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Kim JA, Jang M, Jang SY, Kim D, Kim Y, Kim J, Park TK, Jang J. Overcoming challenges associated with identifying FBN1 deep intronic variants through whole-genome sequencing. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25009. [PMID: 38234087 PMCID: PMC10829686 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marfan syndrome (MFS), caused by pathogenic variants of FBN1 (fibrillin-1), is a systemic connective tissue disorder with variable phenotypes and treatment responsiveness depending on the variant. However, a significant number of individuals with MFS remain genetically unexplained. In this study, we report novel pathogenic intronic variants in FBN1 in two unrelated families with MFS. METHODS We evaluated subjects with suspected MFS from two unrelated families using Sanger sequencing or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification of FBN1 and/or panel-based next-generation sequencing. As no pathogenic variants were identified, whole-genome sequencing was performed. Identified variants were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR and targeted sequencing of FBN1 mRNA harvested from peripheral blood or skin fibroblasts obtained from affected probands. RESULTS We found causative deep intronic variants, c.6163+1484A>T and c.5788+36C>A, in FBN1. The splicing analysis revealed an insertion of in-frame or out-of-frame intronic sequences of the FBN1 transcript predicted to alter function of calcium-binding epidermal growth factor protein domain. Family members carrying c.6163+1484A>T had high systemic scores including prominent skeletal features and aortic dissection with lesser aortic dilatation. Family members carrying c.5788+36C>A had more severe aortic root dilatation without aortic dissection. Both families had ectopia lentis. CONCLUSION Variable penetrance of the phenotype and negative genetic testing in MFS families should raise the possibility of deep intronic FBN1 variants and the need for additional molecular studies. This study expands the mutation spectrum of FBN1 and points out the importance of intronic sequence analysis and the need for integrative functional studies in MFS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Ah Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Mi‐Ae Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Shin Yi Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Duk‐Kyung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon HospitalSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineChangwon‐siKorea
| | - Young‐gon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jong‐Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Taek Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Ja‐Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
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2
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Guo DC, Duan X, Mimnagh K, Cecchi AC, Marin IC, Yu Y, Velasco WV, Lee K, Zhu X, Murdock DR, Leal SM, Wheeler MM, Smith J, Bamshad MJ, Milewicz DM. An FBN1 deep intronic variant is associated with pseudoexon formation and a variable Marfan phenotype in a five generation family. Clin Genet 2023; 103:704-708. [PMID: 36861389 PMCID: PMC10159920 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Exome sequencing of genes associated with heritable thoracic aortic disease (HTAD) failed to identify a pathogenic variant in a large family with Marfan syndrome (MFS). A genome-wide linkage analysis for thoracic aortic disease identified a peak at 15q21.1, and genome sequencing identified a novel deep intronic FBN1 variant that segregated with thoracic aortic disease in the family (LOD score 2.7) and was predicted to alter splicing. RT-PCR and bulk RNA sequencing of RNA harvested from fibroblasts explanted from the affected proband revealed an insertion of a pseudoexon between exons 13 and 14 of the FBN1 transcript, predicted to lead to nonsense mediated decay (NMD). Treating the fibroblasts with an NMD inhibitor, cycloheximide, greatly improved the detection of the pseudoexon-containing transcript. Family members with the FBN1 variant had later onset aortic events and fewer MFS systemic features than typical for individuals with haploinsufficiency of FBN1. Variable penetrance of the phenotype and negative genetic testing in MFS families should raise the possibility of deep intronic FBN1 variants and the need for additional molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Chuan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xueyan Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen Mimnagh
- Department of Internal Medicine, WVU School of Medicine-Charleston Division (Retired), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Alana C Cecchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabella C Marin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walter V Velasco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kwanghyuk Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xue Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David R Murdock
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marsha M Wheeler
- Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Josh Smith
- Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Sakamoto SI, Amitani R, Motoji Y, Yamaguchi T, Hiromoto A, Suzuki K, Ishii Y. Combined cardiac surgery in a Marfan syndrome patient with severe scoliosis via lower hemisternotomy: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:140. [PMID: 35895227 PMCID: PMC9329500 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scoliosis is one of the symptoms manifested by patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS). Deformity of the thoracic cavity due to severe scoliosis may cause difficulty during cardiac surgery in terms of the surgical approach and instrument manipulation; however, only a few reports have been available regarding the surgical case of MFS with severe scoliosis. Here, we report a case of combined aortic valve replacement and left atrial appendage closure in a patient with MFS who had severe scoliosis using lower hemisternotomy. Case presentation A 62-year-old female with MFS was referred to our hospital after being diagnosed with severe aortic regurgitation and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation with a history of cerebral thromboembolism. The aortic valve showed severe insufficiency due to cusp prolapse, whereas the aortic root was moderately dilated (42 mm). Echocardiography revealed severe regurgitation with reduced left ventricular ejection function (32%) and massive left ventricular diastolic dimension (88 mm). Moreover, combined aortic valve replacement and left atrial appendage closure was indicated. However, the patient had chest deformity due to severe scoliosis. Thus, conventional full sternotomy or thoracotomy was considered an inappropriate surgical approach. Lower hemisternotomy was selected on the basis of three-dimensional reconstruction imaging of the aorta, left atrial appendage, sternum, and rib. Sternal elevation and rib retraction with the costal arch folded back provided enough surgical field for the combined procedures to be safely conducted. The postoperative course was uneventful, except for predicted prolonged mechanical ventilation with the assistance of intraaortic balloon pumping. Thereafter, the patient has been free from any cardiac and cerebrovascular event. Conclusions Lower hemisternotomy can be useful for combined cardiac surgery in MFS with severe scoliosis.
