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Meor Azlan NF, Koeners MP, Zhang J. Regulatory control of the Na-Cl co-transporter NCC and its therapeutic potential for hypertension. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1117-1128. [PMID: 34094823 PMCID: PMC8144889 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the largest risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. As blood pressure regulation is influenced by multiple physiological systems, hypertension cannot be attributed to a single identifiable etiology. Three decades of research into Mendelian forms of hypertension implicated alterations in the renal tubular sodium handling, particularly the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)-native, thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC). Altered functions of the NCC have shown to have profound effects on blood pressure regulation as illustrated by the over activation and inactivation of the NCC in Gordon's and Gitelman syndromes respectively. Substantial progress has uncovered multiple factors that affect the expression and activity of the NCC. In particular, NCC activity is controlled by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and NCC expression is facilitated by glycosylation and negatively regulated by ubiquitination. Studies have even found parvalbumin to be an unexpected regulator of the NCC. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of NCC control mechanisms, particularly via the pathway containing the with-no-lysine [K] (WNK) and its downstream target kinases, SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive 1 (OSR1), which has led to the discovery of novel inhibitory molecules. This review summarizes the currently reported regulatory mechanisms of the NCC and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating hypertension.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Blood pressure regulation
- CCC, cation-coupled chloride cotransporters
- CCT, conserved carboxy-terminal
- CNI, calcineurin inhibitors
- CUL3, cullin 3
- CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1
- Ca2+, calcium ion
- Cardiovascular disease
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DCT, distal convoluted tubule
- DUSP, dual specificity phosphatases
- ECF, extracellular fluid
- ELISA, enzyme-bound immunosorbent analysis
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- EnaC, epithelial sodium channels
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293
- Hypertension
- I1, inhibitor 1
- K+, potassium ion
- KCC, potassium-chloride-cotransporters
- KLHL3, kelch-like 3
- KS-WNK1, kidney specific-WNK1
- Kinase inhibitors
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MO25, mouse protein-25
- Membrane trafficking
- NCC, sodium–chloride cotransporters
- NKCC, sodium–potassium–chloride-cotransporter
- Na+, sodium ion
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaCl-cotransporter NCC
- OSR1, oxidative stress-responsive gene 1
- PCT, proximal convoluted tubule
- PHAII, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II
- PP, protein phosphatase
- PV, parvalbumin
- ROMK, renal outer medullary potassium
- RasGRP1, RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1
- SLC12, solute carrier 12
- SPAK, Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich-kinase
- TAL, thick ascending limb
- Therapeutic targets
- WNK, with-no-lysine kinases
- mDCT, mammalian DCT
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Brown A, Meor Azlan NF, Wu Z, Zhang J. WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC kinase signaling pathway as a novel target for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:508-517. [PMID: 32724175 PMCID: PMC8115323 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent health condition worldwide, affecting ~1 billion people. Gordon's syndrome is a form of secondary hypertension that can arise due to a number of possible mutations in key genes that encode proteins in a pathway containing the With No Lysine [K] (WNK) and its downstream target kinases, SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1). This pathway regulates the activity of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), which is responsible for NaCl reabsorption in the distal nephron. Therefore, mutations in genes encoding proteins that regulate the NCC proteins disrupt ion homeostasis and cause hypertension by increasing NaCl reabsorption. Thiazide diuretics are currently the main treatment option for Gordon's syndrome. However, they have a number of side effects, and chronic usage can lead to compensatory adaptations in the nephron that counteract their action. Therefore, recent research has focused on developing novel inhibitory molecules that inhibit components of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC pathway, thereby reducing NaCl reabsorption and restoring normal blood pressure. In this review we provide an overview of the currently reported molecular inhibitors of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC pathway and discuss their potential as treatment options for Gordon's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie Brown
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4SE, UK
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
