División de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Departamento de GenéticaInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - Bernardo Pérez González
- División de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Departamento de Endoscopia GastrointestinalInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - Alfredo Adolfo Reza‐Albarrán
- División de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Departamento de GenéticaInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
- Departamento de EndocrinologíaInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
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Wei S, Chen B, Low SW, Poore CP, Gao Y, Nilius B, Liao P. SLC26A11 Inhibition Reduces Oncotic Neuronal Death and Attenuates Stroke Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5931-5943. [PMID: 37380823 PMCID: PMC10471688 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal swelling is a pathological feature of stroke which contributes to the formation of cytotoxic edema. Under hypoxic condition, aberrant accumulation of sodium and chloride ions inside neurons increases osmotic pressure, leading to cell volume increase. Sodium entry pathway in neurons has been studied extensively. Here, we determine whether SLC26A11 is the major chloride entry pathway under hypoxia and could be the target for protection against ischemic stroke. In this study, electrophysiological properties of chloride current in primary cultured neurons were characterized using low chloride solution, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, and SLC26A11-specific siRNA under physiological conditions or ATP-depleted conditions. In vivo effect of SLC26A11 was evaluated on a rat stroke reperfusion model. We found that SLC26A11 mRNA in primary cultured neurons was upregulated as early as 6 h after oxygen glucose deprivation, and later, the protein level was elevated accordingly. Blockade of SLC26A11 activity could reduce chloride entry and attenuate hypoxia-induced neuronal swelling. In the animal stroke model, SLC26A11 upregulation was mainly located in surviving neurons close to the infarct core. SLC26A11 inhibition ameliorates infarct formation and improves functional recovery. These findings demonstrate that SLC26A11 is a major pathway for chloride entry in stroke, contributing to neuronal swelling. Inhibition of SLC26A11 could be a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhui Wei
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Bo Chen
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - See Wee Low
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Charlene Priscilla Poore
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Yahui Gao
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
- Present Address: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077 Singapore
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ping Liao
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, 138683 Singapore
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Bondarenko M, Haiboniuk I, Solovei I, Shargorodska Y, Makukh H. SLC26A2 Related Diastrophic Dysplasia in 42-Years Ukrainian Women. Balkan J Med Genet 2023; 25:83-90. [PMID: 37265969 PMCID: PMC10230836 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is an uncommon pathology which falls under the group of skeletal dysplasias with its first symptoms observed from birth. The pathology is often featured by short stature and abnormally short extremities (also known as short-limbed dwarfism); the osseous structures of the body (bones and joints) are characterized through defective development in many body regions. More than 300 genes were reported to be involved in DTD etiology with autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and X-linked manner. We describe clinical case of a 42-year-old woman from the west of Ukraine with diastrophic dysplasia and two pathogenic variants c.1020_1022del (p.Val341del) and c.1957T>A (p.Cys653Ser) identified in SLC26A2 gene. SLC26A2-related diastrophic dysplasia was confirmed based on the presence of pathogenic variants in SLC26A2, which is associated with autosomal recessive forms of skeletal dysplasia, combined with phenotypic symptoms and radiographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bondarenko
- Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - I. Haiboniuk
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Medical Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine
- Scientific Medical Genetic Center LeoGENE, LTD, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - I. Solovei
- D. Halytskii L’viv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Y. Shargorodska
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Medical Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - H. Makukh
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Medical Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine
- Scientific Medical Genetic Center LeoGENE, LTD, Lviv, Ukraine
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Connally NJ, Nazeen S, Lee D, Shi H, Stamatoyannopoulos J, Chun S, Cotsapas C, Cassa CA, Sunyaev SR. The missing link between genetic association and regulatory function. eLife 2022; 11:e74970. [PMID: 36515579 PMCID: PMC9842386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of most traits is highly polygenic and dominated by non-coding alleles. It is widely assumed that such alleles exert small regulatory effects on the expression of cis-linked genes. However, despite the availability of gene expression and epigenomic datasets, few variant-to-gene links have emerged. It is unclear whether these sparse results are due to limitations in available data and methods, or to deficiencies in the underlying assumed model. To better distinguish between these possibilities, we identified 220 gene-trait pairs in which protein-coding variants influence a complex trait or its Mendelian cognate. Despite the presence of expression quantitative trait loci near most GWAS associations, by applying a gene-based approach we found limited evidence that the baseline expression of trait-related genes explains GWAS associations, whether using colocalization methods (8% of genes implicated), transcription-wide association (2% of genes implicated), or a combination of regulatory annotations and distance (4% of genes implicated). These results contradict the hypothesis that most complex trait-associated variants coincide with homeostatic expression QTLs, suggesting that better models are needed. The field must confront this deficit and pursue this 'missing regulation.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Connally
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Sumaiya Nazeen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Huwenbo Shi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | | | - Sung Chun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Chris Cotsapas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Yale Medical SchoolNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Yale Medical SchoolNew HavenUnited States
| | - Christopher A Cassa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Shamil R Sunyaev
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
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Biji IK, Yadav S, Kulshrestha S, Saxena R, Kohli S, Verma IC, Kumar B, Puri RD. Computational biology insights into genotype-clinical phenotype-protein phenotype relationships between novel SLC26A2 variants identified in inherited skeletal dysplasias. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104595. [PMID: 36007841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in the transmembrane sulfate transporter protein SLC26A2 are associated with different phenotypes of inherited chondrodysplasias. As limited data is published from India, in this study we sought to elucidate the molecular basis of inherited chondrodysplasias in an Indian cohort. METHODS Molecular screening of 32 fetuses with antenatally diagnosed lethal skeletal dysplasia was performed by next generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. The genotype-protein phenotype characterization was done using computational biology techniques like homology modelling, stability and pathogenicity predictions. RESULTS We identified five rare autosomal recessive SLC26A2 [NM_000112.4] variants, including three homozygous c.796dupA(p.Thr266Asnfs*12), c.1724delA(p.Lys575Serfs*10), and c.1375_1377dup(p.Val459dup) and two heterozygous variants (c.532C > T(p.Arg178*)) and (c.1382C > T(p.Ala461Val)) in compound heterozygous form in a total of four foetuses. Genotype-protein phenotype annotations highlighted that the clinically severe achondrogenesis 1B causative c.796dupA(p.Thr266Asnfs*12) and c.1724delA(p.Lys575Serfs*10)variants impact SLC26A2 protein structure by deletion of the protein core and transmembrane STAS domains, respectively. In clinically moderate atelosteogenesis type 2 phenotype, the c.1382C > T(p.Ala461Val) variant is predicted to distort alpha helix conformation and alter the bonding properties and free energy dynamics of transmembrane domains and the c.532C > T(p.Arg178*) variant results in loss of both core transmembrane and STAS domains of the SLC26A2 protein. The c.1375_1377dup(p.Val459dup) variant identified in clinically milder atelosteogenesis type II-diastrophic dysplasia spectrum lethal phenotype is predicted to decrease the Qualitative Model Energy Analysis (QMean), which affects major geometrical aspects of the SLC26A2 protein structure. CONCLUSION We expand the spectrum of SLC26A2 related lethal chondrodysplasia and report three novel variants correlating clinical severity and protein phenotype within the lethal spectrum of this rare dysplasia. We demonstrate the relevance of structural characterization to aid novel variant reclassification to provide better prenatal management and reproductive options to families with lethal antenatal skeletal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishpreet K Biji
- Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, 110060, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Siddharth Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Samarth Kulshrestha
- Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Renu Saxena
- Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Sudha Kohli
- Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, 110060, India
| | - I C Verma
- Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Benu Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Ratna Dua Puri
- Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, 110060, India.