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4
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Hu K, Wan Y, Lee FT, Chen J, Wang H, Qu H, Chen T, Lu W, Jiang Z, Gao L, Ji X, Sun L, Xiang D. Functional Analysis of an Intronic FBN1 Pathogenic Gene Variant in a Family With Marfan Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:857095. [PMID: 35547258 PMCID: PMC9081721 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.857095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that canonically affects the ocular, skeletal, and cardiovascular system, in which aortic tear and rupture is the leading cause of death for MFS patients. Genetically, MFS is primarily associated with fibrillin-1 (FBN1) pathogenic variants. However, the disease-causing variant in approximately 10% of patients cannot be identified, partly due to some cryptic mutations that may be missed using routine exonic sequencing, such as non-coding intronic variants that affects the RNA splicing process. We present a 32-year female with typical MFS systemic presentation that reached to a clinical diagnosis according to the revised Ghent nosology. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) but the report failed to identify known causal variants when analyzing the exonic sequence. However, further investigation on the exon/intron boundaries of the WES report revealed a candidate intronic variant of the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene (c.248-3 C>G) that predicted to affect the RNA splicing process. We conducted minigene splicing analyses and demonstrated that the c.248-3 C>G variant abolished the canonical splicing site of intron 3, leading to activation of two cryptic splicing sites and causing insertion (c.248-1_248-2insAG and c.248-1_248-282ins). Our study not only characterizes an intronic variant to the mutational spectrum of the FBN1 gene in MFS and its aberrant effect on splicing, but highlights the importance to not neglect the exon/intron boundaries when reporting and assessing WES results. We point out the need of conducting functional analysis to verify the pathogenicity of intronic mutation, and the opportunity to re-consider the standard diagnostic approaches in cases of clinically diagnosed MFS with normal or variant of unknown significance genetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Fu-Tsuen Lee
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haonan Qu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Mianyang City, Mianyang, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Wang Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenwei Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Lufang Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daokang Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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5
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Expanding the clinical spectrum of COL2A1 related disorders by a mass like phenotype. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4489. [PMID: 35296718 PMCID: PMC8927422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MASS phenotype is a connective tissue disorder clinically overlapping with Marfan syndrome and caused by pathogenic variants in FBN1. We report four patients from three families presenting with a MASS-like phenotype consisting of tall stature, arachnodactyly, spinal deformations, dural ectasia, pectus and/or feet deformations, osteoarthritis, and/or high arched palate. Gene panel sequencing was negative for FBN1 variants. However, it revealed likely pathogenic missense variants in three individuals [c.3936G > T p.(Lys1312Asn), c.193G > A p.(Asp65Asn)] and a missense variant of unknown significance in the fourth patient [c.4013G > A p.(Ser1338Asn)] in propeptide coding regions of COL2A1. Pathogenic COL2A1 variants are associated with type II collagenopathies comprising a remarkable clinical variablility. Main features include skeletal dysplasia, ocular anomalies, and auditory defects. A MASS-like phenotype has not been associated with COL2A1 variants before. Thus, the identification of likely pathogenic COL2A1 variants in our patients expands the phenotypic spectrum of type II collagenopathies and suggests that a MASS-like phenotype can be assigned to various hereditary disorders of connective tissue. We compare the phenotypes of our patients with related disorders of connective tissue and discuss possible pathomechanisms and genotype–phenotype correlations for the identified COL2A1 variants. Our data recommend COL2A1 sequencing in FBN1-negative patients suggestive for MASS/Marfan-like phenotype (without aortopathy).