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Puurand T, Kukuškina V, Pajuste FD, Remm M. AluMine: alignment-free method for the discovery of polymorphic Alu element insertions. Mob DNA 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 31360240 PMCID: PMC6639938 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-019-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, alignment-free sequence analysis methods have gained popularity in the field of personal genomics. These methods are based on counting frequencies of short k-mer sequences, thus allowing faster and more robust analysis compared to traditional alignment-based methods. Results We have created a fast alignment-free method, AluMine, to analyze polymorphic insertions of Alu elements in the human genome. We tested the method on 2,241 individuals from the Estonian Genome Project and identified 28,962 potential polymorphic Alu element insertions. Each tested individual had on average 1,574 Alu element insertions that were different from those in the reference genome. In addition, we propose an alignment-free genotyping method that uses the frequency of insertion/deletion-specific 32-mer pairs to call the genotype directly from raw sequencing reads. Using this method, the concordance between the predicted and experimentally observed genotypes was 98.7%. The running time of the discovery pipeline is approximately 2 h per individual. The genotyping of potential polymorphic insertions takes between 0.4 and 4 h per individual, depending on the hardware configuration. Conclusions AluMine provides tools that allow discovery of novel Alu element insertions and/or genotyping of known Alu element insertions from personal genomes within few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Puurand
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viktoria Kukuškina
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Maido Remm
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Shi R, Li J, He J, Meng Q, Qian Z, Shi D, Liu Q, Cai Y, Li X, Chen X. Association of with-no-lysine kinase 1 and Serine/Threonine kinase 39 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with essential hypertension in Tibetans. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:151-160. [PMID: 28945285 DOI: 10.1002/em.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tibetans have a higher essential hypertension prevalence compared with other ethnics in China. The reason might be due to their unique environmental influence, as well as genetic factor. However, limited studies focus on Tibetan genetics and its association with hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between With-No-Lysine (K) Kinase 1 (WNK1), Serine/Threonine kinase 39(STK39) genes variants and hypertension in the Tibetan population. 204 Tibetan hypertensive patients and 305 normotensive controls were recruited in an epidemiological survey conducted at 2 sites in the Ganzi Tibetan autonomous region. Patients were genotyped for nineteen WNK1 candidate tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and three STK39 SNPs, and haplotype analysis was performed. Results showed that the allele A in rs1468326 was overrepresented in hypertensive patients versus control (53.4% vs 42.9%, P < 0.05). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for hypertension among CA + AA genotypes carriers was 1.60 (95% CI: 1.02-2.62, P < 0.05), and they also had a higher systolic blood pressure (136.5 ± 28.6 vs 131.7 ± 24.8 mmHg, P < 0.05). However, the TT genotype ratio in rs6749447 was lower in hypertensives (5.4% vs 10.8%, P < 0.05), and the hypertension risk for the TT genotype carriers in rs6749447 decreased after adjustment (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.19-0.95, P < 0.05). Subjects with haplotype AGACAGGAATCGT showed 1.57 times higher risk of hypertension (95% CI 1.02-2.41, P < 0.05). In conclusion, SNP rs1468326 of WNK1, rs6749447 of STK39, and WNK1 haplotype AGACAGGAATCGT were associated with hypertension in Tibetan individuals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:151-160, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Jiangbo Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Jiyun He
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Zhiping Qian
- Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding 626000, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, PRC
| | - Di Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Yali Cai
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
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Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA. Mechanisms and controversies in mutant Cul3-mediated familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F915-F920. [PMID: 29361671 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00593.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in cullin-3 ( Cul3) cause the most severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). Cul3 mutations cause skipping of exon 9, which results in an internal deletion of 57 amino acids from the CUL3 protein (CUL3-∆9). The precise mechanism by which this altered form of CUL3 causes FHHt is controversial. CUL3 is a member of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase family that mediates ubiquitination and thus degradation of cellular proteins, including with-no-lysine [K] kinases (WNKs). In CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt, proteasomal degradation of WNKs is abrogated, leading to overactivation of the WNK targets sterile 20/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress-response kinase-1, which directly phosphorylate and activate the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter. Several groups have suggested different mechanisms by which CUL3-∆9 causes FHHt. The majority of these are derived from in vitro data, but recently the Kurz group (Schumacher FR, Siew K, Zhang J, Johnson C, Wood N, Cleary SE, Al Maskari RS, Ferryman JT, Hardege I, Figg NL, Enchev R, Knebel A, O'Shaughnessy KM, Kurz T. EMBO Mol Med 7: 1285-1306, 2015) described the first mouse model of CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt. Analysis of this model suggested that CUL3-∆9 is degraded in vivo, and thus Cul3 mutations cause FHHt by inducing haploinsufficiency. We recently directly tested this model but found that other dominant effects of CUL3-∆9 must contribute to the development of FHHt. In this review, we focus on our current knowledge of CUL3-∆9 action gained from in vitro and in vivo models that may help unravel this complex problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
