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Vogrinc D, Gregorič Kramberger M, Emeršič A, Čučnik S, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Genetic Polymorphisms in Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways as Potential Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020316. [PMID: 36829875 PMCID: PMC9952323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are important processes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Numerous risk factors, including genetic background, can affect the complex interplay between those mechanisms in the aging brain and can also affect typical AD hallmarks: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Our aim was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in oxidative stress- and inflammation-related genes with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels and cognitive test results. The study included 54 AD patients, 14 MCI patients with pathological CSF biomarker levels, 20 MCI patients with normal CSF biomarker levels and 62 controls. Carriers of two polymorphic IL1B rs16944 alleles had higher CSF Aβ1-42 levels (p = 0.025), while carriers of at least one polymorphic NFE2L2 rs35652124 allele had lower CSF Aβ1-42 levels (p = 0.040). Association with IL1B rs16944 remained significant in the AD group (p = 0.029). Additionally, MIR146A rs2910164 was associated with Aβ42/40 ratio (p = 0.043) in AD. Significant associations with cognitive test scores were observed for CAT rs1001179 (p = 0.022), GSTP1 rs1138272 (p = 0.005), KEAP1 rs1048290 and rs9676881 (both p = 0.019), as well as NFE2L2 rs35652124 (p = 0.030). In the AD group, IL1B rs1071676 (p = 0.004), KEAP1 rs1048290 and rs9676881 (both p = 0.035) remained associated with cognitive scores. Polymorphisms in antioxidative and inflammation genes might be associated with CSF biomarkers and cognitive test scores and could serve as additional biomarkers contributing to early diagnosis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vogrinc
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Gregorič Kramberger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Emeršič
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Čučnik
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Huntula S, Lalert L, Punsawad C. The Effects of Exercise on Aging-Induced Exaggerated Cytokine Responses: An Interdisciplinary Discussion. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:3619362. [PMID: 35106183 PMCID: PMC8801319 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3619362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging is generally known to be associated with dynamic biological changes, physiological dysfunction, and environmental and psychological decline. Several studies have suggested that aging is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines, causing several diseases. However, the effect of exercise on aging has been less delineated, and the relationships between cytokine activation, aging, and exercise also need further study. Here, we discuss some ideas about the effect of exercise on aging-induced exaggerated cytokine responses and discuss the possible roles of the aging-induced exaggerated cytokine response following exercise. Evidence from these findings suggests that exercise is a beneficially applicable model to use in studies on the mechanisms underlying the age-associated gradated cytokine response, and these results may provide guidelines for health professionals with diverse backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontaraporn Huntula
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Laddawan Lalert
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Daprá V, Ponti R, Lo Curcio G, Archetti M, Dini M, Gavatorta M, Quaglino P, Fierro MT, Bergallo M. Functional study of TNF-α promoter polymorphisms in psoriasis. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2021; 157:146-153. [PMID: 33982552 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.06979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNF-α is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and polymorphisms influence its transcription and could be implicated in psoriasis risk and modify certain aspects of disease, such as age at onset of psoriasis vulgaris and disease severity. Six TNF-α single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in promoter region has been identified and studied but with discordant results. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the polymorphisms in TNF-α (-238 (rs361525), -308 (rs1800629), -857 (rs1799724), -1031 (rs1799964)) are associated with gravity, prurity, early onset or response to drug therapy in psoriasis in Caucasian Italian patients. METHODS 58 psoriasis patients from Turin PSOCARE, 23 with psoriasis vulgaris and 35 with psoriatic arthritis were studied. Ready to used master mix for allelic discrimination of rs1800629, rs361525 and rs1799964 respectively. RESULTS Our data showed a significant association between the -857(G) variant and both VAS-itch (p=0,03) and VAS-pain index (p=0,006), OR=0,2 (0,04-0,98) and OR=0,12 (0,02-0,59). No significant association between the genotypes or alleles of TNF-α SNPs as been observed with other clinic-pathologic parameters or etanercept response. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that -857 CC genotype could be involved in pain and itch severity in psoriasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Daprá
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,BioMole srl, Academic Spin-off University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Renata Ponti
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giada Lo Curcio
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marialaura Archetti
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maddalena Dini
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Gavatorta
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fierro
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bergallo
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy - .,Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,BioMole srl, Academic Spin-off University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Babić Leko M, Nikolac Perković M, Klepac N, Štrac DŠ, Borovečki F, Pivac N, Hof PR, Šimić G. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human Influence the Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:1029-1047. [PMID: 32390629 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). During this process, activated microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that participate in neuron damage, but also anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10), which maintain homeostasis of immune response. Previous studies showed the association of IL-1α -889C/T (rs1800587), IL-1β-1473G/C (rs1143623), IL-6 -174C/G (rs1800795), IL-10 -1082G/A (rs1800896), and TNFα -308A/G (rs1800629) polymorphisms with AD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether people with certain IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα genotypes in these polymorphisms are more prone to develop AD-related pathology, reflected by pathological levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers including amyloid-β1-42, total tau (t-tau), tau phosphorylated at Thr 181 (p-tau181), Ser 199 (p-tau199), and Thr 231 (p-tau231), and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1). METHODS The study included 115 AD patients, 53 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 11 healthy controls. The polymorphisms were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Levels of CSF biomarkers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A significant increase in p-tau CSF levels was found in patients with the AA IL-10 -1082G/A and GG TNFα -308A/G genotypes, and in carriers of a G allele in IL-1β -1473C/G and IL-6 -174C/G polymorphisms. t-tau levels were increased in carriers of a G allele in IL-1β -1473C/G polymorphism. An increase in VILIP-1 levels was observed in patients with CG and GG IL-1β -1473C/G, GC IL-6 -174C/G, and GG TNFα -308A/G genotype. CONCLUSION These results suggest that persons carrying certain genotypes in IL10 (-1082G/A), IL1β (1473C/G), IL6 (-174C/G), and TNFIα (-308A/G) could be more vulnerable to development of neuroinflammation, and consequently of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Fran Borovečki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
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Xia S, Yang P, Li F, Yu Q, Kuang W, Zhu Y, Lu J, Wu H, Li L, Huang H. Chaihu-Longgu-Muli Decoction exerts an antiepileptic effect in rats by improving pyroptosis in hippocampal neurons. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113794. [PMID: 33422654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chaihu-Longgu-Muli Decoction (CLMD) is a classic prescription created by Zhong-jing Zhang, a famous ancient Chinese medical scientist, to harmonize uncontrollable body activities and calm the minds. Now Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) physicians often apply it to treat psychiatric diseases such as epilepsy. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the mechanism of the effect of Chaihu-Longgu-Muli Decoction (CLMD) on hippocampal neurons pyroptosis in rats with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The lithium chloride-pilocarpine-induced TLE rat model was established. The behavioral testing was performed and, the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum was detected by ELISA, qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β and TNF-α in hippocampus. The expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in hippocampal dentate gyrus was detected by immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS CLMD could significantly suppress the frequency and duration time of epileptic seizures, reduce the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1 TNF-α and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS CLMD exerted an obvious antiepileptic effect by improving pyroptosis in hippocampal neurons of TLE rats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticonvulsants/pharmacology
- Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/chemically induced
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/metabolism
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Lithium Chloride/toxicity
- Male
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Pilocarpine/toxicity
- Pyroptosis/drug effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xia
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China; School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Qian Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China
| | - Weiping Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007, China
| | - Huaying Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China
| | - Liang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China.
| | - Huiyong Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410208, China.