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6
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Keegan NP, Wilton SD, Fletcher S. Analysis of Pathogenic Pseudoexons Reveals Novel Mechanisms Driving Cryptic Splicing. Front Genet 2022; 12:806946. [PMID: 35140743 PMCID: PMC8819188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.806946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pre-mRNA splicing is crucial to accurately diagnosing and treating genetic diseases. However, mutations that alter splicing can exert highly diverse effects. Of all the known types of splicing mutations, perhaps the rarest and most difficult to predict are those that activate pseudoexons, sometimes also called cryptic exons. Unlike other splicing mutations that either destroy or redirect existing splice events, pseudoexon mutations appear to create entirely new exons within introns. Since exon definition in vertebrates requires coordinated arrangements of numerous RNA motifs, one might expect that pseudoexons would only arise when rearrangements of intronic DNA create novel exons by chance. Surprisingly, although such mutations do occur, a far more common cause of pseudoexons is deep-intronic single nucleotide variants, raising the question of why these latent exon-like tracts near the mutation sites have not already been purged from the genome by the evolutionary advantage of more efficient splicing. Possible answers may lie in deep intronic splicing processes such as recursive splicing or poison exon splicing. Because these processes utilize intronic motifs that benignly engage with the spliceosome, the regions involved may be more susceptible to exonization than other intronic regions would be. We speculated that a comprehensive study of reported pseudoexons might detect alignments with known deep intronic splice sites and could also permit the characterisation of novel pseudoexon categories. In this report, we present and analyse a catalogue of over 400 published pseudoexon splice events. In addition to confirming prior observations of the most common pseudoexon mutation types, the size of this catalogue also enabled us to suggest new categories for some of the rarer types of pseudoexon mutation. By comparing our catalogue against published datasets of non-canonical splice events, we also found that 15.7% of pseudoexons exhibit some splicing activity at one or both of their splice sites in non-mutant cells. Importantly, this included seven examples of experimentally confirmed recursive splice sites, confirming for the first time a long-suspected link between these two splicing phenomena. These findings have the potential to improve the fidelity of genetic diagnostics and reveal new targets for splice-modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall P. Keegan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Steve D. Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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7
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Zhao S, Duan Y, Ma L, Shi Q, Wang K, Zhou Y. Sudden death due to a novel nonsense mutation in Marfan syndrome. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101967. [PMID: 34598112 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marfan syndrome is a hereditary connective tissue disease accompanied by autosomal dominant inheritance; that mainly arises from a mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). Aortic dissection and rupture are the common and lethal complications of MFS and may cause sudden unexpected death. METHOD A man aged 34 was admitted to the hospital due to persistent pain in his abdomen 12 h post-drinking and suddenly died 10 h later. A forensic autopsy was performed to identify the underlying mechanism of death. Due to the high suspected of MFS, Sanger sequencing was performed, and a novel mutation was detected in the deceased. To clarify the underlying mechanism of this mutation, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted and Western blot analysis was performed in vitro. RESULTS A novel PTC mutation c.933C > A in FBN1 was found. Through family history inspection and Sanger sequencing, other MFS patients in the present family were confirmed. The pathologic changes in the aorta in the present case showed media cystic degeneration, disordered arrangement of elastic fibers and a significant reduction in fibrillin 1 compared with the control. The mutation led to significant reduction inFBN1 mRNA and fibrillin-1 in cells in vitro, and overexpression of phospho-Smad2 was observed. CONCLUSION We confirmed a novel pathogenic PTC mutation in the FBN1gene through Sanger sequencing, and the pathological changes and underlying mechanisms were also identified. The present work not only extends the pathogenic mutation spectrum of MFS, but also stresses the role of forensic autopsy, genetic analysis and functional validation of novel mutations in cases of sudden death associated with congenital diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
| | - Yijie Duan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Longda Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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8
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Akram H, Aragon-Martin JA, Chandra A. Marfan syndrome and the eye clinic: from diagnosis to management. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:26330040211055738. [PMID: 37181104 PMCID: PMC10032431 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211055738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder affecting the cardiovascular, ocular and musculoskeletal systems. Frequently, clinical suspicion and subsequent diagnosis begins in the ophthalmology clinic. Importantly, the ophthalmologist has a responsibility to cater not only to the eye, but also to be involved in a holistic approach for these patients. In this review, we discuss how MFS may present to an eye clinic, including clinical features, ocular morbidity, genetic diagnosis and management. Although this condition is ideally managed by a multidisciplinary team, our focus will be on MFS and the eye, including other conditions which may present with similar phenotypes. The ophthalmologist's role as the potential first contact for a patient with suspected MFS is crucial in making the proper investigations and referral, with the knowledge that not all ectopia lentis cases are MFS and vice versa. Management of ocular conditions in MFS may range from simple observation to surgical intervention; current options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Akram
- Southend University Hospital, Prittlewell
Chase, Westcliff-on-Sea SS0 0RY, Essex, UK
| | | | - Aman Chandra
- Southend University Hospital, Westcliff-on-Sea,
UK
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9
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Stengl R, Bors A, Ágg B, Pólos M, Matyas G, Molnár MJ, Fekete B, Csabán D, Andrikovics H, Merkely B, Radovits T, Szabolcs Z, Benke K. Optimising the mutation screening strategy in Marfan syndrome and identifying genotypes with more severe aortic involvement. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:290. [PMID: 33059708 PMCID: PMC7558671 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a systemic connective tissue disorder with life-threatening manifestations affecting the ascending aorta. MFS is caused by dominant negative (DN) and haploinsufficient (HI) mutations of the FBN1 gene. Our aim was to identify mutations of MFS patients with high detection rate and to investigate the use of a gene panel for patients with Marfanoid habitus. We also aimed to examine correlations between genotype and cardiovascular manifestations to predict “malignant” mutations.