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Erdman VV, Karimov DD, Nasibullin TR, Timasheva IR, Tuktarova IA, Mustafina OE. The role of Alu polymorphism of PLAT, PKHD1L1, STK38L, and TEAD1 genes in development of a longevity trait. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057017020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Identification of Alternative Variants and Insertion of the Novel Polymorphic AluYl17 in TSEN54 Gene during Primate Evolution. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:1679574. [PMID: 28083540 PMCID: PMC5204098 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1679574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TSEN54 encodes a subunit of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex, which catalyzes the identification and cleavage of introns from precursor tRNAs. Previously, we identified an AluSx-derived alternative transcript in TSEN54 of cynomolgus monkey. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification and TSEN54 sequence analysis of primate and human samples identified five novel alternative transcripts, including the AluSx exonized transcript. Additionally, we performed comparative expression analysis via RT-qPCR in various cynomolgus, rhesus monkey, and human tissues. RT-qPCR amplification revealed differential expression patterns. Furthermore, genomic PCR amplification and sequencing of primate and human DNA samples revealed that AluSx elements were integrated in human and all of the primate samples tested. Intriguingly, in langur genomic DNA, an additional AluY element was inserted into AluSx of intron eight of TSEN54. The new AluY element showed polymorphic insertion. Using standardized nomenclature for Alu repeats, the polymorphic AluY of the langur TSEN54 was designated as being of the AluYl17 subfamily. Our results suggest that integration of the AluSx element in TSEN54 contributed to diversity in transcripts and induced lineage- or species-specific evolutionary events such as alternative splicing and polymorphic insertion during primate evolution.
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8
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Karimov DD, Erdman VV, Nasibullin TR, Tuktarova IA, Somova RS, Timasheva YR, Mustafina OE. Alu insertion-deletion polymorphism of COL13A1 and LAMA2 genes: The analysis of association with longevity. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA. The CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway as a target for antihypertensive therapy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1389-96. [PMID: 27076645 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00132.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) is the most common disease in the Unites States. While several classes of drugs exist to treat it, many patients (up to 10 million Americans) respond poorly to therapy, even when multiple classes are used. Recent evidence suggests that a significant portion of patients will always remain hypertensive despite maximum therapy with the drugs currently available. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel antihypertensive agents. One limitation has been the identification of new targets, a limitation that has been overcome by recent insights into the mechanisms underlying monogenic forms of hypertension. The disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension is caused by mutations in with-no-lysine (WNK) kinases 1 and 4 and in cullin-3 and kelch-like 3, components of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that promotes WNK kinase degradation. The study of the mechanisms by which this pathway regulates blood pressure has identified several candidates for the development of new antihypertensive agents. This pathway is particularly attractive since its inhibition may not only reduce renal sodium reabsorption along multiple segments but may also reduce vascular tone. Here, we will describe the mechanisms by which this pathway regulate blood pressure and discuss the potential of targeting it to develop new antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Ritter AMV, de Faria AP, Fontana V, Modolo R, Moreno H. Does Renal Denervation Fit All Resistant Hypertension? The Role of Genetics. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 18:161-2. [PMID: 26234521 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M V Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Faria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Fontana
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Modolo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Liu F, Lian Q, Ren J, Ren K, Wang Y, Wang D, Chu C, Wang L, Guo T, Liu E, Mu J, Yuan Z. Lack of family-based association between common variations in WNK1 and blood pressure level. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1958-62. [PMID: 25321950 PMCID: PMC4211417 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WNK1 (With No-lysine Kinase 1) modulates numerous sodium transport-related ion channels involved in regulation of blood pressure. Several studies have indicated associations between the common variants of the WNK1 gene and hypertension or blood pressure levels. However, little data exists on Asian populations and normotensive or pre-hypertensive subjects. Our aim was to detect whether the common variations in the WNK1 gene are potential contributors to individual variations in blood pressure in a family-based sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS 525 individuals from 116 families were selected from a rural community of Northern China. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from the WNK1 gene. Single-marker and haplotype analyses were conducted using the Family-Based Association Test program. RESULTS Regretful, no associations for the 5 WNK1 SNPs and the constructed haplotype blocks of WNK1 with blood pressure level reached nominal statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that although multiple candidate genes are involved in development of hypertension, the genetic polymorphism in WNK1 is not a major contributor to the observed variability in blood pressure and familial clustering risk of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Qiufang Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Keyu Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Chu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Tongshuai Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Jianjun Mu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
