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Naamneh Elzenaty R, Kouri C, Martinez de Lapiscina I, Sauter KS, Moreno F, Camats-Tarruella N, Flück CE. NR5A1/SF-1 Collaborates with Inhibin α and the Androgen Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10109. [PMID: 39337600 PMCID: PMC11432463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is a nuclear receptor that regulates steroidogenesis and reproductive development. NR5A1/SF-1 variants are associated with a broad spectrum of phenotypes across individuals with disorders of sex development (DSDs). Oligogenic inheritance has been suggested as an explanation. SF-1 interacts with numerous partners. Here, we investigated a constellation of gene variants identified in a 46,XY severely undervirilized individual carrying an ACMG-categorized 'pathogenic' NR5A1/SF-1 variant in comparison to the healthy carrier father. Candidate genes were revealed by whole exome sequencing, and pathogenicity was predicted by different in silico tools. We found variants in NR1H2 and INHA associated with steroidogenesis, sex development, and reproduction. The identified variants were tested in cell models. Novel SF-1 and NR1H2 binding sites in the AR and INHA gene promoters were found. Transactivation studies showed that wild-type NR5A1/SF-1 regulates INHA and AR gene expression, while the NR5A1/SF-1 variant had decreased transcriptional activity. NR1H2 was found to regulate AR gene transcription; however, the NR1H2 variant showed normal activity. This study expands the NR5A1/SF-1 network of interacting partners, while not solving the exact interplay of different variants that might be involved in revealing the observed DSD phenotype. It also illustrates that understanding complex genetics in DSDs is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.N.E.); (C.K.); (I.M.d.L.); (K.-S.S.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chrysanthi Kouri
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.N.E.); (C.K.); (I.M.d.L.); (K.-S.S.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Idoia Martinez de Lapiscina
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.N.E.); (C.K.); (I.M.d.L.); (K.-S.S.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.N.E.); (C.K.); (I.M.d.L.); (K.-S.S.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francisca Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Núria Camats-Tarruella
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Christa E. Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.N.E.); (C.K.); (I.M.d.L.); (K.-S.S.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Wacharasindhu S, Ittiwut C, Ittiwut R, Aroonparkmongkol S, Suphapeetiporn K. A Novel NR5A1 Mutation in a Thai Boy with 46, XY DSD. J Pediatr Genet 2024; 13:181-184. [PMID: 39086445 PMCID: PMC11288713 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) can be classified as 46,XX DSD, 46,XY DSD, and sex chromosome DSD. Several underlying causes including associated genes have been reported. Steroidogenic factor-1 is encoded by the NR5A1 gene, a crucial regulator of steroidogenesis in the growth of the adrenal and gonadal tissues. It has been discovered to be responsible for 10 to 20% of 46, XY DSD cases. Here, we described a 2-month-old infant who had ambiguous genitalia and 46, XY. Using whole exome sequencing followed by polymerase chain reaction-Sanger sequencing, a novel heterozygous nonsense c.1249C > T (p.Gln417Ter) variant in the NR5A1 gene was identified. It is present in his mother but absent in his father and maternal aunt and uncle. At the age of 7 months, the patient received a monthly intramuscular injection of low-dose testosterone for 3 months in a row. His penile length and diameter increased from 1.8 to 3 cm and from 0.8 to 1.3 cm, respectively. The patient also had normal adrenal reserve function by adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test. This study identified a novel causative p.Q417X (c.1249C > T) variant in NR5A1 causing 46,XY DSD in a Thai boy which is inherited from his unaffected mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttipong Wacharasindhu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chupong Ittiwut
- Central Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Ittiwut
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphab Aroonparkmongkol
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kostopoulou E, Eliades A, Papatheodoropoulou A, Sertedaki A, Sinopidis X, Tzelepi V, Jang S, Seo GH, Chrysis D. 46,ΧΥ DSD in an adolescent with a novel de novo variant of the NR5A1 gene - case report and literature review. Hormones (Athens) 2024:10.1007/s42000-024-00589-0. [PMID: 39048863 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-024-00589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In addition to chromosomal abnormalities, several genes have been implicated as causes of disorders of sex development (DSD). The NR5A1 gene expresses SF1, a transcription factor that plays a role in steroidogenesis by controlling multiple stages of adrenal and gonadal development, its mutations having been reported in cases of DSD. CASE PRESENTATION A 15-year-old teenager was admitted to the Children's ICU of a tertiary center due to acute encephalitis. On physical examination, labia majora and minora, open vaginal opening, and a 4.8 cm phallus (stretched length) in the anatomical position of the clitoris were identified. The patient also presented with hirsutism, breast development was Tanner stage I, and pubic hair was Tanner V. Medical history revealed primary amenorrhea. Imaging studies revealed oval formations primarily compatible with testicular parenchyma in the anatomical location of the inguinal ducts. The karyotype identified a 46,XY individual, while whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed the presence of a heterozygous pathogenic splice site variant of the NR5A1 gene (NM_004959.5), c.990G > C, p.Glu330Asp, which, on further genetic testing of the parents, was proven to be de novo. According to psychiatric assessment, the patient self-identifies as a female. Laparoscopic exploration showed no residual Mullerian ducts or the presence of testicular tissue. A gonadectomy was performed and hormone replacement therapy with estrogens was initiated. CONCLUSION We describe a rare case of 46,XY DSD in an phenotypically female adolescent carrying the novel de novo p.Glu330Asp variant of the NR5A1 gene. We also highlight the frequent delay in diagnosis of ambiguous external genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kostopoulou
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece.
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, 26500, Greece.
| | - Andreas Eliades
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Amalia Sertedaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, ENDO-ERN Center for Rare Paediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | | | - Go Hun Seo
- , 3Billion inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dionysios Chrysis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, 26500, Greece
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Snipes M, Stokes S, Vidalin A, Moore LD, Schlabritz-Lutsevich N, Maher J. Phenotype-Genotype Discordance and a Case of a Disorder of Sexual Differentiation. Case Rep Genet 2024; 2024:9936936. [PMID: 39050587 PMCID: PMC11268958 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9936936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Discordance between the genetic sex and phenotype seen on ultrasound can identify disorders of sexual development (DSD) that previously escaped detection until puberty. We describe a 46, XY disorder of sexual differentiation caused by a rare mutation in the SF1 gene (OMIM]184757, (NR5A1). The mutation (NR5A1)-c.205C > G (p. Arg69Gly) was discovered after a phenotype-genotype discrepancy was encountered during prenatal care. The baby with 46, XY DSD has female external genitalia but evidence of Y chromosome-related regression of Müllerian structures and the absence of palpable gonads. We discussed the literature on phenotype-genotype discrepancy and the importance of care coordination between the antenatal and postnatal teams to ensure a timely diagnosis of DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Snipes
- Augusta University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Stokes
- Augusta University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Vidalin
- Augusta University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lee D. Moore
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | | | - James Maher
- Augusta University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta, GA, USA
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5
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Ramos L. A novel heterozygous SF1/ NR5A1 gene variant causes 46,XY DSD-gonadal dysgenesis with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism without adrenal insufficiency. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101160. [PMID: 38515935 PMCID: PMC10955201 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico
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Kırkgöz T, Gürsoy S, Acar S, Köprülü Ö, Özkaya B, Arslan G, Nalbantoğlu Ö, Hazan F, Özkan B. Identification of a novel homozygous NR5A1 variant in a patient with a 46,XY disorders of sex development. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 37:575-579. [PMID: 38650427 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1) is a transcription factor critical for the development of various organs. Pathogenic variants in NR5A1 are associated with a spectrum of disorders of sex development (DSD). CASE PRESENTATION A 15-month-old baby, raised as a girl, was referred for genital swelling and ambiguous genitalia. Born to healthy consanguineous parents, the baby had a phallus, perineal hypospadias, labial fusion, and a hypoplastic scrotum. Hormonal evaluation showed normal levels, and ultrasonography revealed small gonads and absence of Müllerian derivatives. Post-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) testing indicated an adequate testosterone response. The karyotype was 46,XY, and in it was found a homozygous NR5A1 variant (c.307 C>T, p.Arg103Trp) in a custom 46 XY DSD gene panel. Notably, the patient exhibited complete sex reversal, hyposplenia, and no adrenal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS Previously, NR5A1 pathogenic variants were considered to be dominantly inherited, and homozygous cases were thought to be associated with adrenal insufficiency. Despite the homozygous pathogenic variant, our patient showed hyposplenism with normal adrenal function; this highlights the complexity of NR5A1 genotype-phenotype correlations. These patients should be monitored for adrenal insufficiency and DSD as well as splenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarık Kırkgöz
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Semra Gürsoy
- Deparment of Paediatric Genetics, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sezer Acar
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Özge Köprülü
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Beyhan Özkaya
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülçin Arslan
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Nalbantoğlu
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Hazan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Behzat Özkan
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
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7
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Luppino G, Wasniewska M, Coco R, Pepe G, Morabito LA, Li Pomi A, Corica D, Aversa T. Role of NR5A1 Gene Mutations in Disorders of Sex Development: Molecular and Clinical Features. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4519-4532. [PMID: 38785542 PMCID: PMC11119465 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Disorders/differences of sex development (DSDs) are defined as broad, heterogenous groups of congenital conditions characterized by atypical development of genetic, gonadal, or phenotypic sex accompanied by abnormal development of internal and/or external genitalia. NR5A1 gene mutation is one of the principal genetic alterations implicated in causing DSD. This review outlines the role of NR5A1 gene during the process of gonadal development in humans, provides an overview of the molecular and functional characteristics of NR5A1 gene, and discusses potential clinical phenotypes and additional organ diseases due to NR5A1 mutations. NR5A1 mutations were analyzed in patients with 46,XY DSD and 46,XX DSD both during the neonatal and pubertal periods. Loss of function of the NR5A1 gene causes several different phenotypes, including some associated with disease in additional organs. Clinical phenotypes may vary, even among patients carrying the same NR5A1 variant, indicating that there is no specific genotype-phenotype correlation. Genetic tests are crucial diagnostic tools that should be used early in the diagnostic pathway, as early as the neonatal period, when gonadal dysgenesis is the main manifestation of NR5A1 mutation. NR5A1 gene mutations could be mainly associated with amenorrhea, ovarian failure, hypogonadism, and infertility during puberty. Fertility preservation techniques should be considered as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luppino
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (G.P.); (A.L.P.); (D.C.); (T.A.)