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Lindbergh CA, Casaletto KB, Staffaroni AM, Elahi F, Walters SM, You M, Neuhaus J, Rivera Contreras W, Wang P, Karydas A, Brown J, Wolf A, Rosen H, Cobigo Y, Kramer JH. Systemic Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Trajectories Relate to Brain Health in Typically Aging Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1558-1565. [PMID: 31549145 PMCID: PMC7457183 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, regulate the neuroinflammatory response and may play a role in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The longitudinal relation between peripheral levels of TNF-α and typical brain aging is understudied. We hypothesized that within-person increases in systemic TNF-α would track with poorer brain health outcomes in functionally normal adults. METHODS Plasma-based TNF-α concentrations (pg/mL; fasting morning draws) and magnetic resonance imaging were acquired in 424 functionally intact adults (mean age = 71) followed annually for up to 8.4 years (mean follow-up = 2.2 years). Brain outcomes included total gray matter volume and white matter hyperintensities. Cognitive outcomes included composites of memory, executive functioning, and processing speed, as well as Mini-Mental State Examination total scores. Longitudinal mixed-effects models were used, controlling for age, sex, education, and total intracranial volume, as appropriate. RESULTS TNF-α concentrations significantly increased over time (p < .001). Linear increases in within-person TNF-α were longitudinally associated with declines in gray matter volume (p < .001) and increases in white matter hyperintensities (p = .003). Exploratory analyses suggested that the relation between TNF-α and gray matter volume was curvilinear (TNF-α 2p = .002), such that initial increases in inflammation were associated with more precipitous atrophy. There was a negative linear relationship of within-person changes in TNF-α to Mini-Mental State Examination scores over time (p = .036) but not the cognitive composites (all ps >.05). CONCLUSION Systemic inflammation, as indexed by plasma TNF-α, holds potential as a biomarker for age-related declines in brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fanny Elahi
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | | | - Michelle You
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | - John Neuhaus
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, California
| | | | - Paul Wang
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | - Anna Karydas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | - Jesse Brown
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | - Howie Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | - Yann Cobigo
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center and , California
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Dhankhar J, Agrawal N, Shrivastava A. An interplay between immune response and neurodegenerative disease progression: An assessment using Drosophila as a model. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577302. [PMID: 32683186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system has become a major challenge to public health worldwide particularly with elderly people. Until recently, the brain and immune system were studied exclusively, independent of each other representing two distinct systems. Recent studies ensue crosstalk between these two systems to maintain homeostasis. Though the progressive loss of specific neuronal subsets is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease, emerging evidences indicate that immune response also plays a critical role in disease progression. Due to conservation of mechanisms that govern neural development and innate immune activation in flies and humans, and availability of powerful genetic tools, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best model organisms to investigate the immune response in neurodegenerative disease. Owing to significant homology between human and Drosophila immune system and recent reports on interplay between immune system and neurodegenerative disease progression, the main focus of the review is to develop a comprehensive understanding of how neuro-immune interactions contribute to neurodegeneration using Drosophila as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Pšemeneckienė G, Petrikonis K, Rastenytė AD. Polymorphisms of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Relation to APOE Epsilon 4 and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in the Lithuanian Population. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2019; 55:medicina55100689. [PMID: 31618972 PMCID: PMC6843382 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Neuroinflammation is one of the pathological pathways of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mediating the progression of neurodegeneration. Polymorphisms of proinflammatory cytokines have been linked to increased AD risk. Identification of certain combinations of polymorphisms could help predict disease in its preclinical stage. The aim of the study was to evaluate differences in the prevalence of TNFα -850T (rs1799724), IL1A -889T (rs1800587), and IL6 -174C (rs1800795, Intron type) polymorphisms between AD patients and healthy controls (HC) and determine the impact of these SNPs in combination with the APOEε4 allele on AD risk. Materials and Methods: The study population is comprised of 107 patients with sporadic AD (AD group) and age- and gender-matched 110 persons without impaired cognitive functions (control group). TNFα -850C > T polymorphism was revealed by a PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Real time PCR was used for IL1A and IL6 SNP genotyping. APOEε genotyping was done via hybridization method. Results: The frequencies of TNFα -850T, IL1A -889T, IL6 -174C allele and genotype did not differ between the AD and HC groups (p > 0.05). IL6 -174C was not in HWE, and it was not analysed further. APOEε4 allele (p = 0.001) and 3/4 and 4/4 genotypes (p = 0.005) were more prevalent in AD patients. APOEε4 carriage increased the risk of AD (OR 2.65, p = 0.001), while TNFα -850T and IL1A -889T polymorphisms were not found as significant independent risk factors for AD. The presence of at least one IL1A -889T allele in combination with APOEε4+ was associated with a lower risk of AD (OR 2.24, p = 0.047) than the carriage of APOEε4+ alone (OR 2.70, p = 0.015). Conclusions: No significant differences of TNFα -850, IL1A -889, and IL6 -174 polymorphisms frequencies were found between AD and control groups. In APOEε4 carriers IL1A -889T polymorphism was found to reduce the AD risk determined by APOEε4 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pšemeneckienė
- Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Kęstutis Petrikonis
- Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - And Daiva Rastenytė
- Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Dionisio-Santos DA, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Exploiting microglial and peripheral immune cell crosstalk to treat Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:74. [PMID: 30953557 PMCID: PMC6449993 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered one of the cardinal features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neuritic plaques composed of amyloid β and neurofibrillary tangle-laden neurons are surrounded by reactive astrocytes and microglia. Exposure of microglia, the resident myeloid cell of the CNS, to amyloid β causes these cells to acquire an inflammatory phenotype. While these reactive microglia are important to contain and phagocytose amyloid plaques, their activated phenotype impacts CNS homeostasis. In rodent models, increased neuroinflammation promoted by overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines can cause an increase in hyperphosphorylated tau and a decrease in hippocampal function. The peripheral immune system can also play a detrimental or beneficial role in CNS inflammation. Systemic inflammation can increase the risk of developing AD dementia, and chemokines released directly by microglia or indirectly by endothelial cells can attract monocytes and T lymphocytes to the CNS. These peripheral immune cells can aid in amyloid β clearance or modulate microglia responses, depending on the cell type. As such, several groups have targeted the peripheral immune system to modulate chronic neuroinflammation. In this review, we focus on the interplay of immunomodulating factors and cell types that are being investigated as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Zhou R, Wang F, Zhao G, Xia W, Peng D, Mao R, Xu J, Wang Z, Hong W, Zhang C, Wang Y, Su Y, Huang J, Yang T, Wang J, Chen J, Palaniyappan L, Fang Y. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-α polymorphism on the brain structural changes of the patients with major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:217. [PMID: 30310056 PMCID: PMC6181976 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Single Nucleotide Polymorphic (SNP) variations of proinflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) have been reported to be closely associated with the major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is unclear if proinflammatory genetic burden adversely affects the regional gray matter volume in patients with MDD. The aim of this study was to test whether rs1799724, an SNP of TNF-α, contributes to the neuroanatomical changes in MDD. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 144 MDD patients and 111 healthy controls (HC) well matched for age, sex and education were recruited from Shanghai Mental Health Center. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) followed by graph theory based structural covariance analysis was applied to locate diagnosis x genotype interactions. Irrespective of diagnosis, individuals with the high-risk genotype (T-carriers) had reduced volume in left angular gyrus (main effect of genotype). Diagnosis x genotype interaction was exclusively localized to the visual cortex (right superior occipital gyrus). The same region also showed reduced volume in patients with MDD than HC (main effect of diagnosis), with this effect being most pronounced in patients carrying the high-risk genotype. However, neither global nor regional network of structural covariance was found to have group difference. In conclusion, a genetic variation which can increase TNF-α expression selectively affects the anatomy of the visual cortex among the depressed subjects, with no effect on the topographical organization of multiple cortical regions. This supports the notion that anatomical changes in depression are in part influenced by the genetic determinants of inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubai Zhou