Methods 136 individuals were enrolled. In the first phase, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing were performed for 57 patients to screen the FBN1 gene, followed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in negative cases. For repeated negative results, NGS gene panel involving 9 genes was used. In the second phase, 79 patients were tested primarily with the same gene panel, negative samples were tested by MLPA. Results 84 pathogenic mutations were detected, out of which 78 affected FBN1, 6 non-FBN1 mutations (2 TGFB2, 1 TGFBR2, 2 TGFBR1, 1 SMAD3) are associated with Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). LDS patients had lower systemic score and they were younger, but their aortic involvement did not differ. MLPA detected 4 multi-exon deletions of FBN1 gene, which could not be identified by our first-step screening method. Aortic involvement (aortic dissection and/or dilation) did not differ significantly among HI and DN mutations (p = 0.061). Combined group of HI and DN mutations eliminating a disulphide-bonding cysteine (DN Cys) had significantly higher aortic involvement rate than DN mutations not eliminating a disulphide-bonding cysteine (DN non-Cys) (p < 0.001). Patients with DN Cys required significantly more aortic surgeries than HI and DN non-Cys mutations (p = 0.042 and p = 0.015, respectively). Conclusions Due to the relevant number of mutations affecting genes other than FBN1, preferred approach for testing individuals with Marfanoid habitus is using a gene panel rather than single-gene analysis, followed by MLPA for negative samples. DN Cys and HI mutations should be considered as risk factors for aortic involvement. Genetic testing for patients with Marfanoid features and a systemic score under 7 is recommended, as LDS patients may have lower scores, but they may have severe cardiovascular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Stengl
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary. .,Hungarian Marfan Foundation, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary. .,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Flórián út 5-7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary.
| | - András Bors
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Flórián út 5-7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Bence Ágg
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.,Hungarian Marfan Foundation, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Miklós Pólos
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.,Hungarian Marfan Foundation, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Gabor Matyas
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics and Gene Diagnostics, Foundation for People With Rare Diseases, Wagistrasse 25, 8952, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mária Judit Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Tömő u. 25-29, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Bálint Fekete
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Tömő u. 25-29, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dóra Csabán
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Tömő u. 25-29, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Andrikovics
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Flórián út 5-7, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabolcs
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.,Hungarian Marfan Foundation, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Benke
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.,Hungarian Marfan Foundation, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
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10
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Kutkut A, Abu-Eid R, Sharab L, Al-Sabbagh M. Full-Mouth Rehabilitation With Implant-Prosthesis in Marfan Syndrome Patient: Clinical Report and Literature Review. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2020; 46:115-121. [DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this case report is to present implant-retained maxillary and mandibular complete overdentures in a patient with Marfan syndrome. The patient initially presented with generalized periodontitis (stage IV, grade C). Due to the progressive nature of periodontal disease, the patient elected to have implant-retained maxillary and mandibular complete dentures. Bilateral maxillary sinus augmentation was performed 6 months before full-mouth extraction, alveoloplasty, and immediate implant placement. Maxillary and mandibular immediate overdentures were delivered. After 4 months of healing, the final overdenture was fabricated. The patient was seen regularly throughout the healing process for peri-implant maintenance. Soft-tissue grafts were completed to increase the thickness of the mucosa around the implants. The patient has been followed for 2 years and is functioning well without major complications. For patients with Marfan syndrome, implant-retained prostheses are a viable treatment option in the presence of a failing dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kutkut
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ken
| | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Sharab
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ken
| | - Mohanad Al-Sabbagh
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ken
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11