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (G.P.); (A.L.P.); (D.C.); (T.A.)
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Roberto Coco
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (G.P.); (A.L.P.); (D.C.); (T.A.)
| | - Giorgia Pepe
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (G.P.); (A.L.P.); (D.C.); (T.A.)
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Letteria Anna Morabito
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Li Pomi
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (G.P.); (A.L.P.); (D.C.); (T.A.)
| | - Domenico Corica
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (G.P.); (A.L.P.); (D.C.); (T.A.)
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Aversa
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (G.P.); (A.L.P.); (D.C.); (T.A.)
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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8
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Lillepea K, Juchnewitsch AG, Kasak L, Valkna A, Dutta A, Pomm K, Poolamets O, Nagirnaja L, Tamp E, Mahyari E, Vihljajev V, Tjagur S, Papadimitriou S, Riera-Escamilla A, Versbraegen N, Farnetani G, Castillo-Madeen H, Sütt M, Kübarsepp V, Tennisberg S, Korrovits P, Krausz C, Aston KI, Lenaerts T, Conrad DF, Punab M, Laan M. Toward clinical exomes in diagnostics and management of male infertility. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:877-895. [PMID: 38614076 PMCID: PMC11080280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Infertility, affecting ∼10% of men, is predominantly caused by primary spermatogenic failure (SPGF). We screened likely pathogenic and pathogenic (LP/P) variants in 638 candidate genes for male infertility in 521 individuals presenting idiopathic SPGF and 323 normozoospermic men in the ESTAND cohort. Molecular diagnosis was reached for 64 men with SPGF (12%), with findings in 39 genes (6%). The yield did not differ significantly between the subgroups with azoospermia (20/185, 11%), oligozoospermia (18/181, 10%), and primary cryptorchidism with SPGF (26/155, 17%). Notably, 19 of 64 LP/P variants (30%) identified in 28 subjects represented recurrent findings in this study and/or with other male infertility cohorts. NR5A1 was the most frequently affected gene, with seven LP/P variants in six SPGF-affected men and two normozoospermic men. The link to SPGF was validated for recently proposed candidate genes ACTRT1, ASZ1, GLUD2, GREB1L, LEO1, RBM5, ROS1, and TGIF2LY. Heterozygous truncating variants in BNC1, reported in female infertility, emerged as plausible causes of severe oligozoospermia. Data suggested that several infertile men may present congenital conditions with less pronounced or pleiotropic phenotypes affecting the development and function of the reproductive system. Genes regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were affected in >30% of subjects with LP/P variants. Six individuals had more than one LP/P variant, including five with two findings from the gene panel. A 4-fold increased prevalence of cancer was observed in men with genetic infertility compared to the general male population (8% vs. 2%; p = 4.4 × 10-3). Expanding genetic testing in andrology will contribute to the multidisciplinary management of SPGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Lillepea
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna-Grete Juchnewitsch
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Kasak
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Valkna
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Avirup Dutta
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Pomm
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olev Poolamets
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Nagirnaja
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Erik Tamp
- Center of Pathology, Diagnostic Clinic, East Tallinn Central Hospital, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Stanislav Tjagur
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofia Papadimitriou
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antoni Riera-Escamilla
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nassim Versbraegen
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ginevra Farnetani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Helen Castillo-Madeen
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mailis Sütt
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viljo Kübarsepp
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Clinic of Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sven Tennisberg
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul Korrovits
- Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Kenneth I Aston
- Andrology and IVF Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tom Lenaerts
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donald F Conrad
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Center for Embryonic Cell & Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97239, USA
| | - Margus Punab
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Maris Laan
- Chair of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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9
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Del Gobbo GF, Wang X, Couse M, Mackay L, Goldsmith C, Marshall AE, Liang Y, Lambert C, Zhang S, Dhillon H, Fanslow C, Rowell WJ, Marshall CR, Kernohan KD, Boycott KM. Long-read genome sequencing reveals a novel intronic retroelement insertion in NR5A1 associated with 46,XY differences of sexual development. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63522. [PMID: 38131126 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in rare genetic disease diagnostics, many patients with rare genetic disease remain without a molecular diagnosis. Novel tools and methods are needed to improve the detection of disease-associated variants and understand the genetic basis of many rare diseases. Long-read genome sequencing provides improved sequencing in highly repetitive, homologous, and low-complexity regions, and improved assessment of structural variation and complex genomic rearrangements compared to short-read genome sequencing. As such, it is a promising method to explore overlooked genetic variants in rare diseases with a high suspicion of a genetic basis. We therefore applied PacBio HiFi sequencing in a large multi-generational family presenting with autosomal dominant 46,XY differences of sexual development (DSD), for whom extensive molecular testing over multiple decades had failed to identify a molecular diagnosis. This revealed a rare SINE-VNTR-Alu retroelement insertion in intron 4 of NR5A1, a gene in which loss-of-function variants are an established cause of 46,XY DSD. The insertion segregated among affected family members and was associated with loss-of-expression of alleles in cis, demonstrating a functional impact on NR5A1. This case highlights the power of long-read genome sequencing to detect genomic variants that have previously been intractable to detection by standard short-read genomic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia F Del Gobbo
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Madeline Couse
- Centre for Computational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Layla Mackay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Claire Goldsmith
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Aren E Marshall
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yijing Liang
- Centre for Computational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Siyuan Zhang
- PacBio of California, Inc, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristin D Kernohan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Newborn Screening Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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10
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Wang J, Sun Y, Deng Q, Wang X, Cai W, Chen Y. A novel MAMLD1 variant in a newborn with hypospadias and elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Hormones (Athens) 2024; 23:171-178. [PMID: 37996649 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disorders of sex development (DSD) have complex pathogenesis, and evidence suggests an association between MAMLD1 defects and DSD. MAMLD1 is expressed in gonadal tissues and affected males exhibit hypospadias, steroid hormone abnormalities, or gonadal underdevelopment. We performed genetic testing on a newborn patient with severe hypospadias and an elevation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OH) for the diagnosis of DSD. METHODS Genetic testing of the proband and parents was conducted using whole-exome and Sanger sequencing. The identified variant was transfected into HEK293T cells to assess mutant protein expression using western blot (WB) and into steroidogenic NCI-H295R cells to assess MAMLD1 and CYP17A1 transcript levels using qPCR. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to construct a structural model and analyze potential biological implications. RESULTS A novel heterozygous variant was identified in the proband's MAMLD1, NM_005491.5: c.1619_1637del (p.Gln540Alafs*72), inherited from the mother. In transfected cells, the wild-type and mutant proteins were 86.2 and 68.3 kDa, respectively, indicating the formation of a truncated protein. While MAMLD1 transcription was not affected, CYP17A1 transcription levels decreased with the variant compared to wild-type, suggesting an impact on the transactivation of CYP17A1. The truncated protein exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity, owing to the absence of the C-terminal structural portion, resulting in a looser protein structure. CONCLUSION Severe hypospadias in the proband may be attributed to a novel MAMLD1 variant, whereas the 17α-OH elevation might be related to interference with CYP17A1 transcriptional activation. This study expands the spectrum of MAMLD1 variants and underscores the critical role of genetic testing in the diagnosis of DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Wangjiang Road & No.39, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yafeng Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Wangjiang Road & No.39, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Deng
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Wangjiang Road & No.39, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Wangjiang Road & No.39, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjuan Cai
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Wangjiang Road & No.39, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Wangjiang Road & No.39, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
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11
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Pons Fernández N, Moriano Gutiérrez A, Taberner Pazos B, Tarragon Cros A, Díez Gandía E, Zuñiga Cabrera Á. A novel mutation in the NNT gene causing familial glucocorticoid deficiency, with a literature review. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:70-81. [PMID: 37352919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low cortisol levels despite elevated adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Mineralocorticoid secretion is classically normal. Clinical manifestations are secondary to low cortisol levels (recurrent hypoglycemia, chronic asthenia, failure to thrive, seizures) and high levels of ACTH (cutaneous-mucosal hyperpigmentation). FGD is often caused by mutations in the ACTH melanocortin 2 receptor gene (MC2R, 18p11.21, FGD type 1) or melanocortin receptor 2 accessory protein gene (MRAP, 21q22.11, FGD type 2). But mutations have also been described in other genes: the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR, 8q11.2q13.2, FGD type 3), nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT, 5p12, FGD type 4) and thioredoxin reductase 2 genes (TXNRD2, 22q11.21, FGD type 5). We report the case of a 3-year-old boy recently diagnosed with FGD type 4 due to a novel mutation in NNT gene. A homozygous variant in exon 18 of the NNT gene, NM_012343.3:c.2764C>T, p.(Arg922*), determines a stop codon and, consequently, a non-functional truncated protein or absence of protein due to the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) mechanism. We review the recent literature on NNT mutations and clinical presentations, which are broader than suspected. This disorder can result in significant morbidity and is potentially fatal if untreated. Precise diagnosis allows correct treatment and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Pons Fernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Lluís-Alcanyís, Ctra, Xàtiva a Silla km 2, 46800 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Moriano Gutiérrez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Lluís-Alcanyís, Ctra, Xàtiva a Silla km 2, 46800 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Taberner Pazos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Lluís-Alcanyís, Ctra, Xàtiva a Silla km 2, 46800 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Eva Díez Gandía