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12
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Thompson AF, Blackburn PR, Arons NS, Stevens SN, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Lian JB, Klee EW, Stumpff J. Pathogenic mutations in the chromokinesin KIF22 disrupt anaphase chromosome segregation. eLife 2022; 11:e78653. [PMID: 35730929 PMCID: PMC9302971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromokinesin KIF22 generates forces that contribute to mitotic chromosome congression and alignment. Mutations in the α2 helix of the motor domain of KIF22 have been identified in patients with abnormal skeletal development, and we report the identification of a patient with a novel mutation in the KIF22 tail. We demonstrate that pathogenic mutations do not result in a loss of KIF22's functions in early mitosis. Instead, mutations disrupt chromosome segregation in anaphase, resulting in reduced proliferation, abnormal daughter cell nuclear morphology, and, in a subset of cells, cytokinesis failure. This phenotype could be explained by a failure of KIF22 to inactivate in anaphase. Consistent with this model, constitutive activation of the motor via a known site of phosphoregulation in the tail phenocopied the effects of pathogenic mutations. These results suggest that the motor domain α2 helix may be an important site for regulation of KIF22 activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. In support of this conclusion, mimicking phosphorylation of α2 helix residue T158 also prevents inactivation of KIF22 in anaphase. These findings demonstrate the importance of both the head and tail of the motor in regulating the activity of KIF22 and offer insight into the cellular consequences of preventing KIF22 inactivation and disrupting force balance in anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F Thompson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Noah S Arons
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Sarah N Stevens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Clinical Genomics, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Eric W Klee
- Biomedical Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
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13
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Integrated RNA-Seq Analysis Uncovers the Potential Mechanism of the “Kidney Governing Bones” Theory of TCM. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7044775. [PMID: 35399624 PMCID: PMC8986393 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7044775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. As in philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the theory of “kidney governing bones” has been demonstrated by a series of scientific studies. Furthermore, many groups including ours have explored the molecular mechanisms related to bone development, growth, and regeneration using modern biology technologies, such as RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (ITRAQ), and have demonstrated that the underlying molecular mechanisms were highly consistent with the “kidney governing bones” theory. Objective. Kidney-yang deficiency (YD), as a pathological condition, has a passive effect on the skeleton growth; more specifically, it is a state of skeletal metabolic disorder. However, the exact molecular mechanisms related to the “kidney governing bones” theory under the control of multiple organs and systems are still unknown. Methods. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq analysis to investigate and compare the gene expression patterns of six types of tissue (bone, cartilage, kidney, testicle, thyroid gland, and adrenal gland) from YD rats and normal rats and analyzed the interaction effects controlled by multiple functional genes and signaling pathways between those tissues. Results. Our results showed that, in the state of YD, the functions of bone and cartilage were inhibited. Furthermore, multiple organs involving the reproductive, endocrine, and urinary systems were also investigated, and our results showed that YD could cause dysfunctions of these systems by downregulating multiple functional genes and signaling pathways that positively regulate the homeostasis of these tissues. Conclusion. We ensure that “kidney governing bones” was not a simple change in a single gene but the changes in complex biological networks caused by functional changes in multiple genes. This also coincides with the holistic view of TCM, which holds that the human body itself is an organic whole and the functional activities of each organ coordinate with each other.
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14
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Hill KE, Lovett BM, Schwarzbauer JE. Heparan sulfate is necessary for the early formation of nascent fibronectin and collagen I fibrils at matrix assembly sites. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101479. [PMID: 34890641 PMCID: PMC8801470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN), an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), is assembled via a cell-mediated process in which integrin receptors bind secreted FN and mediate its polymerization into fibrils that extend between cells, ultimately forming an insoluble matrix. Our previous work using mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells identified the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) and its binding to FN as essential for the formation of insoluble FN fibrils. In this study, we investigated the contributions of HS at an early stage of the assembly process using knockdown of exostosin-1 (EXT1), one of the glycosyltransferases required for HS chain synthesis. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with decreased EXT1 expression exhibited a significant reduction in both FN and type I collagen in the insoluble matrix. We show that FN fibril formation is initiated at matrix assembly sites, and while these sites were formed by cells with EXT1 knockdown, their growth was stunted compared with wild-type cells. The most severe defect observed was in the polymerization of nascent FN fibrils, which was reduced 2.5-fold upon EXT1 knockdown. This defect was rescued by the addition of exogenous soluble heparin chains long enough to simultaneously bind multiple FN molecules. The activity of soluble heparin in this process indicates that nascent fibril formation depends on HS more so than on the protein component of a specific HS proteoglycan. Together, our results suggest that heparin or HS is necessary for concentrating and localizing FN molecules at sites of early fibril assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Hill
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Benjamin M Lovett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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15
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Whittamore JM, Hatch M. Oxalate Flux Across the Intestine: Contributions from Membrane Transporters. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2835-2875. [PMID: 34964122 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial oxalate transport is fundamental to the role occupied by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in oxalate homeostasis. The absorption of dietary oxalate, together with its secretion into the intestine, and degradation by the gut microbiota, can all influence the excretion of this nonfunctional terminal metabolite in the urine. Knowledge of the transport mechanisms is relevant to understanding the pathophysiology of hyperoxaluria, a risk factor in kidney stone formation, for which the intestine also offers a potential means of treatment. The following discussion presents an expansive review of intestinal oxalate transport. We begin with an overview of the fate of oxalate, focusing on the sources, rates, and locations of absorption and secretion along the GI tract. We then consider the mechanisms and pathways of transport across the epithelial barrier, discussing the transcellular, and paracellular components. There is an emphasis on the membrane-bound anion transporters, in particular, those belonging to the large multifunctional Slc26 gene family, many of which are expressed throughout the GI tract, and we summarize what is currently known about their participation in oxalate transport. In the final section, we examine the physiological stimuli proposed to be involved in regulating some of these pathways, encompassing intestinal adaptations in response to chronic kidney disease, metabolic acid-base disorders, obesity, and following gastric bypass surgery. There is also an update on research into the probiotic, Oxalobacter formigenes, and the basis of its unique interaction with the gut epithelium. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-41, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Whittamore
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marguerite Hatch
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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16
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. An Overview of in vivo Functions of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Revealed by Their Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764781. [PMID: 34901009 PMCID: PMC8652114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans in their biosynthetic pathways. They are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases as well as sulfotransferases. Structural diversities of CS/DS and HS are essential for their various biological activities including cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with a variety of growth factors as well as cytokines. Studies using mice deficient in enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the CS/DS and HS chains of proteoglycans have demonstrated their essential functions. Chondroitin synthase 1-deficient mice are viable, but exhibit chondrodysplasia, progression of the bifurcation of digits, delayed endochondral ossification, and reduced bone density. DS-epimerase 1-deficient mice show thicker collagen fibrils in the dermis and hypodermis, and spina bifida. These observations suggest that CS/DS are essential for skeletal development as well as the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that their respective knockout mice can be utilized as models for human genetic disorders with mutations in chondroitin synthase 1 and DS-epimerase 1. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mice deficient in CS/DS biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Hordyjewska-Kowalczyk E, Nowosad K, Jamsheer A, Tylzanowski P. Genotype-phenotype correlation in clubfoot (talipes equinovarus). J Med Genet 2021; 59:209-219. [PMID: 34782442 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) is a congenital malformation affecting muscles, bones, connective tissue and vascular or neurological structures in limbs. It has a complex aetiology, both genetic and environmental. To date, the most important findings in clubfoot genetics involve PITX1 variants, which were linked to clubfoot phenotype in mice and humans. Additionally, copy number variations encompassing TBX4 or single nucleotide variants in HOXC11, the molecular targets of the PITX1 transcription factor, were linked to the clubfoot phenotype. In general, genes of cytoskeleton and muscle contractile apparatus, as well as components of the extracellular matrix and connective tissue, are frequently linked with clubfoot aetiology. Last but not least, an equally important element, that brings us closer to a better understanding of the clubfoot genotype/phenotype correlation, are studies on the two known animal models of clubfoot-the pma or EphA4 mice. This review will summarise the current state of knowledge of the molecular basis of this congenital malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Hordyjewska-Kowalczyk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland
| | - Karol Nowosad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland.,The Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland .,Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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18
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Congenital Disorders of Deficiency in Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:717535. [PMID: 34539746 PMCID: PMC8446454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans, which are distributed at the cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans and GAGs have been demonstrated to exhibit a variety of physiological functions such as construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors. Not only connective tissue disorders including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, multiple exostoses, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but also heart and kidney defects, immune deficiencies, and neurological abnormalities have been shown to be caused by defects in GAGs as well as core proteins of proteoglycans. These findings indicate that GAGs and proteoglycans are essential for human development in major organs. The glycobiological aspects of congenital disorders caused by defects in GAG-biosynthetic enzymes including specific glysocyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases, in addition to core proteins of proteoglycans will be comprehensively discussed based on the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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SLC26A2-Associated Diastrophic Dysplasia and rMED-Clinical Features in Affected Finnish Children and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050714. [PMID: 34064542 PMCID: PMC8151170 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a rare osteochondrodysplasia characterized by short-limbed short stature and joint dysplasia. DTD is caused by mutations in SLC26A2 and is particularly common in the Finnish population. However, the disease incidence in Finland and clinical features in affected individuals have not been recently explored. This registry-based study aimed to investigate the current incidence of DTD in Finland, characterize the national cohort of pediatric subjects with DTD and review the disease-related literature. Subjects with SLC26A2-related skeletal dysplasia, born between 2000 and 2020, were identified from the Skeletal dysplasia registry and from hospital patient registry and their clinical and molecular data were reviewed. Fourteen subjects were identified. Twelve of them were phenotypically classified as DTD and two, as recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED). From the subjects with available genetic data, 75% (9/12) were homozygous for the Finnish founder mutation c.-26+2T>C. Two subjects with rMED phenotype were compound heterozygous for p.Arg279Trp and p.Thr512Lys variants. The variable phenotypes in our cohort highlight the wide spectrum of clinical features, ranging from a very severe form of DTD to milder forms of DTD and rMED. The incidence of DTD in Finland has significantly decreased over the past decades, most likely due to increased prenatal diagnostics.