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDepartment of EEG & Neuroimaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,0000 0004 1936 8884grid.39381.30Robarts Research Institute& The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Fan Wang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,0000 0004 1769 9639grid.460018.bDepartment of Psychology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Weiping Xia
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDepartment of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daihui Peng
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhi Mao
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Hongkou District Mental Health Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Hong
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousong Su
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Huang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDivision of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic disorders, Shanghai, China. .,Department of EEG & Neuroimaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, China. .,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic disorders, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institute& The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic disorders, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Ameliorate Brain Inflammation Associated with Microglial Activation: Possible Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:774-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vargas-Alarcón G, Juárez-Cedillo E, Martínez-Rodríguez N, Fragoso JM, García-Hernández N, Juárez-Cedillo T. Association of interleukin-10 polymorphisms with risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (SADEM study). Immunol Lett 2016; 177:47-52. [PMID: 27474414 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have reported a genetic association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of Interleukin (IL) 10 and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with conflicting results. To further investigate the proposed association and to clarify the role of cytokines as a potential cause for AD susceptibility, we analyzed genotypes, allele distributions and haplotypes of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms -1082 (rs1800896) and -819 (rs1800871) in a Mexican population: 986 normal controls and 221 cases divided as follows: 122 with Alzheimer disease (AD), 67 with (VaD) and 32 with mixed dementia (AD/VaD). Patients with dementia showed increased frequency of "ATA, CTG, and CTA" haplotypes when compared to controls. We identified two risk haplotypes: ATA (OR=3.56, 95%CI=2.84-4.45, p<0.0001), and CTA (OR=1.90, 95%CI=1.38-2.62, p<0.0001), and four protection haplotypes: ATG (OR=0.60, 95%CI=0.45-0.82, p=0.0012), CTG (OR=0.38, 95%CI=0.23-0.62, p<0.0001), ACG (OR=0.01, 95%CI=0.002-1.13, p<0.0001), and CCG (OR=0.02, 95%CI=0.004-0.203, p<0.0001). In summary, this is the first study in Mexican population that considers the analysis of IL-10 in patients with AD, VaD and AD/VaD. Our results showed the relevance of the role that IL-10 plays in the pathological mechanisms that result in the development of dementia. In addition, in our study, it was possible to distinguish two protective and two risk haplotypes for the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Juárez-Cedillo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Martínez-Rodríguez
- Community Health Research, Department, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Ministry of Health (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Normand García-Hernández
- Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Juárez-Cedillo
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Dr. Carlos McGregor Sánchez Regional General Hospital No. 1, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of High Studies (FES) Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Santos LE, Beckman D, Ferreira ST. Microglial dysfunction connects depression and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:151-165. [PMID: 26612494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions with intriguing epidemiological overlaps. Depressed patients are at increased risk of developing late-onset AD, and around one in four AD patients are co-diagnosed with MDD. Microglia are the main cellular effectors of innate immunity in the brain, and their activation is central to neuroinflammation - a ubiquitous process in brain pathology, thought to be a causal factor of both AD and MDD. Microglia serve several physiological functions, including roles in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, which may be disrupted in neuroinflammation. Following early work on the 'sickness behavior' of humans and other animals, microglia-derived inflammatory cytokines have been shown to produce depressive-like symptoms when administered exogenously or released in response to infection. MDD patients consistently show increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory drugs show promise for treating depression. Activated microglia are abundant in the AD brain, and concentrate around senile plaques, hallmark lesions composed of aggregated amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The Aβ burden in affected brains is regulated largely by microglial clearance, and the complex activation state of microglia may be crucial for AD progression. Intriguingly, recent reports have linked soluble Aβ oligomers, toxins that accumulate in AD brains and are thought to cause memory impairment, to increased brain cytokine production and depressive-like behavior in mice. Here, we review recent findings supporting the inflammatory hypotheses of AD and MDD, focusing on microglia as a common player and therapeutic target linking these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Eduardo Santos
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Danielle Beckman
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil.
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14
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Chang KH, Hsu YC, Hsu CC, Lin CL, Hsu CY, Lee CY, Chong LW, Liu HC, Lin MC, Kao CH. Prolong Exposure of NSAID in Patients With RA Will Decrease the Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3056. [PMID: 26962833 PMCID: PMC4998914 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder, primarily affects joints. Several studies have indicated that early inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and depression in patients were associated with a considerably increased risk of dementia. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for treating RA. NSAIDs facilitate alleviating RA-associated chronic pain, inflammation, and swelling. Therefore, we conducted this nationwide study for evaluating the association between the dementia risk and NSAID treatment in patients with RA.The RA cohort comprised patients aged 20 years and older who were newly diagnosed with RA between 2000 and 2011, with data obtained from the Registry of Catastrophic Illnesses Patient Database (RCIPD). Patients without RA were frequency matched with the RA cohort at a 1:4 ratio according to age, sex, and year of RA diagnosis. The relative risks of dementia were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.The risk of dementia in the RA cohort was not significantly higher than that in the non-RA cohort (adjusted HR [hazard ratio] = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87-1.02). Regarding the duration of NSAID treatment, the risk of dementia was significantly lower when the RA cohort used NSAIDs for >2191 days (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.45-0.68).A longer duration of NSAID treatment possibly reduces the risk of dementia. Additional studies are warranted for verifying the association of dementia risk with NSAID treatment in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Hsi Chang
- From the Department of Public Health (K-HC), China Medical University, Taichung; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Y-CH), Mackay Medical College, Taipei; Department of Medical Research (C-CH), Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Management Office for Health Data (C-LL), China Medical University Hospital; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science (CYH, C-HK), China Medical University, Taichung; School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate (C-YL), I-Shou University, Kaohsiung; Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology (L-WC), Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei; Respiratory Therapy Intensive Care Unit (H-CL), Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M-CL), E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung; and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center (C-HK), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Toral-Rios D, Franco-Bocanegra D, Rosas-Carrasco O, Mena-Barranco F, Carvajal-García R, Meraz-Ríos MA, Campos-Peña V. Evaluation of inflammation-related genes polymorphisms in Mexican with Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:148. [PMID: 26041990 PMCID: PMC4435067 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptide is able to promote the activation of microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and this stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation contributes to the process of neurodegeneration and therefore is a key factor in the development of AD. Some of the most important proteins involved in AD inflammation are: clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), C reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), the interleukins 1α (IL-1α), 6 (IL-6), 10 (IL-10) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In particular, COX-2 is encoded by the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2). Since variations in the genes that encode these proteins may modify gene expression or function, it is important to investigate whether these variations may change the developing AD. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of polymorphisms in the genes encoding the aforementioned proteins is associated in Mexican patients with AD. Fourteen polymorphisms were genotyped in 96 subjects with AD and 100 controls; the differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were analyzed. Additionally, an ancestry analysis was conducted to exclude differences in genetic ancestry among groups as a confounding factor in the study. Significant differences in frequencies between AD and controls were found for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs20417 within the PTGS2 gene. Ancestry analysis revealed no significant differences in the ancestry of the compared groups, and the association was significant even after adjustment for ancestry and correction for multiple testing, which strengthens the validity of the results. We conclude that this polymorphism plays an important role in the development of the AD pathology and further studies are required, including their proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danira Toral-Rios
- Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Franco-Bocanegra
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Wang T. TNF-alpha G308A polymorphism and the susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:24-30.e1. [PMID: 25735998 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha G308A polymorphism has been reported in the association with susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, results have been contradictory. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the role of TNF-alpha G308A in the occurrence of AD. METHODS Relevant articles were retrieved from online databases. The combined odds ratio, odds ratio in different genetic models, and the related 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Publication bias and homogeneity among individual studies were estimated. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. RESULTS In overall analyses, no risk of AD was associated with TNF-alpha G308A under different genetic models. However, in the subgroup analyses, a significant association between TNF-alpha G308A and AD risk was observed in Chinese. In addition, a significant protective effect of TNF-alpha -308A was found in the occurrence of AD among North European populations under a dominant model. CONCLUSIONS The result of this meta-analysis suggests that TNF-alpha G308A polymorphism may be associated with the increased risk of AD in Chinese and decreased risk of AD in northern European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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17
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Association between TNF-α promoter −308 A/G polymorphism and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:825-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wouters MM, Lambrechts D, Becker J, Cleynen I, Tack J, Vigo AG, Ruiz de León A, Urcelay E, Pérez de la Serna J, Rohof W, Annese V, Latiano A, Palmieri O, Mattheisen M, Mueller M, Lang H, Fumagalli U, Laghi L, Zaninotto G, Cuomo R, Sarnelli G, Nöthen MM, Vermeire S, Knapp M, Gockel I, Schumacher J, Boeckxstaens GE. Genetic variation in the lymphotoxin-α (LTA)/tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) locus as a risk factor for idiopathic achalasia. Gut 2014; 63:1401-9. [PMID: 24259423 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic achalasia is a rare motor disorder of the oesophagus characterised by neuronal loss at the lower oesophageal sphincter. Achalasia is generally accepted as a multifactorial disorder with various genetic and environmental factors being risk-associated. Since genetic factors predisposing to achalasia have been poorly documented, we assessed whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes mediating immune response and neuronal function contribute to achalasia susceptibility. METHODS 391 SNPs covering 190 immune and 67 neuronal genes were genotyped in an exploratory cohort from Central Europe (589 achalasia patients, 794 healthy volunteers (HVs)). 24 SNPs (p<0.05) were validated in an Italian (160 achalasia patients, 278 HVs) and Spanish cohort (281 achalasia patients, 296 HVs). 16 SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs1799724 (r(2)>0.2) were genotyped in the exploratory cohort. Genotype distributions of patients (1030) and HVs (1368) were compared using Cochran-Armitage trend test. RESULTS The rs1799724 SNP located between the lymphotoxin-α (LTA) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) genes was significantly associated with achalasia and withstood correction for testing multiple SNPs (p=1.17E-4, OR=1.41 (1.18 to 1.67)). SNPs in high LD with rs1799724 were associated with achalasia. Three SNPs located in myosin-5B, adrenergic receptor-β-2 and interleukin-13 (IL13) showed nominally significant association to achalasia that was strengthened by replication. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for rs1799724 at the LTA/TNFα locus as a susceptibility factor for idiopathic achalasia. Additional studies are needed to dissect which genetic variants in the LTA/TNFα locus are disease-causing and confirm other variants as potential susceptibility factors for achalasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira M Wouters
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory for Translational Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica Becker
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana G Vigo
- Immunology and Gastroenterology Departments, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz de León
- Immunology and Gastroenterology Departments, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Immunology and Gastroenterology Departments, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Pérez de la Serna
- Immunology and Gastroenterology Departments, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wout Rohof
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vito Annese
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy Unit of Gastroenterology SOD2, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Latiano
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Orazio Palmieri
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Institute for Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Michaela Mueller
- Department of Gastroenterology, German Clinic of Diagnostics, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Hauke Lang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uberto Fumagalli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zaninotto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosario Cuomo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kamal MA, Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Jabir NR, Tabrez S, Greig NH. Linking Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus via aberrant insulin signaling and inflammation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2014; 13:338-46. [PMID: 24074448 PMCID: PMC5947865 DOI: 10.2174/18715273113126660137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two progressive and devastating health disorders afflicting millions of people worldwide. The probability and incidence of both have increased considerably in recent years consequent to increased longevity and population growth. Progressively more links are being continuously found between inflammation and central nervous system disorders like AD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury and even cancers of the nervous tissue. The depth of the relationship depends on the timing and extent of anti- or pro-inflammatory gene expression. Inflammation has also been implicated in T2DM. Misfolding and fibrillization (of tissue specific and/or non-specific proteins) are features common to both AD and T2DM and are induced by as well as contribute to inflammation and stress (oxidative/ glycation). This review appraises the roles of inflammation and abnormalities in the insulin signaling system as important shared features of T2DM and AD. The capacity of anti-cholinesterases in reducing the level of certain common inflammatory markers in particular if they may provide therapeutic potential to mitigate awry mechanisms leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nigel H Greig
- Metabolomics & Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Gisondi P, Sala F, Alessandrini F, Avesani V, Zoccatelli G, Beltramello A, Moretto G, Gambina G, Girolomoni G. Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis. Dermatology 2014; 228:78-85. [DOI: 10.1159/000357220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tobinick E. Perispinal etanercept: a new therapeutic paradigm in neurology. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:985-1002. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the involvement of the immune signaling molecule, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in the pathophysiology of stroke and chronic brain dysfunction. TNF plays an important role both in modulating synaptic function and in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Etanercept is a recombinant therapeutic that neutralizes pathologic levels of TNF. Brain imaging has demonstrated chronic intracerebral microglial activation and neuroinflammation following stroke and other forms of acute brain injury. Activated microglia release TNF, which mediates neurotoxicity in the stroke penumbra. Recent observational studies have reported rapid and sustained improvement in chronic post-stroke neurological and cognitive dysfunction following perispinal administration of etanercept. The biological plausibility of these results is supported by independent evidence demonstrating reduction in cognitive dysfunction, neuropathic pain, and microglial activation following the use of etanercept, as well as multiple studies reporting improvement in stroke outcome and cognitive impairment following therapeutic strategies designed to inhibit TNF. The causal association between etanercept treatment and reduction in post-stroke disability satisfy all of the Bradford Hill Criteria: strength of the association; consistency; specificity; temporality; biological gradient; biological plausibility; coherence; experimental evidence; and analogy. Recognition that chronic microglial activation and pathologic TNF concentration are targets that may be therapeutically addressed for years following stroke and other forms of acute brain injury provides an exciting new direction for research and treatment.