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Lluís-Alcanyís, Ctra, Xàtiva a Silla km 2, 46800 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Zuñiga Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Cools M, Grijp C, Neirinck J, Tavernier SJ, Schelstraete P, Van De Velde J, Morbée L, De Baere E, Bonroy C, van Bever Y, Bruggenwirth H, Vermont C, Hannema SE, De Rijke Y, Abdulhadi-Atwan M, Zangen D, Verdin H, Haerynck F. Spleen function is reduced in individuals with NR5A1 variants with or without a difference of sex development: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:34-43. [PMID: 38128121 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NR5A1 is a key regulator of sex differentiation and has been implicated in spleen development through transcription activation of TLX1. Concerns exist about hypo- or asplenism in individuals who have a difference of sex development (DSD) due to an NR5A1 disease-causing variant. We aimed to assess spleen anatomy and function in a clinical cohort of such individuals and in their asymptomatic family member carriers. DESIGN Cross-sectional assessment in 22 patients with a DSD or primary ovarian insufficiency and 5 asymptomatic carriers from 18 families, harboring 14 different NR5A1 variants. METHODS Spleen anatomy was assessed by ultrasound, spleen function by peripheral blood cell count, white blood cell differentiation, percentage of nonswitched memory B cells, specific pneumococcal antibody response, % pitted red blood cells, and Howell-Jolly bodies. RESULTS Patients and asymptomatic heterozygous individuals had significantly decreased nonswitched memory B cells compared to healthy controls, but higher than asplenic patients. Thrombocytosis and spleen hypoplasia were present in 50% of heterozygous individuals. Four out of 5 individuals homozygous for the previously described p.(Arg103Gln) variant had asplenia. CONCLUSIONS Individuals harboring a heterozygous NR5A1 variant that may cause DSD have a considerable risk for functional hyposplenism, irrespective of their gonadal phenotype. Splenic function should be assessed in these individuals, and if affected or unknown, prophylaxis is recommended to prevent invasive encapsulated bacterial infections. The splenic phenotype associated with NR5A1 variants is more severe in homozygous individuals and is, at least for the p.(Arg103Gln) variant, associated with asplenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cools
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Celien Grijp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Neirinck
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Ghent University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon J Tavernier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, PID Research Lab, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Schelstraete
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Van De Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Morbée
- Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolien Bonroy
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Ghent University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yolande van Bever
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hennie Bruggenwirth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clementien Vermont
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine E Hannema
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda De Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maha Abdulhadi-Atwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Palestine Red Crescent Society Hospital, PO Box 421, Hebron, Palestine
| | - David Zangen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hannah Verdin
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, PID Research Lab, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Centre for Primary Immune Deficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for PID, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Kouri C, Sommer G, Martinez de Lapiscina I, Elzenaty RN, Tack LJW, Cools M, Ahmed SF, Flück CE. Clinical and genetic characteristics of a large international cohort of individuals with rare NR5A1/SF-1 variants of sex development. EBioMedicine 2024; 99:104941. [PMID: 38168586 PMCID: PMC10797150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1/NR5A1) is essential for human sex development. Heterozygous NR5A1/SF-1 variants manifest with a broad range of phenotypes of differences of sex development (DSD), which remain unexplained. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis on the so far largest international cohort of individuals with NR5A1/SF-1 variants, identified through the I-DSD registry and a research network. FINDINGS Among 197 individuals with NR5A1/SF-1 variants, we confirmed diverse phenotypes. Over 70% of 46, XY individuals had a severe DSD phenotype, while 90% of 46, XX individuals had female-typical sex development. Close to 100 different novel and known NR5A1/SF-1 variants were identified, without specific hot spots. Additionally, likely disease-associated variants in other genes were reported in 32 individuals out of 128 tested (25%), particularly in those with severe or opposite sex DSD phenotypes. Interestingly, 48% of these variants were found in known DSD or SF-1 interacting genes, but no frequent gene-clusters were identified. Sex registration at birth varied, with <10% undergoing reassignment. Gonadectomy was performed in 30% and genital surgery in 58%. Associated organ anomalies were observed in 27% of individuals with a DSD, mainly concerning the spleen. Intrafamilial phenotypes also varied considerably. INTERPRETATION The observed phenotypic variability in individuals and families with NR5A1/SF-1 variants is large and remains unpredictable. It may often not be solely explained by the monogenic pathogenicity of the NR5A1/SF-1 variants but is likely influenced by additional genetic variants and as-yet-unknown factors. FUNDING Swiss National Science Foundation (320030-197725) and Boveri Foundation Zürich, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Kouri
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Grit Sommer
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Idoia Martinez de Lapiscina
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland; Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and Other Endocrine Disorders, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Endo-ERN, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Lloyd J W Tack
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
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14
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Wei X, Li S, He Y. NR5A1-related 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36725. [PMID: 38206718 PMCID: PMC10754607 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) include a diverse group of congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is discordant. It involves several variant genes, and one of them is NR5A1. NR5A1 encodes a signal transduction regulator in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway, and pathogenic mutation in this gene is a cause of 46,XY DSD. PATIENT CONCERNS A 12-year-old individual raised as a girl was admitted to the hospital due to hirsutism and a deep voice that began at 11 years old. The individual exhibited testicular hypoplasia, clitoral hypertrophy, and female external genitalia. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis. The cytogenetics revealed a 46,XY karyotype and DNA sequencing shown a variant in NR5A1. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed absence of uterus and ovaries. The abdominopelvic ultrasound revealed bilateral testicle in bilateral groin. Pathology confirmed testes dysgenesis. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent bilateral orchiectomy at age 12 years and was given a feminizing hormonal treatment of 0.5 mg/day of estradiol valerate tablets. OUTCOMES The patient recovered well after surgery and hormonal treatment and had a regression in hirsutism and clitoromegaly. LESSONS 46,XY DSD is a rare disease that the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is discordant, when diagnosed 46,XY DSD, the identification of an NR5A1 variant should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education, Nanning city, Guangxi, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education, Nanning city, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education, Nanning city, Guangxi, China
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15
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Souali-Crespo S, Condrea D, Vernet N, Féret B, Klopfenstein M, Grandgirard E, Alunni V, Cerciat M, Jung M, Mayere C, Nef S, Mark M, Chalmel F, Ghyselinck NB. Loss of NR5A1 in mouse Sertoli cells after sex determination changes cellular identity and induces cell death by anoikis. Development 2023; 150:dev201710. [PMID: 38078651 PMCID: PMC10753587 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the nuclear receptor NR5A1 in the testis after sex determination, we analyzed mice lacking NR5A1 in Sertoli cells (SCs) from embryonic day (E) 13.5 onwards. Ablation of Nr5a1 impaired the expression of genes characteristic of SC identity (e.g. Sox9 and Amh), caused SC death from E14.5 onwards through a Trp53-independent mechanism related to anoikis, and induced disorganization of the testis cords. Together, these effects caused germ cells to enter meiosis and die. Single-cell RNA-sequencing experiments revealed that NR5A1-deficient SCs changed their molecular identity: some acquired a 'pre-granulosa-like' cell identity, whereas other reverted to a 'supporting progenitor-like' cell identity, most of them being 'intersex' because they expressed both testicular and ovarian genes. Fetal Leydig cells (LCs) did not display significant changes, indicating that SCs are not required beyond E14.5 for their emergence or maintenance. In contrast, adult LCs were absent from postnatal testes. In addition, adult mutant males displayed persistence of Müllerian duct derivatives, decreased anogenital distance and reduced penis length, which could be explained by the loss of AMH and testosterone synthesis due to SC failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirine Souali-Crespo
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Diana Condrea
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Nadège Vernet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Betty Féret
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Klopfenstein
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Erwan Grandgirard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
- Imaging Center, IGBMC, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Violaine Alunni
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
- GenomEast Platform, France Génomique consortium, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Marie Cerciat
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
- GenomEast Platform, France Génomique consortium, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Matthieu Jung
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
- GenomEast Platform, France Génomique consortium, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Chloé Mayere
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Mark
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Norbert B. Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP-10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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16
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Yuan F, Bai K, Hou Y, Zou X, Sun J. Small Molecule Cocktails Promote Fibroblast-to-Leydig-like Cell Conversion for Hypogonadism Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2456. [PMID: 37896216 PMCID: PMC10610100 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Male hypogonadism arises from the inadequate production of testosterone (T) by the testes, primarily due to Leydig cell (LC) dysfunction. Small molecules possess several advantages, including high cell permeability, ease of synthesis, standardization, and low effective concentration. Recent investigations have illuminated the potential of small molecule combinations to facilitate direct lineage reprogramming, removing the need for transgenes by modulating cellular signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications. In this study, we have identified a specific cocktail of small molecules, comprising forskolin, DAPT, purmorphamine, 8-Br-cAMP, 20α-hydroxycholesterol, and SAG, capable of promoting the conversion of fibroblasts into Leydig-like cells (LLCs). These LLCs expressed key genes involved in testosterone synthesis, such as Star, Cyp11a1, and Hsd3b1, and exhibited the ability to secrete testosterone in vitro. Furthermore, they successfully restored serum testosterone levels in testosterone-castrated mice in vivo. The small molecule cocktails also induced alterations in the epigenetic marks, specifically H3K4me3, and enhanced chromosomal accessibility on core steroidogenesis genes. This study presents a reliable methodology for generating Leydig-like seed cells that holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jie Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, No. 1678 Dongfang Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200127, China; (F.Y.); (K.B.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.)