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20
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Zaydman AM, Strokova EL, Pahomova NY, Gusev AF, Mikhaylovskiy MV, Shevchenko AI, Zaidman MN, Shilo AR, Subbotin VM. Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review of the literature and new epigenetic hypothesis on altered neural crest cells migration in early embryogenesis as the key event. Med Hypotheses 2021; 151:110585. [PMID: 33932710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects 2-3% of children. Numerous hypotheses on etiologic/causal factors of AIS were investigated, but all failed to identify therapeutic targets and hence failed to offer a cure. Therefore, currently there are only two options to minimize morbidity of the patients suffering AIS: bracing and spinal surgery. From the beginning of 1960th, spinal surgery, both fusion and rod placement, became the standard of management for progressive adolescent idiopathic spine deformity. However, spinal surgery is often associated with complications. These circumstances motivate AIS scientific community to continue the search for new etiologic and causal factors of AIS. While the role of the genetic factors in AIS pathogenesis was investigated intensively and universally recognized, these studies failed to nominate mutation of a particular gene or genes combination responsible for AIS development. More recently epigenetic factors were suggested to play causal role in AIS pathogenesis. Sharing this new approach, we investigated scoliotic vertebral growth plates removed during vertebral fusion (anterior surgery) for AIS correction. In recent publications we showed that cells from the convex side of human scoliotic deformities undergo normal chondrogenic/osteogenic differentiation, while cells from the concave side acquire a neuronal phenotype. Based on these facts we hypothesized that altered neural crest cell migration in early embryogenesis can be the etiological factor of AIS. In particular, we suggested that neural crest cells failed to migrate through the anterior half of somites and became deposited in sclerotome, which in turn produced chondrogenic/osteogenic-insufficient vertebral growth plates. To test this hypothesis we conducted experiments on chicken embryos with arrest neural crest cell migration by inhibiting expression of Paired-box 3 (Pax3) gene, a known enhancer and promoter of neural crest cells migration and differentiation. The results showed that chicken embryos treated with Pax3 siRNA (microinjection into the neural tube, 44 h post-fertilization) progressively developed scoliotic deformity during maturation. Therefore, this analysis suggests that although adolescent idiopathic scoliosis manifests in children around puberty, the real onset of the disease is of epigenetic nature and takes place in early embryogenesis and involves altered neural crest cells migration. If these results confirmed and further elaborated, the hypothesis may shed new light on the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla M Zaydman
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Strokova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Y Pahomova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arkady F Gusev
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Mikhaylovskiy
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander I Shevchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey R Shilo
- Novosibirsk Zoo named after R.A. Shilo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Subbotin
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc., Madison WI, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA; University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA.
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21
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Gatticchi L, Vešelényiová D, Miertus J, Enrico Maltese P, Manara E, Costantini A, Benedetti S, Ďurovčíková D, Krajcovic J, Bertelli M. Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and Stargardt disease in two sisters. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1630. [PMID: 33724725 PMCID: PMC8123746 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of genome-wide next-generation sequencing in the molecular diagnosis of rare genetic disorders has produced increasing evidence of multilocus genomic variations in cases with a previously well-characterized molecular diagnosis. Here, we describe two patients with a rare combination of skeletal abnormalities and retinal dystrophy caused by variants in the SLC26A2 and ABCA4 genes, respectively, in a family with parental consanguinity. METHODS Next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to obtain a molecular diagnosis for the retinal and skeletal phenotypes, respectively. RESULTS Genetic testing revealed that the sisters were homozygous for the p.(Cys653Ser) variant in SLC26A2 and heterozygous for the missense p.(Pro68Leu) and splice donor c.6386+2C>G variants in ABCA4. Segregation analysis confirmed the carrier status of the parents. CONCLUSION Despite low frequency of occurrence, the detection of multilocus genomic variations in a single disease gene-oriented approach can provide accurate diagnosis even in cases with high phenotypic complexity. A targeted sequencing approach can detect relationships between observed phenotypes and underlying genotypes, useful for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gatticchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dominika Vešelényiová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Miertus
- Génius n.o, Trnava, Slovakia.,MAGI's Lab, Genetic Testing Laboratory, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Darina Ďurovčíková
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Healthcare University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Krajcovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI's Lab, Genetic Testing Laboratory, Rovereto, Italy.,MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
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22
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Improvement of the skeletal phenotype in a mouse model of diastrophic dysplasia after postnatal treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114452. [PMID: 33545117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a recessive chondrodysplasia caused by mutations in the SLC26A2 gene encoding for a sulfate/chloride transporter. When SLC26A2 is impaired intracellular level of sulfate is reduced leading to the synthesis of undersulfated proteoglycans. In normal chondrocytes, the main source of intracellular sulfate is the extracellular uptake through SLC26A2, but a small amount comes from the catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and other thiols. Here N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an extensively used drug, is proposed as alternative source of intracellular sulfate in an animal model of DTD (dtd mouse). Mutant and wild type mice were treated twice a day with hypodermic injections of 250 mg NAC/kg body weight for one week after birth. At the end of the treatment, an improvement trend in cartilage proteoglycan sulfation and in the skeletal phenotype of treated dtd mice were observed. Thus, a longer treatment lasted three weeks starting from birth was performed. Treated mutant mice showed a significant increase of cartilage proteoglycan sulfation and a relevant improvement of the skeletal phenotype based on measurements of several bony elements and bone quality by DEXA and micro CT. Moreover, the amelioration of the overall growth plate morphology in treated dtd mice suggested a partial rescue of the endochondral ossification process. Overall, the results prove that NAC is an effective source of intracellular sulfate for dtd mice in the postnatal period. This finding paves the way for a potential pharmacological treatment of DTD patients taking advantage from a drug repositioning strategy.