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Ware CF. Protein therapeutics targeted at the TNF superfamily. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 66:51-80. [PMID: 23433455 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based drugs with their unequivocal specificity achieved the long sought milestone of selectively disrupting cytokine pathways to alleviate ongoing inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a member of the superfamily of cytokines involved in regulating immune and inflammatory processes, provides an exemplary model of protein therapeutics. Antibody and receptor-based inhibitors of TNF modify inflammation leading to dramatic improvement in patients with certain autoimmune diseases. Collectively, the structure, specificity and valence of these protein-based drugs provide direct evidence that the essential mechanism of action is antagonism of the ligand-receptor interaction. Accumulating clinical knowledge regarding TNF inhibitors also provide insights into the mechanisms involved in different autoimmune diseases. Experience in the development of an arsenal of biologics directed at TNF has additionally contributed to knowledge toward overcoming the challenges of protein drugs, which include production, delivery, antigenicity and pharmacodynamics. Dramatic clinical outcomes with TNF inhibitors are driving investigation and development of biologics toward other members of the TNF superfamily to selectively alter functional properties of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F Ware
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Almeida A. Genetic determinants of neuronal vulnerability to apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:71-88. [PMID: 22695677 PMCID: PMC11113535 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a common mode of cell death that contributes to neuronal loss associated with neurodegeneration. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chromosomal DNA are contributing factors dictating natural susceptibility of humans to disease. Here, the most common SNPs affecting neuronal vulnerability to apoptosis are reviewed in the context of neurological disorders. Polymorphic variants in genes encoding apoptotic proteins, either from the extrinsic (FAS, TNF-α, CASP8) or the intrinsic (BAX, BCL2, CASP3, CASP9) pathways could be highly valuable in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Interestingly, the Arg72Pro SNP in TP53, the gene encoding tumor suppressor p53, was recently revealed a biomarker of poor prognosis in stroke due to its ability to modulate neuronal apoptotic death. Search for new SNPs responsible for genetic variability to apoptosis will ensure the implementation of novel diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as therapeutic strategies against neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Almeida
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Azizi G, Mirshafiey A. The potential role of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:881-95. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.705292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Gu S, Wu Q, Zhao X, Wu W, Gao Z, Tan X, Qian J, Chen H, Xie Y, Jin L, Han B, Lu D. Association of CASP3 polymorphism with hematologic toxicity in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1451-9. [PMID: 22568453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a distinct mode of cell death that is responsible for the deletion of cells in tumors and in normal tissues. We pursued a pathway-based approach to investigate the association of potentially functional genetic polymorphisms of the corresponding genes with the outcomes of platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer was used for genotyping 10 polymorphisms of eight apoptosis-related genes, including BCL2 rs1801018, rs1564483, rs2279115, BAX rs4645878, caspase (CASP3) rs6948, CASP8 rs3834129, CASP10 rs13006529, rs3900115, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) rs1800629, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) rs755622. The associations between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and the outcomes of 445 advanced NSCLC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy were evaluated. The CASP3 rs6948 polymorphism was most significantly associated with hematologic toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The incidence of severe hematologic toxicity was significantly lower in C allele carriers (P = 0.005; odds ratio = 0.524; 95% confidence interval = 0.333-0.824) and still significant after a Bonferroni correction. The function of this single nucleotide polymorphism in gene expression was also investigated. Quantitative PCR showed that individuals with the C allele had lower levels of CASP3 transcripts in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Luciferase reporter assays showed that the minor C allele significantly decreased the reporter gene expression level. In addition, the TNFα rs1800629 mutant allele significantly elevated gastrointestinal toxicity (P = 0.020; odds ratio = 3.020; 95% confidence interval = 1.188-7.676), when compared to the wild-type homozygote. No other association was found. In conclusion, for the first time, our study suggests that CASP3 rs6948 might influence CASP3 expression and be associated with severe hematologic toxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes for Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tweedie D, Ferguson RA, Fishman K, Frankola KA, Van Praag H, Holloway HW, Luo W, Li Y, Caracciolo L, Russo I, Barlati S, Ray B, Lahiri DK, Bosetti F, Greig NH, Rosi S. Tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis inhibitor 3,6'-dithiothalidomide attenuates markers of inflammation, Alzheimer pathology and behavioral deficits in animal models of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:106. [PMID: 22642825 PMCID: PMC3405480 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is associated with virtually all major neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although it remains unclear whether neuroinflammation is the driving force behind these disorders, compelling evidence implicates its role in exacerbating disease progression, with a key player being the potent proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Elevated TNF-α levels are commonly detected in the clinic and animal models of AD. METHODS The potential benefits of a novel TNF-α-lowering agent, 3,6'-dithiothalidomide, were investigated in cellular and rodent models of neuroinflammation with a specific focus on AD. These included central and systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Aβ(1-42) challenge, and biochemical and behavioral assessment of 3xTg-AD mice following chronic 3,6'-dithiothaliodmide. RESULTS 3,6'-Dithiothaliodmide lowered TNF-α, nitrite (an indicator of oxidative damage) and secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) levels in LPS-activated macrophage-like cells (RAW 264.7 cells). This translated into reduced central and systemic TNF-α production in acute LPS-challenged rats, and to a reduction of neuroinflammatory markers and restoration of neuronal plasticity following chronic central challenge of LPS. In mice centrally challenged with A(β1-42) peptide, prior systemic 3,6'-dithiothalidomide suppressed Aβ-induced memory dysfunction, microglial activation and neuronal degeneration. Chronic 3,6'-dithiothalidomide administration to an elderly symptomatic cohort of 3xTg-AD mice reduced multiple hallmark features of AD, including phosphorylated tau protein, APP, Aβ peptide and Aβ-plaque number along with deficits in memory function to levels present in younger adult cognitively unimpaired 3xTg-AD mice. Levels of the synaptic proteins, SNAP25 and synaptophysin, were found to be elevated in older symptomatic drug-treated 3xTg-AD mice compared to vehicle-treated ones, indicative of a preservation of synaptic function during drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a strong beneficial effect of 3,6'-dithiothalidomide in the setting of neuroinflammation and AD, supporting a role for neuroinflammation and TNF-α in disease progression and their targeting as a means of clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tweedie
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Moraes CF, Lins TC, Carmargos EF, Naves JOS, Pereira RW, Nóbrega OT. Lessons from genome-wide association studies findings in Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics 2012; 12:62-73. [PMID: 22416831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2011.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with a complex genetic background. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have placed important new contributors into the genetic framework of early- and late-onset forms of this dementia. Besides confirming the major role of classic allelic variants (e.g. apolipoprotein E) in the development of AD, GWAS have thus far implicated over 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in AD. In this review, we summarize the findings of 16 AD-based GWAS performed to date whose public registries are available at the National Human Genome Research Institute, with an emphasis on understanding whether the polymorphic markers under consideration support functional implications to the pathophysiological role of the major genetic risk factors unraveled by GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton F Moraes
- Geriatric Service, Hospital of the Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília - DF, Brazil