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17
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Martinez de Lapiscina I, Kouri C, Aurrekoetxea J, Sanchez M, Naamneh Elzenaty R, Sauter KS, Camats N, Grau G, Rica I, Rodriguez A, Vela A, Cortazar A, Alonso-Cerezo MC, Bahillo P, Bertholt L, Esteva I, Castaño L, Flück CE. Genetic reanalysis of patients with a difference of sex development carrying the NR5A1/SF-1 variant p.Gly146Ala has discovered other likely disease-causing variations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287515. [PMID: 37432935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NR5A1/SF-1 (Steroidogenic factor-1) variants may cause mild to severe differences of sex development (DSD) or may be found in healthy carriers. The NR5A1/SF-1 c.437G>C/p.Gly146Ala variant is common in individuals with a DSD and has been suggested to act as a susceptibility factor for adrenal disease or cryptorchidism. Since the allele frequency is high in the general population, and the functional testing of the p.Gly146Ala variant revealed inconclusive results, the disease-causing effect of this variant has been questioned. However, a role as a disease modifier is still possible given that oligogenic inheritance has been described in patients with NR5A1/SF-1 variants. Therefore, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS) in 13 DSD individuals harboring the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala variant to search for other DSD-causing variants and clarify the function of this variant for the phenotype of the carriers. Panel and whole-exome sequencing was performed, and data were analyzed with a filtering algorithm for detecting variants in NR5A1- and DSD-related genes. The phenotype of the studied individuals ranged from scrotal hypospadias and ambiguous genitalia in 46,XY DSD to opposite sex in both 46,XY and 46,XX. In nine subjects we identified either a clearly pathogenic DSD gene variant (e.g. in AR) or one to four potentially deleterious variants that likely explain the observed phenotype alone (e.g. in FGFR3, CHD7). Our study shows that most individuals carrying the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala variant, harbor at least one other deleterious gene variant which can explain the DSD phenotype. This finding confirms that the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala variant may not contribute to the pathogenesis of DSD and qualifies as a benign polymorphism. Thus, individuals, in whom the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala gene variant has been identified as the underlying genetic cause for their DSD in the past, should be re-evaluated with a NGS method to reveal the real genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Martinez de Lapiscina
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chrysanthi Kouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josu Aurrekoetxea
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research Group of Medical Oncology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mirian Sanchez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Núria Camats
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Growth and Development group, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Grau
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Itxaso Rica
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Amaia Rodriguez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Amaia Vela
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Alicia Cortazar
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Bahillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, x Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Bertholt
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel Esteva
- Endocrinology Section, Gender Identity Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Teoli J, Mallet D, Renault L, Gay CL, Labrune E, Bretones P, Giscard D’Estaing S, Cuzin B, Dijoud F, Roucher-Boulez F, Plotton I. Case Report: Longitudinal follow-up and testicular sperm extraction in a patient with a pathogenic NR5A1 (SF-1) frameshift variant: p.(Phe70Ser fs*5). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1171822. [PMID: 37409232 PMCID: PMC10319352 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1171822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), encoded by the nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1) gene, is a transcriptional factor crucial for adrenal and gonadal organogenesis. Pathogenic variants of NR5A1 are responsible for a wide spectrum of phenotypes with autosomal dominant inheritance including disorders of sex development and oligospermia-azoospermia in 46,XY adults. Preservation of fertility remains challenging in these patients. Objective The aim was to offer fertility preservation at the end of puberty in an NR5A1 mutated patient. Case report The patient was born of non-consanguineous parents, with a disorder of sex development, a small genital bud, perineal hypospadias, and gonads in the left labioscrotal fold and the right inguinal region. Neither uterus nor vagina was detected. The karyotype was 46,XY. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and testosterone levels were low, indicating testicular dysgenesis. The child was raised as a boy. At 9 years old, he presented with precocious puberty treated by triptorelin. At puberty, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), and testosterone levels increased, whereas AMH, inhibin B, and testicular volume were low, suggesting an impaired Sertoli cell function and a partially preserved Leydig cell function. A genetic study performed at almost 15 years old identified the new frameshift variant NM_004959.5: c.207del p.(Phe70Serfs*5) at a heterozygous state. He was thus addressed for fertility preservation. No sperm cells could be retrieved from three semen collections between the ages of 16 years 4 months and 16 years 10 months. A conventional bilateral testicular biopsy and testicular sperm extraction were performed at 17 years 10 months of age, but no sperm cells were found. Histological analysis revealed an aspect of mosaicism with seminiferous tubules that were either atrophic, with Sertoli cells only, or presenting an arrest of spermatogenesis at the spermatocyte stage. Conclusion We report a case with a new NR5A1 variant. The fertility preservation protocol proposed at the end of puberty did not allow any sperm retrieval for future parenthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Teoli
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Département des sciences biomédicales B, Institut des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Delphine Mallet
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
| | - Lucie Renault
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Claire-Lise Gay
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Institut Saint-Pierre, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Elsa Labrune
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Bretones
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sandrine Giscard D’Estaing
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Cuzin
- Chirurgie Urologique, Centre Lyonnais d’Urologie Bellecour, Lyon, France
| | - Frédérique Dijoud
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Florence Roucher-Boulez
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut Génétique, Reproduction & Développement (iGReD), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont–Ferrand, France
| | - Ingrid Plotton
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Unité Médicale de Biologie Endocrinienne, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Institut Cellule Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), Unité de Institut national de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1208, Centre de Recherche INSERM, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l’Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Hattori A, Fukami M. Nuclear Receptor Gene Variants Underlying Disorders/Differences of Sex Development through Abnormal Testicular Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:691. [PMID: 37189438 PMCID: PMC10135730 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadal development is the first step in human reproduction. Aberrant gonadal development during the fetal period is a major cause of disorders/differences of sex development (DSD). To date, pathogenic variants of three nuclear receptor genes (NR5A1, NR0B1, and NR2F2) have been reported to cause DSD via atypical testicular development. In this review article, we describe the clinical significance of the NR5A1 variants as the cause of DSD and introduce novel findings from recent studies. NR5A1 variants are associated with 46,XY DSD and 46,XX testicular/ovotesticular DSD. Notably, both 46,XX DSD and 46,XY DSD caused by the NR5A1 variants show remarkable phenotypic variability, to which digenic/oligogenic inheritances potentially contribute. Additionally, we discuss the roles of NR0B1 and NR2F2 in the etiology of DSD. NR0B1 acts as an anti-testicular gene. Duplications containing NR0B1 result in 46,XY DSD, whereas deletions encompassing NR0B1 can underlie 46,XX testicular/ovotesticular DSD. NR2F2 has recently been reported as a causative gene for 46,XX testicular/ovotesticular DSD and possibly for 46,XY DSD, although the role of NR2F2 in gonadal development is unclear. The knowledge about these three nuclear receptors provides novel insights into the molecular networks involved in the gonadal development in human fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hattori
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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20
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Zhang D, Wang D, Tong Y, Li M, Meng L, Song Q, Xin Y. A novel c.64G > T (p.G22C) NR5A1 variant in a Chinese adolescent with 46,XY disorders of sex development: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:182. [PMID: 37072715 PMCID: PMC10114376 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) face additional medical and psychological challenges. To optimize management and minimize hazards, correct and early clinical and molecular diagnosis is necessary. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 13-year-old Chinese adolescent with absent Müllerian derivatives and suspected testis in the inguinal area. History, examinations, and assistant examinations were available for clinical diagnosis of 46,XY DSD. The subsequent targeting specific disease-causing genes, comprising 360 endocrine disease-causing genes, was employed for molecular diagnosis. A novel variation in nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1) [c.64G > T (p.G22C)] was identified in the patient. In vitro functional analyses of the novel variant suggested no impairment to NR5A1 mRNA or protein expression relative to wild-type, and immunofluorescence confirmed similar localization of NR5A1 mutant to the cell nucleus. However, we observed decreased DNA-binding affinity by the NR5A1 variant, while dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that the mutant effectively downregulated the transactivation capacity of anti-Müllerian hormone. We described a novel NR5A1 variant and demonstrated its adverse effects on the functional integrity of the NR5A1 protein resulting in serious impairment of its modulation of gonadal development. CONCLUSIONS This study adds one novel NR5A1 variant to the pool of pathogenic variants and enriches the adolescents of information available about the mutation spectrum of this gene in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dajia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhe Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiutong Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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Gonen N, Eozenou C, Mitter R, Elzaiat M, Stévant I, Aviram R, Bernardo AS, Chervova A, Wankanit S, Frachon E, Commère PH, Brailly-Tabard S, Valon L, Barrio Cano L, Levayer R, Mazen I, Gobaa S, Smith JC, McElreavey K, Lovell-Badge R, Bashamboo A. In vitro cellular reprogramming to model gonad development and its disorders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabn9793. [PMID: 36598988 PMCID: PMC9812383 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn9793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, mutually antagonistic signaling cascades determine gonadal fate toward a testicular or ovarian identity. Errors in this process result in disorders of sex development (DSDs), characterized by discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex. The absence of an appropriate, accessible in vitro system is a major obstacle in understanding mechanisms of sex-determination/DSDs. Here, we describe protocols for differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent cells toward gonadal progenitors. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the in vitro-derived murine gonadal cells are equivalent to embryonic day 11.5 in vivo progenitors. Using similar conditions, Sertoli-like cells derived from 46,XY human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) exhibit sustained expression of testis-specific genes, secrete anti-Müllerian hormone, migrate, and form tubular structures. Cells derived from 46,XY DSD female hiPSCs, carrying an NR5A1 variant, show aberrant gene expression and absence of tubule formation. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated variant correction rescued the phenotype. This is a robust tool to understand mechanisms of sex determination and model DSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Gonen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Caroline Eozenou