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Guo XG, Ding J, Xu H, Xuan TM, Jin WQ, Yin X, Shang YP, Zhang FR, Zhu JH, Zheng LR. Comprehensive assessment of the association of WNK4 polymorphisms with hypertension: evidence from a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6507. [PMID: 25266424 PMCID: PMC4195396 DOI: 10.1038/srep06507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between with-no-lysine [K] kinase 4 (WNK4) gene polymorphisms and hypertension has been widely investigated, However, the studies yielded contradictory results. To evaluate these inconclusive findings comprehensively, we therefore performed a meta-analysis. Ten articles encompassing 16 independent case-control studies with 6089 hypertensive cases and 4881 normotensive controls were selected for this meta-analysis. Four WNK4 gene polymorphisms were identified (G1155942T, G1156666A, T1155547C, and C6749T). The results showed statistically significant associations of G1155942T polymorphism (allelic genetic model: odds ration or OR = 1.62, 95% confidence interval or CI: 1.11–2.38, P = 0.01; dominant model: OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.07–3.19, P = 0.03) and C6749T polymorphism (allele contrast: OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.60–2.59, P<0.01; dominant model: OR = 2.04, 95%CI: 1.59–2.62, P<0.01; and homozygous model: OR = 5.01, 95% CI: 1.29–19.54, P = 0.02) with hypertension risk. However, neither C1155547T nor G1156666A was associated significantly with hypertension susceptibility. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that WNK4 G1155942T and C6749T gene polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility and development of hypertension. Further well-designed studies with larger sample size are required to elucidate the association of WNK4 gene multiple polymorphisms with hypertension risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-gang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui Xu
- 1] Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China [2] Xiuzhou District, Gaozhao Street Community Health Service Center, Jiaxing 314031, China
| | - Tian-ming Xuan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei-quan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yun-peng Shang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fu-rong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jian-hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang-rong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Linker S, Hedges D. Linear decay of retrotransposon antisense bias across genes is contingent upon tissue specificity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79402. [PMID: 24244495 PMCID: PMC3828378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons comprise approximately half of the human genome and contribute to chromatin structure, regulatory motifs, and protein-coding sequences. Since retrotransposon insertions can disrupt functional genetic elements as well as introduce new sequence motifs to a region, they have the potential to affect the function of genes that harbour insertions as well as those nearby. Partly as a result of these effects, the distribution of retrotransposons across the genome is non-uniform and there are observed imbalances in the orientation of insertions with respect to the transcriptional direction of the containing gene. Although some of the factors underlying the observed distributions are understood, much of the variability remains unexplained. Detailed characterization of retrotransposon density in genes could help inform predictions of the functional consequence of de novo as well as polymorphic insertions. In order to characterize the relationship between genes and inserted elements, we have examined the distribution of retrotransposons and their internal motifs within tissue-specific and housekeeping genes. We have identified that the previously established retrotransposon antisense bias decays at a linear rate across genes, resulting in an equal density of sense and antisense retrotransposons near the 3'-UTR. In addition, the decay of antisense bias across genes is less pronounced among tissue-specific genes. Our results provide support for the scenario in which this linear decay in antisense bias is established by natural selection shortly after retrotransposon integration, and that total antisense bias observed is above and beyond any bias introduced by the integration process itself. Finally, we provide an example of a retrotransposon acting as an eQTL on a coincident gene, highlighting one of several possible avenues through which insertions may modulate gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linker
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dale Hedges