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Mannucci L, Luciano S, Salehi LB, Gigante L, Conte C, Longo G, Ferradini V, Piumelli N, Brancati F, Ruvolo G, Novelli G, Sangiuolo F. Mutation analysis of the FBN1 gene in a cohort of patients with Marfan Syndrome: A 10-year single center experience. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 501:154-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Harky A, Fan KS, Fan KH. The genetics and biomechanics of thoracic aortic diseases. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 1:R13-R25. [PMID: 32923967 PMCID: PMC7439919 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections (TAAD) are highly fatal emergencies within cardiothoracic surgery. With increasing age, thoracic aneurysms become more prevalent and pose an even greater threat when they develop into aortic dissections. Both diseases are multifactorial and are influenced by a multitude of physiological and biomechanical processes. Structural stability of aorta can be disrupted by genes, such as those for extracellular matrix and contractile protein, as well as telomere dysfunction, which leads to senescence of smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Biomechanical changes such as increased luminal pressure imposed by hypertension are also very prevalent and lead to structural instability. Furthermore, ageing is associated with a pro-inflammatory state that exacerbates degeneration of vessel wall, facilitating the development of both aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection. This literature review provides an overview of the aetiology and pathophysiology of both thoracic aneurysms and aortic dissections. With an improved understanding, new therapeutic targets may eventually be identified to facilitate treatment and prevention of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Harky
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ka Siu Fan
- St. George's Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ka Hay Fan
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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13
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Understanding human DNA variants affecting pre-mRNA splicing in the NGS era. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2019; 103:39-90. [PMID: 30904096 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing, an essential step in eukaryotic gene expression, relies on recognition of short sequences on the primary transcript intron ends and takes place along transcription by RNA polymerase II. Exonic and intronic auxiliary elements may modify the strength of exon definition and intron recognition. Splicing DNA variants (SV) have been associated with human genetic diseases at canonical intron sites, as well as exonic substitutions putatively classified as nonsense, missense or synonymous variants. Their effects on mRNA may be modulated by cryptic splice sites associated to the SV allele, comprehending exon skipping or shortening, and partial or complete intron retention. As splicing mRNA outputs result from combinatorial effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, in vitro functional assays supported by computational analyses are recommended to assist SV pathogenicity assessment for human Mendelian inheritance diseases. The increasing use of next-generating sequencing (NGS) targeting full genomic gene sequence has raised awareness of the relevance of deep intronic SV in genetic diseases and inclusion of pseudo-exons into mRNA. Finally, we take advantage of recent advances in sequencing and computational technologies to analyze alternative splicing in cancer. We explore the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) to describe the proportion of splice-site mutations in cis and trans regulatory elements. Genomic data from large cohorts of different cancer types are increasingly available, in addition to repositories of normal and somatic genetic variations. These are likely to bring new insights to understanding the genetic control of alternative splicing by mapping splicing quantitative trait loci in tumors.
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14
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Siegert AM, García Díaz-Barriga G, Esteve-Codina A, Navas-Madroñal M, Gorbenko del Blanco D, Alberch J, Heath S, Galán M, Egea G. A FBN1 3′UTR mutation variant is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in aortic aneurysm in Marfan syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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A Novel Heterozygous Intronic Mutation in the FBN1 Gene Contributes to FBN1 RNA Missplicing Events in the Marfan Syndrome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3536495. [PMID: 30003093 PMCID: PMC5996431 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3536495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominantly inherited connective tissue disorder, mostly caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene. We, by using targeted next-generation sequence analysis, identified a novel intronic FBN1 mutation (the c.2678-15C>A variant) in a MFS patient with aortic dilatation. The computational predictions showed that the heterozygous c.2678-15C>A intronic variant might influence the splicing process by differentially affecting canonical versus cryptic splice site utilization within intron 22 of the FBN1 gene. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, using FBN1 minigenes transfected into HeLa and COS-7 cells, revealed that the c.2678-15C>A variant disrupts normal splicing of intron 22 leading to aberrant 13-nt intron 22 inclusion, frameshift, and premature termination codon. Collectively, the results strongly suggest that the c.2678-15C>A variant could lead to haploinsufficiency of the FBN1 functional protein and structural connective tissue fragility in MFS complicated by aorta dilation, a finding that further expands on the genetic basis of aortic pathology.