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Human Developmental Genetics, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Richard Mitter
- Bioinformatics Core, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maëva Elzaiat
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Human Developmental Genetics, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Stévant
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Rona Aviram
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Andreia Sofia Bernardo
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Almira Chervova
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Somboon Wankanit
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Human Developmental Genetics, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Frachon
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Commère
- Cytometry and Biomarkers, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Brailly-Tabard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics, and Hormonology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Léo Valon
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Barrio Cano
- Cytometry and Biomarkers, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Inas Mazen
- Genetics Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - James C. Smith
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kenneth McElreavey
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Human Developmental Genetics, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Anu Bashamboo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Human Developmental Genetics, F-75015 Paris, France
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Baskin LS. Response to: Letter to Editor - Utility of Genetic Work-Up for 46, XY Patients with Severe Hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 2022:S1477-5131(22)00583-6. [PMID: 37005195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence S Baskin
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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23
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Srivastava P, Tenney J, Lodish M, Slavotinek A, Baskin L. Utility of genetic work-up for 46, XY patients with severe hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 2022:S1477-5131(22)00537-X. [PMID: 36496321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypospadias is a common congenital abnormality that has been increasing in prevalence over the last decades. Historically, 46, XY patients with severe hypospadias and descended scrotal testes at birth have frequently lacked a genetic diagnosis. Platforms for molecular genetic testing have become more readily available and can offer an insight into underlying genetic causes of severe hypospadias. The goal of this study was to define the anatomical characteristics of severe hypospadias that can accurately define patients with 46, XY severe hypospadias and determine the practical utility of performing molecular genetic testing in this group of patients. METHODS Patients who met the criteria for 46, XY severe hypospadias were offered a molecular genetic work-up in consultation with pediatric genetics. Patients were identified through chart review. Data extracted included karyotype, hypospadias phenotype including stretched penile length at diagnosis, age at genetic diagnosis, molecular genetic testing, pathogenic gene variant(s), gender identity, and clinical course. All patients underwent clinical genetic testing via 46, XY Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD) panels offered by Invitae®, GeneDx®, or Blueprint Genetics®. RESULTS Of the 14 patients that underwent genetic testing, there were 5 previously 27 published and 3 novel pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in genes associated with 28 46, XY severe hypospadias Table. Pathogenic variants were identified in AR (3), 29 SRD5A2 [1], NR5A1 [2], WT1 [1], and ARTX [1]. Two patients had a variant of unknown significance, one in FREM2 and another in CEP41. Four had negative gene panels. The patient with the WT1 pathogenic variant was subsequently found to have developed a Wilms tumor and the patients with NR5A1 pathogenic variants are now undergoing adrenal insufficiency surveillance. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Patients with 46,XY severe hypospadias and descended testes in the scrotum at birth can benefit from molecular genetic testing as their underlying disorders may reveal pathogenic variants that could have potentially life-altering consequences and change surveillance and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Srivastava
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, USA
| | - Jessica Tenney
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, USA
| | - Maya Lodish
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, USA
| | - Anna Slavotinek
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, USA
| | - Laurence Baskin
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Pediatric Urology, USA.
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24
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Dog-human translational genomics: state of the art and genomic resources. J Appl Genet 2022; 63:703-716. [PMID: 36074326 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Innovative models for medical research are strongly required nowadays. Convincing evidence supports dog as the most suitable spontaneous model for several human genetic diseases. Decades of studies on dog genome allowed the identification of hundreds of mutations causing genetic disorders, many of which are proposed as counterparts responsible for human diseases. Traditionally, the murine model is the most extensively used in human translational research. However, this species shows large physiological differences from humans, and it is kept under a controlled artificial environment. Conversely, canine genetic disorders often show pathophysiological and clinical features highly resembling the human counterpart. In addition, dogs share the same environment with humans; therefore, they are naturally exposed to many risk factors. Thus, different branches of translational medicine aim to study spontaneously occurring diseases in dogs to provide a more reliable model for human disorders. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the knowledge and resources available today for all the researchers involved in the field of dog-human translational medicine. Some of the main successful examples from dog-human translational genomics are reported, such as the canine association studies which helped to identify the causal mutation in the human counterpart. We also illustrated the ongoing projects aiming to create public canine big datasets. Finally, specific online databases are discussed along with several information resources that can speed up clinical translational research.
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25
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Lalli E, Figueiredo BC. Prolactin as an adrenocorticotropic hormone: Prolactin signalling is a conserved key regulator of sexually dimorphic adrenal gland function in health and disease. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200109. [PMID: 36000778 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A large number of previous reports described an effect of the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) on steroid hormone production by the adrenal cortex. However, those studies remained anecdotal and were never converted into a conceptual and mechanistic framework, let alone being translated into clinical care. In the light of our recently published landmark study where we described PRL signalling as a pivotal regulator of the sexually dimorphic adrenal phenotype in mouse and of adrenal androgen production in humans, we present here the overarching hypothesis that PRL signalling increases the activity of Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1/NR5A1), a transcription factor that has an essential role in adrenal gland development and function, to regulate adrenal cortex growth and hormonal production in physiological and pathological conditions. PRL can then be considered as a bona fide adrenocorticotropic hormone synergizing with ACTH in the endocrine control of adrenal cortex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Lalli
- EXPOGEN-CANCER CNRS International Research Project, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, 06560, France.,Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bonald C Figueiredo
- EXPOGEN-CANCER CNRS International Research Project, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, 06560, France.,Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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26
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Sepponen K, Lundin K, Yohannes DA, Vuoristo S, Balboa D, Poutanen M, Ohlsson C, Hustad S, Bifulco E, Paloviita P, Otonkoski T, Ritvos O, Sainio K, Tapanainen JS, Tuuri T. Steroidogenic factor 1 (NR5A1) induces multiple transcriptional changes during differentiation of human gonadal-like cells. Differentiation 2022; 128:83-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Androgens are essential sex steroid hormones for both sexes. Testosterone (T) is the predominant androgen in males, while in adult females, T concentrations are about 15-fold lower and androgen precursors are converted to estrogens. T is produced primarily in testicular Leydig cells in men, while in women precursors are biosynthesised in the adrenal cortex and ovaries and converted into T in the periphery. The biosynthesis of T occurs via a series of enzymatic reactions in steroidogenic organs. Notably, the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, may be synthesized from T in the classic pathway, however, alternate metabolic pathways also exist. The classic action of androgens on target organs is mediated through the androgen receptor, which regulates nuclear receptor gene transcription. However, the androgen-androgen receptor complex may also interact directly with membrane proteins or signaling molecules to exert more rapid effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge of androgen biosynthesis, mechanisms of action and endocrine effects in human biology, and relates these effects to respective human congenital and acquired disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Therina du Toit
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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28
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Non-invasive Molecular Biomarkers for Predicting Outcomes of Micro-TESE in Patients with Idiopathic Non-obstructive Azoospermia. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e22. [PMID: 35659383 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Cheng K, Seita Y, Moriwaki T, Noshiro K, Sakata Y, Hwang YS, Torigoe T, Saitou M, Tsuchiya H, Iwatani C, Hosaka M, Ohkouchi T, Watari H, Umazume T, Sasaki K. The developmental origin and the specification of the adrenal cortex in humans and cynomolgus monkeys. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8485. [PMID: 35442744 PMCID: PMC9020778 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of the adrenal cortex, a vital endocrine organ, originates in the adrenogonadal primordium, a common progenitor for both the adrenocortical and gonadal lineages in rodents. In contrast, we find that in humans and cynomolgus monkeys, the adrenocortical lineage originates in a temporally and spatially distinct fashion from the gonadal lineage, arising earlier and more anteriorly within the coelomic epithelium. The adrenal primordium arises from adrenogenic coelomic epithelium via an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which then progresses into the steroidogenic fetal zone via both direct and indirect routes. Notably, we find that adrenocortical and gonadal lineages exhibit distinct HOX codes, suggesting distinct anterior-posterior regionalization. Together, our assessment of the early divergence of these lineages provides a molecular framework for understanding human adrenal and gonadal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Cheng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yasunari Seita
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer, Nagoya 460-0003, Japan
| | - Taku Moriwaki
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kiwamu Noshiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuka Sakata
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwatani
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hosaka
- Fukuzumi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Sapporo 062-0043, Japan
| | | | - Hidemichi Watari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sasaki
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author.