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Khoshdel A, Kheiri S, Habibian R, Nozari A, Baradaran A. Lack of association between TNF-α gene polymorphisms at position -308 A, -850T and risk of simple febrile convulsion in pediatric patients. Adv Biomed Res 2012; 1:85. [PMID: 23946933 PMCID: PMC3724328 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Febrile convulsions (FCs), occurring between 6 months and 6 years of age is the most common seizure disorder during childhood. The febrile response is thought to be mediated by the release of pyrogenic cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 (IL-1). There is a significant relationship between genetic components for susceptibility of FCs and different report mutation. We investigated association between two polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α promoter region (G-308A, C-850T) and FCs in the southwest area of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this matched case–control study, 100 patients with febrile convulsion as case group and 130 healthy children as control group were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood samples were collected and DNA was extracted by standard phenol–chloroform method. The genotype and allele frequencies of TNF- α polymorphisms in case and control groups were determined by using PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism) method. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test. Results: The average age of case and control groups were 3.4 ± 1.4 and 3.4 ± 1.2 years, respectively. There was no significant difference between age and sex in both the groups (P > 0.05). A family history of febrile convulsion was detected in 44% of patients. Moreover, the simple febrile convulsion was detected in 85% of the case group. Conclusion: RFLP analysis of TNF- α promoter region polymorphisms, considering P = 0.146 and P = 0.084 for G-308A and C-850T, respectively, showed no correlation between TNF- α polymorphisms and predisposition to simple febrile, based on the kind of convulsion (atypical and simple febrile convulsion). We found a significant relation between genotype distribution of G-308A and atypical febrile convulsion in case group (P = 0.04). A significant correlation between genotype distribution of G-308A and atypical febrile convulsion in the case group was found, but there was no correlation between TNF- α polymorphisms at positions of -308A, and 850T and predisposition to simple febrile convulsion. Further studies are needed to understand clinical usefulness of this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Khoshdel
- Department of pediatric, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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30
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Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), an important proinflammatory cytokine, plays a role in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, and also implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variations in regulatory region might interfere with transcription of TNF gene, influencing the circulating level of TNF and thus increases the susceptibility to human diseases (infectious, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and other diseases). In this review, we have comprehensively analysed various published case-control studies of different types of human diseases, in which TNF gene polymorphism played a role, and computationally predicted several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lie in transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS) of transcription factors (TFs). It has been observed that TNF enhancer polymorphism is implicated in several diseases, and TNF rs1800629 and rs361525 SNPs are the most important in human disease susceptibility as these might influence the transcription of TNF gene. Thirty-two SNPs lies in TFBS of 20 TFs have been detected in the TNF upstream region. It has been found that TNF enhancer polymorphism influences the serum level of TNF in different human diseases and thus affects the susceptibility to diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variation in TNF gene causes the modification of transcriptional regulation and thus responsible for association of susceptibility/resistance with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Qidwai
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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31
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Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:223-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ma SL, Lam LCW. Panel of Genetic Variations as a Potential Non-invasive Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 9:54-66. [PMID: 23429712 PMCID: PMC3569084 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2011.9.2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Biomarkers such as levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in cerebrospinal fluid and ApoE genotyping were suggested for the diagnosis of AD, however, the result is either non-conclusive or with invasive procedure. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for AD suggested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many genes are associated with the risk of AD, but each only contributed with small effect to the disease. By incorporating a panel of established genetic susceptibility factors, the risk of an individual in getting AD could be better estimated. Further research will be required to reveal if adding to the current well-developed clinical diagnosis protocol, the accuracy and specificity of diagnosis of AD would be greatly improved and if this might also be beneficial in identifying pre-symptomatic AD patients for early diagnosis and intervention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ling Ma
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Howlett DR, Bate ST, Collier S, Lawman A, Chapman T, Ashmeade T, Marshall I, Anderson PJB, Philpott KL, Richardson JC, Hille CJ. Characterisation of amyloid-induced inflammatory responses in the rat retina. Exp Brain Res 2011; 214:185-97. [PMID: 21850448 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-induced inflammation is thought to play a critical and early role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. As such, robust models with relevant and accessible compartments that provide a means of assessing anti-inflammatory agents are essential for the development of therapeutic agents. In the present work, we have characterised the induction of inflammation in the rat retina following intravitreal administration of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ). Histology and mRNA endpoints in the retina demonstrate Aβ1-42-, but not Aβ42-1-, induced inflammatory responses characterised by increases in markers for microglia and astrocytes (ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (iba-1), GFAP and nestin) and increases in mRNA for inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL1-β, MIP1α and TNFα. Likewise, analysis of vitreal cytokines also revealed increases in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL1-β, MIP1α and MCP1, induced by Aβ1-42 but not Aβ42-1. This profile of pro-inflammatory gene and protein expression is consistent with that observed in the Alzheimer's disease brain and suggest that this preclinical model may provide a useful relevant tool in the development of anti-inflammatory approaches directed towards Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Howlett
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Limited, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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Montgomery SL, Bowers WJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the roles it plays in homeostatic and degenerative processes within the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:42-59. [PMID: 21728035 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the innate immune response. TNF-α ligation and downstream signaling with one of its cognate receptors, TNF-RI or TNF-RII, modulates fundamental processes in the brain including synapse formation and regulation, neurogenesis, regeneration, and general maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). During states of chronic neuroinflammation, extensive experimental evidence implicates TNF-α as a key mediator in disease progression, gliosis, demyelination, inflammation, blood-brain-barrier deterioration, and cell death. This review explores the complex roles of TNF-α in the CNS under normal physiologic conditions and during neurodegeneration. We focus our discussion on Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, relaying the outcomes of preclinical and clinical testing of TNF-α directed therapeutic strategies, and arguing that despite the wealth of functions attributed to this central cytokine, surprisingly little is known about the cell type- and stage-specific roles of TNF-α in these debilitating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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35
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36
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Lau S, Bates KA, Sohrabi HR, Rodrigues M, Martins G, Dhaliwal SS, Taddei K, Laws SM, Martins IJ, Mastaglia FL, Foster JK, Phillips JK, Martins RN. Functional effects of genetic polymorphism in inflammatory genes in subjective memory complainers. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:1054-6. [PMID: 20961668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of genetic risk factors have been identified for Alzheimer's disease (AD) including genes involved in the inflammatory response (interleukin 1A, [IL-1α (-889)], interleukin 1B (IL-1β [+3953]), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF [-308 and -850]). We investigated the prevalence and functional consequences (baseline cognitive performance, plasma cytokine levels) of possession of these putative genetic risk factors within a group of subjective memory complainers (SMC, n = 226) and age and sex matched noncomplainers (NMC, n = 167). We observed no effect of any of the genetic factors investigated on cognitive performance. Further, there was no difference in the frequency of the disease-associated alleles, or cytokine levels between subjective memory complainers and noncomplainer participants. There was no relationship between TNF polymorphisms and TNF levels. There was a significant increase in plasma IL-1β levels in those homozygous for the disease-associated allele (i.e., IL-1β +3953 TT). Follow-up longitudinal assessments on this cohort will provide insight as to how these polymorphisms may affect the risk of cognitive decline over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lau