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16
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Dolci C, Pucciarelli V, Gibelli DM, Codari M, Marelli S, Trifirò G, Pini A, Sforza C. The face in marfan syndrome: A 3D quantitative approach for a better definition of dysmorphic features. Clin Anat 2017; 31:380-386. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dolci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la SaluteUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilano Italy
| | - Valentina Pucciarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la SaluteUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilano Italy
| | - Daniele M. Gibelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la SaluteUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilano Italy
| | - Marina Codari
- Unità of Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato MilaneseMilano Italy
| | - Susan Marelli
- Centro Malattie Rare, Marfan Clinic, U.O. Cardiologia, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐SaccoMilano Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Pini
- Centro Malattie Rare, Marfan Clinic, U.O. Cardiologia, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐SaccoMilano Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la SaluteUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilano Italy
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17
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Li J, Wu W, Lu C, Liu Y, Wang R, Si N, Liu F, Zhou J, Zhang S, Zhang X. Gross deletions in FBN1 results in variable phenotypes of Marfan syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474:54-59. [PMID: 28842177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mutation in FBN1 is primarily attributed to Marfan syndrome (MFS). So far, >1800 unique FBN1 mutations have been identified, with the vast majority being single-nucleotide substitutions, small deletions, and insertions. The rearrangement of large fragments of FBN1 accounts for only 1.7% of all variants. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of large genomic rearrangements in FBN1 among MFS patients and to evaluate the correlations between genotype and phenotype. METHODS Systematic sequencing of the disease-related genes FBN1, TGFBR1, and TGFBR2, was carried out previously for 26 unrelated patients with MFS. No small mutations were found. Subsequently, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed for the detection of copy number variations in these patients. The breakpoints were determined by gap PCR and sequencing. Transcription level analysis was conducted in patients whose RNA sample was available. RESULTS Four gross deletions were identified in FBN1. Three deletions (exons 6, 48-53, and 49-50) were predicted to be in-frame deletions; the remaining deletion (exons 1-36) was expected to induce the loss of one copy of the FBN1 gene. The breakpoints of these four deletions were cloned, and revealed deletion sizes of 16,551, 10,346, 4563, and 187,047bp, respectively. Patients with in-frame deletions of exons 48-53 and 49-50 showed severe clinical phenotypes; Patient with an exon 6 deletion showed mild potential MFS phenotypes. And the patient had classic MFS with a deletion of exons 1-36. CONCLUSIONS We characterized four large genomic rearrangements in FBN1. FBN1 haploinsufficiency correlated with a classic MFS phenotype, while in-frame deletions between exons 24-53 of FBN1 tended to cause severe clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Li
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoxia Lu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Yaping Liu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Nuo Si
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fang Liu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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18
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Deep intronic mutations and human disease. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1093-1111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is a potentially life-threatening condition in that it places patients at risk for aortic dissection or rupture. However, our modern understanding of the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm is quite limited. A genetic predisposition to thoracic aortic aneurysm has been established, and gene discovery in affected families has identified several major categories of gene alterations. The first involves mutations in genes encoding various components of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling cascade (FBN1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFB2, TGFB3, SMAD2, SMAD3 and SKI), and these conditions are known collectively as the TGF-β vasculopathies. The second set of genes encode components of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus (ACTA2, MYH11, MYLK, and PRKG1), a group called the smooth muscle contraction vasculopathies. Mechanistic hypotheses based on these discoveries have shaped rational therapies, some of which are under clinical evaluation. This review discusses published data on genes involved in thoracic aortic aneurysm and attempts to explain divergent hypotheses of aneurysm origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Isselbacher
- From Thoracic Aortic Center (E.M.I., C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), Cardiovascular Genetics Program (M.E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), and Cardiology Division (E.M.I., C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), Department of Medicine, and Pediatric Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics (M.E.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Christian Lacks Lino Cardenas
- From Thoracic Aortic Center (E.M.I., C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), Cardiovascular Genetics Program (M.E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), and Cardiology Division (E.M.I., C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), Department of Medicine, and Pediatric Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics (M.E.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mark E Lindsay
- From Thoracic Aortic Center (E.M.I., C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), Cardiovascular Genetics Program (M.E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center (C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), and Cardiology Division (E.M.I., C.L.L.C., M.E.L.), Department of Medicine, and Pediatric Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics (M.E.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
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20
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Rogozhina Y, Mironovich S, Shestak A, Adyan T, Polyakov A, Podolyak D, Bakulina A, Dzemeshkevich S, Zaklyazminskaya E. New intronic splicing mutation in the LMNA gene causing progressive cardiac conduction defects and variable myopathy. Gene 2016; 595:202-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Bick D, Fraser PC, Gutzeit MF, Harris JM, Hambuch TM, Helbling DC, Jacob HJ, Kersten JN, Leuthner SR, May T, North PE, Prisco SZ, Schuler BA, Shimoyama M, Strong KA, Van Why SK, Veith R, Verbsky J, Weborg AM, Wilk BM, Willoughby RE, Worthey EA, Dimmock DP. Successful Application of Whole Genome Sequencing in a Medical Genetics Clinic. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 6:61-76. [PMID: 28496993 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A pilot program was initiated using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to diagnose suspected genetic disorders in the Genetics Clinic at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. Twenty-two patients underwent WGS between 2010 and 2013. Initially, we obtained a 14% (3/22) diagnosis rate over 2 years; with subsequent reanalysis, this increased to 36% (8/22). Disease causing variants were identified in SKIV2L, CECR1, DGKE, PYCR2, RYR1, PDGFRB, EFTUD2, and BCS1L. In 75% (6/8) of diagnosed cases, the diagnosis affected treatment and/or medical surveillance. Additionally, one case demonstrated a homozygous A18V variant in VLDLR that appears to be associated with a previously undescribed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bick