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30
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Boettcher C, Flück CE. Rare forms of genetic steroidogenic defects affecting the gonads and adrenals. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101593. [PMID: 34711511 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants have been found in all genes involved in the classic pathways of human adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. Depending on their function and severity, they cause characteristic disorders of corticosteroid and/or sex hormone deficiency, may result in atypical sex development at birth and/or puberty, and mostly lead to sexual dysfunction and infertility. Genetic disorders of steroidogenesis are all inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Loss of function mutations lead to typical phenotypes, while variants with partial activity may manifest with milder, non-classic, late-onset disorders that share similar phenotypes. Thus, these disorders of steroidogenesis are diagnosed by comprehensive phenotyping, steroid profiling and genetic testing using next generation sequencing techniques. Treatment comprises of steroid replacement therapies, but these are insufficient in many aspects. Therefore, studies are currently ongoing towards newer approaches such as lentiviral transmitted enzyme replacement therapy and reprogrammed stem cell-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Boettcher
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is determined by exhaustion of follicles in the ovaries, which leads to infertility before the age of 40 years. It is characterized by a strong familial and heterogeneous genetic background. Therefore, we will mainly discuss the genetic basis of POI in this review. We identified 107 genes related to POI etiology in mammals described by several independent groups. Thirty-four of these genes (AARS2, AIRE, ANTXR1, ATM, BMPR1B, CLPP, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, DCAF17, EIF2B, ERAL1, FANCA, FANCC, FMR1, FOXL2, GALT, GNAS, HARS2, HSD17B4, LARS2, LMNA, MGME1, NBN, PMM2, POLG, PREPL, RCBTB1, RECQL2/3/4, STAR, TWNK, and XRCC4/9) have been linked to syndromic POI and are mainly implicated in metabolism function and meiosis/DNA repair. In addition, the majority of genes associated with nonsyndromic POI, widely expanded by high-throughput techniques over the last decade, have been implicated in ovarian development and meiosis/DNA repair pathways (ATG7, ATG9, ANKRD31, BMP8B, BMP15, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BNC1, BRCA2, CPEB1, C14ORF39, DAZL, DIAPH2, DMC1, ERCC6, FANCL, FANCM, FIGLA, FSHR, GATA4, GDF9, GJA4, HELQ, HSF2BP, HFM1, INSL3, LHCGR, LHX8, MCM8, MCM9, MEIOB, MSH4, MSH5, NANOS3, NOBOX, NOTCH2, NR5A1, NUP107, PGRMC1, POLR3H, PRDM1, PRDM9, PSMC3IP, SOHLH1, SOHLH2, SPIDR, STAG3, SYCE1, TP63, UBR2, WDR62, and XRCC2), whereas a few are related to metabolic functions (EIF4ENIF1, KHDRBS1, MRPS22, POLR2C). Some genes, such as STRA8, FOXO3A, KIT, KITL, WNT4, and FANCE, have been shown to cause ovarian insufficiency in rodents, but mutations in these genes have yet to be elucidated in women affected by POI. Lastly, some genes have been rarely implicated in its etiology (AMH, AMHR2, ERRC2, ESR1, INHA, LMN4, POF1B, POU5F1, REC8, SMC1B). Considering the heterogeneous genetic and familial background of this disorder, we hope that an overview of literature data would reinforce that genetic screening of those patients is worthwhile and helpful for better genetic counseling and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Malheiros França
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Section of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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32
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Kouri C, Sommer G, Flück CE. Oligogenic Causes of Human Differences of Sex Development: Facing the Challenge of Genetic Complexity. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 96:169-179. [PMID: 34537773 DOI: 10.1159/000519691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deviations of intrauterine sex determination and differentiation and postnatal sex development can result in a very heterogeneous group of differences of sex development (DSD) with a broad spectrum of phenotypes. Variants in genes involved in sexual development cause different types of DSD, but predicting the phenotype from an individual's genotype and vice versa remains challenging. SUMMARY Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) studies suggested that oligogenic inheritance contributes to the broad manifestation of DSD phenotypes. This review will focus on possible oligogenic inheritance in DSD identified by NGS studies with a special emphasis on NR5A1variants as an example of oligogenic origin associated with a broad range of DSD phenotypes. We thoroughly searched the literature for evidence regarding oligogenic inheritance in DSD diagnosis with NGS technology and describe the challenges to interpret contribution of these genes to DSD phenotypic variability and pathogenicity. Key Messages: Variants in common DSD genes like androgen receptor (AR), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1), Hydroxy-Delta-5-Steroid Dehydrogenase 3 Beta- And Steroid Delta-Isomerase 2 (HSD3B2), GATA Binding Protein 4 (GATA4), zinc finger protein friend of GATA family member 2 (ZFPM2), 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3), mastermind-like domain-containing protein 1 (MAMLD1), and nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1) have been detected in combination with additional variants in related genes in DSD patients with a broad range of phenotypes, implying a role of oligogenic inheritance in DSD, while still awaiting proof. Use of NGS approach for genetic diagnosis of DSD patients can reveal more complex genetic traits supporting the concept of oligogenic cause of DSD. However, assessing the pathomechanistic contribution of multiple gene variants on a DSD phenotype remains an unsolved conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Kouri
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Grit Sommer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Kherouatou-Chaoui N, Chellat-Rezgoune D, Rezgoune ML, Mc Elreavey K, Touabti LS, Abadi N, Satta D. SRY and NR5A1 gene mutation in Algerian children and adolescents with DSD and testicular dysgenesis. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:1491-1497. [PMID: 35222615 PMCID: PMC8843263 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, sex determination and differentiation is genetically controlled. Disorders of sex development (DSD) result in anomalies of the development of the external and internal genitalia. Variants in transcription factors such as SRY, NR5A1 and SOX9, can cause changes in gonadal development often associated with ambiguity of the external genitalia. Objectives This study has been conducted to determine the frequency, types and associated genetic alterations in patients with DSD in the Algerian population. Methods Thirty patients were included. Based on their clinical presentation, thirteen patients presented with ambiguous external genitalia, thirteen patients presented with hypospadias and four patients presented with bilateral undescended testes. Karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes using standard R-banding. DNA was isolated from blood leukocytes for PCR reaction and mutational analysis of SRY and NR5A1 was done by direct sequencing. Results Most patients with ambiguous genitalia had a 46,XY karyotype. One patient had a deletion of SRY, otherwise no point mutations in SRY or NR5A1 genes were identified. However, a single NR5A1 polymorphism (p.Gly146Ala) in patient with 46,XX DSD has been detected. Conclusions The absence of mutations in these genes suggests that there are others genes playing an important role in sex development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Kherouatou-Chaoui
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology. Frères Mentouri University-Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Djalila Chellat-Rezgoune
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology. Frères Mentouri University-Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Larbi Rezgoune
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology. Frères Mentouri University-Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ken Mc Elreavey
- Human Genetic Developmental Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Noreddine Abadi
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetic, University Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Dalila Satta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology. Frères Mentouri University-Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
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An M, Liu Y, Zhang M, Hu K, Jin Y, Xu S, Wang H, Lu M. Targeted next-generation sequencing panel screening of 668 Chinese patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1997-2005. [PMID: 33728612 PMCID: PMC8417191 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed (1) to determine the molecular diagnosis rate and the recurrent causative genes of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel screening and (2) to discuss whether these genes help in the prognosis for microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE). METHODS We used NGS panels to screen 668 Chinese men with NOA. Micro-TESE outcomes for six patients with pathogenic mutations were followed up. Functional assays were performed for two NR5A1 variants identified: p.I224V and p.R281C. RESULTS Targeted NGS panel sequencing could explain 4/189 (2.1% by panel 1) or 10/479 (2.1% by panel 2) of the patients with NOA after exclusion of karyotype abnormalities and Y chromosome microdeletions. Almost all mutations detected were newly described except for NR5A1 p.R281C and TEX11 p.M156V. Two missense NR5A1 mutations-p.R281C and p.I244V-were proved to be deleterious by in vitro functional assays. Mutations in TEX11, TEX14, and NR5A1 genes are recurrent causes of NOA, but each gene explains only a very small percentage (less than 4/668; 0.6%). Only the patient with NR5A1 mutations produced viable spermatozoa through micro-TESE, but other patients with TEX11 and TEX14 had poor micro-TESE prognoses. CONCLUSIONS A targeted NGS panel is a feasible diagnostic method for patients with NOA. Because each gene implicated explains only a small proportion of such cases, more genes should be included to further increase the diagnostic rate. Considering previous reports, we suggest that only a few genes that are directly linked to meiosis can indicate poor micro-TESE prognosis, such as TEX11, TEX14, and SYCE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao An