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Savarirayan R, Tunkel DE, Sterni LM, Bober MB, Cho TJ, Goldberg MJ, Hoover-Fong J, Irving M, Kamps SE, Mackenzie WG, Raggio C, Spencer SA, Bompadre V, White KK. Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:31. [PMID: 33446226 PMCID: PMC7809733 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recognition and appropriate management of the craniofacial manifestations of patients with skeletal dysplasia are challenging, due to the rarity of these conditions, and dearth of literature to support evidence-based clinical decision making. Methods Using the Delphi method, an international, multi-disciplinary group of individuals, with significant experience in the care of patients with skeletal dysplasia, convened to develop multi-disciplinary, best practice guidelines in the management of craniofacial aspects of these patients. Results After a comprehensive literature review, 23 initial statements were generated and critically discussed, with subsequent development of a list of 22 best practice guidelines after a second round voting. Conclusions The guidelines are presented and discussed to provide context and assistance for clinicians in their decision making in this important and challenging component of care for patients with skeletal dysplasia, in order standardize care and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - David E Tunkel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Sterni
- Eudowwod Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Bober
- Division of Orthogenetics - Nemours/ A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael J Goldberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Hoover-Fong
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Clinical Genetics Guy's, St Thomas NHS, London, UK
| | - Shawn E Kamps
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William G Mackenzie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery - Nemours/ A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Cathleen Raggio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha A Spencer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viviana Bompadre
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Klane K White
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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24
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Tripathi AK, Choudhary S, Singh V, Verma PK. Genetic Association and Role of Surgery for the Treatment of Lower Limb Deformities in Diastrophic Dysplasia: A Case Report. J Orthop Case Rep 2021; 11:81-85. [PMID: 34141677 PMCID: PMC8180322 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2021.v11.i02.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) results from SCN26A2 gene mutation, with autosomal recessive inheritance and widely variable phenotype. The gene has been mapped to chromosome 5q32-q33.1. Case Report We present a case of a 4-year-old female with short stature, bilateral feet and knee deformity, and dysplastic facies. SCN26A2 mutations were seen in patient as well as parents. She underwent multiple orthopedic procedures involving metatarsals, gastrosoleus, and distal femur. Based on typical clinical features, DTD was suspected. Genetic studies of patient and parents provided the exact diagnosis in this case. Conclusion Genetic diagnosis and family counseling are important caveat of management. Key features like ear abnormalities help to suspect diagnosis which requires a high index of suspicion. Associated bony and soft-tissue abnormalities of lower limb may require surgical intervention for improvement of gait, functions, and cosmesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sunny Choudhary
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, All India Institute of medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, All India Institute of medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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25
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Dennis EP, Greenhalgh-Maychell PL, Briggs MD. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and related disorders: Molecular genetics, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic avenues. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:345-359. [PMID: 32633442 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the vast majority of the 6000 known rare disease the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly defined and there is little treatment, leading to poor quality of life and high healthcare costs. Genetic skeletal diseases (skeletal dysplasias) are archetypal examples of rare diseases that are chronically debilitating, often life-threatening and for which no treatments are currently available. There are more than 450 unique phenotypes that, although individually rare, have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4000 children. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by disproportionate short stature, joint pain, and early-onset osteoarthritis. MED is caused by mutations in the genes encoding important cartilage extracellular matrix proteins, enzymes, and transporter proteins. Recently, through the use of various cell and mouse models, disease mechanisms underlying this diverse phenotypic spectrum are starting to be elucidated. For example, ER stress induced as a consequence of retained misfolded mutant proteins has emerged as a unifying disease mechanisms for several forms of MED in particular and skeletal dysplasia in general. Moreover, targeting ER stress through drug repurposing has become an attractive therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella P Dennis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Michael D Briggs
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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26
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Paganini C, Gramegna Tota C, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Skeletal Dysplasias Caused by Sulfation Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082710. [PMID: 32295296 PMCID: PMC7216085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix that confer specific mechanical, biochemical, and physical properties to tissues. Sulfate groups present on glycosaminoglycans, linear polysaccharide chains attached to PG core proteins, are fundamental for correct PG functions. Indeed, through the negative charge of sulfate groups, PGs interact with extracellular matrix molecules and bind growth factors regulating tissue structure and cell behavior. The maintenance of correct sulfate metabolism is important in tissue development and function, particularly in cartilage where PGs are fundamental and abundant components of the extracellular matrix. In chondrocytes, the main sulfate source is the extracellular space, then sulfate is taken up and activated in the cytosol to the universal sulfate donor to be used in sulfotransferase reactions. Alteration in each step of sulfate metabolism can affect macromolecular sulfation, leading to the onset of diseases that affect mainly cartilage and bone. This review presents a panoramic view of skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in genes encoding for transporters or enzymes involved in macromolecular sulfation. Future research in this field will contribute to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis, allowing the development of targeted therapies aimed at alleviating, preventing, or modifying the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Chiara Gramegna Tota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Byrne AB, Mizumoto S, Arts P, Yap P, Feng J, Schreiber AW, Babic M, King-Smith SL, Barnett CP, Moore L, Sugahara K, Mutlu-Albayrak H, Nishimura G, Liebelt JE, Yamada S, Savarirayan R, Scott HS. Pseudodiastrophic dysplasia expands the known phenotypic spectrum of defects in proteoglycan biosynthesis. J Med Genet 2020; 57:454-460. [PMID: 31988067 PMCID: PMC7361035 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Pseudodiastrophic dysplasia (PDD) is a severe skeletal dysplasia associated with prenatal manifestation and early lethality. Clinically, PDD is classified as a ‘dysplasia with multiple joint dislocations’; however, the molecular aetiology of the disorder is currently unknown. Methods Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on three patients from two unrelated families, clinically diagnosed with PDD, in order to identify the underlying genetic cause. The functional effects of the identified variants were characterised using primary cells and human cell-based overexpression assays. Results WES resulted in the identification of biallelic variants in the established skeletal dysplasia genes, B3GAT3 (family 1) and CANT1 (family 2). Mutations in these genes have previously been reported to cause ‘multiple joint dislocations, short stature, and craniofacial dysmorphism with or without congenital heart defects’ (‘JDSCD’; B3GAT3) and Desbuquois dysplasia 1 (CANT1), disorders in the same nosological group as PDD. Follow-up of the B3GAT3 variants demonstrated significantly reduced B3GAT3/GlcAT-I expression. Downstream in vitro functional analysis revealed abolished biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan side chains on proteoglycans. Functional evaluation of the CANT1 variant showed impaired nucleotidase activity, which results in inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis through accumulation of uridine diphosphate. Conclusion For the families described in this study, the PDD phenotype was caused by mutations in the known skeletal dysplasia genes B3GAT3 and CANT1, demonstrating the advantage of genomic analyses in delineating the molecular diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias. This finding expands the phenotypic spectrum of B3GAT3-related and CANT1-related skeletal dysplasias to include PDD and highlights the significant phenotypic overlap of conditions within the proteoglycan biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia B Byrne
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center for Pathogenesis of Intractable Diseases, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peer Arts
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick Yap
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Genetic Health Service New Zealand (Northern Hub), Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jinghua Feng
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,ACRF Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andreas W Schreiber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,ACRF Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Milena Babic
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah L King-Smith
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher P Barnett
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynette Moore
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hatice Mutlu-Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cengiz Gökcek Obstetrics and Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jan E Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center for Pathogenesis of Intractable Diseases, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamish S Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia .,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,ACRF Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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28