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Bellavia A, Urch B, Speck M, Brook RD, Scott JA, Albetti B, Behbod B, North M, Valeri L, Bertazzi PA, Silverman F, Gold D, Baccarelli AA. DNA hypomethylation, ambient particulate matter, and increased blood pressure: findings from controlled human exposure experiments. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000212. [PMID: 23782920 PMCID: PMC3698788 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposures to fine (<2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter) ambient particulate-matter (PM) have been related with increased blood pressure (BP) in controlled-human exposure and community-based studies. However, whether coarse (2.5 to 10 μm) PM exposure increases BP is uncertain. Recent observational studies have linked PM exposures with blood DNA hypomethylation, an epigenetic alteration that activates inflammatory and vascular responses. No experimental evidence is available to confirm those observational data and demonstrate the relations between PM, hypomethylation, and BP. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a cross-over trial of controlled-human exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). Fifteen healthy adult participants were exposed for 130 minutes to fine CAPs, coarse CAPs, or HEPA-filtered medical air (control) in randomized order with ≥2-week washout. Repetitive-element (Alu, long interspersed nuclear element-1 [LINE-1]) and candidate-gene (TLR4, IL-12, IL-6, iNOS) blood methylation, systolic and diastolic BP were measured pre- and postexposure. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, fine CAPs exposure lowered Alu methylation (β-standardized=-0.74, adjusted-P=0.03); coarse CAPs exposure lowered TLR4 methylation (β-standardized=-0.27, adjusted-P=0.04). Both fine and coarse CAPs determined significantly increased systolic BP (β=2.53 mm Hg, P=0.001; β=1.56 mm Hg, P=0.03, respectively) and nonsignificantly increased diastolic BP (β=0.98 mm Hg, P=0.12; β=0.82 mm Hg, P=0.11, respectively). Decreased Alu and TLR4 methylation was associated with higher postexposure DBP (β-standardized=0.41, P=0.04; and β-standardized=0.84, P=0.02; respectively). Decreased TLR4 methylation was associated with higher postexposure SBP (β-standardized=1.45, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide novel evidence of effects of coarse PM on BP and confirm effects of fine PM. Our results provide the first experimental evidence of PM-induced DNA hypomethylation and its correlation to BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bellavia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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15
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Bellavia A, Urch B, Speck M, Brook RD, Scott JA, Albetti B, Behbod B, North M, Valeri L, Bertazzi PA, Silverman F, Gold D, A. Baccarelli A. DNA Hypomethylation, Ambient Particulate Matter, and Increased Blood Pressure: Findings From Controlled Human Exposure Experiments. J Am Heart Assoc 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000212 10.1161/jaha.115.001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bellavia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce Urch
- Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Speck
- Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D. Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jeremy A. Scott
- Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedetta Albetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Universita' degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione Ca' Granda Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Behrooz Behbod
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Michelle North
- Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Valeri
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Universita' degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione Ca' Granda Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Frances Silverman
- Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Komkov AI, Maschan MA, Shvets VI, Lebedev IB. [The functional analysis of polymorphic insertions of Alu retroelements at acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:351-64. [PMID: 22997707 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human genome variability observed within patient cohorts is considered as a goal of functional genomics essential for personalized medicine progress. In the current research we implement functional analysis of 31 polymorphic Alu insertions located within gene introns for individual genomes of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). As a result we demonstrated a decrease of the primary transcripts content for 21 Alu-containing alleles. The most strong inhibitory effect of 10 Alu insertions was observed in both mononuclear blood cells of healthy donors and B-lymphoblasts of ALL patients. Allele frequencies of three Alu insertions that are located in MEF2C (two of them) and TAX1BP1 genes significantly differ (p-value 0.027. 0.052. 0.014 accordingly) between cohorts of healthy donors and ALL patients. Prolong influence of the Alu insertions on intracellular content of mature mRNA was studied for corresponding allele of TARBP1 gene.
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Between candidate genes and whole genomes: time for alternative approaches in blood pressure genetics. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:46-61. [PMID: 22161147 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure has a significant genetic component, but less than 3% of the observed variance has been attributed to genetic variants identified to date. Candidate gene studies of rare, monogenic hypertensive syndromes have conclusively implicated several genes altering renal sodium balance, and studies of essential hypertension have inconsistently implicated over 50 genes in pathways affecting renal sodium balance and other functions. Genome-wide linkage scans have replicated numerous quantitative trait loci throughout the genome, and over 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies. These studies provide considerable evidence that epistasis and other interactions play a role in the genetic architecture of blood pressure regulation, but candidate gene studies have limited scope to test for epistasis, and genome-wide studies have low power for both main effects and interactions. This review summarizes the genetic findings to date for blood pressure, and it proposes focused, pathway-based approaches involving epistasis, gene-environment interactions, and next-generation sequencing to further the genetic dissection of blood pressure and hypertension.