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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McIntyre RS, Kenna HA, Nguyen HT, Law CWY, Sultan F, Woldeyohannes HO, Adams AK, Cheng JSH, Lourenco M, Kennedy SH, Rasgon NL. Brain volume abnormalities and neurocognitive deficits in diabetes mellitus: points of pathophysiological commonality with mood disorders? Adv Ther 2010; 27:63-80. [PMID: 20390390 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-010-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that diabetes mellitus (DM) and mood disorders share points of pathophysiological commonality in the central nervous system. METHODS A PubMed search of all English-language articles published between 1966 and March 2009 was performed with the following search terms: depression, mood disorders, hippocampus, amygdala, central nervous system, brain, neuroimaging, volumetric, morphometric, and neurocognitive deficits, cross-referenced with DM. Articles selected for review were based on adequacy of sample size, the use of standardized experimental procedures, validated assessment measures, and overall manuscript quality. The primary author was principally responsible for adjudicating the merit of articles that were included. RESULTS Volumetric studies indicate that individuals with Type 1/2 DM exhibit regional abnormalities in both cortical and subcortical (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala) brain structures. The pattern of neurocognitive deficits documented in individuals with Type 1 DM overlap with Type 2 populations, with suggestions of discrete abnormalities unique to each phenotype. The pattern of volumetric and neurocognitive deficits in diabetic populations are highly similar to that reported in populations of individuals with major depressive disorder. CONCLUSION The prevailing models of disease pathophysiology in DM and major depressive disorder are distinct. Notwithstanding, the common abnormalities observed in disparate effector systems (e.g., insulin resistance, immunoinflammatory activation) as well as brain volume and neurocognitive performance provide the nexus for hypothesizing that both conditions are subserved by overlapping pathophysiology. This conception provides a novel framework for disease modeling and treatment development in mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders/Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dato S, Krabbe KS, Thinggaard M, Pedersen BK, Christensen K, Bruunsgaard H, Christiansen L. Commonly studied polymorphisms in inflammatory cytokine genes show only minor effects on mortality and related risk factors in nonagenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:225-35. [PMID: 20083555 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic low-grade inflammation is consistently associated with functional status, cognitive functioning, multimorbidity, and survival in oldest olds. If inflammation is either a cause or a consequence of age-related pathology, genetic determinants of late-life survival can reside in cytokine genes polymorphisms, regulating inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to test associations between commonly studied polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)6, IL10, IL15, and IL18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes and late-life survival in a longitudinal cohort of nonagenarians: the Danish 1905 cohort. Additionally, associations were investigated between inflammatory markers and major predictors of mortality as cognitive and functional status. Modest sex-specific associations were found with survival, cognitive functioning, and handgrip strength. Evaluation of combined genotypes indicated that, in nonagenarian men, the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory activity at IL18 and IL10 loci is protective against cognitive decline. In conclusion, in this large study with virtually complete follow-up, commonly studied polymorphisms in cytokine genes do not have a major impact on late-life survival or associated risk phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Dato
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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Tobinick E. Tumour necrosis factor modulation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: rationale and current evidence. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:713-25. [PMID: 19689163 DOI: 10.2165/11310810-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a key regulator of varied physiological mechanisms in multiple organ systems, is an immune signalling molecule produced by glia, neurons, macrophages and other immune cells. In the brain, among other functions, TNF serves as a gliotransmitter, secreted by glial cells that envelope and surround synapses, which regulates synaptic communication between neurons. The role of TNF as a gliotransmitter may help explain the profound synaptic effects of TNF that have been demonstrated in the hippocampus, in the spinal cord and in a variety of experimental models. Excess TNF is present in the CSF of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and has been implicated as a mediator of the synaptic dysfunction that is hypothesized to play a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. TNF may also play a role in endothelial and microvascular dysfunction in AD, and in amyloidogenesis and amyloid-induced memory dysfunction in AD. Genetic and epidemiological evidence has implicated increased TNF production as a risk factor for AD. Perispinal administration of etanercept, a potent anti-TNF fusion protein, produced sustained clinical improvement in a 6-month, open-label pilot study in patients with AD ranging from mild to severe. Subsequent case studies have documented rapid clinical improvement following perispinal etanercept in both AD and primary progressive aphasia, providing evidence of rapidly reversible, TNF-dependent, pathophysiological mechanisms in AD and related disorders. Perispinal etanercept for AD merits further study in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Tobinick
- Institute for Neurological Research, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Systematic review by meta-analyses on the possible role of TNF-alpha polymorphisms in association with Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:60-8. [PMID: 19445962 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha gene affect the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, results of different studies are often inconsistent. Our aim was to investigate by meta-analysis the association of the common polymorphisms comprehensively defining the genetic variability of the TNF-alpha gene with AD risk. Hence, the results being stated are of a meta-analysis across studies, and that this meta-analysis does not invalidate the results of the individual studies previously performed. Seventeen studies that investigated the association between 5 TNF-alpha polymorphisms (-850, -308, -863, -238, and -1031) and AD were retrieved and analyzed. The model-free approach was applied to meta-analyze these case-control genetic association studies. Available data suggested a significant association between -850 polymorphism and AD risk (TT vs. TC+CC: pooled odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.29; p=0.02) with no evidence of between-study heterogeneity (chi(2), p>0.1). Subgroup analysis suggested that the possession of T allele significantly increased the risk of AD associated with carriage of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in Caucasian Australians and Northern Europeans (TT+TC vs. CC: OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.45-2.62; p=0.00001; p>0.1; chi(2) for heterogeneity, p>0.1). No significant difference in genotype distribution of -308 polymorphism in AD was found, with a high degree of between-study heterogeneity. For the -863 and -1031 polymorphisms we did not find an association with AD, but significant between-study heterogeneity discouraged genotype data pooling. Only four studies investigated the -238 variant and the results were not significant. Current findings support an association between -850 C>T polymorphism and the risk of developing AD; hence, they strengthen the suggestion of a potential role for anti-TNF therapy to maintain physiologic levels of TNF-alpha.
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Lack of association between TNF-alpha polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease in an Italian cohort. Neurosci Lett 2009; 446:139-42. [PMID: 18834925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the inflammatory process that can be observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Different functional promoter polymorphisms within genes modulating inflammation have been demonstrated to elevate the AD risk; thus, we studied five common variations within the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene in 609 subjects (253 AD patients and 356 controls). No positive associations were found, confirming the greater part of previous studies. Moreover, we also investigated the combined haplotypes of the five different polymorphisms without finding a positive association. Thus, the present investigation does not support the proposal that common nucleotide variations in the TNF-alpha gene can influence the development of AD at least in Italian population.