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiran Xu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mujun Lu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Pignatti E, Flück CE. Adrenal cortex development and related disorders leading to adrenal insufficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111206. [PMID: 33607267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult human adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are crucial for life, supporting immune response, glucose homeostasis, salt balance and sexual maturation. It consists of three histologically distinct and functionally specialized zones. The fetal adrenal forms from mesodermal material and produces predominantly adrenal C19 steroids from its fetal zone, which involutes after birth. Transition to the adult cortex occurs immediately after birth for the formation of the zona glomerulosa and fasciculata for aldosterone and cortisol production and continues through infancy until the zona reticularis for adrenal androgen production is formed with adrenarche. The development of this indispensable organ is complex and not fully understood. This article gives an overview of recent knowledge gained of adrenal biology from two perspectives: one, from basic science studying adrenal development, zonation and homeostasis; and two, from adrenal disorders identified in persons manifesting with various isolated or syndromic forms of primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pignatti
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Laan M, Kasak L, Timinskas K, Grigorova M, Venclovas Č, Renaux A, Lenaerts T, Punab M. NR5A1 c.991-1G > C splice-site variant causes familial 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis with incomplete penetrance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:656-666. [PMID: 33296094 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to identify the genetic basis of partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) in a non-consanguineous family from Estonia. PATIENTS Cousins P (proband) 1 (12 years; 46,XY) and P2 (18 years; 46,XY) presented bilateral cryptorchidism, severe penoscrotal hypospadias, low bitesticular volume and azoospermia in P2. Their distant relative, P3 (30 years; 46,XY), presented bilateral cryptorchidism and cryptozoospermia. DESIGN Exome sequencing was targeted to P1-P3 and five unaffected family members. RESULTS P1-P2 were identified as heterozygous carriers of NR5A1 c.991-1G > C. NR5A1 encodes the steroidogenic factor-1 essential in gonadal development and specifically expressed in adrenal, spleen, pituitary and testes. Together with a previous PGD case from Belgium (Robevska et al 2018), c.991-1G > C represents the first recurrent NR5A1 splice-site mutation identified in patients. The majority of previous reports on NR5A1 mutation carriers have not included phenotype-genotype data of the family members. Segregation analysis across three generations showed incomplete penetrance (<50%) and phenotypic variability among the carriers of NR5A1 c.991-1G > C. The variant pathogenicity was possibly modulated by rare heterozygous variants inherited from the other parent, OTX2 p.P134R (P1) or PROP1 c.301_302delAG (P2). For P3, the pedigree structure supported a distinct genetic cause. He carries a previously undescribed likely pathogenic variant SOS1 p.Y136H. SOS1, critical in Ras/MAPK signalling and foetal development, is a strong novel candidate gene for cryptorchidism. CONCLUSIONS Detailed genetic profiling facilitates counselling and clinical management of the probands, and supports unaffected mutation carriers in the family for their reproductive decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris Laan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Kasak
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kęstutis Timinskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marina Grigorova
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Česlovas Venclovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexandre Renaux
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université libre de Bruxelles, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Artificial Intelligence lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Lenaerts
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université libre de Bruxelles, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Artificial Intelligence lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Margus Punab
- Andrology Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Yan YL, Titus T, Desvignes T, BreMiller R, Batzel P, Sydes J, Farnsworth D, Dillon D, Wegner J, Phillips JB, Peirce J, Dowd J, Buck CL, Miller A, Westerfield M, Postlethwait JH. A fish with no sex: gonadal and adrenal functions partition between zebrafish NR5A1 co-orthologs. Genetics 2021; 217:iyaa030. [PMID: 33724412 PMCID: PMC8045690 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
People with NR5A1 mutations experience testicular dysgenesis, ovotestes, or adrenal insufficiency, but we do not completely understand the origin of this phenotypic diversity. NR5A1 is expressed in gonadal soma precursor cells before expression of the sex-determining gene SRY. Many fish have two co-orthologs of NR5A1 that likely partitioned ancestral gene subfunctions between them. To explore ancestral roles of NR5A1, we knocked out nr5a1a and nr5a1b in zebrafish. Single-cell RNA-seq identified nr5a1a-expressing cells that co-expressed genes for steroid biosynthesis and the chemokine receptor Cxcl12a in 1-day postfertilization (dpf) embryos, as does the mammalian adrenal-gonadal (interrenal-gonadal) primordium. In 2dpf embryos, nr5a1a was expressed stronger in the interrenal-gonadal primordium than in the early hypothalamus but nr5a1b showed the reverse. Adult Leydig cells expressed both ohnologs and granulosa cells expressed nr5a1a stronger than nr5a1b. Mutants for nr5a1a lacked the interrenal, formed incompletely differentiated testes, had no Leydig cells, and grew far larger than normal fish. Mutants for nr5a1b formed a disorganized interrenal and their gonads completely disappeared. All homozygous mutant genotypes lacked secondary sex characteristics, including male breeding tubercles and female sex papillae, and had exceedingly low levels of estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone, and cortisol. RNA-seq showed that at 21dpf, some animals were developing as females and others were not, independent of nr5a1 genotype. By 35dpf, all mutant genotypes greatly under-expressed ovary-biased genes. Because adult nr5a1a mutants form gonads but lack an interrenal and conversely, adult nr5a1b mutants lack a gonad but have an interrenal, the adrenal, and gonadal functions of the ancestral nr5a1 gene partitioned between ohnologs after the teleost genome duplication, likely owing to reciprocal loss of ancestral tissue-specific regulatory elements. Identifying such elements could provide hints to otherwise unexplained cases of Differences in Sex Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Tom Titus
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ruth BreMiller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Peter Batzel
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Jason Sydes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Dylan Farnsworth
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Danielle Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeremy Wegner
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Judy Peirce
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - John Dowd
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Charles Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Adam Miller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Identification and functional analysis of fourteen NR5A1 variants in patients with the 46 XY disorders of sex development. Gene 2020; 760:145004. [PMID: 32738419 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human sex determination and differentiation is a complex process, during which NR5A1 plays a central role via the transcriptional regulation of key modulators involved in steroidogenesis. Approximately 8-15% of 46,XY DSD are caused by variants in the NR5A1 gene. Therefore, screening for variants in the NR5A1 gene was performed in a Chinese cohort of sixty-two 46,XY DSD patients with no AR or SRD5A2 variants via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Fourteen variants in the NR5A1 gene were identified in 16 patients from 14 unrelated families, including nine novel variants. These variants included eight heterozygote missense variants, two heterozygote frameshift variants, two heterozygote nonsense variants, one heterozygote nonframeshift deletion-insertion variant, and one homozygous missense variant. Functional assays showed that the transcriptional activity of the 11 variants was significantly reduced. In this study, 11 NR5A1 pathogenic variants were identified. These novel variants further expand the existing spectrum of the NR5A1 variants associated with 46,XY DSD, which will, in turn, assist in the molecular diagnosis of DSD.