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Cardelli M, Marchegiani F, Provinciali M. Alu insertion profiling: array-based methods to detect Alu insertions in the human genome. Genomics 2012; 99:340-6. [PMID: 22495107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the genetic variability associated to Alu sequences was hampered by the absence of genome-wide methodologies able to efficiently detect new polymorphisms/mutations among these repetitive elements. Here we describe two Alu insertion profiling (AIP) methods based on the hybridization of Alu-flanking genomic fragments on tiling microarrays. Protocols are designed to preferentially detect active Alu subfamilies. We tested AIP methods by analyzing chromosomes 1 and 6 in two genomic samples. In genomic regions covered by array-features, with a sensitivity of 2% (AIP1) -4% (AIP2) and 5% (AIP1) -8% (AIP2) for the old J and S Alu lineages respectively, we obtained a sensitivity of 67% (AIP1) -90% (AIP2) for the young Ya subfamily. Among the loci showing sample-to-sample differences, 5 (AIP1) -8 (AIP2) were associated to known Alu polymorphisms. Moreover, we were able to confirm by PCR and DNA sequencing 4 new intragenic Alu elements, polymorphic in 10 additional individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Essential hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of other cardiovascular diseases and is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, with up to 50% of blood pressure variance currently attributed to an individual's genetic makeup. By studying genes that cause monogenic forms of hypertension and pathways relevant to blood pressure control, a number of polymorphisms have been identified that increase an individual's risk of developing high blood pressure. We report on candidate gene association studies and genome-wide association studies that have been performed to date in the field of hypertension research. It is becoming clear that for the majority of people there is no single gene polymorphism that causes hypertension, but rather a number of common genetic variants, each having a small effect. Using pharmacogenomics to personalize the treatment of hypertension holds promise for achieving and sustaining normotensive pressures quickly, while minimizing the risk of adverse reactions and unwanted side-effects. This will decrease the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in individuals and lead to a reduced burden of disease upon society as a whole.
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Wang X, Prins BP, Sõber S, Laan M, Snieder H. Beyond genome-wide association studies: new strategies for identifying genetic determinants of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:442-51. [PMID: 21953487 PMCID: PMC3212682 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic linkage and association methods have long been the most important tools for gene identification in humans. These approaches can either be hypothesis-based (i.e., candidate-gene studies) or hypothesis-free (i.e., genome-wide studies). The first part of this review offers an overview of the latest successes in gene finding for blood pressure (BP) and essential hypertension using these DNA sequence-based discovery techniques. We further emphasize the importance of post-genome-wide association study (post-GWAS) analysis, which aims to prioritize genetic variants for functional follow-up. Whole-genome next-generation sequencing will eventually be necessary to provide a more comprehensive picture of all DNA variants affecting BP and hypertension. The second part of this review discusses promising novel approaches that move beyond the DNA sequence and aim to discover BP genes that are differentially regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including microRNAs, histone modification, and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Bram P. Prins
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siim Sõber
- Human Molecular Genetics group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Laan
- Human Molecular Genetics group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Org E, Veldre G, Viigimaa M, Juhanson P, Putku M, Rosenberg M, Tomberg K, Uuetoa T, Laan M. HYPEST study: profile of hypertensive patients in Estonia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2011; 11:55. [PMID: 21880150 PMCID: PMC3179926 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than one third of adult population in Estonia has problems with elevated blood pressure (BP). The Hypertension in Estonia (HYPEST) study represents the country's first hypertension-targeted sample collection aiming to examine the epidemiological and genetic determinants for hypertension (HTN) and related cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Estonian population. The HYPEST subjects (n = 1,966) were recruited across Estonia between 2004-2007 including clinically diagnosed HTN cases and population-based controls. The present report is focused on the clinical and epidemiological profile of HYPEST cases, and gender-specific effects on the pathophysiology of hypertension. METHODS Current analysis was performed on 1,007 clinically diagnosed HTN patients (617 women and 390 men) aged 18-85 years. The hypertensives were recruited to the study by BP specialists at the North Estonia Medical Center, Centre of Cardiology, Tallinn or at the Cardiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Estonia. Longitudinal BP data was extracted retrospectively from clinical records. Current and retrospective data of patient's medical history, medication intake and lifestyle habits were derived from self-administrated questionnaire and each variable was examined separately for men and women. Eleven biochemical parameters were measured from fasting serum samples of 756 patients. RESULTS The distribution of recruited men and women was 39% and 61% respectively. Majority of Estonian HTN patients (85%) were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and a total of 79% of patients had additional complications with cardiovascular system. In men, the hypertension started almost 5 years earlier than in women (40.5 ± 14.5 vs 46.1 ± 12.7 years), which led to earlier age of first myocardial infarction (MI) and overall higher incidence rate of MI among male patients (men 21.2%, women 8.9%, P < 0.0001). Heart arrhythmia, thyroid diseases, renal tubulo-intestinal diseases and hyperlipidemia were more prevalent in hypertensive women compared to men (P < 0.0001). An earlier age of HTN onset was significantly associated with smoking (P = 0.00007), obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; P = 0.0003), increased stress (P = 0.0003) and alcohol consumption (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Understanding the clinical profile of HTN patients contributes to CVD management. Estonian hypertension patients exhibited different disease and risk profiles of male and female patients. This well-characterized sample set provides a good resource for studying hypertension and other cardiovascular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Org
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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