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Zheng C, Lin X, Liu H, Lu W, Xu X, Wang D, Gao B, Wang C, Zhou J, Fan J, Hu Y, Jie Q, Chen D, Yang L, Luo Z. Phenotypic characterization of Slc26a2 mutant mice reveals a multifactorial etiology of spondylolysis. FASEB J 2019; 34:720-734. [PMID: 31914611 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901040rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Confusion persists over pathogenesis of spondylolysis. To confirm pathogenicity of the previously identified causative mutation of spondylolysis and investigate the genetic etiology, we generate a new mouse line harboring D673V mutation in the Slc26a2 gene. D673V mutation induces delayed endochondral ossification characterized by transiently reduced chondrocyte proliferation in mice at the early postnatal stage. Adult D673V homozygotes exhibit dysplastic isthmus and reduced bone volume of the dorsal vertebra resembling the detached vertebral bony structure when spondylolysis occurs, including the postzygopophysis, vertebral arch, and spinous process, which causes biomechanical alterations around the isthmic region of L4-5 vertebrae indicated by finite element analysis. Consistently, partial ablation of Slc26a2 in vertebral skeletal cells using Col1a1-Cre; Slc26a2 fl/fl mouse line recapitulates a similar but worsened vertebral phenotype featured by lamellar isthmus. In addition, when reaching late adulthood, D673V homozygotes develop an evident bone-loss phenotype and show impaired osteogenesis. These findings support a multifactorial etiology, involving congenitally predisposed isthmic conditions, altered biomechanics, and age-dependent bone loss, which leads to SLC26A2-related spondylolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xisheng Lin
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - He Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiguang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinru Zhou
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaqian Hu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying variation in human stature. RECENT FINDINGS Human height is an anthropometric trait that varies considerably within human populations as well as across the globe. Historically, much research focus was placed on understanding the biology of growth plate chondrocytes and how modifications to core chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation pathways potentially shaped height attainment in normal as well as pathological contexts. Recently, much progress has been made to improve our understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying the normal and pathological range of height variation within as well as between human populations, and today, it is understood to reflect complex interactions among a myriad of genetic, environmental, and evolutionary factors. Indeed, recent improvements in genetics (e.g., GWAS) and breakthroughs in functional genomics (e.g., whole exome sequencing, DNA methylation analysis, ATAC-sequencing, and CRISPR) have shed light on previously unknown pathways/mechanisms governing pathological and common height variation. Additionally, the use of an evolutionary perspective has also revealed important mechanisms that have shaped height variation across the planet. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the biological mechanisms underlying height variation by highlighting new research findings on skeletal growth control with an emphasis on previously unknown pathways/mechanisms influencing pathological and common height variation. In this context, this review also discusses how evolutionary forces likely shaped the genomic architecture of height across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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30
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 2019; 286:3008-3032. [PMID: 31286677 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides that constitute the carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to the protein core of proteoglycans, macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Several genetic disorders of bone and connective tissue are caused by mutations in genes encoding for glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and transporters that are responsible for the synthesis of sulfated GAGs. Phenotypically, these disorders all reflect alterations in crucial biological functions of GAGs in the development, growth and homoeostasis of cartilage and bone. To date, up to 27 different skeletal phenotypes have been linked to mutations in 23 genes encoding for proteins involved in GAG biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies of bone and connective tissue disorders caused by GAG synthesis defects. These insights and future research in the field will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and will pave the way for developing common therapeutic strategies that might be targeted to a range of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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31
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Zheng C, Lin X, Xu X, Wang C, Zhou J, Gao B, Fan J, Lu W, Hu Y, Jie Q, Luo Z, Yang L. Suppressing UPR-dependent overactivation of FGFR3 signaling ameliorates SLC26A2-deficient chondrodysplasias. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:695-709. [PMID: 30685387 PMCID: PMC6413327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene cause a spectrum of currently incurable human chondrodysplasias. However, genotype-phenotype relationships of SLC26A2-deficient chondrodysplasias are still perplexing and thus stunt therapeutic development. Methods To investigate the causative role of SLC26A2 deficiency in chondrodysplasias and confirm its skeleton-specific pathology, we generated and analyzed slc26a2−/− and Col2a1-Cre; slc26a2fl/fl mice. The therapeutic effect of NVP-BGJ398, an FGFR inhibitor, was tested with both explant cultures and timed pregnant females. Findings Two lethal forms of human SLC26A2-related chondrodysplasias, achondrogenesis type IB (ACG1B) and atelosteogenesis type II (AO2), are phenocopied by slc26a2−/− mice. Unexpectedly, slc26a2−/− chondrocytes are defective for collagen secretion, exhibiting intracellular retention and compromised extracellular deposition of ColII and ColIX. As a consequence, the ATF6 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is preferentially triggered to overactivate FGFR3 signaling by inducing excessive FGFR3 in slc26a2−/− chondrocytes. Consistently, suppressing FGFR3 signaling by blocking either FGFR3 or phosphorylation of the downstream effector favors the recovery of slc26a2−/− cartilage cultures from impaired growth and unbalanced cell proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, administration of an FGFR inhibitor to pregnant females shows therapeutic effects on pathological features in slc26a2−/− newborns. Finally, we confirm the skeleton-specific lethality and pathology of global SLC26A2 deletion through analyzing the Col2a1-Cre; slc26a2fl/fl mouse line. Interpretation Our study unveils a previously unrecognized pathogenic mechanism underlying ACG1B and AO2, and supports suppression of FGFR3 signaling as a promising therapeutic approach for SLC26A2-related chondrodysplasias. Fund This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871743, 81730065 and 81772377).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xisheng Lin
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinru Zhou
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiguang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaqian Hu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
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32
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Zaydman AM, Strokova EL, O Stepanova A, Laktionov PP, Shevchenko AI, Subbotin VM. A New Look at Causal Factors of Idiopathic Scoliosis: Altered Expression of Genes Controlling Chondroitin Sulfate Sulfation and Corresponding Changes in Protein Synthesis in Vertebral Body Growth Plates. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:221-230. [PMID: 30745802 PMCID: PMC6367535 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In a previous report, we demonstrated the presence of cells with a neural/glial phenotype on the concave side of the vertebral body growth plate in Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) and proposed this phenotype alteration as the main etiological factor of IS. In the present study, we utilized the same specimens of vertebral body growth plates removed during surgery for Grade III-IV IS to analyse gene expression. We suggested that phenotype changes observed on the concave side of the vertebral body growth plate can be associated with altered expression of particular genes, which in turn compromise mechanical properties of the concave side. Methods: We used a Real-Time SYBR Green PCR assay to investigate gene expression in vertebral body growth plates removed during surgery for Grade III-IV IS; cartilage tissues from human fetal spine were used as a surrogate control. Special attention was given to genes responsible for growth regulation, chondrocyte differentiation, matrix synthesis, sulfation and transmembrane transport of sulfates. We performed morphological, histochemical, biochemical, and ultrastructural analysis of vertebral body growth plates. Results: Expression of genes that control chondroitin sulfate sulfation and corresponding protein synthesis was significantly lower in scoliotic specimens compared to controls. Biochemical analysis showed 1) a decrease in diffused proteoglycans in the total pool of proteoglycans; 2) a reduced level of their sulfation; 3) a reduction in the amount of chondroitin sulfate coinciding with raising the amount of keratan sulfate; and 4) reduced levels of sulfation on the concave side of the scoliotic deformity. Conclusion: The results suggested that altered expression of genes that control chondroitin sulfate sulfation and corresponding changes in protein synthesis on the concave side of vertebral body growth plates could be causal agents of the scoliotic deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla M Zaydman
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics n.a. Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Strokova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics n.a. Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alena O Stepanova
- Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel P Laktionov
- Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir M Subbotin
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.,Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Madison WI, USA