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Pamela C Fraser
- Aerodigestive and Genomic Services, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michael F Gutzeit
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jeremy M Harris
- Software Development and Informatics, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Tina M Hambuch
- Pediatric Genetics, Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Daniel C Helbling
- Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Howard J Jacob
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Juliet N Kersten
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Thomas May
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States.,University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Paula E North
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sasha Z Prisco
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Bryce A Schuler
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mary Shimoyama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kimberly A Strong
- Ethics and Genomics Program, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Scott K Van Why
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Regan Veith
- Genetics Department, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - James Verbsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, CIRL and Clinical and Translational Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Arthur M Weborg
- Software Development and Informatics, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Brandon M Wilk
- Software Development and Informatics, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Rodney E Willoughby
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Worthey
- Software Development and Informatics, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - David P Dimmock
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, United States
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23
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FBN1: The disease-causing gene for Marfan syndrome and other genetic disorders. Gene 2016; 591:279-291. [PMID: 27437668 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
FBN1 encodes the gene for fibrillin-1, a structural macromolecule that polymerizes into microfibrils. Fibrillin microfibrils are morphologically distinctive fibrils, present in all connective tissues and assembled into tissue-specific architectural frameworks. FBN1 is the causative gene for Marfan syndrome, an inherited disorder of connective tissue whose major features include tall stature and arachnodactyly, ectopia lentis, and thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. More than one thousand individual mutations in FBN1 are associated with Marfan syndrome, making genotype-phenotype correlations difficult. Moreover, mutations in specific regions of FBN1 can result in the opposite features of short stature and brachydactyly characteristic of Weill-Marchesani syndrome and other acromelic dysplasias. How can mutations in one molecule result in disparate clinical syndromes? Current concepts of the fibrillinopathies require an appreciation of tissue-specific fibrillin microfibril microenvironments and the collaborative relationship between the structures of fibrillin microfibril networks and biological functions such as regulation of growth factor signaling.
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24
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Abstract
Genetic testing is aiding rapid diagnosis of Marfan syndrome as a basis for management of eye, heart and skeletal disease. The affected patient's mutation can be used as a basis for prenatal or postnatal diagnosis of offspring. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, the technique of choice, can ensure an unaffected pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Child
- Reader in Cardiovascular Genetics in the Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE
| | - Jose A Aragon-Martin
- Scientific Director of the Sonalee Laboratory, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London
| | - Karen Sage
- Medical Genetic Counsellor and PGD Specialist, The Bridge Centre, London Fertility Clinic, London
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25
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Groth KA, Hove H, Kyhl K, Folkestad L, Gaustadnes M, Vejlstrup N, Stochholm K, Østergaard JR, Andersen NH, Gravholt CH. Prevalence, incidence, and age at diagnosis in Marfan Syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:153. [PMID: 26631233 PMCID: PMC4668669 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality. Presently, clinicians use the 2010 revised Ghent nosology, which includes optional genetic sequencing of the FBN1 gene, to diagnose patients. So far, only a few studies based on older diagnostic criteria have reported a wide range of prevalence and incidence. Our aim was to study prevalence, incidence, and age at diagnosis in patients with Marfan syndrome. METHOD Using unique Danish patient-registries, we identified all possible Marfan syndrome patients recorded by the Danish healthcare system (1977-2014). Following, we confirmed or rejected the diagnosis according to the 2010 revised Ghent nosology. RESULTS We identified a total of 1628 persons with possible Marfan syndrome. We confirmed the diagnosis in 412, whereof 46 were deceased, yielding a maximum prevalence of 6.5/100,000 at the end of 2014. The annual median incidence was 0.19/100,000 (range: 0.0-0.7) which increased significantly with an incidence rate ratio of 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02-1.04, p < 0.001). We found a median age at diagnose of 19.0 years (range: 0.0-74). The age at diagnosis increased during the study period, uninfluenced by the changes in diagnostic criteria. We found no gender differences. CONCLUSION The increasing prevalence of Marfan syndrome during the study period is possibly due to build-up of a registry. Since early diagnosis is essential in preventing aortic events, diagnosing Marfan syndrome remains a task for both pediatricians and physicians caring for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian A Groth
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Hanne Hove
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The RAREDIS Database, Section of Rare Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Kyhl
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Folkestad
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Reasearch, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mette Gaustadnes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Vejlstrup
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Stochholm
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John R Østergaard