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Tobinick E. Perispinal etanercept for neuroinflammatory disorders. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:168-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhu Y, Bickford PC, Sanberg P, Giunta B, Tan J. Blueberry opposes beta-amyloid peptide-induced microglial activation via inhibition of p44/42 mitogen-activation protein kinase. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 11:891-901. [PMID: 18789000 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia, with a current prevalence in excess of five million individuals in the United States. The aggregation of amyloid-beta (A beta) into fibrillar amyloid plaques is a key pathological event in the development of the disease. Microglial proinflammatory activation is widely known to cause neuronal and synaptic damage that correlates with cognitive impairment in AD. However, current pharmacological attempts at reducing neuroinflammation mediated via microglial activation have been largely negative in terms of slowing AD progression. Previously, we have shown that microglia express proinflammatory cytokines and a reduced capacity to phagocytose A beta in the context of CD40, A beta peptides and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, a phenomenon that can be opposed by attenuation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Other groups have found that blueberry (BB) extract both inhibits phosphorylation of this MAPK module and also improves cognitive deficits in AD model mice. Given these considerations and the lack of reduced A beta quantities in behaviorally improved BB-fed mice, we wished to determine whether BB supplementation would alter the microglial proinflammatory activation state in response to A beta. We found that BB significantly enhances microglial clearance of A beta, inhibits aggregation of A beta(1-42), and suppresses microglial activation, all via suppression of the p44/42 MAPK module. Thus, these data may explain the previously observed behavioral recovery in PSAPP mice and suggest a means by which dietary supplementation could mitigate an undesirable microglial response toward fibrillar A beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33613, USA
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Tobinick EL, Gross H. Rapid improvement in verbal fluency and aphasia following perispinal etanercept in Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2008; 8:27. [PMID: 18644112 PMCID: PMC2500042 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent clinical studies point to rapid and sustained clinical, cognitive, and behavioral improvement in both Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia following weekly perispinal administration of etanercept, a TNF-alpha inhibitor that acts by blocking the binding of this cytokine to its receptors. This outcome is concordant with recent basic science studies suggesting that TNF-alpha functions in vivo as a gliotransmitter that regulates synaptic function in the brain. We hypothesized that perispinal etanercept had the potential to improve verbal function in Alzheimer's disease, so we included several standarized measures of verbal ability to evaluate language skills in a clinical trial of perispinal etanercept for Alzheimer's disease. Methods This was a prospective, single-center, open-label, pilot study, in which 12 patients with mild-to-severe Alzheimer's disease were administered etanercept, 25–50 mg, weekly by perispinal administration for six months. Two additional case studies are presented. Results Two-tailed, paired t-tests were conducted comparing baseline performance to 6-month performance on all neuropsychological measures. Test batteries included the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition, Adult Version; Logical Memory I and II(WMS-LM-II) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Abbreviated; the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (TMT); Boston Naming Test; and letter(FAS) and category verbal fluency. All measures revealed a significant effect except for the Boston Naming Test and the TMT-4, with WMS-LM-II being marginally significant at p = .05. The FAS test for letter fluency was most highly significant with a p < 0.0007. In addition, rapid improvement in verbal fluency and aphasia in two patients with dementia, beginning minutes after perispinal etanercept administration, is documented. Conclusion In combination with the previously reported results of perispinal etanercept in Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia, these results further argue that larger scale studies of this therapeutic intervention, including Phase 3 trials, are warranted in dementias. In addition, these results may provide insight into the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease and related forms of dementia, and suggest the existence of novel, rapidly reversible, TNF-mediated pathophysiologic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease which are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Tobinick
- Institute for Neurological Research, a private medical group, inc., Los Angeles, USA.
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Tobinick EL, Gross H. Rapid cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease following perispinal etanercept administration. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:2. [PMID: 18184433 PMCID: PMC2211476 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial basic science and clinical evidence suggests that excess tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to its pro-inflammatory functions, TNF-alpha has recently been recognized to be a gliotransmitter that regulates synaptic function in neural networks. TNF-alpha has also recently been shown to mediate the disruption in synaptic memory mechanisms, which is caused by beta-amyloid and beta-amyloid oligomers. The efficacy of etanercept, a biologic antagonist of TNF-alpha, delivered by perispinal administration, for treatment of Alzheimer's disease over a period of six months has been previously reported in a pilot study. This report details rapid cognitive improvement, beginning within minutes, using this same anti-TNF treatment modality, in a patient with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rapid cognitive improvement following perispinal etanercept may be related to amelioration of the effects of excess TNF-alpha on synaptic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease and provides a promising area for additional investigation and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Tobinick
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Neurological Research, Los Angeles, USA.
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Li Y, Grupe A. Genetics of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease: progress and prospect. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:1747-55. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.12.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease remain largely elusive, with the exception of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE e4) as the only confirmed genetic risk factor. Numerous other putative risk markers have been proposed, although all suffer inconsistent replication. These results suggest that modest effect sizes are likely to be the norm for non-APOE-related factors. This unsettling situation has been similar to other complex diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases until very recently, when a spate of new, although weak, genetic markers has been convincingly linked to these conditions. If we assume that multiple weak factors, together with APOE e4, account for the genetic contribution to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease risk, it will require the concerted efforts of the greater Alzheimer’s genetics community to pool existing genetic resources and/or data to identify novel genetic risk factors that are genuine. Increased confidence in the disease-associated factors will provide the foundation to develop better diagnostic and prognostic tests, select new drug targets and, perhaps, elucidate pharmacogenetic markers that assist in making the best treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- Celera, 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502, USA
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Krabbe KS, Mortensen EL, Avlund K, Pilegaard H, Christiansen L, Pedersen AN, Schroll M, Jørgensen T, Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H. Genetic priming of a proinflammatory profile predicts low IQ in octogenarians. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 30:769-81. [PMID: 17913303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within interleukin (IL)-18, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 gene promoter regions are risk factors for cognitive decline in healthy octogenarians, and to isolate the strongest inflammatory biomarkers of cognitive function in the peripheral blood. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was administered to 112 individuals at ages 80 and 85. An IL-18 haplotype was an independent risk factor of poor Performance IQ. The TNF-308GA genotype was related to individual declines in Verbal IQ, and the IL-10-592 CC genotype was related to better Verbal IQ at the age of 80. Circulating levels of TNF-alpha, sTNFRs, and IL-6 were negatively correlated with IQ at age 85 and less strongly to IQ at age 80 with activation of the TNF system as the strongest biomarker. In conclusion, SNPs related to high proinflammatory or low anti-inflammatory activity are independent risk factors of reduced cognitive function in octogenarians. Only the IL-18 haplotype was associated with inflammation in the peripheral blood and only with regard to circulating TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Krabbe
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Konsman JP, Drukarch B, Van Dam AM. (Peri)vascular production and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain pathology. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 112:1-25. [PMID: 17132137 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to tissue injury or infection, the peripheral tissue macrophage induces an inflammatory response through the release of IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α). These cytokines stimulate macrophages and endothelial cells to express chemokines and adhesion molecules that attract leucocytes into the peripheral site of injury or infection. The aims of the present review are to (i) discuss the relevance of brain (peri)vascular cells and compartments to bacterial meningitis, HIV-1-associated dementia, multiple sclerosis, ischaemic and traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease, and (ii) to provide an overview of the production and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines by (peri)vascular cells in these pathologies of the CNS (central nervous system). The brain (peri)vascular compartments are highly relevant to pathologies affecting the CNS, as infections are almost exclusively blood-borne. Insults disrupt blood and energy flow to neurons, and active brain-to-blood transport mechanisms, which are the bottleneck in the clearance of unwanted molecules from the brain. Perivascular macrophages are the most reactive cell type and produce IL-1β and TNFα after infection or injury to the CNS. The main cellular target for IL-1β and TNFα produced in the brain (peri)vascular compartment is the endothelium, where these cytokines induce the expression of adhesion molecules and promote leucocyte infiltration. Whether this and other effects of IL-1 and TNF in the brain (peri)vascular compartments are detrimental or beneficial in neuropathology remains to be shown and requires a clear understanding of the role of these cytokines in both damaging and repair processes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Konsman
- Laboratory of Integrative Neurobiology, CNRS FRE 2723/INRA UR 1244/University Bordeaux2, Institut François Magendie, Bordeaux, France
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