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Rossi A. Analysis of Proteoglycan Synthesis and Secretion in Cell Culture Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1952:71-80. [PMID: 30825166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9133-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Experimental protocols for the synthesis and secretion of proteoglycans in cell culture models are important to study specific biosynthetic steps or disorders in which a defect in proteoglycans is expected. We describe a method using 35S-sulfate to metabolically label newly synthesized proteoglycans from cell cultures in order to measure proteoglycan synthesis and secretion. The method is set up for fibroblast and chondrocyte cultures, but can be extended to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Kausar M, Mäkitie RE, Toiviainen-Salo S, Ignatius J, Anees M, Mäkitie O. Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia - Clinical characteristics caused by rare compound heterozygous SLC26A2 genotypes. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103573. [PMID: 30423444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic sequence variants in the solute carrier family 26 member 2 (SLC26A2) gene result in lethal (achondrogenesis Ib and atelosteogenesis II) and non-lethal (diastrophic dysplasia and recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, rMED) chondrodysplasias. We report on two new patients with rMED and very rare compound heterozygous mutation combinations in non-consanguineous families. Patient I presented in childhood with waddling gait and joint stiffness. Radiographs showed epiphyseal changes, bilateral coxa plana-deformity and knee valgus deformity, for which he underwent surgeries. At present 33 years his height is 165 cm. Patient II presented with cleft palate, small jaw, short limbs, underdeveloped thumbs and on radiographs, cervical kyphosis with an underdeveloped C4. He also developed severe scoliosis but has grown at -2.9 SD curve. Molecular analysis revealed that patient I is heterozygous for two known pathogenic variants in SLC26A2, a splice site variant c.-26+2T > C and a missense variant c.1957T > A (p.Cys653Ser), while patient II is compound heterozygous for missense variants c.835C > T (p.Arg279Trp) and c.1535C > A (p.Thr512Lys). These patients further elucidate the variability of the phenotypic and genetic presentations of rMED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka E Mäkitie
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toiviainen-Salo
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Ignatius
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mariam Anees
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhou T, Wang Y, Zhou H, Liao Z, Gao B, Su D, Zheng S, Xu C, Su P. Dual novel mutations in SLC26A2 in two siblings with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 4 from a Chinese family: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:70. [PMID: 29724173 PMCID: PMC5934830 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a heterogeneous genetic condition characterized by variable phenotypes, such as short stature (mild to moderate), joint deformities, abnormal gait, scoliosis, and brachydactyly. Recessive mutations in the SLC26A2 gene cause a phenotype of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia-4 (MED-4). In the present study, we identified novel compound heterozygous mutations in the SLC26A2 gene in a Chinese family with two affected sibs with MED-4. Case presentation Radiographs revealed hip dysplasia, brachydactyly and scoliosis in patient 1. Radiological examinations in patient 2 also showed hip dysplasia recently. Both of them were diagnosed with MED-4. SLC26A2 c.824 T > C and SLC26A2 c.1198C > T were identified in two siblings in this family, which were inherited from both parents, one mutation from each. Conclusions This is the first Chinese MED-4 family attributed to SLC26A2 mutations, and these results show that these novel compound heterozygous mutations in SLC26A2 contribute to MED-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yongqian Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Deying Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuhui Zheng
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Nuytemans K, Ortel TL, Gomez L, Hofmann N, Alves N, Dueker N, Beecham A, Whitehead P, Hahn Estabrooks S, Kitchens CS, Erkan D, Brandão LR, James AH, Kulkarni R, Manco-Johnson MJ, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM. Variants in chondroitin sulfate metabolism genes in thrombotic storm. Thromb Res 2017; 161:43-51. [PMID: 29178990 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thrombotic storm (TS) presents as a severe, acute thrombotic phenotype, characterized by multiple clotting events and frequently affecting younger adults. Understanding the extensive hypercoagulation of an extreme phenotype as TS will also provide insight into the pathogenesis of a wider spectrum of thrombotic disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS We completed whole exome sequencing on 26 TS patients, including 1 multiplex family, 13 trios and 12 isolated TS patients. We examined both dominant and recessive inheritance models for known thrombotic factors as well as performed a genome-wide screen. Identified genes of interest in the family and trios were screened in the remaining TS patients. Variants were filtered on frequency (<5% in 1000 genomes), conservation and function in gene and were annotated for effect on protein and overall functionality. RESULTS We observed an accumulation of variants in genes linked to chondroitin sulfate (CS), but not heparan sulfate metabolism. Sixteen conserved, rare missense and nonsense variants in genes involved in CS metabolism (CHPF, CHPF2, CHST3, CHST12, CHST15, SLC26A2, PAPSS2, STAB2) were identified in over one-third of the TS patients. In contrast, we identified only seven variants in known thrombosis genes (including FV Leiden). CONCLUSIONS As CS has multiple functions in the glycocalyx protecting the endothelial cells, reduced availability of CS could diminish the normal control mechanisms for blood coagulation, making these CS metabolism genes strong potential risk factors for TS. Overall, no single gene was identified with strong evidence for TS causality; however, our data suggest TS is mediated by an accumulation of rare pro-thrombotic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nuytemans
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Thomas L Ortel
- Duke University Medical Center, Division of Hematology, Duke Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Lissette Gomez
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Natalia Hofmann
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Natalie Alves
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Nicole Dueker
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Ashley Beecham
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Patrice Whitehead
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Susan Hahn Estabrooks
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Craig S Kitchens
- University of Florida, Division of Hematology and Oncology, 2000 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th Stm, New York, NY 10021, United States.
| | - Leonardo R Brandão
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Andra H James
- Duke University Medical Center, Division of Hematology, Duke Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Roshni Kulkarni
- Michigan State University Centers for Bleeding and Clotting Disorders, 788 Service Rd B-216, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Marilyn J Manco-Johnson
- University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, 13199 E. Montview Blvd Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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England J, Granados-Riveron J, Polo-Parada L, Kuriakose D, Moore C, Brook JD, Rutland CS, Setchfield K, Gell C, Ghosh TK, Bu'Lock F, Thornborough C, Ehler E, Loughna S. Tropomyosin 1: Multiple roles in the developing heart and in the formation of congenital heart defects. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 106:1-13. [PMID: 28359939 PMCID: PMC5441184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) is an essential sarcomeric component, stabilising the thin filament and facilitating actin's interaction with myosin. A number of sarcomeric proteins, such as alpha myosin heavy chain, play crucial roles in cardiac development. Mutations in these genes have been linked to congenital heart defects (CHDs), occurring in approximately 1 in 145 live births. To date, TPM1 has not been associated with isolated CHDs. Analysis of 380 CHD cases revealed three novel mutations in the TPM1 gene; IVS1 + 2T > C, I130V, S229F and a polyadenylation signal site variant GATAAA/AATAAA. Analysis of IVS1 + 2T > C revealed aberrant pre-mRNA splicing. In addition, abnormal structural properties were found in hearts transfected with TPM1 carrying I130V and S229F mutations. Phenotypic analysis of TPM1 morpholino-treated embryos revealed roles for TPM1 in cardiac looping, atrial septation and ventricular trabeculae formation and increased apoptosis was seen within the heart. In addition, sarcomere assembly was affected and altered action potentials were exhibited. This study demonstrated that sarcomeric TPM1 plays vital roles in cardiogenesis and is a suitable candidate gene for screening individuals with isolated CHDs. Four mutations identified in the TPM1 gene; IVS1 + 2T > C, I130V, S229F and GATAAA/AATAAA. In vitro analysis of IVS1 + 2T > C revealed aberrant pre-mRNA splicing. I130V and S229F mutations caused abnormal structural properties in the sarcomere. Reduced TPM1 expression during early cardiogenesis causes aberrant gross morphology. Apoptosis, sarcomere assembly and cardiac conduction were also affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Granados-Riveron
- Laboratory of Genomics, Genetics and Bioinformatics, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Luis Polo-Parada
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - J David Brook
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Frances Bu'Lock
- East Midlands Congenital Heart Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, The Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, UK
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The role of intestinal oxalate transport in hyperoxaluria and the formation of kidney stones in animals and man. Urolithiasis 2016; 45:89-108. [PMID: 27913853 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-016-0952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The intestine exerts a considerable influence over urinary oxalate in two ways, through the absorption of dietary oxalate and by serving as an adaptive extra-renal pathway for elimination of this waste metabolite. Knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for oxalate absorption and secretion by the intestine therefore have significant implications for understanding the etiology of hyperoxaluria, as well as offering potential targets for future treatment strategies for calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. In this review, we present the recent developments and advances in this area over the past 10 years, and put to the test some of the new ideas that have emerged during this time, using human and mouse models. A key focus for our discussion are the membrane-bound anion exchangers, belonging to the SLC26 gene family, some of which have been shown to participate in transcellular oxalate absorption and secretion. This has offered the opportunity to not only examine the roles of these specific transporters, revealing their importance to oxalate homeostasis, but to also probe the relative contributions made by the active transcellular and passive paracellular components of oxalate transport across the intestine. We also discuss some of the various physiological stimuli and signaling pathways which have been suggested to participate in the adaptation and regulation of intestinal oxalate transport. Finally, we offer an update on research into Oxalobacter formigenes, alongside recent investigations of other oxalate-degrading gut bacteria, in both laboratory animals and humans.