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Palagano E, Blair HC, Pangrazio A, Tourkova I, Strina D, Angius A, Cuccuru G, Oppo M, Uva P, Van Hul W, Boudin E, Superti-Furga A, Faletra F, Nocerino A, Ferrari MC, Grappiolo G, Monari M, Montanelli A, Vezzoni P, Villa A, Sobacchi C. Buried in the Middle but Guilty: Intronic Mutations in the TCIRG1 Gene Cause Human Autosomal Recessive Osteopetrosis. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1814-21. [PMID: 25829125 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a rare genetic bone disease with genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, sometimes translating into delayed diagnosis and treatment. In particular, cases of intermediate severity often constitute a diagnostic challenge and represent good candidates for exome sequencing. Here, we describe the tortuous path to identification of the molecular defect in two siblings, in which osteopetrosis diagnosed in early childhood followed a milder course, allowing them to reach the adult age in relatively good conditions with no specific therapy. No clearly pathogenic mutation was identified either with standard amplification and resequencing protocols or with exome sequencing analysis. While evaluating the possible impact of a 3'UTR variant on the TCIRG1 expression, we found a novel single nucleotide change buried in the middle of intron 15 of the TCIRG1 gene, about 150 nucleotides away from the closest canonical splice site. By sequencing a number of independent cDNA clones covering exons 14 to 17, we demonstrated that this mutation reduced splicing efficiency but did not completely abrogate the production of the normal transcript. Prompted by this finding, we sequenced the same genomic region in 33 patients from our unresolved ARO cohort and found three additional novel single nucleotide changes in a similar location and with a predicted disruptive effect on splicing, further confirmed in one of them at the transcript level. Overall, we identified an intronic region in TCIRG1 that seems to be particularly prone to splicing mutations, allowing the production of a small amount of protein sufficient to reduce the severity of the phenotype usually associated with TCIRG1 defects. On this basis, we would recommend including TCIRG1 not only in the molecular work-up of severe infantile osteopetrosis but also in intermediate cases and carefully evaluating the possible effects of intronic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Palagano
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Harry C Blair
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alessandra Pangrazio
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Irina Tourkova
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario Strina
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Angius
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gianmauro Cuccuru
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy
| | - Manuela Oppo
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, Italy
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline Boudin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Nocerino
- Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "S Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | - Matteo C Ferrari
- Hip and Prosthetic Replacement Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Guido Grappiolo
- Hip and Prosthetic Replacement Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marta Monari
- Clinical Investigation Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Montanelli
- Clinical Investigation Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Vezzoni
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- UOS/IRGB, Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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27
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Richard E, Pérez B, Pérez-Cerdá C, Desviat LR. Understanding molecular mechanisms in propionic acidemia and investigated therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1092380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Ramachandra CJA, Mehta A, Guo KWQ, Wong P, Tan JL, Shim W. Molecular pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2015; 187:585-91. [PMID: 25863307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple organs. Mortality imposed by aortic aneurysm and dissections represent the most serious clinical manifestation of MFS. Progressive pathological aortic root enlargement as the result of degeneration of microfibril architecture and consequential loss of extracellular matrix integrity due to fibrillin-1 (FBN1) mutations are commonly diagnosed clinical manifestations of MFS. However, overlapping clinical manifestations with other aneurysmal disorders present a significant challenge in early and accurate diagnosis of MFS. While FBN1 mutations, abnormal transforming growth factor-β signaling and dysregulated matrix metalloproteinases have been implicated in MFS, clinically accepted risk-stratifying biomarkers have yet to be reliably identified. In this review, we summarize current consensus and recent insights in the understanding of MFS pathogenesis. Finally, we introduce the application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as cellular models for MFS and its potential as a novel platform into providing better appreciation of mechanisms underlying MFS diverse manifestations in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Mehta
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Philip Wong
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ju Le Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston Shim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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29
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Vandeweyer G, Van Laer L, Loeys B, Van den Bulcke T, Kooy RF. VariantDB: a flexible annotation and filtering portal for next generation sequencing data. Genome Med 2014; 6:74. [PMID: 25352915 PMCID: PMC4210545 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of the multitude of variants obtained from next generation sequencing (NGS) is labor intensive and complex. Web-based interfaces such as Galaxy streamline the generation of variant lists but lack flexibility in the downstream annotation and filtering that are necessary to identify causative variants in medical genomics. To this end, we built VariantDB, a web-based interactive annotation and filtering platform that automatically annotates variants with allele frequencies, functional impact, pathogenicity predictions and pathway information. VariantDB allows filtering by all annotations, under dominant, recessive or de novo inheritance models and is freely available at http://www.biomina.be/app/variantdb/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Vandeweyer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium ; Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium ; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium
| | - Bart Loeys
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium ; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Bulcke
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp Belgium
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30
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Franken R, Heesterbeek TJ, de Waard V, Zwinderman AH, Pals G, Mulder BJM, Groenink M. Diagnosis and genetics of Marfan syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.950223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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