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Martínez de LaPiscina I, Mahmoud RAA, Sauter KS, Esteva I, Alonso M, Costa I, Rial-Rodriguez JM, Rodríguez-Estévez A, Vela A, Castano L, Flück CE. Variants of STAR, AMH and ZFPM2/FOG2 May Contribute towards the Broad Phenotype Observed in 46,XY DSD Patients with Heterozygous Variants of NR5A1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8554. [PMID: 33202802 PMCID: PMC7696449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of NR5A1 are often found in individuals with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and manifest with a very broad spectrum of clinical characteristics and variable sex hormone levels. Such complex phenotypic expression can be due to the inheritance of additional genetic hits in DSD-associated genes that modify sex determination, differentiation and organ function in patients with heterozygous NR5A1 variants. Here we describe the clinical, biochemical and genetic features of a series of seven patients harboring monoallelic variants in the NR5A1 gene. We tested the transactivation activity of novel NR5A1 variants. We additionally included six of these patients in a targeted diagnostic gene panel for DSD and identified a second genetic hit in known DSD-causing genes STAR, AMH and ZFPM2/FOG2 in three individuals. Our study increases the number of NR5A1 variants related to 46,XY DSD and supports the hypothesis that a digenic mode of inheritance may contribute towards the broad spectrum of phenotypes observed in individuals with a heterozygous NR5A1 variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Martínez de LaPiscina
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
| | - Rana AA Mahmoud
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Section, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbasia, Nour Mosque, El-Mohamady, Al Waili, Cairo 11591, Egypt;
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Isabel Esteva
- Endocrinology Section, Gender Identity Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Av. de Carlos Haya, s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Milagros Alonso
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo km. 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ines Costa
- Pediatric Department, Manises Hospital, Avda. Generalitat Valenciana 50, 46940 Manises, Spain;
| | - Jose Manuel Rial-Rodriguez
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Nuestra Señora de Candelaria University Hospital, Ctra general del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Amaia Rodríguez-Estévez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Amaia Vela
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luis Castano
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Christa E. Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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Acién P, Acién M. Disorders of Sex Development: Classification, Review, and Impact on Fertility. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113555. [PMID: 33158283 PMCID: PMC7694247 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the elements included in both sex determination and sex differentiation are briefly analyzed, exposing the pathophysiological and clinical classification of disorders or anomalies of sex development. Anomalies in sex determination without sex ambiguity include gonadal dysgenesis, polysomies, male XX, and Klinefelter syndrome (dysgenesis and polysomies with a female phenotype; and sex reversal and Klinefelter with a male phenotype). Other infertility situations could also be included here as minor degrees of dysgenesis. Anomalies in sex determination with sex ambiguity should (usually) include testicular dysgenesis and ovotesticular disorders. Among the anomalies in sex differentiation, we include: (1) males with androgen deficiency (MAD) that correspond to those individuals whose karyotype and gonads are male (XY and testes), but the phenotype can be female due to different hormonal abnormalities. (2) females with androgen excess (FAE); these patients have ovaries and a 46,XX karyotype, but present varying degrees of external genital virilization as a result of an enzyme abnormality that affects adrenal steroid biosynthesis and leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia; less frequently, this can be caused by iatrogenia or tumors. (3) Kallman syndrome. All of these anomalies are reviewed and analyzed herein, as well as related fertility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Acién
- Department of Gynecology, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan Campus, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-670-097-518, +34-965-919-385; Fax: +34-965-919-550
| | - Maribel Acién
- Department of Gynecology, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan Campus, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain;
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Juan University Hospital, San Juan Campus, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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Jiao SY, Yang YH, Chen SR. Molecular genetics of infertility: loss-of-function mutations in humans and corresponding knockout/mutated mice. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:154-189. [PMID: 33118031 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development (DSD) or from reproductive endocrine disorders (REDs) with onset in infancy, early childhood or adolescence. Male infertility, accounting for roughly half of all infertility cases, generally manifests as decreased sperm count (azoospermia or oligozoospermia), attenuated sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) or a higher proportion of morphologically abnormal sperm (teratozoospermia). Female infertility can be divided into several classical types, including, but not limited to, oocyte maturation arrest, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest. An estimated one half of infertility cases have a genetic component; however, most genetic causes of human infertility are currently uncharacterized. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has greatly facilitated the identification of infertility-associated gene mutations in patients over the past 20 years. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aims to conduct a narrative review of the genetic causes of human infertility. Loss-of-function mutation discoveries related to human infertility are summarized and further illustrated in tables. Corresponding knockout/mutated animal models of causative genes for infertility are also introduced. SEARCH METHODS A search of the PubMed database was performed to identify relevant studies published in English. The term 'mutation' was combined with a range of search terms related to the core focus of the review: infertility, DSD, REDs, azoospermia or oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), acephalic spermatozoa syndrome (ASS), globozoospermia, teratozoospermia, acrosome, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, zona pellucida, fertilization defects and early embryonic arrest. OUTCOMES Our search generated ∼2000 records. Overall, 350 articles were included in the final review. For genetic investigation of human infertility, the traditional candidate gene approach is proceeding slowly, whereas high-throughput sequencing technologies in larger cohorts of individuals is identifying an increasing number of causative genes linked to human infertility. This review provides a wide panel of gene mutations in several typical forms of human infertility, including DSD, REDs, male infertility (oligozoospermia, MMAF, PCD, ASS and globozoospermia) and female infertility (oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest). The causative genes, their identified mutations, mutation rate, studied population and their corresponding knockout/mutated mice of non-obstructive azoospermia, MMAF, ASS, globozoospermia, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest are further illustrated by tables. In this review, we suggest that (i) our current knowledge of infertility is largely obtained from knockout mouse models; (ii) larger cohorts of clinical cases with distinct clinical characteristics need to be recruited in future studies; (iii) the whole picture of genetic causes of human infertility relies on both the identification of more mutations for distinct types of infertility and the integration of known mutation information; (iv) knockout/mutated animal models are needed to show whether the phenotypes of genetically altered animals are consistent with findings in human infertile patients carrying a deleterious mutation of the homologous gene; and (v) the molecular mechanisms underlying human infertility caused by pathogenic mutations are largely unclear in most current studies. WILDER IMPLICATIONS It is important to use our current understanding to identify avenues and priorities for future research in the field of genetic causes of infertility as well as to apply mutation knowledge to risk prediction, genetic diagnosis and potential treatment for human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ya Jiao
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Hong Yang
- Reproduction Medical Center of West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Stachowiak M, Dzimira S, Nizanski W, Biezynski J, Nowak T, Gogulski M, Switonski M. Screening for structural variants of four candidate genes in dogs with disorders of sex development revealed the first case of a large deletion in NR5A1. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 223:106632. [PMID: 33128907 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are important causes of infertility and sterility, and are risk factors for gonadal carcinogenesis. Many DSDs are caused by genetic factors, mainly sex chromosome abnormalities or mutations of genes involved in sexual development, as well as structural variants (SVs) - large deletions, duplications, and insertions, if these overlap genes involved in sex development. The aim of this study was to determine if there were SVs in four candidate genes - NR0B1 (DAX1), NR5A1, RSPO1, and SOX3 - using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). There was study of two cohorts of dogs with DSD, including 55 animals with XX DSD and 15 with XY DSD. In addition, 40 control females and 10 control males were included in the study. Among cases, for which there were evaluations, a large deletion consisting of four exons of the NR5A1 gene was identified in a Yorkshire Terrier with a rudimentary penis, hypospadias, bilateral cryptorchidism, and spermatogenesis inactive testes. This is the first mutation in the NR5A1 gene leading to XY DSD phenotype to be reported in domestic animals. There were no SVs in the genes evaluated in the present study in the cohort of dogs with XX DSD. The results from this study provide evidence that the large structural variants of these genes are rarely associated with the DSD phenotype in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Biezynski
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Gogulski
- University Centre for Veterinary Medicine, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Szydlowska 43, 60-656, Poznan, Poland; Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Kalinchenko NY, Kolodkina AA, Raygorodskaya NY, Tiulpakov AN. [Clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with 46,XY DSD due to NR5A1 gene mutations]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:62-69. [PMID: 33351340 DOI: 10.14341/probl12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1, NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor that regulates multiple genes involved in adrenal and gonadal development, steroidogenesis, and the reproductive axis. Human mutations in SF1 were initially found in patients with severe gonadal dysgenesis and primary adrenal failure. However, more recent case reports have suggested that heterozygous mutations in SF1 may also be found in patients with 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis and underandrogenization but normal adrenal function. We have analyzed the gene encoding SF1 (NR5A1) in a cohort of 310 Russian patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). Heterozygous SF1 variants were found in 36 out of 310 (11.6%) of cases, among them 15 were not previously described. We have not found any phenotype-genotype correlations and any clinical and laboratory markers that would allow to suspect this type of before conducting molecular genetic analysis.
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Disorders of Sex Development-Novel Regulators, Impacts on Fertility, and Options for Fertility Preservation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072282. [PMID: 32224856 PMCID: PMC7178030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders (or differences) of sex development (DSD) are a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions with variations in chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex. Impaired gonadal development is central to the pathogenesis of the majority of DSDs and therefore a clear understanding of gonadal development is essential to comprehend the impacts of these disorders on the individual, including impacts on future fertility. Gonadal development was traditionally considered to involve a primary 'male' pathway leading to testicular development as a result of expression of a small number of key testis-determining genes. However, it is increasingly recognized that there are several gene networks involved in the development of the bipotential gonad towards either a testicular or ovarian fate. This includes genes that act antagonistically to regulate gonadal development. This review will highlight some of the novel regulators of gonadal development and how the identification of these has enhanced understanding of gonadal development and the pathogenesis of DSD. We will also describe the impact of DSDs on fertility and options for fertility preservation in this context.
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45
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Camats N, Flück CE, Audí L. Oligogenic Origin of Differences of Sex Development in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1809. [PMID: 32155719 PMCID: PMC7084473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex development is a very complex biological event that requires the concerted collaboration of a large network of genes in a spatial and temporal correct fashion. In the past, much has been learned about human sex development from monogenic disorders/differences of sex development (DSD), but the broad spectrum of phenotypes in numerous DSD individuals remains a conundrum. Currently, the genetic cause of less than 50% of DSD individuals has been solved and oligogenic disease has been proposed. In recent years, multiple genetic hits have been found in individuals with DSD thanks to high throughput sequencing. Our group has been searching for additional genetic hits explaining the phenotypic variability over the past years in two cohorts of patients: 46,XY DSD patients carriers of NR5A1 variants and 46,XY DSD and 46,XX DSD with MAMLD1 variants. In both cohorts, our results suggest that the broad phenotypes may be explained by oligogenic origin, in which multiple hits may contribute to a DSD phenotype, unique to each individual. A search for an underlying network of the identified genes also revealed that a considerable number of these genes showed interactions, suggesting that genetic variations in these genes may affect sex development in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Camats
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, 08035 Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Laura Audí
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, 08035 Catalonia, Spain;
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