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Casey JP, Brennan K, Scheidel N, McGettigan P, Lavin PT, Carter S, Ennis S, Dorkins H, Ghali N, Blacque OE, Mc Gee MM, Murphy H, Lynch SA. Recessive NEK9 mutation causes a lethal skeletal dysplasia with evidence of cell cycle and ciliary defects. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1824-35. [PMID: 26908619 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of bone and cartilage disorders. Whilst >450 skeletal dysplasias have been reported, 30% are genetically uncharacterized. We report two Irish Traveller families with a previously undescribed lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by fetal akinesia, shortening of all long bones, multiple contractures, rib anomalies, thoracic dysplasia, pulmonary hypoplasia and protruding abdomen. Single nucleotide polymorphism homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous stop-gain mutation in NEK9 (c.1489C>T; p.Arg497*) as the cause of this disorder. NEK9 encodes a never in mitosis gene A-related kinase involved in regulating spindle organization, chromosome alignment, cytokinesis and cell cycle progression. This is the first disorder to be associated with NEK9 in humans. Analysis of NEK9 protein expression and localization in patient fibroblasts showed complete loss of full-length NEK9 (107 kDa). Functional characterization of patient fibroblasts showed a significant reduction in cell proliferation and a delay in cell cycle progression. We also provide evidence to support possible ciliary associations for NEK9. Firstly, patient fibroblasts displayed a significant reduction in cilia number and length. Secondly, we show that the NEK9 orthologue in Caenorhabditis elegans, nekl-1, is almost exclusively expressed in a subset of ciliated cells, a strong indicator of cilia-related functions. In summary, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a lethal skeletal dysplasia caused by NEK9 mutation and suggest that this disorder may represent a novel ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P Casey
- Clinical Genetics, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland, UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences,
| | - Kieran Brennan
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Noemie Scheidel
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Paul McGettigan
- UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul T Lavin
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Stephen Carter
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | - Sean Ennis
- UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences
| | - Huw Dorkins
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK, Leicestershire Genetics Service, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK, St Peter's College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2DL, UK and
| | - Neeti Ghali
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
| | | | - Helen Murphy
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Genetic Medicine-University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Clinical Genetics, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland, UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences
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Lu X, Sun D, Xu B, Pan J, Wei Y, Mao X, Yu D, Liu H, Gao B. In Silico Screening and Molecular Dynamic Study of Nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Kidney Stones in the SLC26A6 Gene. J Urol 2016; 196:118-23. [PMID: 26812303 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE SLC26A6 is a multifunctional anion transporter with a critical physiological role in the transport of oxalate anions. Recognizing a genetic variant of SLC26A6 would advance our understanding of oxalate transport in the formation of calcium oxalate stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS All nsSNPs (nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms) reported in human SLC26A6 were investigated using 4 in silico tools, including SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant), PROVEAN (Protein Variation Effect Analyzer), PhD-SNP (Predictor of human Deleterious Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) and MutPred. A total of 426 subjects, including 225 with kidney stones and 201 healthy controls, were included in study to genotype the candidate disease associated nsSNP using allele specific polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the structural consequences due to the mutation were assessed using homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation methods. RESULTS The nsSNP rs184187143 was identified as a more probable disease associated variant in the SLC26A6 gene by in silico screening. The C allele carrier showed a 6.1-fold increased kidney stone risk compared with G allele carriers in the nsSNP (OR 6.1, 95% CI 1.36-27.38, p = 0.007). We found that the mutation from arginine to glycine leads to the loss of 2 hydrogen bonds and to an unstable structure in the STAS domain of SLC26A6. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the variant G539R in the SLC26A6 gene is associated with kidney stone risk, providing a clear clue to further achieve insight into oxalate transport in kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Deliang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichuan Pan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Mao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Daojun Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health of Liaoning Education Ministry, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; China-Japan Kidney Stone Research Center, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Solute Carrier Family 26 Member a2 (slc26a2) Regulates Otic Development and Hair Cell Survival in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136832. [PMID: 26375458 PMCID: PMC4573323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent human birth defects. Genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of deafness. It is estimated that one-third of deafness genes have already been identified. The current work is an attempt to find novel genes relevant to hearing loss using guilt-by-profiling and guilt-by-association bioinformatics analyses of approximately 80 known non-syndromic hereditary hearing loss (NSHL) genes. Among the 300 newly identified candidate deafness genes, slc26a2 were selected for functional studies in zebrafish. The slc26a2 gene was knocked down using an antisense morpholino (MO), and significant defects were observed in otolith patterns, semicircular canal morphology, and lateral neuromast distributions in morphants. Loss-of-function defects are caused primarily by apoptosis, and morphants are insensitive to sound stimulation and imbalanced swimming behaviours. Morphant defects were found to be partially rescued by co-injection of human SLC26A2 mRNA. All the results suggest that bioinformatics is capable of predicting new deafness genes and this showed slc26a2 is to be a critical otic gene whose dysfunction may induce hearing impairment.
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Singh P, Schwarzbauer JE. Fibronectin matrix assembly is essential for cell condensation during chondrogenesis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4420-8. [PMID: 25146392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cell condensation is the initiating event in endochondral bone formation. Cell condensation is followed by differentiation into chondrocytes, which is accompanied by induction of chondrogenic gene expression. Gene mutations involved in chondrogenesis cause chondrodysplasias and other skeletal defects. Using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in an in vitro chondrogenesis assay, we found that knockdown of the diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) sulfate transporter (DTDST, also known as SLC26A2), which is required for normal cartilage development, blocked cell condensation and caused a significant reduction in fibronectin matrix. Knockdown of fibronectin with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) also blocked condensation. Fibrillar fibronectin matrix was detected prior to cell condensation, and its levels increased during and after condensation. Inhibition of fibronectin matrix assembly by use of the functional upstream domain (FUD) of adhesin F1 from Streptococcus pyogenes prevented cell condensation by MSCs and also by the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5. Our data show that cell condensation and induction of chondrogenesis depend on fibronectin matrix assembly and DTDST, and indicate that this transporter is required earlier in chondrogenesis than previously appreciated. They also raise the possibility that certain of the skeletal defects in DTD patients might derive from the link between DTDST, fibronectin matrix and condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
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First trimester three-dimensional ultrasonographic diagnosis of diastrophic dysplasia: a case report and review of the literature. CASE REPORTS IN PERINATAL MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/crpm-2013-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by short limbs and deformities of several joints occurring in conjunction with xyphoscoliosis, distinctive abduction of the first metacarpals (hitchhiker thumbs). A 28-year-old pregnant patient was referred due to detection of increased nuchal translucency at the first-trimester scan. We describe a case of diastrophic dysplasia diagnosed by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound and termination of pregnancy at 13 weeks of gestation. This case is the first report in the literature in which 3D ultrasound was used in diagnosis of diastrophic dysplasia as early as the 13th week of pregnancy. We think that prenatal diagnosis of diastrophic dysplasia can be possible even at first trimester.
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Mäkitie O, Geiberger S, Horemuzova E, Hagenäs L, Moström E, Nordenskjöld M, Grigelioniene G, Nordgren A. SLC26A2 disease spectrum in Sweden - high frequency of recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED). Clin Genet 2014; 87:273-8. [PMID: 24598000 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia caused by SLC26A2 mutations. Clinical features include short stature, joint contractures, spinal deformities, and cleft palate. SLC26A2 mutations also result in other skeletal dysplasias, including the milder recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED). DTD is overrepresented in Finland and we speculated that this may have influenced the prevalence and spectrum of SLC26A2-related skeletal conditions also in Sweden. We reviewed the patient registry at Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm to identify subjects with SLC26A2 mutations. Seven patients from six families were identified; clinical data were available for six patients. All but one patient had one or two copies of the Finnish SLC26A2 founder mutation IVS1+2T>C. Arg279Trp mutation was present in compound heterozygous form in five patients with phenotypes consistent with rMED. Their heights ranged from -2.6 to -1.4 standard deviation units below normal mean and radiographic features included generalised epiphyseal dysplasia and double-layered patellae. Two rMED patients had hypoplastic C2 and cervical kyphosis, a severe manifestation previously described only in DTD. Our study confirms a high prevalence of rMED in Sweden and expands the phenotypic manifestations of rMED.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
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Li J, Xia F, Reithmeier RAF. N-glycosylation and topology of the human SLC26 family of anion transport membrane proteins. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C943-60. [PMID: 24647542 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00030.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human solute carrier (SLC26) family of anion transporters consists of 10 members (SLCA1-11, SLCA10 being a pseudogene) that encode membrane proteins containing ~12 transmembrane (TM) segments with putative N-glycosylation sites (-NXS/T-) in extracellular loops and a COOH-terminal cytosolic STAS domain. All 10 members of the human SLC26 family, FLAG-tagged at the NH2 terminus, were transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells. While most proteins were observed to contain both high-mannose and complex oligosaccharides, SLC26A2 was mainly in the complex form, SLC26A4 in the high-mannose form, and SLC26A8 was not N-glycosylated. Mutation of the putative N-glycosylation sites showed that most members contain multiple N-glycosylation sites in the second extracytosolic (EC) loop, except SLC26A11, which was N-glycosylated in EC loop 4. Immunofluorescence staining of permeabilized cells localized the proteins to the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum, with SLC26A2 highly localized to the plasma membrane. N-glycosylation was not a necessary requirement for cell surface expression as the localization of nonglycosylated proteins was similar to their wild-type counterparts, although a lower level of cell-surface biotinylation was observed. No immunostaining of intact cells was observed for any SLC26 members, demonstrating that the NH2-terminal FLAG tag was located in the cytosol. Topological models of the SLC26 proteins that contain an even number of transmembrane segments with both the NH2 and COOH termini located in the cytosol and utilized N-glycosylation sites defining the positions of two EC loops are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Seo SG, Song HR, Kim HW, Yoo WJ, Shim JS, Chung CY, Park MS, Oh CW, Jeong C, Song KS, Kim OH, Park SS, Choi IH, Cho TJ. Comparison of orthopaedic manifestations of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia caused by MATN3 versus COMP mutations: a case control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:84. [PMID: 24629099 PMCID: PMC3984757 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a relatively common skeletal dysplasia mainly involving the epiphyses of the long bones. However, it is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases sharing certain aspects of the radiologic phenotype. In surveys conducted in East Asia, MATN3 was the most common causative gene, followed by COMP. In this study, the authors compared clinical manifestation of MED patients caused by MATN3 and COMP gene mutations, as well as subsequent orthopaedic interventions. Methods Fifty nine molecularly-confirmed MED patients were subjects of this study. The MATN3 gene mutation group comprised of 37 patients (9 female, 28 male). The COMP gene mutation consisted of 22 cases (15 females, 7 males). Medical records and radiographs were reviewed, and questionnaire surveys or telephone interviews were conducted. Results At the first presentation, the mean age was 8.8 ± 2.8 years (mean ± standard deviation) in the MATN3 group, and 8.5 ± 3.5 years in the COMP group (p = 0.670). The height in the COMP group was significantly shorter than those in the MATN3 group (p < 0.001). Gait abnormality at the first visit (p = 0.041) and the lastest follow-up (p = 0.037) were statistically significant difference. Hip pain (p = 0.084), limitation of daily activity (p = 0.075) at the latest follow-up tended to be more frequent in the COMP group. Hip dysplasia was more common in the COMP group, having significantly larger acetabular angle (p = 0.037), smaller center-edge angle (p = 0.002), severe Stulberg classification (p < 0.001), and smaller femoral head coverage (p < 0.001). Conclusions Clinical manifestations of MED caused by MATN3 were milder than manifestations of the COMP mutation group. These differences in clinical manifestation and prognosis justify molecular differentiation between the two genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Cordat E, Reithmeier RA. Structure, Function, and Trafficking of SLC4 and SLC26 Anion Transporters. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 73:1-67. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zechi-Ceide RM, Moura PP, Raskin S, Richieri-Costa A, Guion-Almeida ML. A compound heterozygote SLC26A2 mutation resulting in robin sequence, mild limbs shortness, accelerated carpal ossification, and multiple epiphysial dysplasia in two Brazilian sisters. A new intermediate phenotype between diastrophic dysplasia and recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2088-94. [PMID: 23840040 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in solute carrier family 26 (sulfate transporter), member 2 (SLC26A2) gene result in a spectrum of autosomal recessive chondrodysplasias that range from the mildest recessive form of multiple epiphysial dysplasia (rMED) through the most common diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) to lethal atelosteogenesis type II and achondrogenesis IB. The clinical variability has been ascribed to quantitative effect of mutations of the sulfate transporter activity. Here we describe two Brazilian sisters, born to healthy and non consanguineous parents, with Robin sequence, mild shortening of upper and lower limbs, brachymetacarpalia/tarsalia, additional and accelerated carpal ossification, marked genu valgum, and multiple epiphysial dysplasia. This phenotype was intermediate between DTD and rMED, and both girls have a compound heterozygous mutations for the SLC26A2, a Finnish founder mutation (c.-26 + 2T>C), and R279W. This combination of mutations has been observed in individuals with different phenotypes, including DTD, DTD variant, and rMED. The distinct phenotype of our cases reinforces the hypothesis that other factors may be influencing the phenotype as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli Maria Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tüysüz B, Yılmaz S, Gül E, Kolb L, Bilguvar K, Evliyaoğlu O, Günel M. Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Pakistani type: expansion of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1300-8. [PMID: 23633440 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD), Pakistani type, is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by platyspondyly, delayed epiphyseal ossification, mild metaphyseal abnormalities, short stature, and short and bowed legs, and is caused by mutations in PAPSS2. In a single Turkish patient also hyperandrogenism was reported. We describe five patients from a Turkish family with SEMD Pakistani type with homozygosity for a nonsense mutation (p.R329X) leading to a stop codon in PAPSS2. Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione were normal, but DHEA sulfate levels were low in four of the patients. Two patients and a mother had history of pubertal hyperandrogenism. Testosterone level was mildly elevated in one of the female patients, and insulin resistance was not detected in any of the patients. The patients also had precocious costal calcification, small iliac bones, short femoral necks, coxa vara, short halluces and fused vertebral bodies, none of which has been reported previously in this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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